NDA General Ability Test 22 April 2018 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is 'flattery'.

Key Points

• The word 'Sycophancy' means the behavior in which somebody praises important or powerful people in a way to gain an advantage. (चापलूसी, चाटुकारिता, चमचेबाज़ी)
• ​Let's see the meaning of other given options:-
• 'Admiration' means a feeling of liking and respecting somebody or something very much. (किसी को या किसी चीज को बहुत पसंद करने और सम्मान करने की भावना)
• 'Love' means a strong feeling that you have when you like somebody or something very much. (प्रेम, प्‍यार)
• 'Appreciation' means the feeling of being grateful for something. (आभार, कृतज्ञता)
• 'Flattery' means saying good things about somebody or something that you do not really mean. (चापलूसी, चाटुकारिता, ख़ुशामद)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• The synonyms of the word 'Sycophancy' are "flattery, incense, overpraise".
• The antonyms of the word 'Sycophancy' are "depreciation, detraction, disparagement".
• Example of 'Flattery' in a sentence:
• He thinks he can get his way through flattery.

The correct answer is 'assault'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Attack: to try to hurt or defeat using violence.
• Example: Most wild animals won't attack unless they are provoked.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct word:
• Assault: a violent attack.
• Example: They launched an assault on the capital yesterday.
• Therefore, the word nearest in the meaning of the underlined word 'attack' is 'assault'.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options:
• Beckon: to move your hand or head in a way that tells someone to come nearer.
• Belch: an act of producing a substance such as gas or smoke, especially when this is unpleasant or harmful.
• Appreciate: to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it.

Hinglish 

• Attack: हिंसा का उपयोग करके चोट या हारने का प्रयास करना।
• उदाहरण: Most wild animals won't attack unless they are provoked.
• Assault: एक हिंसक हमला।
• उदाहरण: They launched an assault on the capital yesterday.
• Beckon: अपने हाथ या सिर को इस तरह से हिलाना जो किसी को पास आने के लिए कहे।
• Belch: गैस या धुएं जैसे पदार्थ का उत्पादन करने का एक कार्य, खासकर जब यह अप्रिय या हानिकारक हो।
• Appreciate: यह पहचानने के लिए कि कोई व्यक्ति या कोई चीज़ कितनी अच्छी है और उसे, उसे, या उसे महत्व देना।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'attack' के अर्थ में निकटतम शब्द 'assault' है।
• अतः विकल्प 2 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'allowed'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word:
• Granted: to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way.
• Example: They granted her an entry visa.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Allowed: to give permission for someone to do something, or to not prevent something from happening.
• Example: Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamie's party?
• Therefore, the word nearest in the meaning of the underlined word 'granted' is 'allowed'.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options:
• Confessed: to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad about.
• Donated: to give money or goods to help a person or organization.
• Yielded: to supply or produce something positive such as a profit, an amount of food, or information.

Hinglish

• Granted: किसी को कुछ देना या अनुमति देना, आमतौर पर आधिकारिक तरीके से।
• उदाहरण: They granted her an entry visa.
• Allowed: किसी को कुछ करने की अनुमति देना, या कुछ होने से नहीं रोकना।
• उदाहरण: Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamie's party?
• Confessed: यह स्वीकार करने के लिए कि आपने कुछ गलत किया है या कुछ ऐसा है जिसके बारे में आप दोषी या बुरा महसूस करते हैं।
• Donated: किसी व्यक्ति या संस्था की मदद के लिए पैसा या सामान देना।
• Yielded: कुछ सकारात्मक आपूर्ति या उत्पादन करने के लिए जैसे लाभ, भोजन की मात्रा, या जानकारी।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'granted' के अर्थ में निकटतम शब्द 'allowed' है।
• अत: विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. 'transfer'.

Key Points

• 'Deliver' means 'Transport', 'Distribute'.
• Related: 'Let out', 'let go', 'Release', 'transfer'.

In a sentence: The judge told that he would analyze the evidence and then transfer the verdict.

Additional Information

• Discharge(verb)- tell (someone) officially that they can or must leave a place or situation.
• Example: Patients were discharged from the hospital because the beds were needed by other people.
• Transfer(verb)- to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person, or group to another
• Example: He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital.
• Surrender (Verb)- to give up possession of or power over; yield to another on demand or compulsion 
• Example- The hijackers eventually surrendered themselves to the police.

The correct answer is "firmly" 

Key Points

• 'Indissoluble' means 'Non-destructive', 'Lasting', 'Permanent'.
• Related: 'Firm', 'Stable', 'Undone'.
• Contexts: 'A word spoken', 'An action committed.
• In a sentence: A word spoken is indissoluble - it cannot be changed once spoken out.
• Look at the following example:
• Rekha shut the door firmly and walked away.
• She swung her legs around and firmly planted her feet on the ground before accepting the hand he offered.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Firmly.

The correct answer is 'becoming better'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Improve: to (cause something to) get better.
• Example: He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Better: in a more suitable, pleasing, or satisfactory way, or to a greater degree.
• Example: The next time he took the test, he was better prepared.
• Therefore, the word nearest in the meaning of the underlined word 'improving' is 'becoming better'.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options:
• Mending: to repair something that is broken or damaged.
• Amending: to change something, especially the words of a text.
• Advancing: to go or move something forward.

Hinglish

• Improve: (कुछ करने के लिए) बेहतर होना।
• उदाहरण: He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers.
• Better: अधिक उपयुक्त, मनभावन, या संतोषजनक तरीके से, या अधिक हद तक।
• उदाहरण: The next time he took the test, he was better prepared.
• Mending : किसी क्षतिग्रस्त या टूटी हुई वस्तु की मरम्मत करना।
• Amending: कुछ बदलने के लिए, विशेष रूप से किसी पाठ के शब्द।
• Advancing: किसी चीज को आगे बढ़ाना या आगे बढ़ाना।
• अतः रेखांकित शब्द 'improving' के अर्थ में निकटतम शब्द 'becoming better' है।
• अत: विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'dialogist'. 

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word.
• Interlocutor: a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation.
• ​Example: The interlocutor expressed himself cogently.
• Let's look at the meaning of the given options.
• ​​government officer: any employee or official of any government, including by any employee or official of any entity owned or controlled by a government,
• party worker: a person who carries out duties for a political candidate or party, esp before an election.
• dialogist: a person who writes or takes part in a dialogue
• revolutionary: engaged in or promoting political revolution.
• ​As per the meaning of the given words, "dialogist" is the nearest in meaning to the underlined word.
• ​Example: He was more of a dialogist than a fundamentalist when it came to matters of religion.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is Luxuriously.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word:
• Lavishly: in a way that is expensive or impressive.
• Example: The dining room was lavishly decorated.
• Luxuriously: in a very comfortable and expensive way.
• Example: She lives luxuriously in her villa.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Therefore, the nearest meaning of the underlined word 'Lavishly' is 'Luxuriously'.
  

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options: 
• Generously: willing to give money, help, kindness, etc.
• Foolishly: in a way that is unwise, stupid, or does not show good judgment.
• Carefully: with great attention.

Hinglish

• Lavishly: एक तरह से जो महंगा या प्रभावशाली हो।
• उदाहरण: The dining room was lavishly decorated.
• Luxuriously: बहुत ही आरामदायक और महंगे तरीके से।
• उदाहरण: We flew home luxuriously in first class.
• Generously: धन, सहायता, दया आदि देने को तैयार।
• Foolishly: एक तरह से जो नासमझ है, मूर्ख है, या अच्छा निर्णय नहीं दिखाता है।
• Carefully: बड़े ध्यान से।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'Lavishly' का निकटतम अर्थ 'Luxuriously' है।
  

अतः विकल्प 1 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'Financial'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word:
• Fiscal: connected with (public) money.
• Example: The governor said the fiscal crisis couldn't be solved by spending cuts alone, insisting the state needs additional revenue.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Financial: relating to money or how money is managed.
• Example: Independent agencies perform rigorous analysis in order to assign financial strength ratings to America's leading corporations.
• Therefore the nearest meaning of the underlined word 'fiscal' is 'financial'.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's explore the other given options:
• Calendar: a printed table showing all the days, weeks, and months of the year.
• Academic: relating to education and scholarship.
  
• Leap: to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another.

Hinglish

• Fiscal: (सार्वजनिक) धन से जुड़ा।
• उद��हरण:The governor said the fiscal crisis couldn't be solved by spending cuts alone, insisting the state needs additional revenue.
• Financial: पैसे से संबंधित या पैसे का प्रबंधन कैसे किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण: Independent agencies perform rigorous analysis in order to assign financial strength ratings to America's leading corporations.
• Calendar: वर्ष के सभी दिनों, सप्ताहों और महीनों को दर्शाने वाली एक मुद्रित तालिका।
• Academic: शिक्षा और छात्रवृत्ति से संबंधित।
  
• Leap: एक बड़ी छलांग या अचानक गति करना, आमतौर पर एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर।
• अतः रेखांकित शब्द 'fiscal' का निकटतम अर्थ 'financial' है।
• अत: विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'plentiful'.

Key Points:-

• Let's look at the meaning of the given underlined word:-
• Abundant - existing or available in large quantities; plentiful.
• Example - There was abundant evidence to support the theory.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:-
• Plentiful - existing in or yielding great quantities; abundant.
• Example - Coal is cheap and plentiful.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 2. ​

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other options:-
• Little - small in size, amount, or degree (often used to convey an appealing diminutiveness or express an affectionate or condescending attitude).
• Delicious - highly pleasant to the taste.
• Wholesome - conducive to or suggestive of good health and physical well-being.

Hinglish

• Abundant - मौजूदा या बड़ी मात्रा में उपलब्ध; भरपूर।
• उदाहरण: There was abundant evidence to support the theory.
• Plentiful - बड़ी मात्रा में विद्यमान या उपज देने वाला; प्रचुर मात्रा में।
• उदाहरण: Coal is cheap and plentiful.​
• Little - आकार, मात्रा या डिग्री में छोटा (अक्सर एक आकर्षक कमी को व्यक्त करने या स्नेही या कृपालु रवैया व्यक्त करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।
• Delicious - स्वाद के लिए बेहद सुखद।
• Wholesome - करने के लिए या अच्छे स्वास्थ्य और शारीरिक भलाई के विचारोत्तेजक अनुकूल।
• अत: सही उत्��र विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. unlinked to.

Geared to: Refers to the act being organized to achieve something

Unlinked to: Refers to something that is completely unrelated to something

For e.g. The shares that Mrs. James held were completely (unlinked) unrelated to her bankruptcy.

Thus, it is clear that geared to and unlinked to are opposite words.

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Subordinated to: Refers to someone being put in an inferior position to someone else
• Related to: Refers to something having a relation to something
• Adjusted to: Refers to something that is changed in order to be made correct

Thus, options 1, 2 and 3 are incorrect.

The correct answer is 'repel'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Attract: Refers to the act of causing someone to have an interest in something.
• Example: The city attracts thousands of visitors each year.
• Let's look at the meaning of the opposite word:
• Repel: Refers to the act of forcing someone to back away.
• Example: The lotion claimed to repel mosquitoes*.*
• Therefore, the word opposite in the meaning to the underlined word 'attract' is 'repel'.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

​

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Discharge: Refers to the act of allowing something to flow out of somewhere.
• Destroy: Refers to the act of ending the existence of something.
• Remove: Refers to the act of taking something put from somewhere.

Hinglish

• Attract: किसी को किसी चीज़ में रुचि रखने के लिए प्रेरित करने के कार्य को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण: The city attracts thousands of visitors each year.
• Repel: किसी को पीछे हटने के लिए मजबूर करने के कार्य को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण: The lotion claimed to repel mosquitoes*.*
• Discharge: किसी चीज को कहीं से बाहर निकलने की अनुमति देने के कार्य को संदर्भित करता है।
• Destroy: किसी चीज के अस्तित्व को समाप्त करने की क्रिया को संदर्भित करता है।
• Remove: कहीं से रखी हुई कोई चीज लेने की क्रिया को दर्शाता है।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'attract' के अर्थ में विपरीत शब्द 'repel' है।
• अत: विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'uninvolved'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Concerned: Refers to someone who is worried or involved in something.
• Example: He was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers were leaving.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Uninvolved: Refers to someone who is not connected or related to something.
• Example: My parents were completely uninvolved in my graduation process.
• Therefore, the word opposite in meaning of the underlined word 'concerned' is 'uninvolved'.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meaning of other words: 
• Cared: Refers to interest or concern someone feels for someone.
• Attentive: Refers to someone who is very observant and caring about something.
• Dependable: Refers to someone who is reliable and can be counted on for something.

Hinglish

• Concerned: किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को संदर्भित करता है जो चिंतित है या किसी चीज में शामिल है।
• उदाहरण: He was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers were leaving.
• Uninvolved: किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को संदर्भित करता है जो किसी चीज से जुड़ा या संबंधित नहीं है।
• उदाहरण: My parents were completely uninvolved in my graduation process.
• Cared: किसी के लिए किसी की रुचि या चिंता को संदर्भित करता है।
• Attentive: किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को संदर्भित करता है जो बहुत चौकस है और किसी चीज की परवाह करता है।
• Dependable: किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को संदर्भित करता है जो विश्वसनीय है और जिस पर किसी चीज के लिए भरोसा किया जा सकता है।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'concerned' के अर्थ में विपरीतार्थक शब्द 'uninvolved' है।
• अत: विकल्प 4 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. trivial.

Key Points 

• Serious: Refers to someone who carefully considers everything (किसी के लिए जो ध्यान से सब कुछ मानता है)
• Trivial: Refers to someone who is only concerned with unimportant things (किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति के लिए जो केवल महत्वहीन चीजों से संबंधित है)
• For e.g. Steve was very trivial when it came to financial matters.
• Thus, it is clear that serious and trivial are opposite words.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Grave: Refers to something that is very important and serious (किसी ऐसी चीज के लिए जो बहुत महत्वपूर्ण और गंभीर हो)
• Sober: Refers to something that is very serious and solemn (किसी ऐसी चीज के लिए जो बहुत गंभीर और गंभीर है)
• Stupid: Refers to someone who shows a lack of intelligence (किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति के लिए जो बुद्धि की कमी दिखाता है)

Thus, options 1, 3 and 4 are incorrect.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. homogeneous.

Key Points 

• Miscellaneous: Refers to something that has  a lot of varying aspects (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जिसमें बहुत सारे अलग-अलग पहलू हों)
• Homogeneous: Refers to something that is of the same kind, something that is alike (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो एक ही प्रकार की है, कुछ ऐसी है जो समान है)
• For e.g. The students in Ms. Matthews's class were all homogeneous.
• Thus, it is clear that miscellaneous and homogeneous are opposite words.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Pure: Refers to something that is not mixed in by anything else (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो किसी और चीज़ से मिश्रित नहीं होती है)
• Mixed: Refers to something that is not one thing, it is a mixture of multiple things (किसी ऐसी चीज को संदर्भित करता है जो एक चीज नहीं है, यह कई चीजों का मिश्रण है)
• Discordant: Refers to something that is disagreeing and not matching (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो असहमत है और मेल नहीं खाती)

Thus, options 1, 2 and 4 are incorrect.

The correct answer is 'incoming'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word:
• Outgoing: Refers to an instance of something going out. (किसी चीज के बाहर जाने के उदाहरण को संदर्भित करता है।)
• Example: The outgoing president.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Incoming: Refers to the process of coming in. (आने की प्रक्रिया को संदर्भित करता है।)
• Example: The incoming mails were flooding Terence's mailbox.
• Therefore, the word opposite in meaning of the given underlined word 'outgoing is 'incoming'.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meaning of other words: 
• Urgent: Refers to something that requires immediate action.
• Ordinary: Refers to something that is common and regular.
• Speedy: Refers to something that is fast and hurried.

Hinglish

• Outgoing: किसी चीज़ के बाहर जाने के उदाहरण को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण: The outgoing president.
• Incoming: आने की प्रक्रिया को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण:The incoming mails were flooding Terence's mailbox.
• Urgent: किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जिसके लिए तत्काल कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता होती है।
• Ordinary: किसी ऐसी चीज को संदर्भित करता है जो सामान्य और नियमित हो।
• Speedy: किसी ऐसी चीज को संदर्भित करता है जो तेज और जल्दबाजी में हो।
• अत: दिए गए रेखांकित शब्द 'outgoing' के अर्थ में विपरीत शब्द 'incoming' है।
• अतः विकल्प 2 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. coarse.

Key Points 

• Fine: Refers to something that is of very high quality, something very thin or narrow and smooth (कुछ ऐसा जो बहुत उच्च गुणवत्ता का हो, कुछ बहुत पतला या संकीर्ण और चिकना हो)
• Coarse: Refers to something that has a harsh or rough texture (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जिसकी बनावट कठोर या खुरदरी हो)
• For e.g. The grains of sand were very coarse and thus were hurting Adam.
• Thus, it is clear that fine and coarse are opposite words.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Small: Refers to something that is very tiny in size (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो आकार में बहुत छोटी होती है)
• Close: Refers to something that is very near, distance-wise (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो बहुत निकट है, दूरी के अनुसार)
• Smooth: Refers to something that is very even and regular in terms of texture (किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो बनावट के मामले में बहुत ही समान और नियमित है)

Thus, options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

The correct answer is 'dissimilarity'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Likeness: Refers to a similarity that two or more things share.
• Example: Her likeness to him was astonishing.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Dissimilarity: Refers to a difference or variance between two or more things.
• Example: There was a great dissimilarity between the father-son duo.
• Therefore, the word opposite in meaning to the underlined word 'likeness' is 'dissimilarity'.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Unlikeliness: dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness.
• Unlikelihood: Refers to something that is in a state of not happening.
• Disaffinity: Refers to dislike one has for something.

Hinglish

• Likeness: एक समानता को संदर्भित करता है जो दो या दो से अधिक चीजें साझा करती हैं।
• उदाहरण: Her likeness to him was astonishing.
• Dissimilarity: दो या दो से अधिक चीजों के बीच अंतर या भिन्नता को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण: There was a great dissimilarity between the father-son duo.
• Unlikeliness: समानता की अनुपस्थिति से प्रमाणित असमानता।
• Unlikelihood: किसी ऐसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है जो घटित नहीं होने की स्थिति में है।
• Disaffinity: नापसंद करने के लिए संदर्भित करता है कि किसी के पास कुछ है।
• अत: रेखांकित शब्द 'likeness' के अर्थ में विपरीत शब्द 'dissimilarity' है।
• अत: विकल्प 3 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is 'similarity'.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the underlined word: 
• Diversity: Refers to a state of being different or diverse.
• Example: Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country?
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:
• Similarity: Refers to a state of being the same or identical.
• Example: I can see the similarity between you and your mother.
• Therefore the word opposite in meaning of the underlined word 'diversity' is 'similarity'.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Variety: the quality or state of being composed of many different elements or types
• Conformity: Refers to a state of trying to match the given standards.
• Identity: Refers to the fact of who a person is.

Hinglish

• Diversity: भिन्न या विविध होने की स्थिति को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण: Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country?
• Similarity: समान या समरूप होने की स्थिति को संदर्भित करता है।
• उदाहरण: I can see the similarity between you and your mother.
• Variety: कई अलग-अलग तत्वों या प्रकारों से बना होने की गुणवत्ता या अवस्था।
• conformity: दिए गए मानकों से मेल खाने की कोशिश करने की स्थिति को संदर्भित करता है।
• Identity: इस तथ्य को संदर्भित करता है कि व्यक्ति कौन है।
• अतः रेखांकित शब्द 'diversity' के अर्थ में विपरीत शब्द 'similarity' है।
• अत: विकल्प 4 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. closed down.

Liquidated: Refers to the winding up of the affairs of a business, by analyzing their assets and liabilities

Closed Down: Refers to something that is shut or winded up

For e.g. Within 5 years of its establishment, 'Lioness and Co.' was closed down. 

Thus, it is clear that liquidated and closed down are similar words.

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Bankrupt: Refers to a company declared as unable to pay their debts
• Flourishing: Refers to something that is blooming and is very successful
• Privatized: Refers to a transfer of a company from public to private

Thus, options 1, 3 and 4 are incorrect.

The correct answer is '(d).'

Key Points

• There is no error in this sentence as it is satisfying all the grammatical rules.
• इस वाक्य में कोई त्रुटि नहीं है क्योंकि यह सभी व्याकरणिक नियमों को संतुष्ट करता है।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(d).'
  

​The correct sentence: The politician lost face in his constituency when he broke the pre-election promises he had made to his people.

Additional Information

• A helping verb (also known as an auxiliary verb) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense, mood, or voice.
• एक helping verb (जिसे auxiliary verb के रूप में भी जाना जाता है) का उपयोग मुख्य क्रिया के साथ मुख्य क्रिया के काल, मनोदशा या आवाज को व्यक्त करने में मदद के लिए किया जाता है।
• The main helping verbs are "to be," "to have," and "to do."
• They appear in the following forms: To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be
  

                                                         To Have: has, have, had, having, will have.

• Example: Peter has been singing for an hour.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. d.

Key Points

• In the given question, 'Jury' is considered as an individual member's opinion so it will be followed by the plural verb 'were'.
• ​So, the given sentence is grammatically correct.
• Thus, the correct answer is option 4.
• The correct sentence is: At the request of the Defense Attorney, the jury were called and their individual verdicts were recorded.

The correct answer is '(c).

Key Points

• The sentence mentions that Frank Lloyd Wright is being compared to all modern architects and has been acclaimed as 'great'.
• वाक्य में उल्लेख है कि फ्रैंक लॉयड राइट की तुलना सभी आधुनिक वास्तुकारों से की जा रही है और उन्हें 'great' के रूप में प्रशंसित किया गया है।
• Since he is better than all other modern architects, the superlative term for 'great' needs to be used, which is 'greatest', and not the comparative term 'greater' which has been used here. 
• चूंकि वह अन्य सभी आधुनिक वास्तुकारों से बेहतर है, इसलिए 'great' के लिए अतिशयोक्तिपूर्ण शब्द का उपयोग करने की आवश्यकता है, जो कि 'greatest' है, न कि तुलनात्मक शब्द 'greater' जो यहां इस्तेमाल किया गया है।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(c).'
  

​The correct sentence: Frank Lloyd Wright has been acclaimed by his colleagues as the greatest of all modern architects.

Additional Information

• Adjectives are used to describe, identify, modify or quantify nouns or pronouns.
• Adjectives have three degrees that compare one thing to another.
• The three degrees of adjectives are positive, comparative, and superlative.
• The comparative and superlative degrees are used to compare between two or more subjects or objects. 
• Example: Tina is smarter than Abhishek.

The correct answer is 'd'.

Key Points

• The sentence "In my younger days I could run four miles at a stretch." is grammatically correct and conveys a clear meaning.
• There are no spelling or punctuation errors.
• The phrase "In my younger days" correctly sets up a time period in the past.
• The phrase "I could run four miles at a stretch" correctly describes the ability to run four miles without stopping or taking a break.
• Therefore, there is no error in any of the underlined parts a), b), or c).

Therefore, the correct answer is ‘Option 4’.

Additional Information

• "In my younger days" is correctly used to describe a period in the speaker's past and does not contain any grammatical errors.
• "I could run four miles" correctly uses the modal verb "could" to indicate past ability.
• "at a stretch" is an idiom meaning to do something without stopping or without interruption, and it is used appropriately here.

The correct answer is '(d).'

​

• When 'as well as' is part of the subject, the verb must agree with the noun before 'as well as'.
• जब 'as well as' विषय का हिस्सा है, तो क्रिया को 'as well as' से पहले संज्ञा से सहमत होना चाहिए।
• So, the subject here is 'the owner' which is singular.
• तो, यहाँ विषय 'the owner' है जो एकवचन है।
• ​ ​​Example: The mayor, as well as his brothers, is going to prison.
• Thus, the use of 'is honest' is correct.
• There is no error in this sentence as it is satisfying all the grammatical rules.
• इस वाक्य में कोई त्रुटि नहीं है क्योंकि यह सभी व्याकरणिक नियमों को संतुष्ट करता है।
• Therefore, the correct answer is '(d).'
  

​The correct sentence: The owner, as well as his servants, is honest. 

Additional Information

• A helping verb (also known as an auxiliary verb) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense, mood, or voice.
• एक helping verb (जिसे auxiliary verb के रूप में भी जाना जाता है) का उपयोग मुख्य क्रिया के साथ मुख्य क्रिया के काल, मनोदशा या आवाज को व्यक्त करने में मदद के लिए किया जाता है।
• The main helping verbs are "to be," "to have," and "to do."
• They appear in the following forms: To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be
  

                                                         To Have: has, have, had, having, will have.

• Example: Peter has been singing for an hour.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. complaining about a loss in the past.

Key Points 

• To cry over spilt milk means to display or feel sorrow over something that has already happened and cannot be undone. (किसी ऐसी चीज़ पर दुख प्रदर्शित करना या महसूस करना जो पहले ही हो चुकी है और जिसे पूर्ववत नहीं किया जा सकता है)
• For e.g. Fatima encouraged Gale to not cry over spilt milk and try to look forward to the future.

Thus, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is To come up to expectations

Key Points

• To cut the mustard: to reach or surpass the desired standard or performance (वांछित मानक या प्रदर्शन तक पहुँचने या उससे आगे निकलने के लिए)
  

Example: This toaster doesn't cut the mustard anymore. No matter what setting you choose, your toast comes out charred!

Additional Information

• Let us see the origin of the idiom:
• The phrase “cut the mustard” originated in late 19th-century America. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as “slang (originally U.S.),” and says the noun “mustard” here means “something which adds piquancy or zest; that which sets the standard or is the best of anything.”

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. to present a counter argument.

Key Points 

• Devil's advocate is used to refer to a person that puts forth an opposing argument for the sake of it or to provoke someone.
• (डेविल्स एडवोकेट का उपयोग उस व्यक्ति को संदर्भित करने के लिए किया जाता है जो इसके लिए एक विरोधी तर्क देता है या किसी को उकसाता है)
• For e.g. The student played devil's advocate with his teacher.

Thus, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is "Don't make plans for something that might not happen."

Key Points

• To not count chickens before they hatch means "to not expect something to happen until there is a guarantee that it will happen."
• Not all eggs lead to living and healthy chicks and thus assuming that all eggs will lead to hens will create false hope.
• For e.g. The groom, when on his search for a suitable bride, was asked by his mother to not count his chickens before the eggs had hatched.
• Thus, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is: Don't make plans for something that might not happen.

The correct answer is "Regard someone as innocent until proven otherwise."

Key Points

• To give someone the benefit of the doubt refers to not assuming anything more than what is factual, and not doubting whatever is present until there is evidence of things being otherwise.
• Example: In most cases, suspects are given the benefit of the doubt until there is irrepressible evidence.
• Thus, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is: Regard someone as innocent until proven otherwise

The correct answer is "PSQR".

Key Points

• Let's look at the correct sequence of the given passage.
• The passage begins with the sentence that talks about the topic at hand - how the Subsidiary Alliance was very advantageous to the British.
• Sentence P is the first part of the given sentence after the opening statement which talks about the strategic advantages as a result of the Subsidiary Alliance for the British such as the maintenance of a large army at the cost of Indian states
• Sentence S is the second part of the given sentence which talks about the other benefits of the alliance like the British could fight wars far away from their own territories
• Sentence Q is the third part of the given sentence after the opening statement which begins with the conjunction "if". We use the if clause for conditional statements. The given sentence is a conditional statement that states "if any war occurred in the territories".
• Sentence R is the second last sentence of the passage as it begins with the conjunction "either" which is used to present two alternatives. The conditional clause of the previous sentence is completed with the alternatives in this sentence. If any war occurred in the territories either of the British ally or of the Britishers
• Then comes the final statement which talks about the consequences of this alliance by which Britishers controlled the defence and the foreign relations of the protected ally.

Thus, the correct answer is option 2. 

The complete passage: S1 The Subsidiary Alliance system was extremely advantageous to the British P. They could now maintain a large army at the cost of Indian states.S. This enabled them to fight wars far away from their own territories. Q. if any war occurred in the territories.R. either of the British ally or of the Britishers.S6: They controlled the defence and the foreign relations of the protected ally.

The correct answer is 'Q P S R.'

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the sentence given in options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.
• QPSR is the correct answer because it is the only sequence that would make a complete sentence that is grammatically and logically correct.
• The first part of the sentence is Q because S1 talks about how an Indian state signed away its independence and it is only logical that the following sentence explains how and what exactly the state lost.
• ​​Correct sentence: It lost the right of self-defence, of maintaining diplomatic relations and of settling its disputes with its neighbours.

Additional Information 

• Before rearranging parts of the sentence, it is very important to read them carefully.
• It is very important to analyse the use of a determiner and conjunction in such cases.
• This confusion can be eradicated by practising more and more questions of Sentence Jumbles.

Hinglish 

• विकल्पों में दिए गए वाक्य के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• QPSR सही उत्तर है क्योंकि यह एकमात्र अनुक्रम है जो एक पूर्ण वाक्य बना सकता है जो व्याकरणिक और तार्किक रूप से सही है।
• वाक्य का पहला भाग Q है क्योंकि S1 इस बारे में बात करता है कि कैसे एक भारतीय राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता पर हस्ताक्षर किए और यह केवल तार्किक है कि निम्नलिखित वाक्य बताता है कि राज्य ने वास्तव में कैसे और क्या खोया।

The correct answer is "SPQR" 

Key Points

• The passage begins with the sentence that introduces the topic to us - the mighty popular Revolt that broke out in Northern and Central India in 1857. 
• S1: A mighty popular Revolt broke out in Northern and Central India in 1857.
• This is followed by sentence S which talks about a description of how the mutiny began: 
• It began with a mutiny of the
• Sentence P then talks about who was a part of the mutiny:
• Sepoys, or the Indian soldiers of the Company's army
• Then comes sentence Q which talks about how the mutiny spread to other regions and included a lot of people: 
• but soon engulfed wide regions and involved the masses
• In the next sentence, R talks about the consequences of the sentence, and how this widespread mutiny almost swept out the British rule in India:
• and nearly swept away the British rule
• The last sentence talks about who participated in the mutiny - peasants, artisans, and soldiers:
• S6: Millions of peasants, artisans and soldiers fought heroically and wrote a glorious chapter.

Hence, the correct passage: It began with a mutiny of the Sepoys, or the Indian soldiers of the Company's army but soon engulfed wide regions and involved the masses and nearly swept away the British rule.

The correct answer is "SPRQ"

Key Points

• Let's look at the connection between the given sentences.
• The passage begins with a sentence that introduces the topic at hand - it talks about the Indian Civil Service and how it has been developed into one of the world's finest civil services.
• S1: The Indian Civil Service gradually developed into one of the most efficient and powerful civil services in the world.
• This is followed by sentence S which talks about how the members of the Indian Civil Services hold vast power:
• Its members exercised vast power
• this is followed by sentence P which talks about how these members with vast power often participated in policymaking.
• and often participated in the making of policy
• This is followed by sentence R which talks about how these members went on to develop certain traditions
• They developed certain traditions of
• that are specifically mentioned in sentence Q - independence, integrity, and hard work.
• independence, integrity, and hard work
• This is followed by the last sentence which talks about how these traditional qualities workes towards serving the British more than the Indians. 
• S6: though these qualities obviously served British, and not Indian interests.

Hence, the correct passage:  The Indian Civil Service gradually developed into one of the most efficient and powerful civil services in the world. Its members exercised vast power and often participated in the making of policy They developed certain traditions of independence, integrity, and hard work S6: though these qualities obviously served British, and not Indian interests.

The correct answer is "PSQR"

Key Points

• Look at the following logic in the given sequence.
• The passage begins with the 1st sentence which introduces the topic at hand, the ruin of Indian handicrafts and the ruin of the cities that were famous for manufacturing them.
• The ruin of Indian handicrafts was reflected in the ruin of the towns and cities which were famous for their manufactures.
• This is followed by sentence P which talks about the specific cities that faced the ravages of war and plunder:
• Dacca, Surat, Murshidabad and many other rising industrial
• The sentence S completes the previous sentence as it states the action of the cities(Withstood):
• Cities which had withstood the
• The sentence Q will follow the sentence S because it tells what the city withstood (ravages of war and plunder)
• ravages of war and plunder, failed to
• The next sentence will be R because it completes the (failed to) in the previous sentence(they failed to survive something)
• ​survive British conquest
• This passage is concluded by the final sentence which talks about the specific cities that were developed and then laid to waste by the onslaught of the British.

Hence, the correct answer: The ruin of Indian handicrafts was reflected in the ruin of the towns and cities which were famous for their manufactures. Dacca, Surat, Murshidabad and many other rising industrial cities which had withstood the ravages of war and plunder, failed to survive British conquest. Centres were developed and laid to waste.

The correct answer is 'restricted individual freedom to ensure freedom for all.'

Key Points

• Let us look at the first sentence of the passage:
• 'The rule of the road means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed'.
• This means that in order for everyone to have freedom, individual freedom has to be restricted. 
• इसका मतलब है कि सभी को स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त करने के लिए व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता को प्रतिबंधित करना होगा।
• Therefore, the correct option is 'restricted individual freedom to ensure freedom for all.'

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'restricted' is controlled or limited.
• Example: There is only restricted parking available.

The correct answer is 'protecting the liberty of all to use the road.'

Key Points

• Let us look at the second sentence of the passage:
• When the policeman, say, at a road-crossing steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny but of liberty.
• The passage mentions that when the policeman stops someone in the middle of the road, they are not doing so in order to trouble someone, but in order to provide liberty and freedom to everyone. 
• Passage में उल्लेख है कि जब पुलिसकर्मी सड़क के बीच में किसी को रोकते हैं, तो वे किसी को परेशान करने के लिए नहीं, बल्कि सभी को स्वतंत्रता और स्वतंत्रता प्रदान करने के लिए ऐसा कर रहे हैं।
• Hence, the author thinks that when a policeman signals you to stop on a road-crossing, he is protecting the liberty of all to use the road.
• Therefore, the correct option is 'protecting the liberty of all to use the road.'

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'liberty' is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want, etc.
• Example: We must defend our civil liberties at all costs.

The correct answer is 'try to strike a sensible balance between our individual liberty and our social liberty.'

Key Points

• Let us look at the fourth sentence of the passage:
• We have both liberties to preserve - our individual liberty and our social liberty.
• The passage mentions that a judicious balance needs to be struck between individual liberty and social liberty.
• Passage में उल्लेख है कि व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता और सामाजिक स्वतंत्रता के बीच एक विवेकपूर्ण संतुलन बनाने की जरूरत है।
• This means that in order for society to function optimally, there needs to be a sensible balance between liberties. 
• इसका मतलब यह है कि समाज को बेहतर ढंग से काम करने के लिए स्वतंत्रता के बीच एक समझदार संतुलन होना चाहिए।
• Hence, the author is of the view that we should try to strike a sensible balance between our individual liberty and our social liberty.
• Therefore, the correct option is 'try to strike a sensible balance between our individual liberty and our social liberty.'

Additional Information

• ​ The meaning of the word 'sensible' is (used about people and their behaviour) able to make good judgements based on reason and experience; practical.
• Example: I think the sensible thing to do is call and ask for directions.

The correct answer is 'educating or not educating his child is also a matter of social liberty.'

 Key Points

• Let us look at the last sentence of the passage:
• But if I say that my child shall have no education at all, then society will firmly tell me that my child must have education whether I like it or not.
• The decision of what school one's child goes to, what subject he/she specializes in are a matter of personal liberty. But whether one's child goes to school is a matter or social liberty - society has the right to tell one that one's child has to go to school. 
• एक बच्चा किस स्कूल में जाता है, किस विषय में उसकी विशेषज्ञता है, इसका निर्णय व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता का मामला है। लेकिन किसी का बच्चा स्कूल जाता है या नहीं, यह मामला है या सामाजिक स्वतंत्रता - समाज को यह कहने का अधिकार है कि उसके बच्चे को स्कूल जाना है।
• Hence, the author holds that educating or not educating his child is also a matter of social liberty.
• Therefore, the correct option is 'educating or not educating his child is also a matter of social liberty.'

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'liberty' is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want, etc.
• Example: We must defend our civil liberties at all costs.

The correct answer is 'Importance of Liberty.'

Key Points

• The entire passage talks about the importance of liberty and the balance that needs to be struck between personal and social liberty and how this is crucial for the optimal functioning of society.
• संपूर्ण passage स्वतंत्रता के महत्व और उस संतुलन के बारे में बात करता है जिसे व्यक्तिगत और सामाजिक स्वतंत्रता के बीच मारा जाना चाहिए और यह समाज के इष्टतम कामकाज के लिए कैसे महत्वपूर्ण है।​
• Hence, the most suitable title of the passage would be 'Importance of Liberty.'
• Therefore, the correct option is 'Importance of Liberty.'

Additional Information 

• The meaning of the word 'Importance' is the quality of being important
• Example: The decision was of great importance to the future of the business.

The correct answer is '1 only.'

Key Points

• Let us look at the third sentence of the passage:
• All the bats I have seen fly fairly high, keeping near the ceiling; but this particular bat flies in low, like a dive-bomber, zooming in and out of chair legs and under tables.
• The paragraph mentions that, unlike other bats, the small bat that regularly visits the narrator moved around like a 'dive-bomber'.
• पैराग्राफ में उल्लेख किया गया है कि, अन्य चमगादड़ों के विपरीत, छोटा बल्ला जो नियमित रूप से कथाकार के पास जाता है, वह 'dive-bomber' की तरह घूमता है।​
• Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• The paragraph mentions that, unlike other bats, this particular bat does not keep close to the ceiling.
• पैराग्राफ में उल्लेख किया गया है कि, अन्य चमगादड़ों के विपरीत, यह विशेष बल्ला छत के करीब नहीं रहता है।​
• Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Let us see the last sentence of the passage:
• Has his radar gone wrong, I wondered, or is he just plain crazy?
• The paragraph does not mention the bat's radar going wrong. As a matter of fact, it is mentioned as a question posed by the narrator.
• पैराग्राफ में बल्ले के रडार के गलत होने का जिक्र नहीं है। तथ्य की बात के रूप में, यह वर्णनकर्ता द्वारा उठाए गए प्रश्न के रूप में उल्लेख किया गया है।​
• Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The paragraph makes no mention of the narrator being entertained by the flying bat.
• Thus, statement 4 is incorrect.
• Therefore, the correct option is '1 only.'

Additional Information

• ​ The meaning of the word 'Fairly' is in an acceptable way; in a way that treats people equally or according to the law, rules, etc.
• Example: I felt that the teacher didn’t treat us fairly.

The correct answer is 'to eat the moths round the lamps.'

Key Points 

• Let us look at the second sentence of the passage:
• His object in entering the house is to snap up the moths that cluster around the lamps.
• ​The passage mentions that the objective of the bat entering the house was to eat the insects around the lamp.
• Passage में उल्लेख है कि घर में प्रवेश करने वाले बल्ले का उद्देश्य दीपक के चारों ओर कीड़ों को खाना था।
• ​Hence, the bat entered the room to eat the moths round the lamps.
• Therefore, the correct option is 'to eat the moths round the lamps.'

Additional Information 

• ​ The meaning of the word 'Snap' is to move or be moved into a particular position, especially with a sharp noise.
• Example: She snapped the bag shut and walked out.

The correct answer is 'sure that this bat had lost its direction.'

Key Points

• Let us look at the two sentences of the passage:
• Once, he passed straight between my legs. Has his radar gone wrong, I wondered, or is he just plain crazy?
• The narrator mentions in the passage that, unlike other bats which prefer to fly close to the ceiling while indoors, the tiny bat few close to the ground, under tables and chairs.
• कथावाचक ने मार्ग में उल्लेख किया है कि, अन्य चमगादड़ों के विपरीत, जो घर के अंदर छत के करीब उड़ना पसंद करते हैं, छोटा बल्ला मेज और कुर्सियों के नीचे जमीन के कुछ करीब होता है।​
• ​The passage mentions that the objective of the bat entering the house was to eat the insects around the lamp.
• Passage में उल्लेख है कि घर में प्रवेश करने वाले बल्ले का उद्देश्य दीपक के चारों ओर कीड़ों को खाना था।
• ​Hence, after comparing the habits of the tiny bat with those of other bats, the author was sure that this bat had lost its direction.
• Therefore, the correct option is 'sure that this bat had lost its direction.'

Additional Information 

• ​ The meaning of the word 'Wonder' is to want to know something; to ask yourself questions about something
• Example: I wonder what the new teacher will be like.

The correct answer is 'this bat surprises him by zooming in and out like a dive-bomber.'

Key Points

• Let us look at the first sentence of the passage:
• My most interesting visitor comes at night, when the lights are still burning - a tiny bat who prefers to fly in through the open door and will use the window only if there is no alternative.
• The narrator notices that the tiny bat that visits him at night, is different from other regular bats that fly close to the ceiling.
• कथाकार ने देखा कि रात में उसके पास आने वाला छोटा बल्ला छत के करीब उड़ने वाले अन्य नियमित चमगादड़ों से अलग है।
• The author calls the tiny bat an "interesting visitor". This means this bat surprises him by zooming in and out like a dive-bomber.
• लेखक छोटे बल्ले को "interesting visitor" कहते हैं। इसका मतलब यह bat, dive-bomber की तरह ज़ूम इन और आउट करके उन्हें चौंका देता है।
• Therefore, the correct option is 'this bat surprises him by zooming in and out like a dive-bomber.'

 Additional Information 

• ​ The meaning of the word 'alternative' is (of one or more things) available as another possibility or choice.
• Example: The various alternative methods for resolving disputes are given in this section.

The correct answer is 'My Nocturnal Visitor.'

Key Points

• 'Nocturnal' refers to something that turns active in the night.
• The passage talks about the tiny bat that visits the narrator in the night and how that bat is different from other bats. 
• Passage उस छोटे बल्ले के बारे में बात करता है जो रात में कथाकार के पास जाता है और वह बल्ला अन्य चमगादड़ों से कैसे अलग है।
• Hence, the most suitable title for the passage would be 'My Nocturnal Visitor.'
• Therefore, the correct option is 'My Nocturnal Visitor.'

Additional Information 

• ​ The meaning of the word 'mystery' is something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain.
• Example: The mystery was solved when the police discovered the murder weapon.

The correct answer is "plodded".

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given words:
• Plodded: refers to moving slowly with heavy steps
• Strolled: refers to a relaxed movement or a leisurely movement
• Scurried: refers to moving quickly with short steps
• Paraded: refers to marching or slowly moving around a place.
• As per the meaning of the given words," plodded" is the appropriate word choice for the blank.
• The implied meaning of the given sentence is that the tired traveller was moving slowly with heavy steps as a result of his exhaustion in the hope of finding some resting place.
• The verb plodded describes the physical exhaustion in the movement of the tired traveller.
• Options 1,2 and 3 are not suitable verbs to describe the physical exhaustion of the tired traveller.

The complete sentence is: The tired traveller plodded on in the hope of finding some resting place.

Thus, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "ghastly" 

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the selected word:
• Ghastly: refers to something that causes horror.
• Let's look at the meaning of other words:
• Heinous- Refers to something that is very evil and wicked.
• Outrageous-  Refers to something that is unbelievable and bold.
• Nasty- Refers to something that is disgusting and unpleasant.
• Look at the example:
• Evil dead is a picture with ghastly visuals.
• The sentence refers to damage beyond repair to a car, meaning the car must have been in a terrible accident. Thus, the word 'ghastly' is appropriate.

Hence, the correct sentence: The car was damaged beyond repair in the ghastly accident.

Hinglish

• Ghastly: जो दर पैदा करे
• Heinous- ऐसा जो बहु ही ख़राब हो
• Outrageous-  अपमानजनक

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. sumptuous.

Sumptuous: Refers to something that is splendid and amazing

Something that impresses everyone and is used for a celebration has to be amazing. 

Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Austere: Severe or strict
• Public: Refers to something that concerns people as a whole
• Summary: Refers to the brief account of the main points if something

Thus, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. complete.

Key Points

• A 'manuscript' is a book, document or piece of information that is written by hand rather than being typed.
• Thus, the script is 'complete' makes contextual sense - it is not a container that gets 'full' or 'filled', it is not a sum that is added up to get a 'total'.
• Thus option 3 is the correct choice here.

The correct sentence is: Once the complete manuscript is received by the publishers, it is typed in double space.

Additional Information

• Let's understand what double spacing is.
• ​If you double space something you are writing or typing, you include a full line of space between each line of writing.

The correct answer is 'standing'.

Key Points

• The sentence refers to some action being conducted, meaning the verb has to be in a continuous tense.
• Whenever 'used to' is after the linking verbs i.e. be/get we need to use to + V-ing form because 'used to' here acts as an adjective.
• The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
• The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling, etc.
• Example: I am going.
• Thus, the answer should also be in the continuous tense.
• Thus, options 1 and 3 are incorrect.
• Ideally, people do not stand still in queues, they keep moving forward and thus the correct answer is option 2.

​Complete sentence: I am used to standing in queues.

Additional Information

• The present continuous is used:
• To describe an action that is going on at this moment.
• Example: You are using the Internet.
• To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend.
• Example: Are you still working for the same company?
• To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared.
• Example: Are they visiting you next winter?

Hinglish 

• वाक्य कुछ क्रिया को संदर्भित करता है, जिसका अर्थ है कि क्रिया को continuous tense में होना चाहिए।
• जब भी 'used to' लिंकिंग क्रियाओं यानी 'be/get' के बाद होता है हमें + V-ing फॉर्म का उपयोग करने की आवश्यकता होती है क्योंकि यहां 'used to' एक विशेषण (adjective) के रूप में कार्य करता है।
• किसी भी क्रिया का present continuous दो भागों से बना होता है - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.
• Present participle का रूप है: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling, etc.
• उदाहरण: I am going.
• इस प्रकार, उत्तर भी continous tense में होना चाहिए।
• इस प्रकार, विकल्प 1 और 3 गलत हैं।
• आदर्श रूप से, लोग कतार में खड़े नहीं होते हैं, वे आगे बढ़ते रहते हैं और इस प्रकार सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।
• Present continuous प्रयोग किया जाता है:
• इस समय चल रही किसी क्रिया का वर्णन करने के लिए।
• उदाहरण: You are using the Internet
• इस अवधि या प्रवृत्ति के दौरान होने वाली किसी क्रिया का वर्णन करने के लिए।
• उदाहरण: Are you still working for the same company?
• भविष्य में होने वाली किसी क्रिया या घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए, जिसकी योजना या तैयारी पहले ही की जा चुकी हो।
• उदाहरण: Are they visiting you next winter?

पुरा वाक्य: I am used to standing in queues.

Concept:  

The movement of energy from one place to other is called as energy transfer. Heat transfer mainly takes place due to temperature difference.

There are three modes of Heat transfer.

1.Conduction: The mode of heat transfer in solids where heat transfer takes place without the movement of medium particles is called as conduction.

For example:  By heating one end of a metal rod we can feel hotness at other end.

2.Convection: The mode of heat transfer in fluids where heat transfer takes place due to the movement of particles of the medium is called as convection.

For example: Heating of water in a pot

3. Radiation: The mode of heat transfer where heat is transferred from one place to another without affecting the medium particles is called as radiation.

For example: When we place our hand nearby the burning gas stove then we can feel the hotness. This is due to radiation.

Explanation:

• A Wave is a disturbance which transfers energy from one place to another. For transfer of energy due to wave doesn’t requires temperature difference. So option 1 is correct.

For example: Sound is a wave due to which we can hear music or other things.

• So for energy transfer it is not necessary to have temperature difference. So option 2 is not correct.
• On heating there is a thermal expansion in the material which leads to changes in length and volume of the material/object. So option 3 is not correct.
• When there is a temperature difference then there may be other form of energy transfer taking place.

For example:  When we have both temperature difference as well as potential difference across a conductor wire then the transfer of energy due to electric current is not a heat transfer. So option 4 is not correct.

CONCEPT:

Simple pendulum:

• When a point mass is attached to an inextensible string and suspended from fixed support then it is called a simple pendulum.
• The time period of a simple pendulum is defined as the time taken by the pendulum to finish one complete oscillation.

$⇒ T = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}$

• The above formula is only valid for small angular displacements.

Where, T = Time period of oscillation, L = length of the pendulum, and g = gravitational acceleration

EXPLANATION:

• The simple pendulum undergoes simple harmonic oscillation which repeats their motion after a fixed interval of time. So the motion of pendulum will repeats itself after a certain period of time. Hence options 2 and 3 are correct.
• The time period of a pendulum remains constant for all small oscillation. So option 4 is correct.

Important Points

• The time period of a pendulum only depends on the length (l) and acceleration due to gravity (g). So it is independent of mass of the bob.

CONCEPT:

• Velocity: The rate of change of displacement of a body is called the velocity of that body.
• It is a vector quantity that has both magnitudes as well as directions.

${\rm{Velocity;}}\left( {\rm{V}} \right) = \frac{{Change;in;displacement}}{{Time;taken}} = \frac{{{S_2} - {S_1}}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}}$

Where S₂ is the final displacement at time t₂ and S₁ is the initial displacement at time t₁.

• Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity is called the acceleration of the body.

$a = \frac{{{v_2} - {v_1}}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}}$

Where v₂= Final velocity and v₁= Initial velocity of an object at the time ${t_2},{t_1}$ respectively

EXPLANATION:

• As velocity is a vector quantity so constant velocity means both magnitudes, as well as the direction of the velocity of the body, is the same.
• If there will be any change in the path of the body then the direction of the body will change and hence velocity will change. So the motion of the body will always be along a straight line. Hence option 1 is correct**.**
• As the magnitude of the velocity is nothing but the speed of the body. Since the magnitude is the same so the speed of the body will be constant. Hence option 2 is not correct.
• Since the object is moving with constant velocity hence v₂ will be equal to v₁.
• And acceleration (a) is written as:

$a = \frac{{{v_2} - {v_2}}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} = \frac{0}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} = 0;;$

• Hence its acceleration is zero. So option 3 is correct.
• Let the initial displacement of the body is 0 and the final displacement at time t is S.

${\rm{Velocity;}}\left( {\rm{V}} \right) = \frac{{Change;in;displacement}}{{Time;taken}} = \frac{{{S_2} - {S_1}}}{{{t_2} - {t_1}}} = ;\frac{{S - 0}}{{t - 0}} = \frac{S}{t}$

S = Vt

• Here V is constant (Constant velocity). So its displacement increases linearly with time. Hence option 4 is correct

Hence the only incorrect statement is option 2).

CONCEPT:

• Velocity of an object is defined as rate of change of its displacement.i.e., it can be expressed as $v=\frac{dx}{dt}$
• Acceleration of an object is defined as the rate of change of its velocity i.e., $a=\frac{dv}{dt}=\frac{{{d}^{2}}x}{d{{t}^{2}}}$
• And according to the slope of straight-line y = mx + c
• Slope m can be given as $m=\frac{\text{ }!!\Delta!!\text{ }y}{\text{ }!!\Delta!!\text{ x}}~or\frac{dy}{dx}$
• If the slope is positive, we can see a positive or increasing straight-line similarly for negative slope we can see a negative decreasing straight line.

here,

Displacement along x-axis = x

The velocity of the particle at any instance of time = v

Acceleration of particle at any instance = a

The slope of any line = m

some constant = c

**EXPLANATION:**​

• Now as an object is moving with uniform acceleration a.
• Its initial velocity is u and after time t it's velocity is v.
• Hence according to kinematic equation, final velocity of particle is given as v = u + at.
• By comparing the above equation with the equation of straight line (i.e., y = mx + c )
• From this we can say that the velocity (along y-axis) vs. time (along x-axis) graph can be shown as a straight line with y-intercept u.
• Either from the given equation, at t = 0 the graph will starts from 'u', hence u will be lowest point on the graph along Y-axis and will linearly increase with time t.

CONCEPT:

• Bar Magnet: A bar magnet consists of two equal and opposite magnetic pole separated by a small distance.
• Poles are not exactly at the ends.
• The shortest distance between two poles is called effective length (L_e) and is less than its geometric length (L_g) for bar magnet.
• It act as a magnetic dipole.

EXPLANATION:

• In a uniform magnetic field, the two poles of the Bar magnet experience equal and opposite forces.
• The force at one end nullifies the force at the other end.
• Hence, the needle experience only the torque due to the magnetic field and thus the net force is zero.

           F_net = mb – mb = 0  

• Net force doesn’t depend on length and temperature of the bar magnet. So options 2 and 4 are not correct.

• In case of non-uniform magnetic field the two monopoles experience different force so net force will not be zero in case of non-uniform field.

CONCEPT:

• Newton’s first law of motion: It is also called the law of inertia. Inertia is the ability of a body by virtue of which it opposes a change.
• According to Newton’s first law of motion, an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
• The inertia of rest: When a body is in rest, it will remain at rest until we apply an external force to move it. This property is called inertia of rest.
• The inertia of motion: When a body is in a uniform motion, it will remain in motion until we apply an external force to stop it. This property is called inertia of motion.

EXPLANATION:

• The heavier the object is harder to move it or the greater the amount of force required to move it hence higher the inertia.
• Since higher mass has higher inertia. In all the above 4 options, a cricket ball has maximum mass so it will have maximum inertia. Hence option 4 is correct.

CONCEPT:

Joule is a SI unit of energy or work done which is represented by J

Watt is an S.I unit of Power and it is represented as W

$power\left( W \right) = \frac{{Work;done\left( J \right)}}{{time\left( {sec} \right)}}$

Work done (J) = power (W) × time (sec)

1 joule = 1 watt-sec

CALCULATION:

Since 1 KW = 1000 W = 10³ W

And 1 hour = 60 min x 60 sec

∴ 1kWh = 1 × 10³ × 60 × 60

= 3600 × 10³ J

= 36 × 10⁵

Thus

1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J

CONCEPT

The universal law of gravitation was proposed by Sir Isaac Newton In the year 1686.

• Newton’s law of gravitation: Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force, which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to square of distance between them.

• If two bodies with mass m₁ & m₂, where r be the distance between two masses, then gravitational force,

$F \propto \frac{{{m_1}{m_2}}}{{{r^2}}} \Rightarrow F = G\frac{{Mm}}{{{r^2}}};$

Where, F = force of attraction, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N-m²/kg² (gravitational constant), m₁ & m₂ = mass of bodies, r = distance between them.

• Unit of ‘G’ is Nm²/kg². Dimensional formula of ‘G’ is [M^-1L³T^-2].

EXPLANATION

As described above,

• The Gravitational force acts upon every particle on the universe so, it is experienced by all bodies – statement 1 is correct
• The celestial body is having huge mass since, the gravitational force directly proportional to mass so, their gravitational force is also high. Therefore, the gravitational force is dominant in them – statement 2 is correct
• Gravitational force is directly dependent on mass. We know that the mass of atoms is very less therefore, gravitational force is negligible in atoms. Statement - 3 is correct.
• Gravitational force is not the same for every pair of body, it will vary with different masses and distance between them. Statement – 4 is wrong and hence option 4 is correct.

CONCEPT

• Density: It is defined as the mass of a body per unit volume. We can also say that how much mass it can contain in a specific volume.
• As of dense material like Iron takes more mass in a given volume than of wood.
• Mathematically it gives a formula Density (ρ) = mass (m) / Volume (V)
• SI Unit is kg/m³.
• 1m³ = 1000 litres of water.
• Flotation: It can be defined as the tendency of an object to rise to the upper levels of the fluid or to stay on the surface of the fluid.
• Sinking: The opposite of floatation is sinking and can be defined as the tendency of an object to go to the lower levels of the fluid.

EXPLANATION

• Flotation and sinking of an object is dependent upon the relative density with each other.
• If the density of the object is more than the density of the liquid, the object will sink.
• On the other side, if the density of an object is less than the liquid, then it will float over it.
• If the density of object and liquid is equal to each other, they are in equilibrium and float and sink both at the same time

Therefore, the sinking or floating of an object depends on the difference of density of object and liquid.

⇒ Option 3 is correct

CONCEPT

Ohm’s law: The Current through the metallic element is directly proportional to the potential difference when the temperature remains constant.

• I ∝ V or V ∝ I or V = IR [where v= potential difference, I = current, R = resistance].

• Ohm’s law is not a universal law, the substances, which obey ohm’s law are known as ohmic substances. e.g. aluminum, copper, silver conductors etc.

• The substance which do not obey ohm’s law is non-ohmic substance e.g. gases, crystal rectifiers, thermionic valves, transistors, semiconductors, diode, bulb filaments etc.

• If the graph between current (I) and Voltage (V) is a straight line, they obey ohm’s law.

• The non-ohmic resistors show a curve in the graph.

EXPLANATION

The given devices are –

• Conducting copper coil – ohmic object
• Electric heating coil – heating coils are of metals – ohmic device
• Semiconductor diode – Non-ohmic in nature
• Rheostat – multiple cooper coils are of copper metal – ohmic instrument

∴ Option 3 is correct.

CONCEPT

• Reflection: The phenomena in which light ray is sent back into the same medium from which it is coming, on interaction with boundary, is called reflection.
• Laws of reflection:
• Angle of incidence (θ _i ) = Angle of reflection (θ _r )
• The incident ray, the reflected ray, and normal to the surface of incidence always lies in the same plane.

• Refraction: When a ray of light passes from one medium to another it suffers a change in direction at the boundary of two media is called refraction.
• The change in direction because the speed of light travels at different speeds in different mediums.
• Refractive Index of a medium defines that it is denser or rarer
• Refractive Index = Speed of light in Vacuum /speed of light in that medium.
• Refractive Index = η =c/v where, c = Speed of light in Vacuum, v= speed of light in that medium.

• Dispersion of light: The splitting of white light, when it passes through glass prism into its constituent spectrum is known as dispersion of light.
• Sunlight splits into 7 colours – Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (VIBGYOR).

• Total Internal reflection: The total reflection of light from a higher refractive index medium to back in its medium at an angle more than a critical angle known as total internal reflection.
• It always happens when light travels from denser medium to rarer medium.
• At critical angle θ _c it makes 90⁰ angle with normal separating two media.

EXPLANATION

• Periscope: It is an optical instrument, uses mirrors at 45° angle to observe over, around and through which is prevented by line of sight.
• It work based on laws of reflection of light.
• It is used in submarines to view the upper surface sight, hiding positions for military, nuclear reactor and many other ways

⇒ Option 1 is correct.

Concept:

Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves and frequency can be defined as the number of wave cycle happening in one sec.

Explanation:

 Frequency can be divided into three categories based on their frequency range:

Audible sound waves: The frequency range of this wave is 20Hz - 20000Hz. Humans can easily detect these types of waves.

Example: Sound produced by Vocal cords.

Infrasonic waves: The frequency range of these type of wave is below 20Hz. Humans cannot detect it.

Example: Sound produced by Earthquake, Volcanic eruption and ocean waves etc.

Ultrasonic waves: The sound frequency above 20,000 Hz is known as ultrasonic waves. Humans cannot detect it too.

Examples: dog whistle.

Human ears can only sense the sound of frequency bandwidth between 20Hz to 20 kHz

Methanoic acid, also called Formic acid is present in the Nettle leaves.

• The accidental touch to Nettle leaves creates a burning sensation due to this Methanoic acid.
• The traditional remedy for the same is Dock leaves, which grows just behind the Nettle leaves.
• Dock leaves themselves contain Oxalic acid.
• Citric acid is present as oranges, lemon etc.
• Hydrochloric and Sulphuric acid are used as strong inorganic acid.

Toothpastes are derived from a wide variety of substances including fluorides, detergents, and abrasives.

• It is slightly basic in nature.
• This is because it is used to neutralize the acid residue left by the bacteria in our mouth.
• It thus helps in maintaining hygiene with respect to the mouth.
• A small amount of calcium phosphate is used in some toothpastes which helps in remineralization of the tooth enamel.
• However, option 3 is more appropriate

The pH of Gastric juice is between 1.5-3.5 in the human stomach lumen.

• The acidity is as a result of H⁺ (Hydrogen ions).
• Sodium hydroxide is a strong base with a ph of 14.
• Milk of Magnesia is used to neutralize the acidity in stomach and hence is a base with pH 10.5
• Lemon Juice is acidic in nature due to the presence of citric acid. Its pH is between 2 to 3.
• Please note that while bases release OH^- ions, acids release H⁺ ions.

Brine is an aqueous solution of NaCl (Sodium Chloride).

• They occur naturally on the Earth’s surface in salt lakes, or even the benthic zone of the oceans.
• They occur due to the evaporation of ground saline leaving behind little water with high concentration of Sodium Chloride.
• Applications include meat packing, pickling, steel quenching, heat-transfer medium.
• NaOH is Sodium Hydroxide or Caustic Soda.
• **NaHCO₃ **is Sodium bicarbonate or Baking Soda.
• Na₂CO₃ is Sodium Carbonate used in personal care products.

The chemical formula of Washing Soda is Na₂CO₃.10H₂O.

• Washing soda is produced using Solvay's process.
• The process includes reaction of Sodium Chloride with ammonia, carbon dioxide, in water.
• Carbon Dioxide is produced through calcium carbonate from which calcium oxide that gets left is used in ammonia recovery from ammonium chloride.
• NaHCO₃ is Sodium Bicarbonate.

The correct answer is It is used as a reducing agent in chemical industries.

Key Points

• Calcium hypochlorite commonly known as Bleaching Powder is used for bleaching wood pulp in the paper industries.
• Bleaching powder is yellowish powder soluble in water.
• Formula- Ca(OCl)₂ ​​

Important Points

• It has a strong smell of chlorine.
• Uses:
• Used in bleaching clothes in the laundry
• Used in bleaching of cotton and linen in textile industries.
• Used as an oxidizing agent.
• used as a disinfectant for disinfecting water.
• Used as a bathroom cleaner
• Used to sanitize public swimming pools.
• Preparation- Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
• An oxidizing agent is a substance that oxidizes other substances i.e.
• It makes them lose their electrons.
• An oxidizing agent has the ability to accept electrons from others.

HIV is a retrovirus, meaning it carries a single-stranded RNA as its genetic material.

Key Points

• Humans carry double-stranded DNA as a carrier of genetic material.
• Retroviruses contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
• This allows retrovirus to copy RNA into DNA.
• This DNA “copy” infects the humans, host, or its cells.
• First, when HIV infects a cell, it fuses with the host cell.
• Then, the viral RNA converts into DNA and the virus uses the host cell’s machinery to replicate itself.
• After this, the new copies of HIV then leave the host cell and move on to infect other cells.

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms which belong to the group of Bacteria and Archaea.

• They are smaller than Eukaryotic cells and have no nucleus, and lack major organelles. They also lack mitochondria.
• All prokaryotic cells are encased by a cell wall.
• They contain Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Capsule, and Bacterial Flagellum for locomotion towards nutrients.

Bowman’s capsule helps in the cleansing/filtration of blood to form urine.

• It is a closed cup-shaped and double-walled structure of the Malpighian body of a Kidney and is thus a part of the human excretion process.
• Thus, it doesn’t form part of the breathing process.
• The Human Respiratory System consists of the nose, larynx, bronchi, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs.
• Diaphragm is a dome shaped sheet separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
• It plays an important role during the respiratory process, flattening and contracting when we inhale.
• Trachea or Windpipe conducts air to lungs and bronchi are the branches of windpipe inside the lungs.

Bryophytes do not have a vascular system. Hence, option 4 is correct.

• This means that they don’t have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem.
• Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
• They help the ecosystem by acting as an important buffer system for other plants.
• Thallophytes are basically algaes not having well differentiated body organelles like stem, roots, and leaves.
• Funaria (Moss) is a Bryophyte and not a fungus.
• Pteridophytes are the vascular plants having hidden reproductive organs, and they are also called cytogasms.
• Gymnosperms and angiosperms are phanerogams, meaning they produce seeds.

A hierarchical system is used for taxonomic classification of organisms.

• Each level in the classification has organisms having similar characteristics.
• Linnaean hierarchy as proposed by Carolus Linnaeus (Father of systematic Botany), the hierarchy involves seven obligate categories as shown below
• Kingd om → Phylum (in Animals)/Division (in Plants) → Class

Order

Family → Genus → Species

Growth occurs in Plants due to the division of meristematic cells.

Key Points

• Meristematic tissues are the group of undifferentiated immature cells that are either in the continuous state of division, or preparing to divide.
• These tissues contribute to the growth of the plants.
• This is because they are present in the actively growing regions of the plants. Example - tip of the shoots and root tip in plants.
• Due to meristematic tissues, a plant body retains the capacity of unlimited growth throughout their life.

Lakshadweep, with a literacy rate of 92.28%, is the Union Territory with the highest female literacy rate at 88.25% according to Census 2011.

• Kerala ranks the highest in terms of literacy rate with 93.91% literacy rate.
• Overall, Kerala ranks highest among female literacy rate in India with 91.98% literacy rate.
• Bihar ranks the last in the country with a literacy rate of 63.82%.
• In terms of male literacy rate, Lakshadweep ranks first overall with 96.11% literacy rate.
• Chandigarh’s female literacy rate is 81.38%.
• Puducherry’s female literacy rate is 81.22%.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands female literacy rate is 81.84%

The Roaring Forties are strong westerly winds active in the southern hemisphere.

• They are found generally between the latitudes of 40°S and 65°S.
• They are west to east air currents (and not east to west) which are caused by the combination of air displaced from the equator towards the South Pole. Hence, statement 2 is NOT correct.
• Further, few landmasses serve as the windbreak for the formation of these roaring forties.
• Westerlies blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the subpolar low pressure belts.
• They constantly blow from the west and hence called Westerlies.
• They blow from south-west to north-east in the northern hemisphere and north-west to south-east in the southern hemisphere.
• They are called Roaring forties because the southern hemisphere lacks landmass between 40-65°S latitudes to break the flow of the Westerlies

Doldrums are the low pressure regions in the 10°N and 10°S latitudes.

• It is here that the trade winds from both the hemisphere converge.
• They are called Doldrums because they are associated with extremely calm air movements. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.
• Chinook at the warm and dry winds which blow on the eastern slope (leeward side) of the Rockies Mountain. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• They are so warm, that they help in melting/removal of the underlying snow. Hence, they are also called Snow Eaters.
• They help in the early sowing of the spring wheat in the United States.

Located in the Andes Mountain, South America, Atacama desert is known as the driest non-polar desert of the world.

Key Points

• It spreads through Chile.
• It is also known as Peruvian Desert.
• Because of rain shadow effect and off-shore trade winds, it is the driest desert with practically no rainfall.
• Gobi desert is a mid-latitude temperate desert located in China and Mongolia.
• Sahara is a mid-latitude hot desert spread across Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia.
• Kalahari Desert is also a hot desert spread across Botswana, parts of South Africa, and parts of Namibia.

CONCEPT

• Latent Heat: The amount of heat required per mass to change the state of any substance. It is a hidden form of heat.
• The change in state always occurs at a constant temperature.
• The SI unit of latent heat is Joule/kg
• Latent heat of fusion and vaporization:
• In the process of melting or vaporization, the temperature remains constant. The amount of heat needed to change the state of matter having mass m is-
• Q = m L [Q= heat required, m = mass of the body, L = latent heat]
• Latent heat of fusion: It is the heat required for 1 kg of substance to change it from solid to liquid state without change of temperature.
• Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 × 10⁵ J/kg
• In CGS = 80 cal / gm.
• Latent heat of Vaporization: It is the heat required for 1 kg of substance to change it from liquid to gaseous state without change of temperature.
• Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.25 × 10⁶ J/kg.
• In CGS = 536 cal / gm

EXPLANATION

The latent heat is hidden heat for change in state.

In the process of change of state temperature remains constant.

⇒ Latent heat is fixed at a given temperature, thus independent of temperature

The volume of the object while changing the state is fixed.

⇒ Latent heat is independent of volume.

∴ Statement 1and 3 are true ⇒ Option 2 is correct.

CONCEPT

• Mass (m): It is the property of the physical body which defines the amount of matter it contains.
• It is measured in kg /g /milligram etc.
• Mass is the measure of the inertia of a body.
• It is a scalar quantity and has only magnitude.
• Mass is a constant thing, it does not change anywhere in-universe.
• It is measured with Physical balance, beam balance, etc.

EXPLANATION

• It does not change from place to place – Option 1 is incorrect.
• Weight (W) can change from place to place, as it is a pull of gravity of the planet. The weight is different on different planets as gravity changes.
• It is same everywhere – yes, mass is same everywhere – Option 2 is correct.
• It depends on its shape – No, mass does not depend on shape e.g. 1 kg of cotton is of great size than of 1 kg of iron still, both masses are 1 kg – Option 3 is incorrect.
• It does not depend on temperature –
• Density = (mass /volume) ⇒ mass = density × volume.
• Density of a substance depends on temperature.
• Temperature increases, density decreases and vice-versa
• So, mass depends on temperature – Option 4 is incorrect

∴ Option 2 is correct.

CONCEPT

• Equilibrium: It is a state where resultant of all forces acting on a body is zero.

• Stable equilibrium: A system is said to be in stable equilibrium if, when displaced from equilibrium, it experiences a net force or torque in a direction opposite the direction of the displacement.

• The potential energy is minimum in this case.

• Unstable equilibrium: A system is in unstable equilibrium if, when displaced from equilibrium, it experiences a net force or torque in the same direction as the displacement from equilibrium.

• The potential energy is maximum in this case.

• Neutral equilibrium: A system is in neutral equilibrium if its equilibrium is independent of displacements from its original position.

• The potential energy remains constant in this case.

EXPLANATION

• If a ball is placed on vertical rod, it is in unstable equilibrium because once it is displaced from its place, it will experience the net force in the direction of displacement and never come back to its original position.
• The potential energy of the ball is maximum at this point.

∴ Option 2 is correct.