NDA General Ability Test 16 Dec 2015 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e No Improvement

  Explanation

In the above sentence Had she been hungry is correct because it correctly and grammatically conveys the meaning of the sentence. 

• The sentence is a conditional sentence stating that if she was hungry she would have finished the whole lot of it.
• Had here acts as a conditional therefore no other option can be substituted instead.
• Example: Had you got better grades, you would be making more money now.

One might think that Unless is a suitable option for the above sentence. 

• It should be noted that unless always conveys an exception, therefore, cannot be used in place of Had.
• Example: Unless you have a photographic memory, repetition is vital.

​Therefore the correct answer is Option 4 No improvement.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e Until you finish.

Explanation

The above sentence is a conditional sentence with 'Until'

• 'Not' is not used with Until in a conditional sentence.
• If two actions take place and if the second action depends on the first action, then the first action is in simple present tense and the second action in the simple future tense.

From the above rule, we find that the only correct option is "Until you finish." Therefore the correct answer will be Until you finish the work, you won't be given leave. Thus making Option 3 Until you finish the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Struck off

  Explanation

In the given sentence the verb cut off is wrong because:

• Cut off means a point or level which is a designated limit of something.

Option 3 is the correct answer because:

• Struck off means removed from a list or a register

Therefore stuck off correctly conveys the meaning of the sentence that i.e 

• The names of the defaulters have been removed from the register.

Let's look at the meanings of the other phrases.

• Cut out: suddenly stop operating.
• Struck out: to be unsuccessful.

Therefore Option 3 Struck off is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e No Improvement

Key Points

• I'd rather not means 'I don't want to'
• Therefore the sentence means This is a matter I don't want to talk about.
• Thus we find that the sentence needs no improvement and therefore Option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 2 Did I sleep

Explanation  

Only when is an adverbial phrase in the given sentence, therefore we use 'Inversion form of Verb

• Inversion - Adverbial phrase + helping verb + subject + main verb.

Therefore we get the sentence 'Only when you left did I sleep'

Therefore Option 2 Did I sleep is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option A i.e. Buy

Explanation

In the given sentence the correct answer is Buy for the following reasons.

• The given sentence is a conditional sentence where the first action (I will be happy) depends on the second action (if you will buy me apples).
• In such a case the second action should be in the simple present tense.
• Therefore the correct sentence will be I will be happy if you buy me apples.

Therefore the correct answer is Option A Buy.

Additional Information

As per the rule of conditional sentences:

• If two actions take place one after the other in the future and if the second action is dependant on the first action then the first action is in simple present tense and the second action is in simple future tense and vice versa.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. have saved

Let's see the following points-

• There are two clauses given in sentence one is in past Tense i.e. "After I saved some money" and the other is in 'Future Tense' i.e."I shall go abroad" which is grammatically incorrect
• Present Perfect tense is used to talk about actions that one expects in the future; as mentioned in the sentence the speaker wants to save money which is being imagined by himthis is a future event

Explanation

• option 1 i.e. 'shall have' denotes that the action will definitely happen in the future which is incorrect according to the given context
• option 3 i.e. 'Should have' is used to express past feeling about a past action or decision
• Hence, Present perfect Tense - **sub+ has/have + v³ **should be used in the the first clause
• 'I saved' is to be replaced by 'I have saved' to make a grammatically and contextually correct sentence

Correct Sentence-After I have saved some money, I shall go abroad.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. ​arrange for the car

Explanation 

• Option 1 i.e. 'Arrange with' denotes 'to organize or plan something with another person' ; hence, this option is not correct according to the given context
• Option 3 i.e. 'Arrange that the car to be ready' is grammatically incorrect
• Option 2 i.e. 'arrange for' denotes 'to prepare or plan for something' e.g. arrange for the car to be ready i.e. 'to prepare to keep the car ready'
• Hence, arrange the car will be replaced by arrange for the car to make a grammatically and contextually correct sentence

Correct sentence-Can you arrange for the car to be ready this evening?

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e No improvement

Explanation     

When hardly is used in a sentence:

• It means that one event quickly followed another.
• In such a case the verb describing the earlier event is in the past perfect tense.
• In the given sentence the event of reaching home
• If hardly is used in the initial position the subject and auxiliary verbs get inverted.
• He had reached changes to had he reached

Thus we get the sentence 'Hardly had he reached' home when the telephone rang. Thus no improvement in the given sentence.

The correct answer is Option 3 By a sweeping majority

Explanation

In the above sentence, the correct article to be used in front of 'Sweeping Majority' is 'a'

• 'the' is used before a singular or plural noun when it is specific or particular.
• using 'the' makes the noun definite, referring to something particular and specific. 
  

In the above sentence 'Sweeping Majority' is not definite or particular. It is just used to convey the vast majority that he got Therefore the correct article to be used is 'a'. And the sentence becomes 'He is likely to win the elections by a sweeping majority'

Thus Option 3 By a sweeping majority is the right answer.

The correct answer is Option 2: RQSP

Explanation

In the given sentence the only sequence that makes sense is RQSP for the following reasons:

• Starts by stating that his uncle was a self-made man. (R)
• This is soon followed by a meaningful action i.e he always advised his son. (Q)
• The statement states the advice he gave i.e to depend on his own efforts (S)
• And finally, the first statement states the purpose of the given advice i.e for success in life (P).

Finally, we get the sentence His uncle who was a self-made man (R) always advised his son (Q) to depend on his own efforts (S) for success in life. (P)

This is the only sequence that gives proper meaning to the sentence and hence the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 3: QPRS

Explanation     

In the given sentence the only sequence that makes sense is QPRS for the following reasons:

• Starts by stating the quality of the doctor ie. he was very competent in his profession (Q).
• This is soon followed by something he did not like i.e  did not like the behavior of his patients (P)
• The next statement elaborates the behavior i.e they talked at length (R)
• And finally, the last statement gives an insight into what they talked i.e about their problems. (S)

​

​Finally, we get The doctor who was very competent in his profession (Q) did no like the behavior of his patients (P) when they talked at length (R) about their problems. (S)

​Therefore the correct sequence is QPRS and the only sequence that gives proper meaning to the sentence and hence the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e RPSQ

Explanation     

In the given sentence the only sequence that makes sense is RPSQ for the following reasons:

• Starts by stating that leadership has wide range of expressions. (R)
• This is soon followed by the first expression i.e form leadership in culture. (P)
• The next statement puts forth the next expression i.e to leadership in polities. (S)
• And finally, the last expression i.e in military situation and in face to face small groups. (Q)

​

Finally, we get the sentence Leadership has wide range of expressions (R) from leadership in culture (P) to leadership in polities (S) in military situation sand in face-to-face small groups. (Q)

This is the only sequence that gives proper meaning to the sentence and hence the correct answer is RPSQ.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e SPRQ

Explanation     

In the given sentence the only sequence that makes sense is SPRQ for the following reasons:

• Starts by stating how he sat i.e until he was chilled with the cold. (S)
• This is soon followed by the action he did while he was sitting i.e glancing occasionally. (P)
• The next statement tells us what he was glancing at i.e the figure of the old woman. (R)
• And finally, the last statement tells us what the figure of the old woman was doing i.e peering through the window. (Q)

​

Finally, we get the sentence He sat until he was chilled with cold (S) glancing occasionally (P) at the figure of the old woman (R) peering through the window. (Q)

Therefore the correct sequence is SPRQ as it givens meaning to the sentence and is also the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 2 i. QSPR

Explanation     

In the given sentence the only sequence that makes sense is QSPR for the following reasons:

• Starts by stating that the haggard man after the earthquake clambering over the ruins. (Q)
• This is soon followed by the next statement that the ruins were of his house and factory. (S)
• The next statement states the act he did after clambering over the ruins i.e shaking his fist at the sky. (P)
• And finally, the last statement tells us the aftermath of the action i.e he collapsed with a howl of revolt. (R)

​

​Finally, we get the sentence After the earthquake tremors, the TV showed a haggard man clambering over the ruins (Q) of his house and factory (S) shaking his fist at the sky (P) and collapsing with a howl of revolt. (R)

Therefore Option 2 QSPR is the only sequence that gives proper sense and meaning to the sentence and therefore the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e RPQS

Explanation     

In the given sentence the only sequence that makes sense is RPQS for the following reasons:

• Starts by stating that everyone who knows the person i.e who knows you. (R)
• This is soon followed by acknowledges (P) which indicates that he who knows the person will agree to something.
• The next statement tells us about the circumstances under which he will acknowledge and agree i.e when he considers the case calmly (Q)
• And finally, the cause for acknowledging it i.e that you have been wronged. (S)

​

​Thus the correct sentence is "Everyone who knows you (R) acknowledges (P) when he considers the case calmly (Q) that you have been wronged. (S)"

This is the only sequence that gives proper meaning to the sentence and hence the correct answer is RPQS

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e Talkative

  Explanation

The above sentence means that many of his acquaintances avoid him because he is talkative.

Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:

• Garrulous: Excessively talkative.
• Talkative: Fond of or given to talking

​Here we find that both garrulous and talkative synonyms

Therefore both the words are synonyms, and thus Option 2 is the correct answer.

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Unreasonable: Not guided by or based on good sense
• Quarrelsome: Given to or characterized by quarelling.
• Proud: Feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of one's own achievements, qualities, or possessions.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Forbearance

  Explanation

The above sentence means that he bore the pain with great courage and tolerance.

Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:

• Fortitude: The courage in pain or adversity.
• Forbearance: Patient self-control; tolerance.

​Here we find that both Fortitude and forbearance express the same meaning.

Therefore both the words are synonyms, and thus Option 4 Forbearance is the correct answer.

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Resignation: An act of resigning from a job or office.
• Defiance: Open resistance; bold disobedience.
• Indifference: Lack of interest, concern, or sympathy

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Implied

  Explanation

The above sentence means that he gave his already understood or implied approval to the proposition.

Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:

• Tacit: Understood or implied without being stated.
• Implied: Suggested but not directly expressed; implicit.

​Here we find that both Tacit and Implied express the same meaning.

Therefore both the words are synonyms, and thus Option 4 Implied is the correct answer.

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Full: Containing or holding as much as possible.
• Loud: Producing or capable of producing much noise.
• Clean: Free from dirt, marks, or stains.

The correct answer is 'Scanty'.

Key Points

• The given word 'meager' means too small in amount. (बहुत कम, स्‍वल्‍प)
• ​Let's see the meaning of other given options:-
• 'Satisfactory' means good enough for a particular purpose; acceptable. (संतोषजनक, उद्देश्‍य विशेष के लिए पर्याप्त; स्‍वीकार्य)
• 'Scanty' means too small in size or amount. (संख्‍या या मात्रा में बहुत कम; अत्‍यल्‍प)
• 'Plenty' means as much or as many of something as you need. (भरपूर, जितना चाहिए उतना भर)
• 'Normal' means usual or ordinary; what you expect. (सामान्‍य या साधारण, औसत; जिसकी आशा हो)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• The synonyms of the word 'meager' are "scanty, scarce, minimal".
• The antonyms of the word 'meager' are "adequate, enough, satisfactory".
• Example of 'meager' in a sentence:
• She supplements her meager income by working on Saturdays.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Overjoyed

  Explanation

The above sentence means that he was elated or overjoyed at the outcome of the election results.

Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:

• Exhilarated: A feeling of excitement, happiness, or elation.
• Overjoyed: Extremely happy.

​Here we find that both Exhilarated and Overjoyed express the same meaning.

Therefore both the words are synonyms, and thus Option 4 Overjoyed is the correct answer.

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Satisfied: Contended; pleased.
• Surprised: Feeling or showing surprise.
• Disappointed: Sad or displeased because someone or something has failed to fulfill one's hopes or expectations.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Revealed

Key Points:- 

• The above sentence means that he hid his thoughts very cleverly. (उपरोक्त वाक्य का अर्थ है कि उसने अपने विचारों को बड़ी चतुराई से छुपाया)
• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:
• Concealed: Kept secret; hidden. (गुप्त रखा; छिपा हुआ)
• Revealed: Make known. (ज्ञात करना)
• ​Here we find that both Concealed and Revealed express the opposite meaning.
• Therefore both the words are Antonyms, and thus Option 4 Revealed is the correct answer.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Emphasized: Give special importance or value. (विशेष महत्व या मूल्य देना)
• Expressed: Convey in words or by gestures and conduct. (शब्दों में या इशारों और आचरण से व्यक्त करें)
• Affirmed: State emphatically or publically. (पुष्टि)

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Commended

Key Points:- 

• The above sentence means that the proposal was declared to be wrong or evil by one and all. (उपरोक्त वाक्य का अर्थ है कि प्रस्ताव को एक और सभी द्वारा गलत या बुरा घोषित किया गया था)
• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:
• Denounced: Publicly declare to be wrong or evil. (सार्वजनिक रूप से गलत या बुरा घोषित करना)
• Commended: Praise formally or officially. (औपचारिक रूप से या आधिकारिक रूप से प्रशंसा करें)
• ​Here we find that both Denounced and Commended express the opposite meaning.
• Therefore both the words are Antonyms, and thus Option 4 Commended is the correct answer.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Renounced: Formally declare one's abandonment of (a claim, right, or possession.) (औपचारिक रूप से किसी के परित्याग की घोषणा करें (दावा, अधिकार या अधिकार))
• Recommended: Advised or suggested as good or suitable. (सलाह दी गई या अच्छी या उपयुक्त के रूप में सुझाई गई)
• Announced: Make a format l public statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention. (किसी तथ्य, घटना, या इरादे के बारे ��ें एक प्रारूप/सार्वजनिक बयान देना)

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e Certain

Key Points:- 

• The above sentence means that she was doubtful about the safety of the new drug. (उपरोक्त वाक्य का अर्थ है कि वह नई दवा की सुरक्षा के बारे में संदिग्ध थी)
• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:
• Skeptical: Not easily convinced; having doubts or reservations. (आसानी से आश्वस्त नहीं; संदेह या आरक्षण होना)
• Certain: Used to emphasize the speaker's belief that what is said is true. (वक्ता के इस विश्वास पर जोर देते थे कि जो कहा गया है वह सत्य है)
• ​Here we find that both Skeptical and Certain express the opposite meaning.
• Therefore both the words are Antonyms, and thus Option 2 Certain is the correct answer.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Doubtful: Feeling uncertain about something. (किसी बात को लेकर अनिश्चित महसूस करना)
• Hopeful: In a hopeful manner. (एक उम्मीद तरीके में)
• Sanguine: Optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation. (आशावादी या सकारात्मक, विशेष रूप से स्पष्ट रूप से बुरी या कठिन स्थिति में)

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Disconnected 

Key Points:- 

• The above sentence means that the answers to the question were logical and consistent. (उपरोक्त वाक्य का अर्थ है कि प्रश्न के उत्तर तार्किक और सुसंगत थे)
• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word and the option:
• Coherent: Logical and consistent. (तार्किक और सुसंगत)
• Disconnected: lacking contact with reality. (वास्तविकता के साथ संपर्क की कमी)
• ​Here we find that both Coherent and Disconnected express the opposite meaning.
• Therefore both the words are Antonyms, and thus Option 4 Disconnected is the correct answer.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Relaxed: Free from tension and anxiety. (तनाव और चिंता से मुक्त)
• Loose: Not firmly or tightly fixed in place. (जगह में मजबूती से या कसकर नहीं लगाया गया)
• Consistent: Acting or done in the same way over time. (समय के साथ एक ही तरह से अभिनय या किया हुआ)

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. selfish

Key Points:- 

• Altruistic-  Showing unselfishly concerned for or devoted to the welfare of others; Selfless, Unselfish, Kind. decent, etc. (दूसरों के कल्याण के लिए निःस्वार्थ रूप से चिंतित या समर्पित दिखाना)
• For e.g.- Their intentions were partly altruistic and partly economic.
• Hence, Selfish will be the correct option

Let's see the meaning of the other options-

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. command

Explanation

• As the preposition 'of' is used before the blank, hence, we have to choose the most suitable word which goes with this preposition
• Command denotes the ability to use or control something (command of something) which fits in the blank grammatically and contextually correct

 Meaning of other words-

• Emphasis is used with the preposition 'on'(emphasis on something)
• Belief is used with the preposition 'in' (Belief in something)
• Stress is used with the preposition 'over & on' (stress on/over something)

***Correct sentence-*Man has won his dominant position on this planet by his command of technology.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e.Perspiration

  Explanation 

• Perspiration here refers to the process of sweating therefore, according to the given context it is the most appropriate word out of the given options

Meaning of other options are-

***Correct sentence-*The day was extremely hot and, in no time, my back was drenched with Perspiration.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. programmes

Explanation

Lets see the meaning of all options-

 As**,** programmes refers to a set of related measures or activities with a particular long term aim or an officially organized system of services, activities, or opportunities that help to achieve something hence, it is the most appropriate word out of the given options to fill the blank

Correct sentence- The Government is encouraging village upliftment programmes in the country.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. 'with'

  Explanation

• Only Preposition 'with' among the given options go with 'endowed' to make a grammatical and contextual correct sentence
• Endowed with denotes to make someone or something have a particular quality, or to believe that they have
• For e.g.- My friend is endowed in/by/for both intelligence and strong sense of humour.  

                         My friend is endowed with intelligence and strong sense of humour. 

***Correct sentence-*Satish was endowed with a natural talent for music.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. to see

Explanation 

• There are certain Adjectives which describes a person's emotions or mental state i.e. happy, glad, delighted, pleased, content , relieved, fortunate, sorry, sad, disappointed, proud, anxious, etc follow infinitive form of Verb i.e. to + v¹
• Here, Adjective 'happy' will be followed by infinitive, thus 'to see' will be the correct form of verb among the given options
• For e.g.- I am always pleased for seeing you. 

                         I am always pleased to see you  

Correct sentence- Mr. Ghosh is very happy to see his son's excellent result.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. through

Explanation  

• The given blank is followed by verb 'filtering' which refers to  pass through something, usually in order to remove unwanted material
• Verb 'filtering' is mostly used with preposition 'through' and sometimes with 'into' as well

​

• The phrase 'filtering into the stained glass' is incorrect as the stained glass window is not the end of the context but the medium
• As the sunlight passes through the medium i.e. stained glass window hence, the correct preposition to be used here is 'through'
• The usage of preposition 'in' is incorrect according to the given context
• 'filtering at' is grammatically incorrect usage
• For e.g.- Everything we download from the internet is automatically filtered into/at/in the antivirus software. 

                      Everything we download from the internet is automatically filtered through the antivirus software.

Correct sentence- Sunlight filtering through the stained glass window created a mosaic of colours on the floor.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. about 

Explanation

• The correct preposition to be used here is 'about'; about as a preposition denotes on the subject for or connected with
• For e.g.- I am worried about my friend, he is not well.

           Let's see the usage of other given options-

• According to the usage of given prepositions, only 'about' go with the sentence correctly and make a contextually and grammatically meaningful sentence

Correct sentence-Are you feeling doubtful about your decision?

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. ​have been studying

Explanation

• As the phrase given before the blank denotes the sentence is in 'Present Tense' and the phrase after the blank denotes that the action started in the past and has continued up to the present moment
• Thus,according to the given context 'Present perfect Tense'  which is used 'to show an action started in the past and has continued up to the present moment' will be used in the given blank

Let's see the usage of other options-

​

According to the usage of other given forms of Tense only 'have been studying' i.e. the usage of Present Perfect Continuous Tense gives a contextually and grammatically correct sentence

Correct Sentence-I want to study Geology now for I have been studying Zoology for the last three years.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. convenient

 Explanation

• Convenient refers to a location situated so as to allow easy access to everyone; favorable, easy, or comfortable for use
• As per the given context Convenient is the most appropriate option; which denotes that increasing in storage facilities has made it feasible to stock goods at places which is easy access to everyone (convenient) all over the country

Let's see the meaning of other given options-

• Hence as per the meaning and usage of all other options only 'Convenient' goes with the sentence correctly

Correct Sentence-Increase in storage facilities has made it possible to store goods at places convenient to people all over the country.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. astounded

Explanation

• In the given sentence word 'surprised' stated as 'understatement' which means to present something as being less good or important than it really is
• It concludes that the given blank requires that word which can emphasize word 'surprised' more effectively

Let's see the meaning of all given options-

• Thus, as per the meaning of each option only 'astounded' go with the given context correctly;they were really astounded with the cleverness of the child
• Hence, the correct word used to be here is 'astounded'

​Correct Sentence-To say that we were surprised at the cleverness of the child is an understatement; we were really astounded.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. indifferent

Explanation

• 'In spite of' is used to show contrast; generally it is used in front of a negative instances
• As the first phrase of the context states that the **'**old woman repeated repeatedly entreats' (request, urge, plead); hence, the second phrase has to contrast
• So, the blank should be filled by a word that denotes unconcerned or unmoved; thus, indifferent means having no sympathy or unconcerned is the only correct option

Let's see the meaning of other words-

Correct Sentence-In spite of the old woman's repeated entreaties, he remained indifferent.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. cut-throat 

 Let's See the meaning of the given options-

• Diligent (adjective) means having or showing great care in one's work or duties; hardworking, assiduous, industrious, etc
• Rapid (adjective) means happening at a great rate or expeditious, fast , quick, etc
• sparse (Adjective) means in short supply; infrequent, limited,etc
• Cut-throat means (of a competitive situation or activity) fierce and intense​

​ 

Explanation 

• ​ As per the meaning and usage of all given options; cut-throat is the most appropriate adjective which is used with 'competition' when candidates are competing for victory at any cost.
• It does not give a meaningful sense using Adjectives Diligent, rapid, sparse with 'competition for electoral seats'

***Correct Sentence-*There was cut-throat competition for electoral seats.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. comprises

Explanation

Let's see the meaning of all given options-

• Comprises denotes consist of ; be made up of
• Consist denotes to be made of or formed from something
• Made with is used to denote that something has been produced using a substance or object
• Composed denotes to form or make up something

Thus, as per the meaning and usage of all given options 'Comprises' is the most appropriate option which gives a contextually and grammatically meaningful sentence 

• Consist, comprise, composed take prepositions 'of' in the passive voice-

For e.g.- 1) Their flat consist of two bed rooms, two bath rooms and a kitchen.

2) This course is comprised of 20 lectures.

3) The human heart is composed of four different chambers.

• Do not use Consist, comprise, composed in a continuous form

***Correct Sentence-*The cricket team comprises mainly of State players.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. reason

Explanation  

• As reason denotes a cause , explanation or justification for an action; therefore according to the context it is the most appropriate option to be used in the given blank

Let's see the meaning of the other given options-

• Hence, as per the meaning and usage of all given options only 'reason' is the most appropriate option which gives a contextually and grammatically meaningful sentence

Correct Sentence-His love for money is the only reason that drives him to work so hard.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. reliable

Let's see the meaning of the given words-

• Intelligent-  (adjective) 'having or showing intelligence'
• **Reliable- (**adjective) means 'able to be trusted or trustworthy'
• Simple-( adjective) means 'easily done or understood'
• Fundamental-  (adjective) means basic or primary

Explanation

• The source of a news which is to be reported has to be reliable or authentic; thus, as per the meaning and usage of all given options only 'reliable' is the most appropriate option which gives a contextually and grammatically correct sentence

Correct Sentence-According to reliable sources, the Chief Minister did not consult his Cabinet Members on this issue.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. John is ill

Explanation

• As there a time reference is given in the sentence; to make the sentence grammatically and contextually correct 'John has been ill' will replace 'John is ill'
• For e.g.- I have been sick since last monday.

Correct Sentence- I am told John has been ill since Monday.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. I shall find a job

Explanation:

• In the given sentence "if clause" has been used which is a type of conditional clause. Generally, when two actions are given in the Future tense, for the action representing a condition, we use the present indefinite tense, and for the other action, we use future indefinite tense.  ";Conditional clause in Present Indefinite tense + Principle clause is in Future indefinite tense (will/shall)"

​Extra Bites-

• In the given sentence, "I shall leave school" is the principal clause (the action taking place later) which is dependent on the conditional clause.
• A conditional clause has "as soon as" as to show the condition and should be in the present indefinite tense.
• Hence,I find a job will replace I shall find a job to make a correct sentence

Correct Sentence-I shall leave school as soon as I find a job.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. he is owing

Key Points

• Verb 'own' is not used with is progressive or continuous form
• In the given sentence The clause 'He is a rich man' is followed by another clause 'he is owning' without a connecting word in between, which is grammatically incorrect; hence as the subject is 'person' we can connect the clause with adjective phrase 'who owns'
• ​Let's see the following sentences-
• For e.g.,- Dhirubhai Ambani is owning Reliance Industry. (Incorrect)

  Dhirubhai Ambani owns Reliance Industry. (Correct)

• Hence, "he is owning" will be replaced by "he owns"

**Correct Sentence-**He is a rich man, he owns a number of buildings in Bombay.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. No Error 

Explanation  

• In spite of is used with a negative instances when contradicting a positive instance; ''in spite of", means regardless of something or not being affected by something.
• For e.g.- She got the job in spite of her prison record.
• Thus, in the given sentence 'in spite of' is connecting two contrast ideas; hence, the given sentence is grammatically and contextually correct

Extra bite-

• 'in spite of', 'despite' and 'although' are all used to show contrast
• They can all be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence

Correct Sentence- We were able to make it in spite of a bad weather.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. ​were useful

Explanation

• Use 'was' in place of 'were'
• The noun/pronoun after ';Neither of' either of/ each of etc takes the Plural Subject but the verb should be singular form
• For e.g.- Neither of the two applicants are ready for the test.  

                          Neither of the two applicants is ready for the test. 

• Neither means not the one nor the other of two people or things.
• **For e.g.-**They have two bikes but neither one works.

Correct Sentence-Neither of the two letters of credit was useful when he needed it.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. Little he realized

Explanation

• Here in the sentence starts with adverb 'little' which is used in a negative sense ; in such case 'Inversion' will be followed in the sentence
• Generally, we follow the structure- Subject +verb +object in a sentence, but  Law of inversion – Helping verb (according to the subject) + subject + verb +object
• For e.g.- Seldom I go to Delhi. 

                        Seldom Do I go to Delhi. 

​Extra Bite-

• i.e. place helping verb before the subject of the sentence followed by main verb; and if the helping verb is absent in the sentence put the helping verb according to the tense of the given sentence
• Hence,Little he realized is to be replaced by 'little did he realise' to make a grammatically and contextually correct sentence

Correct Sentence-Little did he realise that he wouldn't live to see his grandson married.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. ​juvenile mind

Explanation  

• Here an indefinite article 'a' should be place before ' ​juvenile mind'
• Hence, it should be a ​juvenile mind

*Correct Sentence-A difficult syllabus is supposed to hurt a juvenile mind.*​

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. are important to dispel

Explanation

• Here the subject is 'Singular Noun' i.e. 'the voice' ; hence, the Verb should agree with the singular Noun and must be singular form
• Thus, 'are' is to be replaced by 'is' to make a grammatically and contextually correct sentence

Note- Generally if the given subject is singular then the verb must be followed in singular form and vice-versa.

Correct Sentence- The voice of sanity and patriotism is important to dispel the prevailing confusion.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. isn't it?

Let's see the following points-

• The structure of the sentence is in the form of a Affirmative sentence with a question tag at the end.
• Question tags are used to ensure that the information we need is correct. Colloquially, we sometimes use ‘no’ at the end of the sentence to work as a question tag
• When the given sentence is a Positive statement it will have a negative question tag and negative sentences will have a positive question tag.
• The tags are formed in the following way;Auxiliary (Positive/negative) + Pronoun that always refers to the subject

Explanation

• In the given sentence subject is pronoun 'you'; the subject of a question tag is always a pronoun
• As the given sentence is a Affirmative sentence; thus it will take a Negative question Tag
• Hence,  isn't it will be replaced by weren't you to make a grammatically and contextually correct sentence

***Correct Sentence-*You were going to explain, your late arrival, weren't you ?

CONCEPT:

• The rate of change of displacement of a body is called as velocity of that body.
• Velocity is a vector quantity that has both magnitude as well as direction.
• The rate of change of velocity is called as acceleration of the body.
• Acceleration is a vector quantity.
• The type of motion in which particle moves on a circle is called as circular motion.

Centripetal acceleration:

• The acceleration due to which the particle changes its direction on the circular path and moves on it is called as centripetal acceleration.
• It is denoted as a_c i.e.

$a_c = \frac{{{v^2}}}{R}$

Where v is speed of the particle and R is the radius of the circular path

EXPLANATION:

• When the ball moves on a circular path then the direction of velocity of the ball changes at each instant of time as shown in the above figure. So velocity changes. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
• It is given that the ball is uniformly moving in a horizontal circle, so the magnitude of velocity or the speed of the ball is constant (v). So statement 2 is correct.
• As the ball has centripetal acceleration which is always along in the direction of radius of the circle and towards the center. After any instant of time the position of the ball changes so direction of centripetal acceleration changes. So acceleration of the ball changes. Hence statement 3 is wrong.

$a_c = \frac{{{V^2}}}{R}$

• As speed (v) of the particle is constant, so magnitude of centripetal acceleration will be constant. Hence magnitude of acceleration of the ball is constant. Statement 4 is correct.

CONCEPT:

Magnetic field:

• The space or region around the current-carrying wire/moving electric charge or around a magnet in which force of magnetism can be experienced by other magnetic material is called as magnetic field/magnetic induction by that material/current.
• It is denoted by B.

The magnetic force per unit length between two parallel wires is given by**;**

$F = \frac{{{\mu _{0;}}{I_1};{I_2}}}{{2\pi ;d}}$

Where μ₀ is the permittivity of free space, I₁ is d.c current in first wire and I₂ is d.c current in second wire and d is the distance between two wires.

EXPLANATION:

• When two wires carrying a d.c current are placed parallel to each other then there always will be a magnetic force acting between two wires. So options 3 and 4 are wrong.
• When the current flowing in the wires are in the same direction then the force between two wires is attractive. So option 1 is correct and option 2 is wrong.
• When current is in opposite direction then force is repulsive.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e 1975.

Aryabhatt Sattelite

• Aryabhata was the first unmanned artificial Earth satellite indigenously built by India.
• It was launched by India from Kapustin Yar, a Russian rocket launch on 19 April 1975**.** Hence option 2 is correct.
• The Aryabhatta was made by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• It was named after the 5th-century Indian mathematician and astronomer "Aryabhatta".
• It weighed 794 pounds (360 kg) and was its objective was to explore conditions in Earth’s ionosphere, measure neutrons and gamma rays from the Sun, and perform investigations in X-ray astronomy.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Chennai to Port Blair.

Kolkata to Yangoon sea route

• The total sea route distance from the seaport of Kolkata, India to Yangoon Port, Myanmar is 975 nautical miles.

Kolkata to Chennai sea route

• The total sea route distance from the seaport of Kolkata to  Chennai is 890 nautical miles.

Chennai to Port Blair sea route

• The total sea route distance from the seaport of Chennai to Port Blair is 794 nautical miles. Hence option 3 is correct.

Mumbai to Colombo sea route

• The total sea route distance from the seaport of Mumbai to Port of Colombo, Srilanka is 794 nautical miles.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Carbon Monoxide.

Green House Gas

• Greenhouse gases are a group of compounds that are capable of trapping the out-going infrared radiation from the earth’s surface thereby causing greenhouse effect.
• In a greenhouse, the incident solar radiation (the visible and adjacent portions of the spectrum of the infrared and ultraviolet range) passes through the glass roof and walls and is absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer and re-emit the energy as longer-wavelength infrared radiation (heat radiation).
• It will be keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would be if they were not present.
• Common examples of greenhouse gases include Water vapour, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Ozone, and any Fluorocarbons. Hence option 4 is incorrect.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Lactic acid.

Key Points

Lactic acid

• Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism in which our body produces energy without using oxygen.
• Lactic acid is a strong acid.
• Lactic acid dissociates into lactate and H⁺.
• Lactate ions would have little effect on muscle contraction.
• However, the rise in H⁺ (i.e., reduced pH or acidosis) is the classic cause of striated muscle fatigue. Hence option 2 is correct.

Concept:

Absolute zero temperature:

• The lowest temperature at which there is no heat energy remained in the body is called an absolute zero temperature of that body.
• Degree Celsius and Kelvin are the standard units of the temperature.

The relation between Degree Celsius (C) and kelvin (K) is given by:

K = C + 273.15°C 

EXPLANATION:

Absolute temperature, K = 0 kelvin

K = C + 273.15°C

C = 0 – 273.15 = - 273.15°C

C =  - 273.15°C

CONCEPT:

• Lightening conductor: A metal rod mounted on the top of any building which is electrically connected to the ground with the help of a thick wire to protect the building during the phenomenon of lightening is called as Lightening conductor

EXPLANATION:

• As there is no source to create the electric field connected to the lightning conductor, that’s why it can’t create any electric field at the top. So statement 1 is wrong.
• There is a sudden flow (no uniform flow of charge) of charge through the conductor due to lightning. So statement 2 is wrong.
• The conductors take all the charges coming on it and take it to deep down in the earth. So statement 3 is correct.
• The conductors must be installed at a place taller than the building to ensure that there is no direct connection of lightning with the roof of the building and hence building will be safe. So statement 4 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1.

Ludhiana

• It is a famous industrial city in Punjab. It is also mentioned as Manchester of India.
• It is famous Manufacturing sites for Apparel industry manufacturing, Woollen garments and hosiery apparel, hand tools and industrial equipment, bicycle manufacturing, bicycle parts and metals fabrication.

Kanpur

• Kanpur is a metropolis city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India.
• The greater metropolis is split into two districts: the urban district of Kanpur Nagar and the rural district of Kanpur Dehat.
• The city is famous for its leather and textile industries.

​Varanasi

• Varanasi also referred to as Benaras.
• Banaras or Kashi is a city on the banks of the river Ganges in Uttar Pradesh.
• Varanasi grew as a crucial industrial centre famous for handlooms like muslin and silk fabrics, perfumes, ivory works, and sculpture.

Vijayawada

• Vijayawada is a city within the southeast Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
• Kanka Durga Temple of Hindu Goddess Durga, considered to be a sacred place for residing one of the most visited and famous temples of Andhra Pradesh.
• Vijayawada is also famous for processing of agricultural products, auto parts, hardware, textile, consumer goods and small scale industries.

The correct answer is  Diamond Harbour.

Important Sea ports of India

• Chennai seaport: It is an artificial port and also the second busiest port in India.
• Kochi seaport:  It is located in the Vembanad lake, Kerala, and is important for exports of spices and salts.
• Ennor seaport: It is located in Tamil Nadu. It is India’s first corporate port.
• Haldia seaport: It is a riverine port Situated on the Hugli river in West Bengal. It is known as Diamond Harbour.
• Paradip seaport: It is a Natural port located in Odisha. It deals with the export of iron and aluminium.

Diamond Harbour is a city and a municipality of the 24th South Pargana district in West Bengal. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Hoogly river.  Hence option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Water gas.

Water-gas

• CO + H₂ (Carbon Monoxide + Hydrogen) is known as water gas. Hence option 2 is correct.
• It is a poisonous, colorless gas and burns with an almost colorless flame (light blue).
• It gets the name because water in the form of steam is passed through coke to manufacture the gas and contains traces of carbon dioxide.
• The formula of water gas is still H₂O.
• It has less fuel value than natural gas and is toxic in nature.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Body contains cellulose.

Animal Kingdom (Kingdom Animalia)

• Kingdom Animalia is composed of all animals.
• The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom among the five kingdoms.
• Animals are  eumulticellular karyotes. However, they do not have a cell wall or chlorophyll like plants.
• It may contain cell wall of protein plus polysaccharide compound, but not cellulose. Hence option 2 is incorrect.
• They can't make their own food. because they do not possess chlorophyll.
• They migrate from one place to another.

CONCEPT:

• A type of insulating storage vessel which keep hotter or cooler items at their respective temperature for a long time is called as a thermos flask.

EXPLANATION:

• In a thermos flask, we have two walls and the space between them is made a vacuum. Due to this vacuum, there is less chance of heat transfer of heat.

• As the glass is a bad conductor of heat that’s why silver coated glass wall is used so that the heat transfer via radiation can be reduced. Hence option 3 is correct.

• The heat transfer through a vacuum can happen due to radiation only not by conduction and convection.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Assam.

Manas National Park 

• Manas National Park is a national park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, located in Assam.
• Manas National Park is also part of Project Tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve.
• It is located at the base of foothills of the Bhutan-Himalayas with unique biodiversity and landscape.
• It is one of the first reserves included in the network of tiger reserve under Project tiger in 1973.
• It is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife like the Assam Roofed turtle, Hispid hare, Golden langur and Pygmy Hog.
• The park is contiguous with the Royal Manas National Park of Bhutan.
• The park is famous for its wild water buffaloes.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. increases setting time of cement.

Cement

• Cement is important for construction activity like building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
• This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
• Coal and electrical power are needed for production and rail for transportation.
• When cement is mixed with water, it becomes hard over a period of time. This is called the setting of cement.
• Gypsum is usually added to cement to prevent early hardening or “flash setting”, allowing extended working time.

CONCEPT:

Compound microscope: 

• A compound microscope is an optical instrument that is used to obtain highly magnified images.
• It uses a set of two lenses

1. Eyepiece lens
2. Objective lens.

• Generally, the eyepiece used is of lower power than that of the objective lens.

• A typical working of the compound microscope is as shown

• Magnification of a compound microscope (m) is given by the formula

⇒ m = mo × me

Where mo is the magnifying power of the objective lens and me is the magnifying power of the eyepiece.

EXPLANATION:

• The focal length of the eyepiece lens is larger than the focal length of the objective lens. So statement 1 is correct.
• When an object is placed between the focus and the lens then the image formed by the convex lens is virtual and enlarged.
• As the lens used in the microscope is a convex lens. We observe the object which is very small and near to the lens which makes a virtual and magnified image of the object because object is placed between focus and lens. Hence statement 4 is correct.

CONCEPT:

• The radius of the spherical surface whose part is taken as a concave mirror is called the radius of curvature of that mirror.
• Power is the ability to bend light and it is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens/mirror in meters.
• The medium having a greater refractive index compared to the other medium is called the optically denser medium and the other medium is the optically rarer medium.

Power (P) = 1/f

Where f is the focal length of the lens/mirror.

EXPLANATION:

• The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is two times the focal length of the mirror. So statement 1 is correct.

Radius of curvature (R) = 2 × Focal length (f)

Also Power (P) = 1/f

• As the focal length of a convex lens is positive and the focal length of a concave lens is negative, the power of the convex lens will be positive and that of the concave lens will be negative. So statement 2 is not correct.
• As the plane mirror is a flat surface so the radius of curvature of a plane mirror will be infinity. So statement 3 is correct.
• When a light ray passes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, the light ray deviates away from the normal. So the angle of refraction is more than that of the angle on incidence. So statement 4 is correct.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Ledo.

Important Oil fields in India

• The Naharkatiya oil field: It situated on the Left bank of Burhi Dihing river in Assam. Oil from this area is sent to oil refineries at Noonamati in Assam and Barauni in Bihar through the pipeline.
• Ankleshwar, Khambhat or Lunej, Ahmedabad and Kalol, Nawgam, Kosamba, Kathana, Barkol, Mahesana and Sanand are important oilfields of this region.
• Ankleshwar oil field: It is situated in the district of Bharuch and it stretches over an area of about 30 sq km. The petroleum from this region belongs to the Eocene period.
• Oil production in this region was started in 1961.
• Ankleshwar oil is rich in gasoline and kerosene.
• The petroleum from this region is sent to the Koyali petroleum refinery.
• The Ahmadabad-Kalol oil field: This crude-oil region lies to the north of Gulf of Khambat (Cambay) around the city of Ahmadabad and extends up to Mehsana. Kalol, situated about 25 km to the north of Ahmadabad is an important oilfield of the region.
• Oil production from this region was started in 1961. Crude oil from this region is supplied mainly to the Koyali refinery.

Ledo is a small town in Tinsukia district, Assam, India. The Ledo railway station is the easternmost broad gauge railway station in India. Hence option 3 is incorrect.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Constant proportion.

Ammonia (NH3)

• The law of constant composition states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in a fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
• Nitrogen makes up about 14/17 of the mass of any sample of pure Ammonia, while Hydrogen makes up the remaining 3/17 of the mass. (Atomic weight of nitrogen is 14 and that of hydrogen is 1)
• That is Ammonia, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen are always present in the ratio 14:3 by mass.
• 1 atom of Nitrogen is always combined with 3 atoms of Hydrogen.

CONCEPT:

• Velocity: The rate of change of displacement of a body is called the velocity of that body.
• Velocity is a vector quantity that has both magnitudes as well as direction.
• Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity is called the acceleration of the body.
• Acceleration is also a vector quantity.

EXPLANATION:

• When the acceleration is in opposite direction to the velocity then the acceleration is called retardation which decreases the velocity. So the object is slowing down. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• When a body is at rest and we suddenly started applying a force on it. Then the force will give some initial acceleration to the body but the velocity at that instant is zero. Hence statement 2 is wrong.
• As the velocity is zero for the time interval so acceleration will be zero between that time intervals. So statement 3 is correct.
• If the position and velocity of the object have the opposite direction then the object will move towards the origin. Hence statement 4 is correct.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Chhatisgarh.

Indian Standard Time (IST)

• Council of Scientific & Industrial Research’s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), maintains Indian Standard Time (IST).
• IST is based on longitude 82.5°, which passes through Mirzapur, near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.
• It is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), now called the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).
• India standard Meridian (82 Degrees 30 Minutes E meridian) passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. Hence option 4 is correct

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. accepts OH- from water releasing a proton.

Boric acid

• Boric acid is additionally referred to as Acidum Boricum, Hydrogen Borate, Boracic Acid, and Orthoboric Acid.
• It is a weak acid and has antiviral, antifungal, and antiseptic properties.
• It is an acid-containing four atoms of Oxygen, one atom of Phosphorus, and three atoms of Hydrogen.
• Wilhelm Homberg was the first person to prepare Boric acid from Borax.
• Boric acid is an acid because its molecule accepts OH^- from water releasing a proton.
• B(OH)₃ + H₂O $\rightleftharpoons$ [ B (OH)₄]^- + H⁺

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Sir Alexander Fleming.

Sir Alexander Fleming

• Sir Alexander Fleming discovered first antibiotic (Penicillin G) producing fungus from Penicillium genus in 1928.  Hence option 2 is correct.
• Sir Alexander Fleming grew the mould in a pure culture.
• The mould produced a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria.
• He identified that substance obtained from mould Penicillium notatum.

Resistance:

• The measurement of opposition of flow of electric current through a conductor is called as resistance of that conductor. It is denoted by R.

There are mainly two ways of combination of resistances:

• When two or more resistances are connected one after another such that the same current flows through them is called as resistances in series.

The net resistance/equivalent resistance (R) of resistances in series is given by:

Equivalent resistance, R = R₁ + R₂

• When the terminals of two or more resistances are connected at same two points and the potential difference across them is equal is called as resistances in parallel.

The net resistance/equivalent resistance(R) of resistances in parallel is given by:

$\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{{{R_1}}} + \frac{1}{{{R_2}}}$

Explanation:

Given that all three resistances are equal, let’s say R₀.

Equivalent resistance in series (R) = R₀ + R₀ + R₀ = 3R₀ = 90 Ω

So R₀ = 90/3 = 30 Ω

When they are connected in parallel, then equivalent resistance (R) will be;

$\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{{{R_0}}} + \frac{1}{{{R_0}}} + {\rm{;}}\frac{1}{R} + \frac{1}{{{R_0}}} = {\rm{;}}\frac{3}{{{R_0}}}$

Equivalent resistance (R) = R₀/3 = 30/3 = 10 Ω

CONCEPT:

• The rate of change of velocity is called the acceleration of the body.
• Acceleration is a vector quantity.
• When the acceleration of the body is in the opposite direction of the velocity then it is called deceleration. It is a negative acceleration of the body.
• The slope of any velocity-time graph gives acceleration or retardation of the body

Slope (m) = tan θ

Where θ is the angle made by the curve with X-axis.

EXPLANATION:

Here for graph OA,

• The angle made by the curve with X-axis is less than 90° so tanθ will be positive.
• Acceleration of the body for OA = Slope = tanθ > 0

Similarly for CD, part the slope is positive so there is acceleration in the body.

• For AB the graph is parallel to X-axis so the acceleration will be zero for the AB part.

For the BC part:

• The angle made by the graph is more than 90°
• Slope = tan (90 + θ) = - Cot (θ) = - (acceleration)
• Here the slope is negative, so acceleration will be negative which is equal to retardation. Hence for the BC part, there is retardation in the body.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e Zawar.

• Zawar (Rajasthan) is famous for Zinc mines.
• Zawar is a township created by mining company Hindustan Zinc Limited, for extraction of Zinc and Lead.
• An 80 MW power plant provides electricity for mining zinc and lead from three major mines.
• In Badampahar high grade hematite ores are found.
• Bailadila Mines is famous for producing iron which is used for steel making.
• Anantapur district is famous for Iron Ore Mines deposit, especially because of the presence of Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1.

Dudhwa Tiger Reserve

• The is a protected area in Uttar Pradesh located on the India-Nepal border.
• It stretches mainly across the Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich districts.
• It comprises of Dudhwa National Park through which Suheli and Mohana streams flow, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary through which Sharda River flows, and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary through which Geruwa River flows, all of these rivers are tributaries of the Ghagra River.

Bhitarkanika National Park

• It is a national park since 1998, located in Kendrapara district of Odisha.
• It is a Ramsar Convention site since 2002.
• it is surrounded by the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Gahirmatha Beach and Marine Sanctuary lies to the east.
• It is home to Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), White Crocodile, Indian python, King Cobra, black ibis, darters and lots of other species of flora and fauna.
• It is the second-largest mangrove ecosystem in India.

Chilka Bird Sanctuary

• Nalbana Bird Sanctuary or Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake.
• It was declared a bird sanctuary under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1973.
• The island disappears during the monsoon due to heavy rain, only to emerge again post-monsoon.
• Migratory birds usually start arriving at Chilika in November as it is a comparatively hospitable alternate habitat compared to the acute freezing conditions in their natural habitats in Siberia, China, Japan and other countries in the northern hemisphere.

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

• The Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is found within the northeast of India on the Tura Range, which forms part of the Meghalaya Plateau.
• The entire area is mountainous and Nokrek is the highest peak of the Garo hills.
• The biosphere reserve contains major rivers and streams that form a perennial catchment system which include the Ganol, Dareng and Simsang rivers, of which the latter is the longest and largest.
• The Simsang originates in the north of the Biosphere Reserve, the Dareng from the southern peaks, and therefore the Ganol flows westward into the Brahmaputra River, which supplies water to numerous towns.

The correct answer is Acetic acid.

Acetic acid

• Acetic acid is the second member of the carboxylic acid series after Formic Acid.
• The formula of acetic acid is CH₃COOH and the IUPAC name of acetic acid is Ethanoic acid.
• A dilute solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar. That is the main constituent of vinegar is acetic acid.
• It consists of about 5–20% acetic acid (CH₃COOH), water, and other trace chemicals.
• Vinegar has been generally used as a preservative or as an acid for cooking.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. slow oxidation.

White Phosphorus properties

• Translucent in appearance like a white waxy solid.
• Poisonous in nature.
• Less stable and more reactive.
• Does not dissolve in water.
• When mixed with Carbon Disulphide, it dissolves.
• Glows in the dark (chemiluminescence).
• White Phosphorus emits a faint glow when exposed to Oxygen because of a chemical reaction taking place on its surface (Slow oxidation of white phosphorus), only if the darkened room has oxygen in it. Hence option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Bacteria.

Eukaryotic organism

• Eukaryotes are all organisms except Bacteria and Archaea. Hence option 2 is correct.
• It consists of humans, fungi, animals, plants, etc.
• Eukaryotes are any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.
• In these cells, the genetic material is organized into chromosomes within the cell nucleus.
• The nucleus features DNA that carries all the genetic information.
• It has Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Cell walls.

CONCEPT:

• The capacity to do work by a body is called the energy of that body.
• The rate of work done is called power.
• The light ray radiation which can be seen by our eye is called Visible light ray radiation.

EXPLANATION:

• As the Kelvin scale only measures the positive value of the temperature and the zero kelvin is the absolute zero temperature. Hence Kelvin's scale temperature is called the Absolute scale. So statement 1 is correct.
• The wavelength range of visible light is 400 nm to 700 nm. So statement 2 is correct.
• The capacity of doing work is called energy. So statement 3 is not correct.
• The wavelength of the gamma-ray is less than the wavelength of X-rays. So statement 4 is correct.

CONCEPT:

• Relative velocity**:** The velocity of any object with respect to other objects is called as the relative velocity of the first object.
• The velocity of the second object with respect to the first object is written as (V_2/1) = V₂ – V₁

Where V₂ is the velocity of the second object and V₁ is the velocity of the first object.

EXPLANATION:

Given - velocity of train (V_t) = 60 km/hr

• Man is sitting in the train and the train is moving, so both man and train are moving in the same direction and are moving with the same velocity.

​∴ Velocity of man (V_m) = Velocity of train (V_t) = 60 km/hr

⇒ Velocity of man with respect to train (V_m/t) = V_m – V_t  = 60 – 60 = 0 km/hr

• If two object are moving in the same direction then the relative velocity between the object is given by V₁/2 = V₁ – V2
• If two object are moving in the opposite direction then the relative velocity between the object is given by V1/2 = V1 – (V₂) =  V1 + V2

The correct answer is option 1, i.e A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1.

Key Points

Tropical Moist Deciduous forest

• Annual rainfall 100 to 200 cm.
• Mean annual temperature of about 27°C.
• The average annual relative humidity of 60 to 75%.
• Spring and summer are dry.
• The trees drop their leaves during the spring and early summer when sufficient moisture isn't available.
• Belt running along the Western Ghats surrounding the belt of evergreen forests, a strip alongside the Shiwalik range including Terai and Bhabar, Manipur and Mizoram, Hills of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, Chota Nagpur Plateau, most of Odisha, parts of West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Tropical Evergreen forest

• Annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm.
• The annual temperature is about 25°-27°C.
• The average annual humidity exceeds 77% and
• The dry season is distinctly short.
• Due to high heat and high humidity, the trees of these forests don't shed their leaves together.
• The western side of the Western Ghats, some regions in the Purvanchal hills and in the Andaman and Nicobar Island.

Himalayan Moist

• Annual rainfall varies from 150 cm to 250 cm.
• Mainly composed of coniferous species.
• Trees are 30 to 50 m high.
• Pines, cedars, silver firs, spruce, etc. are the most important trees.
• Occurs within the temperate zone of the Himalayas between 1500 and 3300 meters.
• Covers the entire length of this mountain range in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Darjeeling, and Sikkim.

Tropical Thorny Forest

• Annual rainfall less than 75 cm.
• Humidity is less than 50%.
• The mean temperature is 25°-30°C.
• The trees are low and widely scattered.
• Acacias and Euphorbias are very prominent.
• The Indian wild date is common.
• These are found in Rajasthan, south-western Punjab, western Haryana, Kachchh, and neighboring parts of Saurashtra.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Black cotton soil.

Black cotton soil

• Black cotton soil is also known as regur.  Hence option 4 is correct.
• They are generally found in lava-covered areas of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Northern Karnataka, etc.
• They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture and are rich in Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium, Potash and Lime.
• The soil is suitable for growing cotton and hence referred to as black cotton soil.
• Other major crops grown on the black soil includes Wheat, Jowar, Linseed, Virginia tobacco, Castor, Sunflower and Millets etc.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. undergoes sp2 hybridization and forms three sigma bonds with three neighboring carbon atoms.

Graphite

• A carbon atom can bind up to 4 other atoms around it.
• However, in Graphite, each carbon atom only bonds to 3 others around it. This means there is an electron spare that becomes 'delocalized'.
• Graphite exists as sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon. Each carbon atom in graphite thus has a trigonal planar geometry, which implies sp² hybridization and forms three sigma bonds with three neighboring carbon atoms. Hence option 1 is correct.
• This means that it is donated to form a common pool of electrons that can flow through the molecule carrying a charge and so conduct electricity.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Vitamin D.

Vitamin D

• Vitamins are substances that your body must need to grow and develop normally.
• The human body can make its own Vitamin D in the skin when exposed to the sun. Hence option 4 is correct.
• Vitamin D plays a great role in fighting depression, healthy skin and weight management.
• It is responsible for strong bones and teeth.
• Vitamin D can be obtained from red meat, egg yolks and fatty fish like tuna and mackerel.
• Vitamin D deficiency causes a disease called Rickets, which is a bone disorder.

CONCEPT:

Thermal Conductivity:

• When one end of a metal rod is heated, heat flows by conduction from the hot end to the cold end. In this process, each cross-section of the rod receives some heat from the adjacent cross-section towards the hot end.
• It is found that the amount of heat Q that flows from hot to cold face during steady-state is

$\Rightarrow Q = \frac{{KA\left( {{T_1} - {T_2}} \right)t}}{x}$

Where K = Coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material.

• The rate of conduction of heat energy is given by:

$\Rightarrow \frac{{dQ}}{t} = \frac{{KA\left( {{T_1} - {T_2}} \right)}}{x} = KA\frac{{{\bf{\Delta }}T}}{x}$

EXPLANATION:

• The rate of conduction of heat energy is given by:

$\Rightarrow \frac{{dQ}}{t} = \frac{{KA\left( {{T_1} - {T_2}} \right)}}{x} = KA\frac{{{\bf{\Delta }}T}}{x}$

• The coefficient of thermal conductivity of material will be:

$\Rightarrow K = \frac{{dQ \times x}}{{t \times A \times {\rm{\Delta }}T}}$

SI unit of Q = J/s = W, A = m², x = m and ΔT = K

$\Rightarrow K = \frac{{dQ \times x}}{{t \times A \times {\rm{\Delta }}T}} = \frac{{J \cdot m}}{{sec \cdot {m^2} \cdot K}} = W{m^{ - 1}}{K^{ - 1}}$

• Therefore, the SI unit of the thermal conductivity is Wm^-1K^-1.