NDA General Ability Test 23 Apr 2017 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points 

• Expect: regard (something) as likely to happen. (संबंध (कुछ) होने की संभावना के रूप में)
• Look forward to: await eagerly. (बेसब्री से इंतजार)
• Hope: a feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen. (किसी विशेष चीज के होने की उम्मीद और इच्छा की भावना)
• Think: have a particular belief or idea. (एक विशेष विश्वास या विचार है)

Option 1 will take a -ing form of a verb after it. Eg: I look forward to meeting you. Since the blank already follows the pronoun 'you', the usage is incorrect.

Option 2 & 4 also do not fit in the sentence.

The correct answer is 'had seen'.

Key Points

• The sentence is in the past tense.
• There is a possibility of both past tense 'saw' and past perfect 'had seen' being correct.
• But as we have two actions in the past and the action of meeting happened first, it is better to use past perfect.
• We use perfect tense when we talk about two actions that happened in the same or near time period.
• Structure of sentence in the past perfect tense: Subject + had + V3 (past participle)
• ​Example: The player had broken his foot before the game finished.
• Present perfect and present perfect continuous tense violates the rule as the tense is not in accordance with the sentence.
• Therefore, from the above explanation, it is clear that the most appropriate option to be filled in the given blank is 'had seen'.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Complete sentence: When I met John yesterday, it was the first time I had seen him since Christmas.

Additional Information

Hinglish

• वाक्य past tense में है।
• Past tense 'saw' और Past perfect 'had seen' दोनों के सही होने की संभावना है।
• लेकिन चूंकि हमारे पास past में दो क्रियाएं हैं और बैठक की क्रिया पहले हुई है, इसलिए past perfect का उपयोग करना बेहतर है।
• जब हम दो क्रियाओं के बारे में बात करते हैं जो एक ही या निकट समय अवधि में हुई हैं, तो हम perfect tense का उपयोग करते हैं।
• Past perfect tense में वाक्य की संरचना: Subject + had + V3 (past participle)
• उदाहरण: The player had broken his foot before the game finished.
• Present perfect और Present perfect continuous tense नियम का उल्लंघन करता है क्योंकि काल वाक्य के अनुसार नहीं है।
• अतः उपरोक्त स्पष्टीकरण से यह स्पष्ट है कि दिए गए रिक्त स्थान को भरने के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त विकल्प 'had seen' है।
• अत: विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।
• | Tense | Simple tense | Continuous tense | Perfect tense | Perfect continuous | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Present | v1+s/es | is/am/are+v1+ing | has/have+v3 | has/have been+v1+ing | | Past | v2 | was/were+v1+ing | had+v3 | had been+v1+ing | | Future | will/shall+v1 | will be+v1+ing | will have+v3 | will+have been+v1+ing |

पुरा वाक्य: When I met John yesterday, it was the first time I had seen him since Christmas.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points 

• Denied: past tense of denying; state that one refuses to admit the truth or existence of. (इनकार करने का भूतकाल; यह कहना कि कोई सत्य या अस्तित्व को स्वीकार करने से इनकार करता है।)
  

Eg: The inquiry was denied access to the department.

• Disliked: past tense of dislike; feel distaste for or hostility towards. (नापसंद का भूतकाल; के प्रति अरुचि या शत्रुता महसूस करना)
  

Eg: He disliked the dish.

• Prevented: past tense of prevent; keep (something) from happening. (रोकथाम का भूतकाल; (कुछ) होने से रखना)
  

Eg: Strict rules are implemented to prevent accidents.

• Refused: past tense of refuse; indicate or show that one is not willing to do something. (मना करने का भूतकाल; इंगित करें या दिखाएं कि कोई कुछ करने को तैयार नहीं है)
  

Eg: He refused to answer.

Thus the other options do not fit in the blank.

The correct answer is Option 3- Profuse

• Intense: of extreme force, degree, or strength.
  

Eg: The job demands intense concentration.

• Adequate: satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.
  

Eg: The security was adequate to welcome the guests.

• Profuse: (especially of something offered or discharged) very plentiful; abundant.
  

Eg: I offered my profuse apologies.

• Extensive: covering or affecting a large area.
  

Eg: The garden was really extensive.

• Other options do not fit in the blank correctly. The meaning is not conveyed.
• Thus 'profuse' is the correct word. It means that the blood flow was so profuse that the patient died.
• Note: 'Profuse bleeding' is a standard phrase in English

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. told.

Key Points

• The verb said takes an object with after it.
• The verb told is the utterance of the speaker.
• Option 3 & 4 do not convey the meaning correctly, as it takes the conjunction 'to' after it.
• Thus, option 2 is correct here.

Thus the correct sentence is: You have never told me about your experiences in America.

Additional Information

• Said is the past tense of the verb say.
• Told is the past tense of the verb tell.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• The given options below are conjunctive phrases.
• As soon as infers that something will happen immediately after a particular action.
  

Eg: As soon as the train arrives, the seats will be full.

• As well as is a conjunctive phrase, which means in addition or along with
  

Eg: Ram, as well as Sita, entered the room.

• As much as: is used to compare two things
• Eg: She is perfect as much as the others.
• As close as means something which is near to or immediate
  

Eg: The information provided is as close as it could be.

None of the other phrases convey the exact meaning. Thus as soon as is the correct phrase.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Defer: put off (an action or event) to a later time; postpone.
  

Eg: She wants to defer her admission process.

• Allow: let (someone) have or do something.
  

Eg: Her parents will allow her to go on the trip.

• Avoid: keep away from or stop oneself from doing (something).
  

Eg: One must avoid taking the wrong routes on the road.

• Block: make the movement or flow in (a passage, pipe, road, etc.) difficult or impossible.
  

Eg: The road is blocked after the signal.

Thus the other options do not fit in the sentence.

The correct answer is "aspired" 

Key Points

• Look at the meaning of the selected option:
• Aspired: direct one's hopes or ambitions towards achieving something.
• Look at the meanings of the other options:
• Transpired: ;(of a secret or something unknown) come to be known; be revealed.
• Perspired- gives out sweat through the pores of the skin as a result of heat, physical exertion, or stress.
• Expired: (of a document, authorization, or agreement) come to the end of the period of validity; (of a person) die.
• Thus the other words do not fit in the context.

Hence, the correct sentence- The ambitious nobleman aspired to marry the king's daughter.

The correct answer is Option 3. i.e. lust.

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of each words here.
• Idea: a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action; the aim or purpose.
• Vision: the faculty or state of being able to see; the ability to think about or plan the future with imagination or wisdom; imagine
• Lust: a very strong desire or wish
• Intention: a thing intended; an aim or plan.
• Since the sentence talks about the dictator's desire for blood and plunder, 'lust' is correct here.
• Other words do not fit in the context.

The correct sentence becomes: The dictator of that country was a monster of wickedness, insatiable in his lust for blood and plunder.

Additional Information

• Let's look at some of the synonyms of  'lust'
• ​desire, hunger, longing etc.
• Let's look at some of the antonyms of 'lust'.​
• ​hate, disgust, hate etc.

The correct answer is 'enough'.

Key Points .

• Enough means to the required degree or extent.
• Example: Do you have enough money to pay the fare of train and taxi?
• Few means a small number; the minority.
• Example: Few would be in favor of police officers carrying weapons.
• Too means in addition to; overly, excessively.
• Example: This coffee is too sweet.
• Little means small in size, small amount of.
• Example: Little is known about his upbringing and education.
• I have had enough means you have exceeded the limit; usually said when you are tired of a particular situation and want to stop.
• Other options are incorrect in their usage in the sentence.
• Therefore, from the above explanation, it is clear that the most appropriate option to fill in the given blank is 'enough'.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Complete sentence: Please don't give me anymore, I have had enough.

Additional Information

• When we say 'a little' or 'a few', we mean a small amount, but it's enough.
• Example: I have a little money, enough for the cinema at least.
• We use 'a little' with singular uncountable nouns.
• We use 'a few' with plural countable nouns.

Hinglish 

• Enough का अर्थ है आवश्यक डिग्री या सीमा तक।
• उदाहरण: Do you have enough money to pay the fare of train and taxi?
• Few का अर्थ है एक छोटी संख्या; अल्पसंख्यक।
• उदाहरण: Few would be in favor of police officers carrying weapons.
• Too का अर्थ है इसके अतिरिक्त; अत्यधिक, अत्यधिक।
• उदाहरण: This coffee is too sweet.
• Little का अर्थ है आकार में छोटा, छोटी मात्रा में।
• उदाहरण: Little is known about his upbringing and education.
• मेरे पास enough साधन हैं कि तुम हद पार कर चुके हो; आमतौर पर तब कहा जाता है जब आप किसी विशेष स्थिति से थक जाते हैं और रुकना चाहते हैं।
• वाक्य में उनके उपयोग में अन्य विकल्प गलत हैं।
• अतः उपरोक्त व्याख्या से यह स्पष्ट है कि दिए गए रिक्त स्थान को भरने के लिए सर्वाधिक उ��युक्त विकल्प 'enough' है।
• अत: विकल्प 4 सही उत्तर है।
• जब हम 'a little' या 'a few' कहते हैं, तो हमारा मतलब छोटी राशि से होता है, लेकिन यह काफी है।
• उदाहरण: I have a little money, enough for the cinema at least.
• हम Singular uncuntables noun के साथ 'a Little' का प्रयोग करते हैं।
• हम Plural countable nouns के साथ 'a few' का उपयोग करते हैं।

पुरा वाक्य: Please don't give me anymore, I have had enough.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points:- 

• Fiasco: a complete failure, especially a ludicrous or humiliating one. (एक पूर्ण विफलता, विशेष रूप से एक हास्यास्पद या अपमानजनक)
• Success: the accomplishment of an aim or purpose. (किसी उद्देश्य या उद्देश्य की सिद्धि)
• Joy: a feeling of great pleasure and happiness; rejoice. (बहुत खुशी और खुशी की भावना; आनन्द )
• Fun: enjoyment, amusement, or light-hearted pleasure; amusing, entertaining, or enjoyable. (आनंद, मनोरंजन, या हल्का-फुल्का आनंद; मनोरंजक)
• Disaster: An event or fact that has unfortunate consequences. (एक घटना या तथ्य जिसके दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण परिणाम होते हैं)

Options 2, 3 & 4 are incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points:- 

• Arduous: involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring. (शामिल या ज़ोरदार प्रयास की आवश्यकता; कठिन और थका देने वाला)
• Pleasant: giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment. (सुखद संतुष्टि या आनंद की भावना देना)
• Effortless: requiring no physical or mental exertion; achieved with admirable ease. (किसी शारीरिक या मानसिक परिश्रम की आवश्यकता नहीं; सराहनीय सहजता के साथ हासिल किया)
• Interesting: arousing curiosity or interest; holding or catching the attention. (जिज्ञासा या रुचि जगाना; ध्यान रखना या पकड़ना)
• Risky: full of the possibility of danger, failure, or loss. (खतरे, असफलता या हानि की संभावना से भरा हुआ)

Effortless is the antonym of arduous. Other options are incorrect here.

The correct answer is 'irritable.'

Key Points

• The given word 'affable' means pleasant, friendly, and easy to talk to. (मिलनसार, सुशील)
• ​Let's see the meaning of other given options:-
• 'Reserved' means shy and keeping your feelings hidden. (संकोची तथा मनोभावों को छिपाकर रखने वाला)
• 'Gullible' means someone believing and trusting people too easily, and therefore easily tricked. (दूसरों पर शीघ्र विश्‍वास करने और अतएव धोखा खाने वाला; भोला-भाला)
• 'Irritable' means becoming angry easily. (जल्‍दी गुस्सा हो जाने वाला; चिड़चिड़ा)
• 'Lovable' means having a personality or appearance that is easy to love. (प्‍यारा लगने वाला, आकर्षक)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• The antonyms of the word 'affable' are "irritable, rude, impolite".
• The synonyms of the word 'affable' are "nice, pleasant, gracious".
• Example of 'affable' in a sentence:
• The chairman was quite affable at the meeting.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points:- 

• Auspicious: conducive to success; favourable; characterized by success; prosperous. (सफलता के लिए अनुकूल; अनुकूल; सफलता की विशेषता; समृद्ध)
• Precious:  of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly; used as a term of address for a beloved person. (महान मूल्य का; लापरवाही से बर्बाद या इलाज नहीं किया जाना चाहिए; किसी प्रिय व्यक्ति के लिए पते की अवधि के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है)
• Ominous: giving the worrying impression that something bad is going to happen; threateningly inauspicious. (कुछ बुरा होने वाला है कि चिंताजनक धारणा देना; खतरनाक रूप से अशुभ)
• Useless: not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome; having no ability or skill in a specified activity or area. (इच्छित उद्देश्य या वांछित परिणाम को प्राप्त करने के लिए पूरा नहीं करना या अपेक्षित नहीं होना; किसी निर्दिष्ट गतिविधि या क्षेत्र में कोई क्षमता या कौशल नहीं होना)
• Unforgettable: impossible to forget; very memorable. (भूलना असंभव; बहुत यादगार)

Ominous is the correct opposite word for auspicious. Other options are incorrect here in their usage.

The correct answer is "denied"

Key Points

• Look at the meaning of the word in the question:
• Corroborated: confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding).
• Look at the meaning of the selected word:
• Denied: state that one refuses to admit the truth or existence of; refuse to give (something requested or desired) to (someone).
• Look at the meanings of the other words given in the options: 
• Accepted: generally believed or recognized to be valid or correct.
• Confirmed: (of a person) firmly established in a particular habit, belief, or way of life and unlikely to change their ways.
• Repeated: done or occurring several times in the same way.
• Denied is the opposite of corroborated. Other options do not fit in the context.
• Look at the example:
• Caroline denied that she had done the mistake.

Hence, the correct option is Option 3 i.e. 'Denied'

Hinglish

• Corroborated: किसी चीज़ की पुष्टि करना

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Sever: divide by cutting or slicing, especially suddenly and forcibly.
• Engage: occupy or attract (someone's interest or attention); participate or become involved in.
• Estrange: cause (someone) to be no longer on friendly terms with someone
• Cut off: is a phrasal verb. It means to separate from things that they are normally connected with
• Twist: form into a bent, curling, or distorted shape; cause to rotate around a stationary point; turn.

Cut off is synonymous with sever. Other options do not fit in the context

The correct answer is 'opposed.'

Key Points

• The given word 'countered' means to speak or act in opposition to someone or something. (किसी के या किसी चीज़ के विरोध में बोलना या कार्य करना)
• ​Let's see the meaning of other given options:-
• 'Opposed' means to disagree with somebody’s beliefs, actions, or plans and to try to change or stop them. (किसी का विरोध करना)
• 'Balanced' means keeping or showing a balance; in good proportions. (संतुलित, स्थिर)
• 'Reduced' means to bring someone or something to a worse or less desirable state or condition. (व्यक्ति या वस्‍तु को बदतर स्थिति में ला देना या धकेल देना)
• 'Bypassed' means to avoid or circumvent an obstacle or problem. (किसी बाधा या समस्या से बचना)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• The synonyms of the word 'countered' are "opposed, fought, resisted".
• The antonyms of the word 'countered' are "nourished, nurtured, promoted".
• Example of 'countered' in a sentence:
• They countered our proposal with one of their own.

The correct answer is 'without distinguishing'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Indiscriminately: not showing careful choice or planning, especially so that harm results.
• Example: The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Distinguishing: A distinguishing mark or feature is one that makes someone or something different from similar people or things.
• Example: The main distinguishing feature of the new car is its fast acceleration.
• Thus 'without distinguishing' means without making any particular choice.
• Therefore, the word nearest in the meaning of the underlined word 'indiscriminate' is 'without distinguishing'.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

​

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options:
• Continuously: without interruption or gaps.
• Foolishly: in an unwise manner; stupidly.
• Rapidly: very quickly; at a great rate.

Hinglish

• Indiscrimately: सावधानी से चुनाव या योजना नहीं दिखाना, खासकर ताकि नुकसान हो।
• उदाहरण: The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
• Distinguishing: एक विशिष्ट चिह्न या विशेषता वह है जो किसी को या किसी चीज को समान लोगों या चीजों से अलग बनाती है।
• उदाहरण:  The main distinguishing feature of the new car is its fast acceleration.
• इस प्रकार 'without distinguishing' का अर्थ है बिना किसी विशेष विकल्प या चीजों में कोई अंतर किए बिना।
• Continuously: बिना रुकावट या अंतराल के।
• Foolishly: नासमझ तरीके से; बेवकूफी।
• Rapidly: बहुत जल्दी; एक महान दर पर।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'indiscriminately' के अर्थ में निकटतम शब्द 'without distinguishing' है।
• अतः विकल्प 2 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'sharpness'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Acumen: the ability to make good judgment and take quick decisions.
• Example: She has a considerable business/financial acumen.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Sharpness: the quality or state of being sharp; intensity.
• Example: She has a remarkable sharpness of mind.
• Therefore, the word nearest in the meaning of the underlined word 'acumen' is 'sharpness'.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options: 
• Fairness: impartial and just treatment or behavior without favoritism or discrimination; the quality of having light-colored hair or a pale complexion.
• Boldness: willingness to take risks and act innovatively; confidence or courage; the quality of having a strong, vivid, or clear appearance.
• Righteousness: the quality of being morally right or justifiable.

Hinglish

• Acumen: अच्छा निर्णय लेने और त्वरित निर्णय लेने की क्षमता।
• उदाहरण: She has considerable business/financial acumen.
• Sharpness: तीक्ष्ण होने की अवस्था या भाव; तीव्रता।
• उदाहरण: She has a remarkable sharpness of mind.
• Fairness: पक्षपात या भेदभाव के बिना निष्पक्ष और न्यायपूर्ण व्यवहार या व्यवहार; हल्के रंग के बाल या पीला रंग होने का गुण।
• Boldness: जोखिम लेने और नवीन कार्य करने की इच्छा; आत्मविश्वास या साहस; एक मजबूत, विशद या स्पष्ट उपस्थिति होने का गुण।
• Righteousness: नैतिक रूप से सही या न्यायसंगत होने का गुण।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'Acumen' के अर्थ में निकटतम शब्द 'sharpness' है।
• अतः विकल्प 2 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points:- 

• Candid: truthful and straightforward; frank. (सच्चा और सीधा; खुलकर)
• Kind: good-natured; kind-hearted; loving. (अच्छे स्वभाव वाले; दयालु; प्यारा)
• Courteous: polite, respectful, or considerate in manner. (विनम्र, सम्मानजनक, या तरीके से विचारशील)
• Generous: showing a readiness to give more of something, especially money, than is strictly necessary or expected. (कुछ और देने की तत्परता दिखाना, विशेष रूप से धन, जो कड़ाई से आवश्यक या अपेक्षित है)
• Frank: open, honest, and direct in speech or writing, especially when dealing with unpalatable matters; sincere, or undisguised. (भाषण या लेखन में खुला, ईमानदार और प्रत्यक्ष, विशेष रूप से अप्रिय मामलों से निपटने के दौरान; ईमानदार, या निर्विवाद)

Frank is synonymous with candid. Other options do not fit in the context.

The correct answer is 'as for'

Key Points

• The phrase '...not so much...' indicates that a comparison is going to be made in the sentence which would hint at a contrasting fact wherein the author dislikes something more than what he/she has mentioned just after the phrase 'not so much'
• Such a comparison, when described by the phrase 'not so much', is combined with the phrase 'as...' in the latter part of the sentence, to be completed
• This is because 'as' is a preposition used for comparisons.
• On the other hand, the preposition 'but' is used to indicate two contrasting situations or facts
• ​Hence we find that "as for" is the most appropriate option here.

Thus the correct sentence will be: I disliked him not so much for his meanness as for his dishonesty.

The correct answer is "to"

Key Points

• We don't use 'than' after 'prefer':
• Prefer is followed by the preposition 'to'.
• It is used when we compare two things or actions.
• Here, death is compared with imprisonment.
• Rather than must be replaced with to.
• Look at the following example:
• I prefer movies to books.
• Other prepositions do not stand any meaning in the context.

Thus the correct sentence will be: He preferred death to imprisonment.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Secretly must be replaced with secretively.

Secretly means to hide, keep covertly. Secretively means it is kept in a secretive manner.

• Secret means something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others.
• Secretive: (of a person or an organization) inclined to conceal feelings and intentions or not to disclose information.
• Secretively: Having a tendency to keep one's thoughts or activities unknown to others.

Thus options 1 & 2 are incorrect in their usage here.

Thus the correct sentence will be: They kept the idea secretively.

The correct answer is Option 2. i.e. have told.

Key Points

• In the given sentence, we need to use a perfect infinitive because the action of the verb "tell" has already been performed as this we can catch from the subordinate clause "he did". It means that he has done something in the past which is why he is not telling the secret.
• Thus 'tell' will be replaced by 'have told'.
• Option 2 is correct here.

Thus the correct sentence is: He ought not to have told me your secret, but he did.

Additional Information

• The format of present perfect tense is
• Subject + has/have + verb (V3) + object.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Look after it means to take care of something. It must be replaced with look it up.
• Look it up: to find a particular piece of information by looking in a book or on a list.

The other phrases mean:

• Look out: warning for someone to be careful
• Look for: search for something that you want or need

Thus the correct sentence will be: If I don't know the meaning of a word, I look it up in the dictionary.

The correct answer is "No Improvement".

Key Points

• The underlined segment of the given sentence is grammatically and semantically correct.
• The usage of the preposition "in" for indicating the position or place in the given sentence is correct.
• The usage of the possessive pronoun "their" before the noun "home" is correct.
• We use a possessive pronoun to show ownership of something.

The correct sentence is: Mr. and Mrs. Rao stay in their home every evening.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "was running".

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the past tense.
• Option 1 is not correct for improving the underlined segment as it is in the present perfect tense.
• As the first clause of the sentence is in the simple past tense, the second clause should also be in the past tense.
• Option 2 is incorrect as it will make the given sentence into past perfect tense which would mean the action has ended in the past.
• This is not true as the speaker states that when they saw him, the person ran to catch the bus. The action is still in progress in the past tense.
• Thus "ran" must be replaced with "was running" which is the past continuous tense.

The correct sentence will be: When we saw him last, he was running to catch a bus.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "cut a sorry figure".

Key Points

• The idiomatic phrase "cut a sad figure" in the given sentence is erroneous.
• The phrase "cut a sad figure" in the sentence must be replaced with the idiom "cut a sorry figure".​
• The meaning of the idiom "cut a sorry figure" is to appear in a way or make an impression that causes oneself to be regarded unfavorably by others.
• ​Example: Ronit cut a sorry figure in front of the school after he fell down while trying to juggle the football.
• ​In the given sentence, the speaker is saying that the girl made a bad impression in her first performance on stage.

The correct sentence is: She cut a sorry figure in her first performance on the stage.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "a pair of spectacles".

Key Points

• As per the rules of grammar, when we are talking about an item that exists by nature in two's like shoes, trousers, or gloves; we use the word "pair" to refer to a single item.
• Spectacles is a plural verb that implies that there is one lens for each eye but together they form a single item so we refer to them as "a pair".
• As the subject is 'pair' which is singular, we use the word 'a pair'.
• In the given sentence, we need to replace the phrase spectacles with "a pair of spectacles".

The correct sentence will be: Last evening I went to the optician and bought a pair of spectacles.

 Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "to avail myself of ".

Key Points

• In the given sentence, the underlined segment should be replaced by "to avail myself of".
• We need to use the object pronoun "myself" after the infinitive "to avail" in the given sentence.
• We always "myself" which is a reflexive pronoun as an object of the sentence where we are the object of our own action.
• We also myself when you are the subject of the sentence i.e. when the subject pronoun "I" is used in the sentence.
• In the given sentence, the subject pronoun "I" is followed by the infinitive form of the verb "to avail"  which is followed by the object pronoun "myself".
• Myself is the reflexive pronoun of the object pronoun "me"
• In the given sentence, we need to use the preposition "of" after the object "myself" of the sentence to show the connection with the noun "holiday".

The correct sentence will be: I would like to avail myself of a fifteen days' holiday this summer.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is Option 2. i.e. b.

Key Points

• The error lies in the 2nd part of the sentence.
• Will expresses future tense. It must be replaced with 'were'.
• 'Were' expresses improbability or unreal situation in the present.
• It expresses an event in the present but is certain that it does not occur. This is called the past subjunctive mood.

Thus the correct sentence will be: I can fly if I were a bird.

Additional Information

• Past subjunctive is a term in traditional grammar in which 'were' is used in a clause to express an unreal or hypothetical condition in the present, past, or future.
• ​Example: If I were you, I would have taken it.

The correct answer is Option 4. i.e. d.

Key Points

• The sentence does not have any error.
• Here, 'as soon as' is followed by the noun 'the train'.
• Here, the sentence has two clauses. Subordinate clause and main clause.
• Here, the subordinate clause is in part (b) and main clause in part (c).
• Both the verbs are in V3 format, thus the sentence is in past tense.
• It is grammatically correct.
• Thus option 4 is correct here.

The correct sentence will be: As soon as the the train arrived, the passengers entered the compartments.

The correct answer is Option 2. i.e. b.

Key Points

• The error lies in the 2nd part. The word order of the sentence is incorrect.
• When a sentence begins with an adverb such as never, the verb (Helping Verb) order is inverted.
• Order: Adverb + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Other words.

Thus the correct sentence will be: Never have I seen such a town.

Additional Information

• The verb which is used along with the main verb or the principal verb that denotes the action done by the subject is called a helping verb.
• Here, 'have' is the helping verb.

The correct answer is Option 4. i.e. d.

Key Points 

• The sentence does not have any errors.
• Note: We use by+ noun when we talk about means of transport. We do not use the or a before the nouns.
• Option 4 is correct. The sentence is grammatically correct and error free.

Thus the correct sentence will be: He goes to his office by bicycle every day.

The correct answer is Option 3. i.e. c

Key Points

• The error is in the last part of the sentence.
• When we talk about considerations, preposition 'upon' is used.
• Thus, we must use 'upon' after 'commented'.
• Option 3 is correct here.

The correct sentence will be: Far from being appreciated, his conduct was discussed and commented upon.

Additional Information

• A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation a person or thing stands in regard to something else.
• ​Example: for, of, with etc.

The correct answer is Option 3. ie; to know the name of the station.

Key Points

• It can be referred to in the lines: I roused myself in order to hear the name of the station...
• Thus clearly, option 3 is correct. Other options are incorrect.

The correct answer is: Know the name of the station.

Additional Information

• Let's understand the meaning of the word 'roused'
• ​It means to awaken from sleep.
• ​Example: I was roused in the middle of the night by hearing a huge noise.

The correct answer is Option 2. ie, one of the wheels was broken.

Key Points

• It can be referred in the lines: The engine with one wheel broken was lying across the track .
• Thus it means that a wheel was broken.
• Option 2 is correct here and all other options are incorrect in the context.

The correct answer is: one of the wheels was broken.

The correct answer is Option 3. ie; it could make no effort to stand upright.

Key Points

• It can be referred from the line: 'Groaning in its death agony, the engine was like a fallen horse which seems incapable of making the smallest effort to struggle on to its legs again.'
• Here, option 3 is correct and all other options are incorrect.

The correct answer is: it could make no effort to stand upright.

Additional Information

• Here, the engine is personified to a horse.
• Personification means representation of human characteristics to non-human things.

The correct answer is Option 3 ie; A high peak covered with snow

Key Points

• The narrator was moving in an area that has a high peak covered with snow.
• It can be referred to the lines in the passage: I looked upwards to see a narrow ridge running up to a snowy summit. A few more whacks of the ice-axe in the firm snow and we stood on top.
• Thus clearly, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is: A high peak covered with snow.

Additional Information

• A mountain peak covered with snow is also known as a snow-capped mountain.

The correct answer is Option 3, ie; The slowness was caused by the fact that as soon as he cut the steps they were again covered with snow.

Key Points

• The line suggests that the narrator was tired of cutting steps for two hours.
• It can be further referred to in the lines: I looked upwards to see a narrow ridge running up to a snowy summit. A few more whacks of the ice-axe in the firm snow and we stood on top.
• Thus option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is: The slowness was caused by the fact that as soon as he cut the steps they were again covered with snow.

Additional Information

• Cutting steps is made while a person is mountaineering in snow and ice.

The correct answer is "that after the long exertion he was feeling so weak that any further climbing meant a hard struggle with the forces of nature."

Key Points

• The narrator was in an area which was a high peak covered with snow. As much as he tried to cut the steps, it was again covered in snow.
• This meant that he had to do it all over again, which was tiring for the narrator.
• Thus option 1 is correct. Other options are incorrect.

The correct answer is: That after the long exertion he was feeling so weak that any further climbing meant a hard struggle with the forces of nature.

Additional Information

• Let's understand the meaning of the word 'grim struggle'
• ​It means harsh or formidable in manner or appearance.
• ​Example: Crossing the river was a grim struggle.

The correct answer is Option 3.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• P introduces the subject of 'Farm workers'. Thus it can be framed at the beginning of the sentence, following the subject-verb-object order.
• As mentioned above, the S-V-O order, Q fits correctly, as it expresses the verb 'spend'.
• S follows Q. The adverbial phrase 'most of their time' refers to the verb 'spend.'
  

Adverbs that modify the verb, must be placed in the close proximity.

• R tells the location, where time was spent.

Thus the correct sentence will be: Farmers spend most of their time outdoors.

The correct answer is Option 3.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• A sentence cannot start with a preposition. A preposition is always followed by a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. Eg: The mobile is on the table.
  

Thus R is ruled out.

• A sentence cannot start with a verb. A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or thing. It comes in the middle of the sentence followed by a subject. Eg: John plays music.
  

Thus Q is ruled out.

• P is the 2nd person pronoun 'he' which is the subject of the sentence.
• Following the subject-verb-object order, Q follows. It tells about the activity done by the subject i.e., shuffling of the papers.
• R follows Q. It talks shuffling of papers 'together'.
• S is thus followed in the end, describing where it was done - in a drawer.

Thus the correct sentence is: He shuffled the papers together in a drawer.

The correct answer is Option 2.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• An interrogative statement is formed using 'wh' words or even an auxiliary like 'do' or 'does' or 'did' is used. Thus P is the first part of the sentence. Eg: Do you know him?
• The object of the verb 'think' 'this soap' follows. Thus R is next after P.
• QS as a pair follows. This is an interrogative statement. Hence the phrase 'will shrink woollen clothes?' ends the statement.

Thus the correct statement will be: Do you think this soap will shrink woollen clothes?

The correct answer is Option 3.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• The subject of the sentence is very well introduced in P. Thus it is used at the beginning of the sentence.
• QS follows as a pair. The indirect object 'the hijackers' is clearly the second part of the sentence with the reflexive pronoun 'themselves', referring back to the hijackers.
  

A reflexive pronoun is used as the object of a verb and refers to the same person or thing as that denoted by the Subject of the verb.

• R connects with QS to ends the statement It suggests to surrender 'to the police'.

Thus the correct statement will be: We advised the hijackers to surrender themselves to the police.

The correct answer is Option 3.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• A sentence cannot start with a verb in its base form. Thus Q is ruled out at the beginning of the sentence.
• A sentence cannot start with a preposition. A preposition is always followed by a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. Eg: The mobile is on the table.
  

Thus R & S are ruled out.

• P forms the subject of the sentence 'sports car'. It forms the first part of the sentence.
• S follows next.  A relation is established with a preposition 'with' and complements the sports car about its noisy exhausts.
• Following the subject-verb-object order, Q follows which is the verb 'appeal'.
• The object of the verb 'to the motorist' ends the sentence. Thus R completes the sentence.

Thus the correct sentence will be: Sports car with noisy exhausts appeal to some motorists only.

The correct answer is "PRQS"

Key Points

• While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.
• Hence, we will create a logical connection between them.
• Let's look at how we can join the sentence using the logic of grammar and understanding:
• P introduces the subject, which is the 2nd person pronoun 'He'.
• Following the subject-verb-object order, R follows which is the verb "planned" the strategy
• QS follows as a pair. it talks about the strategy that was planned single-handedly.

Thus the correct sentence: He planned the entire strategy of operation almost single-handedly.

The correct answer is Option 1.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• 'Than' indicates that something is compared between one or more things of the same value or proportion. Thus a sentence cannot begin with S.
• The subject 'she' is introduced in P. Thus P forms the beginning of the sentence.
• QR forms as a pair - more intelligence. It relates to the subject that she has more intelligence.
  

Some adjectives take more and most as comparative and superlative forms respectively.

• A comparison is formed in S with QR. 'than we suspected her to possess'

Thus the correct sentence will be: She has more intelligence than we suspected her to possess.

The correct answer is Option 3.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• The subject of the sentence is introduced in P, with 3rd person plural 'they'.
• Following the subject-verb-object order, Q follows. The verb, should implant follows.
• The object of the verb is mentioned in S I.e., sound principles.
• Thus, the last part clearly is R. It is in the indirect object that refers to 'in the minds of the young children.

Thus the correct sentence will be: They should implant sound principles in the minds of the young children.

The correct answer is Option 2.

While reordering the words of a sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.

• A sentence cannot start with a preposition. A preposition is always followed by a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. Eg: The mobile is on the table.
  

Thus R and S are ruled out.

• The sentence P starts with a  time period and fits the beginning of the sentence. when I was a student
  

It defines an action that happened in the past.

• The next statement R follows referring that the subject is a class X student.
• QS follows as a pair. It says that the student learnt swimming in a government school.

Thus the correct sentence will be: When I was a student of class X, I learnt swimming at the age of 15 in a government school.

Concept:

• A transformer is an electrical device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
• It works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
• It is used for increasing or decreasing the amount of voltage or current as per our requirement based on these transformers are classified into two types step-up (increasing) or step-down (decreasing) transformer.

Explanation:

In our case from the below diagram, we can see the structure of a simple transformer

A transformer is a device which is used to increase or decrease voltage or current based on our requirement

Hence a device which is used to increase the output voltage is known as a step-up transformer in this type, the number of coiling in the secondary circuit is greater than no of coiling in the primary circuit (i.e., N­₂ > N₁) similarly for the step-down transformer (N­₂ < N₁).

Low voltage can be increased using a step-up transformer and high voltage can be reduced as per our needs using a device known as a transformer.

CONCEPT:

• Total Internal Reflection (TIR): When a ray of light goes from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal and as the angle of incidence in denser medium increases, the angle of refraction in rarer medium also increases and at a certain angle, angle of refraction becomes 90°, this angle of incidence is called critical angle (C).
• When Angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle than light ray comes back in to the same medium after reflection from interface. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection (TIR).

Conditions for TIR: 

1. The ray must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence i must be greater than critical angle C.

EXPLANATION:

• On hot summer days, the air near the ground becomes hotter than the air at higher levels.
• The refractive index of air increases with its density. Hotter air is less dense, and has smaller refractive index than the cooler air.
• If the air currents are small, that is, the air is still, the optical density at different layers of air increases with height.
• As a result, light from a tall object such as a tree, passes through a medium whose refractive index decreases towards the ground.
• Thus, a ray of light from such an object successively bends away from the normal and undergoes total internal reflection, if the angle of incidence for the air near the ground exceeds the critical angle.
• To a distant observer, the light appears to be coming from somewhere below the ground. The observer naturally assumes that light is being reflected from the ground, say, by a pool of water near the tall object.
• Such inverted images of distant tall objects cause an optical illusion to the observer. This phenomenon is called mirage.
• This type of mirage is especially common in hot deserts.

CONCEPT:

Elements of Earth's Magnetic Field:

• The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field of the earth at a place are completely given by certain quantities known as magnetic elements.

Magnetic Declination (θ):

• It is the angle between geographic and magnetic meridian planes.
• Declination at a place is expressed at θ° E or θ° W depending upon whether the north pole of the compass needle lies to the east or the west of the geographical axis.

The angle of inclination or Dip (Φ):

• It is the angle between the direction of the intensity of the total magnetic field of earth and a horizontal line in the magnetic meridian.

EXPLANATION:

• The magnetic inclination or Angle of dip is one of the techniques used to measure the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field.
• The angle made by the earth’s total magnetic field, B with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called as the magnetic inclination at that place
• It is the angle by which the total intensity of the earth’s magnetic field dips or comes out of the horizontal plane. It is different at different places and measured using a “Dip Circle”.
• At the magnetic equator, the dip needle rests horizontally at an angle of zero degrees while, at the magnetic poles, the magnetic needle rests vertically, at an angle of 90 degrees.
• At all the other places, the angle of dip is between 0° and 90°.

CONCEPT:

• Uniform acceleration: A body is said to have uniform acceleration if the magnitude and direction of the acceleration remain constant during particle motion.
• Average speed: The average speed of a particle for a given ‘Interval of time’ is defined as the ratio of total distance travelled to the time taken i.e

${\rm{Average;speed}} = \frac{{{\rm{Total;distance;travelled;}}}}{{{\rm{Time;taken}}}}{\rm{;}}$

CALCULATION:

Given - v = 8 m/s at t = 4 s

From the given table we can find uniform acceleration, 

As we know that acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity i.e.,

$a=\frac{{\Delta v}}{{\Delta t}}$

$\Rightarrow a=\frac{{\ 8}}{{\ 4}}=2\ {m/s^2}$

Thus car travels with a uniform acceleration of 2 m / s2.

Now displacement after 4 sec can be expressed as

$s = ut + \frac{1}{2}a{t^2} = 0 + \frac{1}{2} \times 2 \times {4^2} = 16;m$

Thus displacement after 4 sec is 16 m.

For calculating average velocity

$average;velocity = \frac{{total;displacement}}{{total;time}} = \frac{{16 - 0}}{{4 - 0}} = 4;m;/;s$

Hence option 1, 2 and 3 are all correct

CONCEPT:

• Shock waves: When an object moves with a velocity greater than that of sound, it is termed as Supersonic.
• When such a supersonic body or plane travels in air, it produces energetic disturbance that moves in the backward direction and diverges in the form of a cone.
• Such disturbance is called the shock waves.
• The speed of supersonic is measured in Mach number.
• One mach number is the speed of sound and it defined as the ratio of the velocity of the source to the velocity of sound i.e.,

$Mach;Number = \frac{{Velocity;of;source}}{{Velocity;of;sound}}$

EXPLANATION:

So these are the ratios of different speed of the body, for

• Hypersonic > 5.0 mach
• Supersonic > 1 mach
• Subsonic < 1 mach

In our case, only option 1 is true since only for an object traveling at supersonic will have mach greater than 1

The correct answer is Option 4, i.e 3 (Fullerenes) only.

• All three are allotropes of Carbon.
• But Diamond and Graphite have layered structures.
• Buckminsterfullerene has hexagonal and pentagonal rings.
• These rings attach to itself and form a cage-like structure or soccer like structure.
• Hence, such a type of structure is found only in Fullerene.

The correct answer is Hydrogen Carbonates.

Key Points

• Temporary hardness is due to the presence of Calcium hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCO₃)₂(aq) and Magnesium hydrogen carbonate Mg(HCO₃)₂(aq).
• The hydrogen carbonates of both Calcium and Magnesium decompose upon heating.
• The original insoluble carbonate is reformed when water is boiled.
• The following is the precipitation reaction -
• Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq) → CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) + CaCO₃
• Mg(HCO₃)₂(aq)

→CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) + MgCO₃

• Boiling of water results in the removal of Magnesium and Calcium ions from water, and thus its hardness.
• This is the reason why it is called temporary hardness.

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e Methanoic acid.

Key Points

• Methanoic acid, also called Formic acid is present in the Nettle leaves.
• The accidental touch to Nettle leaves creates a burning sensation due to this Methanoic acid.
• The traditional remedy for the same is Dock leaves, which grows just behind the Nettle leaves.
• Dock leaves themselves contain Oxalic acid.
• Citric acid is present as oranges, lemon, etc.
• Hydrochloric and Sulphuric acid are used as strong inorganic acid.

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e Lithium**.**

Key Points

• All the elements given in the option are alkali metals.
• Among these lithium is less reactive with the water.
• It belongs to the first group and second period in the periodic table and has a higher tendency to lose electrons.
• Hence it acts as a strong reducing agent and reacts slowly with the water.

CONCEPT:

• In the Rutherford's Alpha Scattering Experiment, a beam of α-particles was made to fall on a thin gold foil. These particles then deflected in different directions and were detected by an α-particle detector.
• The following observations were made:

1. Most α-particles passed through the gold foil without suffering any deflection.
2. In passing through the foil, particles suffered different amounts of deflection.
3. While most of the particles suffered fewer deflections, a small number of particles suffered defections of nearly 180 °, practically retracing their paths, because the positive charge is concentrated at the center.
4. From this experiment he had concluded that almost all mass is concentrated at the center of an atom which was later termed as Nucleus.

EXPLANATION:

• Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of Nucleus.

The correct answer is Option 3, i.e non-crystalline amorphous solid.

Key Points

• Glass, an inorganic solid material that is usually transparent or translucent amorphous as well as hard, brittle, and impervious to the natural elements.
• Example of Colloid - milk, butter, gelatin, jelly, muddy water, plaster, whipped cream.\
• Examples of crystalline solids include salt (sodium chloride), diamond, and sodium nitrate

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e Chitin.

• The main difference between fungi and the plant cell wall is instead of cellulose which is present in plant cell walls, fungi have chitin as a major component of their cell wall.
• Both chitin and cellulose are composed of polysaccharide chains.
• Further, while fungi don’t have chlorophyll, it is present in plants.
• This is because instead of performing photosynthesis, fungi extracts nutrients from the soil.

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e Trypanosoma.

• Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease.
• It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.
• They are transmitted to humans by the tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites that have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring human pathogenic parasites.
• Histomoniasis is caused by the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis which acts with existing intestinal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, to cause the condition.
• Naegleria fowleri causes the disease primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a brain infection that leads to the destruction of brain tissue.

The correct answer is Option 3, i.e FSSAI.

• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is an apex food regulator in India.
• It functions under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
• The FSSAI is responsible for implementing and enforces food regulations as prescribed in the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSS Act)
• How to solve such questions?
• While India is guided by international laws, it is absurd to think that Indian law would be enforced by a foreign agency.
• Foreign agency here refers to the Food and Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization.
• So, we are left with FSSAI and FDA. Food and Drug Administration is a generic term more related to US FDA. Hence, by calculated guess, you could have chosen option 3 just by knowing other agencies.

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e Platelets.

• Dengue is an infectious disease that is caused by dengue viruses, which are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.
• Young children and Babies show mild symptoms such as rash and fever.
• Older adults show symptoms like a high fever which may last as long as seven days, join pain, rashes, pain behind eyes, vomiting.
• Other symptoms include a decreased number of white blood cells along with a low level of platelets in the blood.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e Renin.

• Renin is an enzyme that is secreted into the blood from specialized cells encircling the arterioles at the entrance to the glomeruli of the kidneys.
• Renin catalyzes the conversion of a plasma protein called angiotensinogen into a decapeptide (consisting of 10 amino acids) called angiotensin I.
• Nitrogenase is an enzyme that helps in catalyzing nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the reduction of Nitrogen to Ammonia.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e no nucleus, no mitochondria, and no endoplasmic reticulum.

• Lack of Nucleus in Red Blood Cells help in containing more hemoglobin and hence carrying more oxygen molecules.
• RBCs also lack DNA and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
• Red blood cells cannot replicate or divide like the other bodily cells, and hence cannot independently synthesize proteins.
• Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin biomolecules, each carrying four heme groups to which oxygen binds.

The correct answer is Option 4, i.e Mizoram.

According to the Census 2011, the population density of the states given in option is -

• Mizoram - 52 per sq km
• Sikkim - 86 per sq km
• Nagaland - 119 per sq km
• Manipur - 122 per sq km
• Among the states, Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density with 17 per sq km.
• The highest population density is in NCT of Delhi with 11297 people per sq km.

The correct answer is  Geneva.

• The headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in Geneva.

Key Points

• The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a member of the United Nations Development Group.
• The Headquarters of both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund is in Washington, United States.
• The headquarters of the UN Information Centre is located in Moscow, Russia.
• The headquarters of the International Maritime Organization is located in London, United Kingdom.

Additional Information

• Geneva is also the headquarters for the International Labor Organisation and World Health Organisation (WHO).
• Washington is the headquarters of NASA.
• London is the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

• Bongaigaon in Assam has Indian Oil refinery and petrochemical complex.
• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is situated in Bengaluru.
• Pinjore in Haryana is known for Hindustan Machine Tools Limited.
• Textiles industries cluster is situated in Coimbatore.

The correct answer is Option 4, i.e 1, 2 and 4.

• While sunshine is required, it should not exceed more than 25 degrees. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Other conditions include -
• Moist climate with rainfall of about 160 to 250 cm.
• Hot and humid temperature.
• Rolling fields with good drainage.
• Well-drained loamy soil.
• Karnataka is the leading producer of coffee in India.

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India.

• Dr. Urjit R. Patel assumed charge as the twenty-fourth Governor of the Reserve Bank of India effective September 4, 2016 after serving as Deputy Governor since January 2013.
• He was re-appointed as Deputy Governor on January 11, 2016 after completion of his first three-year term of office.
• Dr. Patel has also served at the International Monetary Fund (IMF). He was on deputation from the IMF to the Reserve Bank during 1996-1997,
• Dr. Patel has a Ph.D in economics from Yale University, an M. Phil from University of Oxford and a B. Sc. from the University of London.

The correct answer is Option 4, i.e Arvind Subramaniam.

• Arvind Subramaniam an Indian economist and the current Chief Economic Advisor to the government of India, succeeding R. Rajan on October 16, 2014.
• Acharya Dev Vrat was the governor of Gujarat.
• Ram Nath Kovind was the governor of Bihar.
• Najma Heptulla was the governor of Manipur.

Important Points

• The current governor of Manipur is Lakshman Acharya.
• The current governor of Gujarat is Acharya Dev Vrat.
• The current governor of Bihar is Rajendra Arlekar.

The correct answer is Option 3, i.e Pakistan.

• Indian women’s team beat Pakistan consecutively for the second time to lift the Women’s Twenty 20 Asia Cup 2016.
• It was their sixth title in as many editions with a 17-run win over Pakistan in Bangkok.
• It was Mithali Raj who set up the win, scoring an unbeaten 73 after India opted to bat and taking them to 121 for 5.

The correct answer is Option 4, i.e Guwahati.

• The venue of the 2nd BRICS Youth Summit of the Ministers, Officials and Youth Delegations was Guwahati, Assam.
• The theme of the summit was “Youth as bridge for intra-BRICS exchanges“.
• The focus was also on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e Maharashtra.

• The Maharasthra Government proposed to enact a stringent law in the form of Maharashtra Protection of Internal Security Act — to deal with the challenges of terrorism, insurgency, communalism and caste violence.
• The draft defines critical infrastructure sectors and proposes setting up of special security zones where movement of arms, explosives and inflow of unaccounted funds will be prohibited.
• It will be the responsibility of the committee to frame guidelines to deal with challenges to internal security, to examine and discuss emerging intelligence inputs pertaining to challenges to the maintenance of internal security, to ensure that necessary resources are marshalled without any loss of time and made available to authorities concerned.

The correct answer is Option 2, i.e 19^th August.

• World Humanitarian Day is celebrated as an annual reminder to the need of alleviating the suffering of humankind.
• The day was designated by the United Nations to coincide with the anniversary of the 2003 bombing of the United Nations headquarters in Baghdad (Iraq).
• 24 October has been celebrated as United Nations Day since 1948.
• Human Rights Day is celebrated every year on 10th December.
• International Women's Day is annually held on March 8 to celebrate women's achievements throughout history and across nations.

The correct answer is raise the price of its product or service as demand outstrips supply

• Surge pricing is also referred to as Dynamic Pricing.
• It is the pricing strategy that involves businesses setting flexible prices for services or products based on the demand of the same in the market.
• This is a common practice for services like travel, and retail, hospitality.
• Price Capping is the fixing of a minimum price for its services.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

Political Parties:

A party is recognised as a National Party a fulfil the following conditions:

• If it secures 6 % of the valid votes polled in any four or more states at a general election to the Lok Sabha or to the legislative assembly. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• If it wins four seats in the Lok Sabha for many states.
• If it wins 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha at a general election.
• Being recognised as a national party means a party is entitled to a reserved symbol for its candidates contesting from across the country. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The headquarters is not required to be in New Delhi and it can be anywhere across the country. Hence, the statement is 4 incorrect
• The party in question must have got recognition as a state party in at least four states. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e Life and Longevity.

• The Twelfth Plan places emphasis on developing human capabilities for enhancing productive capacity.
• These include Mean years of schooling to increase to 7 years, and of gender gap in school enrollment under Education.
• In public service delivery, subsidies and welfare related payment to be routed through Aadhar based Direct Cash Transfer Scheme.
• The 12^th Five Year Plan also placed special emphasis on pri ori tis ing skill training for the informal sector.

The correct answer is Option 2.

• 12^th Five Year Plan 2012-17 as per the draft document released by the Planning Commission aims at a growth rate of 8%.
• The other monitorable targets are divided into 7 headings.
• Some of the most important ones include
• ECONOMIC GROWTH
• Real GDP growth at 8%.
• Agriculture growth at 4%. Hence 2nd Option is incorrect.
• Manufacturing growth at 10%.
• Every state must attain a higher growth rate than the rate achieved during the 11th plan.
• POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT
• Poverty rate to be reduced by 10% than the rate at the end of 11th plan.
• 5 Crore new work opportunities and skill certifications in non-farm sector.
• EDUCATION
• Mean years of schooling to increase to 7 years.
• 20 lakh seats for each age bracket in higher education.
• End gender gap and social gap in school enrollment.
• HEALTH
• Reduce : IMR to 25; MMR to 1. Increase Child Sex Ratio to 950.
• Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1
• Reduce under nutrition of children in age group 0-3 to half of NFHS-3 levels.
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• Investment in Infrastructure at 9% of GDP
• Electricity to all villages; Reduce AT&C losses by 20%.
• Connect Villages with All Weather Roads
• Complete Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors.
• Rural Tele-Density to 70%.
• ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
• Increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year.
• 30,000 MW renewable energy during Five Year Period.
• Emission intensity of GDP to be reduced to 20-25% of 2005 levels by 2020.
• SERVICE DELIVERY
• Banking Services to 90% of Indian Households.
• Subsidies and Welfare related payment to be routed through Aadhar based Direct Cash Transfer Scheme.

The correct answer is 3, i.e By Distillation.

• A Homogeneous Mixture is separated by distillation.
• This method is based on the various boiling points of the mixture.
• The components of the mixture are vapourized, condensed, and then isolated.
• A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which its components are present in the same proportion.
• An alloy is considered a homogeneous mixture.
• Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate.
• Examples of homogeneous mixture are rainwater, vinegar, air, saline solution, etc.

Concept:

There are three ways of energy transfer

1.Convection:

Convection is a method of heat transfer in fluids (gases and liquids) and heat transfer takes place due to the movement of particles.

E.x: Heat is then transferred from the metal to the water by convection.

2.Conduction:

Conduction is a method of heat transfer in solids and heat transfer takes place without the movement of particles.

E.x: Heat received by the heating surface travels through the metal by conduction

3.Radiation:

Radiation is a method of heat transfer where heat is transferred from one place to another without affecting the medium of heat transfer.

E.x: The glass surface is been heated by filament because of radiation.

 4. Heat capacity

Heat capacity is defined as the heat energy supplied to a substance to change its temperature while specific heat capacity is the amount of heat per unit mass of the substance that is required to raise the temperature by 1° C.

Thus energy transfer not always depends on the difference in temperature.

Explanation:

• According to the first law of thermodynamics “heat always flows from higher temperature to lower temperature until they attain thermal equilibrium“ but this law holds for convection and conduction only in radiation the energy can transfer without any temperature difference and it is transferred in a form of E.M wave.
• For example heat from the sun can’t reach earth directly through convection or conduction since there is no medium present, it’s been transferred through radiation since E.M wave doesn’t require a medium for propagation and neither it depends on the temperature difference between two objects
• Hence all a, b and c are correct and only option d is incorrect

Concept:

• Latent Heat can be defined as the heat energy that is taken in or given out by a substance when it changes state at a constant temperature.
• The specific heat capacity of the material is the amount of heat energy per unit mass of the substance that is required to raise the temperature by 1° C.
• Quenching is a heat treatment process where the material is cooled at a rapid rate from elevated temperature to produce highly durable metal.
• Mechanical equivalent of heat (J) defined as the amount of work needed to produce 1 Cal of heat.

Or

Mechanical equivalent of heat states that 4.1868 J of mechanical energy or work is required to raise the temperature of 1g of water for 1°C change in temperature.

Explanation:

• When a substance changes from solid to liquid, the latent heat involved is called the latent heat of fusion. When the substance changes from a liquid to a vapor, the heat involved is known as the latent heat of vaporization.
• In simple terms latent heat is the heat energy required for phase change per unit mass.

CONCEPT:

Simple harmonic motion:

• Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion, in which a particle moves to and fro repeatedly about a mean position.
• In linear S.H.M. a restoring force which is always directed towards the mean position and whose magnitude at any instant is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle from the mean position at that instant i.e. Restoring force ∝  Displacement of the particle from mean position.

F x F = -kx

Where k is known as force constant. Its S.I. unit is Newton/meter

• The general expression for the wave is given by:

y = A Sin (ωt + θ)

Where A = amplitude of wave, ω = angular frequency, t is time and θ = phase angle.

EXPLANATION:

From the given graph of displacement versus time curve under a simple harmonic motion, we can say that

• Displacement curve at 1 sec and 3 sec are at the opposite peak as displacement at 1 sec is at a positive maximum and at 3 sec on a negative maximum hence they are in a different phase.
• The displacement curve at 2 sec is moving from positive to negative maximum and at 8 sec it’s moving from negative to positive hence phase of the oscillator is not the same.
• Displacement curve at 3 sec and 7 sec are both at negative maximum hence both waves will be in the same phase and option c is correct
• The displacement curve at 10 sec is moving from positive to negative maximum and at 4 sec it’s moving from negative to positive hence phase of the oscillator is not the same.

CONCEPT:

• Human eye: The organ due to which we can see the world is called a human eye.
• It consists of a convex lens/converging lens and the image by the human eye lens forms at the retina.

EXPLANATION:

From the below table we can say that only option 1 is correct

CONCEPT:

• Resistance: The obstruction offered to the flow of current is known as the resistance. It is denoted by R.
• When two or more resistances are connected one after another such that the same current flows through them then it is called resistances in series.
• The equivalent resistance in series combination is will be

Rser = R1 + R2 + R3

• When the terminals of two or more resistances are connected at the same two points and the potential difference across them is equal then it is called resistances in parallel.

• The net resistance/equivalent resistance(R) of resistances in parallel is given by:

$\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{{{R_1}}} + \frac{1}{{{R_2}}}$

EXPLANATION:

Given - Resistance of wire = 20 Ω

• Now if we measure the resistance across the diameter, it will be like two semicircular loops connected in parallel as shown and the resistance of each semicircular loop is half of that of total resistance

∴ R₁ = R₂ = 10 Ω and for our simplicity we can imagine it as two resistance connected in parallel.

Hence the correct value of resistance will be

 $\Rightarrow \frac{1}{R}= \frac{{{R_2}{R_1}}}{{{R_1} + {R_2}}} = \frac{{10}}{2} = 5;{\rm{\Omega }}$