DSSSB TGT Social Studies Female 9 Oct 2021 (Shift 3) (Previous Year Paper)

In the following figure, we need to observe the patterns, which are running through each figure. 

• Pattern of lines: In the first box the line joins in the north direction, while in the next figure it is joining towards the west direction, i.e. it has been rotated anticlockwise. Thus, if the joint in fourth figure is facing west, it should face the north direction.

• Pattern of circles: In the first box the circles on the two lines open facing in the south direction, while in the next figure it is opening towards the east direction, i.e., it has been rotated anticlockwise. Thus, if the joint in fourth figure is facing east, it should face the south direction.

​   

• Thus, the following box will contain the pattern made in Option 2.

Hence, the correct answer is "**Option 2".

Given: 

Five candidates C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 were appointed to a company on five different days of the same week from Monday to Friday.

1) C5 was appointed before C3.

2) C3 was appointed before C2.

Case 4 eliminated. Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 are considered.

3)  C5 was appointed before C1. C4 was appointed on Thursday.

   Case 2 and Case 3 is eliminated. only Case 1 considered.

Hence, "C5" was appointed on Monday.

The logic followed here is:

Number = Addition of positional values of all the alphabets.

Hence, the correct answer is ' 79'.

Drawing the diagram according to the given information,

Therefore, now he is facing, the south direction, he starts walking from 'north' direction from his home.

Hence, the correct answer is Option (3).

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

According to the sequence in the dictionary:

5. Vacated
6. Vacation

1.Vaccinee

4. Vacuity
5. Vacuolar

Hence, "53142 " is the correct answer.

In the following figure, we need to observe the patterns, which are running through each figure:

• Pattern of Trapezium 

:  In the consecutive boxes the trapezium is transferred to the consecutive corner in a clockwise manner. Thus, in the following box the trapezium will be in the upper right corner.

​      

• Pattern of triangles     : In the consecutive boxes the 2 triangles at the left side are mirror images in the figure. Thus, in the following box the 2 triangles are at right side will also be mirror images​.

​      

• Thus, the following box will contain the pattern made in Option 4.

​ Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Roads which are both radio and picture are highlighted below:

Hence, there are 5 roads in both radio and picture.

Therefore, the correct answer is '5'.

Decoding the information, 

Given:

'A' means '+', 'B' means '-', 'C' means '×' and 'D' means '÷'.

After replacing the signs from left to right and using the BODMAS rule,

1. 36 D 9 C 16 A 5 B 2 = 67

After replacing the signs: 36 ÷ 9 × 16+ 5 - 2 

⇒ 36 ÷ 9 × 16 + 5 - 2 

⇒ 4 × 16 + 5 - 2 

⇒ 64 + 5 - 2 

⇒ 67

II. 3 C 24 D 6 B 12 A 50 = 50

After replacing the signs: 3 × 24 ÷ 6 -12 + 50

⇒ 3 × 24 ÷ 6 -12 + 50

⇒ 3× 4 - 12 + 50

⇒ 12 - 12 + 50

⇒ 50

Hence, 'Both I and II' are correct answer.

Drawing the diagram according to the given information,

If a man is standing at point C, then the image will be like

By Pythagoras theorem:

(CD)² + (DE)² = (CE)²

(24)²+ (7)² = (CE)2 

576 + 49 = (CE)2 

625 = (CE)2

25 = CE

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 3'.

Statements:

I. Some X are Z.

II. Some Z are W.

III. No Z is V.

The least possible diagram for the given statements is as follows:

Conclusions:

I. Some X are W→ False (No direct relationship given X and W. So, it may be possible but not definite)

II. Some W are not V→ True (because the part of W which is in Z will never be V, as no Z is V) 

III. Some X are not V→ True (because  the part of X which is in Z will never be V, as Z is V).

Hence, "Both conclusion II and III follows".

The Logic followed here is:

1.Odd - It is the property of a number.

2.Vowel - It is the property of an alphabet.

3.Prime - It is the property of a number.

4.Even - It is the property of a number.

All other are properties of number while Vowel is the property of an alphabet.

Hence, the odd word from the given alternatives is Vowel.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Vowel'.

The Logic followed here is:

Fan - Blade is a major part of fan.

Cycle - Pedal is a major part of cycle.

So, Fan ∶ Blade ∶∶ Cycle ∶ Pedal

Hence, the correct answer is ' option 4'.

The logic followed here is:

 Hence, the correct answer is ' 321'.

Statements:

I. Some P are T.

II. No T is Z.

The least possible diagram for the given statements is as follows:

Conclusions:

I. No P is Z→ False (No direct relationship given between P and Z).

II. Some Z are not P → False (No direct relationship given Z don't relate to P).

Hence, "Neither conclusion follows".

Statements:

 I. The number of pens which are both bats and balls is 17.

 II. The number of bats which are neither balls nor pens is 77.

 ⇒The number of bats which are neither balls nor pens:

⇒28+49 = 77

Hence, the correct answer is ' Both I and II '.

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, the correct answer is 'KNQ'.

The pattern followed here is:

TQL ∶ QMG

Now, let us check each option:

1. SHU ∶ VDP 

2. JKW ∶ GGR 

3. FMG ∶ CIA

4. DNV ∶ ALQ 

Only JKW ∶ GGR matches the pattern of given letter pair.

 Hence, 'JKW ∶ GGR' is the correct answer.

A team of six members is to be selected from five men M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 and five women W1, W2, W3, W4 and W5.

The given conditions are;

• M2 has to be selected with W4.
• W1 has to be selected with M3.
• W3 has to be selected with W2.
• M1 cannot be selected with M5 or W5.
• W4 cannot be selected with M4 or M3.

Now, check options, 

Option 1- M2, M3, W1, W2, W3, W4 → False 

As per the given condition, W4 and M4 or M3 can not be selected together. So, this pair is not possible.

Option 2- M2, M5, W2, W3, W4, W5 → True 

It satisfy all the given conditions. So, it is the correct pair.

Option 3-  M1, M2, M3, M4, W1, W4 → False

As per the given conditions, W4 cannot be selected with M4 or M3. So, this pair is not possible.

Option 4- M1, M2, M3, W1, W4, W5 → False 

As per the given conditions, W4 cannot be selected with M4 or M3. So, this pair is not possible.

Hence, the correct pair is "M2, M5, W2, W3, W4, W5".

Eight persons A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H have different ages. 

1) The age of E is not the least.

Case 1 → E > _ > _ > _ >_ > _ > _ > _ 

Case 2 → _ > E > _ > _ > _ > _ >_ > _      

Case 3 → > _ > E > _ > > _ > _ > _ 

Case 4 → _ > _ > _ > E >_ > _ > _ > _ 

Case 5 → _ > _ > _ > _ >E > _ > _ > _ 

Case 6 → _ > _ > _ > _ >_ > E> _ > _ 

Case 7 → _ > _ > _ > _ >_ > _ > E > _ 

2)  The age of C is less than the age of D, but more than the age of A. The age of G is more than the age of D.

Case 1 → E > G > D > C >A> _ > _ > _ 

Case 2 → _ > E > G > D > C > A >_ > _

Case 3 → _> _ > E > G >D > C > A > _

Case 4 → _ > _ > _ > E >G > D > C > A

Case 5 → G > D > C > A >E > _ > _ > _

Case 6 → G > D > C > A >_ > E > _ > _ 

Case 7 → G > D > C > A >_ > _ > E > _ 

3)  The age of only two persons is less than the age of B.

Case 2, Case 3, Case 6 and Case 7 are eliminated.

Case 1 → E > G > D > C >A> B > _ > _

Case 4 → B > _ > _ > E >G > D > C > A

Case 5 → G > D > C > A >E > B > _ > _

4)  The age of only three persons is more than the age of F. The age of H is more than the age of C, but less than the age of D. The age of E is less than the age of B.

Case 4 and Case 5 are eliminated.

Case 1 → F > G > D > H > C > B > E > A 

Statement: 

I. The age of A is less than the age of B. → True

As, F > G > D > H > C > B > E > A 

II. The age of only four persons is more than the age of C. → True

 As,**  F >** G > D > H > C > B > E > A 

Hence, the correct answer is ' Both I and II ' .

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Evaporation:
• It is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.
• The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance.
• When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide with each other.
• Evaporation of water may take place in absence of sunlight.
• Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves.

The correct answer is Bindusara.

Key Points

• Bindusara was the second Mauryan emperor of India.
• He was the son of the dynasty's founder Chandragupta, and the father of Ashoka.
• As per estimates, Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE.
• Bindusara was also known by the name Amritghata.
• To the Greeks, he was known as Amitrochates.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is 2.

Key Points

• Valency of magnesium is 2.
• Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
• It is a shiny grey solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column of the periodic table.
• The valency of a Magnesium (Mg) atom is +2.
• The number of electrons present in the outermost orbit of an atom is called Valency.
• We know the outer electronic configuration of Magnesium is 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s².
• As every atom tries to reach the octet configuration and thereby having a full outer shell.
• | Shell | Electrons | | --- | --- | | K Shell | 2 | | L Shell | 8 | | M Shell | 18 |

The correct answer is Rumana Sinha Sehgal.

Key Points

• Rumana Sinha Sehgal won the Nelson Mandela World Humanitarian Award 2021 by the Diplomatic Mission Global Peace in April 2021.
• Rumana Sinha Sehgal, a Software engineer turned entrepreneur from Hyderabad won the Nelson Mandela World Humanitarian Award 2021 by the Diplomatic Mission Global Peace.

Additional InformationNelson Mandela Award:

• The United Nations Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Prize is awarded every five years by the United Nations on Mandela Day to two individuals.
• One woman and one man from different geographic regions.
• This is awarded in recognition of their dedicated service to humanity.
• It was established in 2014 by a UN General Assembly resolution in honour of Nelson Mandela.

The correct answer is Cash Reserve Ratio.

Key Points

• The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) refers to the share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that banks have to hold as balances with the RBI.
• The objective of CRR is to keep inflation under control.
• During high inflation in the economy, the central bank raises the CRR to lower the bank’s loanable funds.
• The current Cash Reserve Ratio is 4.00% (as of June 2021).
• The current Reverse repo rate is 3.35% (as of June 2021).
• The Central bank has the authority to regulate monetary policies.
• The Ministry of Finance has the authority to regulate fiscal policies.

Additional Information

• Repo Rate:- It is a rate at which the central bank (RBI) lends money to its clients against the government securities.
• Reverse Repo- It is the rate at which the central bank (RBI) borrows money from its clients.
• Reverse Repo is used in India as a tool in which banks will give their surplus fund to RBI for a short-term period and earn money.
• The repo rate is always higher than the reverse repo rate.
• Repo and Reverse repo rates are decided by the Monitory policy committee (MPC) of RBI.

​Bank rate:

• Bank rate is a rate at which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides the loan to commercial banks without keeping any security.
• There is no agreement on repurchase that will be drawn up or agreed upon with no collateral as well.
• The RBI allows short-term loans with the presence of collateral.
• This is known as Repo Rate.
• Bank Rates in India is determined by the RBI.
• It is usually higher than a Repo Rate on account of its ability to regulate liquidity.

The correct answer is United states of America.

Key Points

• The concept of Fundamental Rights has been borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.
• | Country | Provision borrowed | | --- | --- | | Constitution of the United States of America | - Preamble - Fundamental Rights - The federal structure of government - Independence of the Judiciary and separation of power among the three branches of government - Judicial review - Equal protection under  law | | French Constitution | - Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble | | Constitution of South Africa | - Procedure for amendment - Election of Rajya Sabha members | | Constitution of Japan | - Procedure Established by Law - | | Australia | - Concurrent list, freedom of trade, - commerce and intercourse, - and a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament. | | Ireland | - ​Directive Principles of State Policy - Method of Election of the president - Members nomination to the Rajya Sabha by the President | | Cananda | - Centrifugal form of federalism where the centre is stronger than the states. - Residuary powers vest with the centre - Centre appoints the Governors at the states - Advisory jurisdiction of the supreme court |

The correct answer is India.

Key Points

• India will host the 2023 Men's Hockey World Cup from 13th to 29th of January 2023.
• India will now host this tournament for the fourth time in history.
• The world cup is conducted once every four years.
• Tournaments associated with hockey are Rene Frank Trophy, Essande Champions Cup, Agha Khan cup, Beighton Cup, Bombay Gold Cup, Dhyan Chand Trophy, Gurmeet Trophy, Gura Nanak Cup, Indira Gold Cup, Sahni Trophy, Tommy Eman Gold Cup, Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Scindia Gold Cup, Gyanuati Devi Trophy.
• Spain and the Netherlands have been named as the co-hosts of the 2022 Women's World Cup scheduled to be held from 1st to 22nd of July 2022.
• The decisions were made during FIH's Executive Board Meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland on 9 Nov 2019.

Additional Information

• Odisha will host the 2023 Men's Hockey World Cup from the 13th to the 29th of January 2023.
• For the first time, a country with the same city would be hosting successive editions of the premier tournament in the sport making it even more special.
• This time, Bhubaneswar which hosted the 2018 WC would share hosting rights with the Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium in Rourkela.

The correct answer is Chalukyas.

Key Points

• The capital of the Chalukyas was Aihole.
• Aihole in Karnataka state, India, is known as the Cradle of Indian architecture.
• It was the first capital of Chalukyas where they built numerous temples dating back to the 6th century.
• The Hindu temples at Aihole reflect a "meeting and fragmentation of styles".
• The early temples at Aihole may also be a window into the more ancient Indian society.
• The capital of the Chalukyas was Aihole.

Additional InformationChalukya Dynasty​

• ​It lasted from 543 A.D. to 755 A.D.
• Pulakeshin I was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty.
• He established a small kingdom with Vatapi or Badami as its capital.
• Kirtivarman II was the last of the rulers of the Chalukyas.
• He was defeated by Dantidurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

The correct answer is Puducherry.

Key Points

Gingee Fort:

• Gingee Fort or Senji Fort in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry.
• Gingee Fort or Senji Fort is one of the oldest and most heavily fortified complexes in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu.
• It was built by the Konar Dynasty around 1190 AD.
• Chhatrapati Shivaji ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India".
• It was called the "Troy of the East" by the British.
• The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad.
• The Mughals captured the fort in 1698 A.D. and named it Nusratgadh in honor of Nusrat Jung.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

Western Ghats:

• There are different local names of Western Ghats: Sahyadri in Maharashtra Nilgiri hills in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Anaimalai Hills and Cardamom hills in Kerala.
• The Western Ghats is an elevated and continuous range of mountains.
• The average elevation of Western Ghats is about 1,500 m.
• Western Ghat is the origin of various Peninsular rivers.at
• The Western Ghats is a mountain range that runs parallel to the West Coast of the Indian Peninsula.
• The Western Ghats runs through the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• The height of the Western Ghats progressively increases from north to south.
• The highest peaks include the Anai Mudi (2,695 metre) and the Doda Betta (2,637 meters).
• The Western Ghats is one of the eight biological hot spots of the world.

Eastern Ghats:

• Eastern Ghat is discontinuous and low-height mountain ranges
• Rivers like Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Godavari erode the Eastern Ghats.
• Javadi Hills, Palconda range, Nallamala hills, Mahendragiri hills make some of the important mountainous hills of Eastern Ghats.

The correct answer is Only II.

Key Points

• Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises:
• Worldwide, MSMEs have been accepted as the engine of economic growth and for promoting equitable development.
• They constitute over 90% of total enterprises in most of the economies and are credited with generating the highest rates of employment growth.
• With low investment requirements, operational flexibility, and the capacity to develop appropriate indigenous technology.
• MSMEs have the power to propel India to new heights.
• Hence, it seems like there is a silent revolution happening in India powered by MSMEs.
• As per the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (MSMED Act, 2006)
• Micro enterprise, - investment in Plant and Machinery does not exceed Rs.25 lakhs.
• Small enterprise - investment in Plant and Machinery is more than Rs.25 lakhs but does not exceed Rs.5 crore.
• Medium enterprise - investment in Plant and Machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs.10 crores.

Additional Information

• Revised Classification applicable w.e.f 1st July 2020​ 
• ​Micro:- 
• Investment in Plant and Machinery or Equipment: Not more than Rs.1 crore.
• Annual Turnover; not more than Rs. 5 crores.
• Small:-
• Investment in Plant and Machinery or Equipment: Not more than Rs.10 crore.
• Annual Turnover; not more than Rs. 50 crore.
• Medium:-
• ​Investment in Plant and Machinery or Equipment: Not more than Rs.50 crore.
• Annual Turnover; not more than Rs. 250 crore.

The correct answer is New Zealand.

Key Points

• New Zealand has become ICC World Test Champions after beating India.
• They defeated India by 8 wickets in Southampton on 23 June 2021.
• This is their first-ever ICC title.
• Kyle Jamieson (NZ) has been adjudged as the “Player of the match”, while Kane Williamson (NZ) is the “Player of the series”.
• New Zealand: 
• Capital - Wellington.
• Currency - New Zealand dollar.
• Prime Minister - Jacinda Ardern.
• National Sport - Rugby.

Additional Information

 About IIC World Test Champions

• A nine-team global tournament, the WTC is a two-year competition that sees an undisputed World Test champion crowned at the end of a league campaign and a showpiece decider.
• There are nine teams in the competition: the defending champions New Zealand, India, Australia, England, Pakistan, South Africa, West Indies, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.
• In the 2019-2021 cycles, every Test series was worth 120 points, with those points divided equally across the matches.
• The team would gain 24 points for winning a Test in a five-match series compared to 60 points for winning a Test in a two-match series.
• All teams play the same amount of series, it was originally planned for the two teams that collected the most points at the end of the cycle to progress to the final.
• With the COVID pandemic causing major changes to the Test program, it was decided that the percentage of available points collected would determine the standings.

The correct answer is IIT Kharagpur.

Key Points

• In June 2021, IIT Kharagpur launched the "Early Cyclone Detection Technique".

Introduction:

• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur has developed an early cyclone detection technique that will help in early detection of the development or strengthening of tropical cyclones in North Indian Ocean region.

About Cyclone Detection Technique:

• IIT developed this technique using Eddy detection technique.
• It will investigate formative stages and advance detection time of tropical cyclogenesis.
• This technique was studied under Climate Change Program with the Department of Science and Technology support.
• The technique was developed with the aim of identifying initial traces of pre-cyclonic eddy vortices in the atmospheric column.
• It also seeks to track its spatiotemporal evolution.
• Researchers used a coarser grid resolution of 27 kilometers to identify the characteristics of eddy vortices.

How is this technique different?

• Earlier, remote sensing techniques were used to detect cyclones earliest.
• But this detection was possible only after the development low-pressure system over warm ocean surfaces.
• The new technique is based on cyclonic eddies which are prominent features of vertical atmospheric columns inducing and developing into a cyclonic depression over a warm ocean surface.
• They could be used to detect the prediction of cyclones at an early stage.
• Thus, a larger time gap between the detection and impact of cyclones could help in preparation activities.

The correct answer is Only II.

 Key Points

• Onam-Kerala
• Hornbill- Nagaland

Additional Information

• Some of the famous Fair and Festival of India
• Andhra Pradesh-Dasara, Ugadi, Deccan Festival, Brahmotsavam
• Arunachal Pradesh-Reh, Boori Boot, Myoko, Dree, Pongtu, Losar, Murung, Solang, Mopin, Monpa festival
• Assam-Ambubachi, Bhogali Bihu, Baishagu, Dehing Patkai
• Bihar-Chhath Puja, Bihula
• Chhattisgarh-Maghi Purnima, Bastar Dussehra
• Goa-Sunburn festival, Ladain, Mando
• Gujarat-Navratri, Janmashtami, Kutch Utsav, Uttarayana, Modhera Dance Festival
• Himachal Pradesh-Rakhadumni, Gochi Festival
• Haryana-Baisakhi
• Jammu and Kashmir-Har Navami, Chhari, Bahu Mela, Dosmoche,
• Jharkhand-Karam Utsav, Holi, Rohini, Tusu
• Karnataka-Mysore Dasara, Ugadi
• Kerala-Onam, Vishu
• Madhya Pradesh-Lok-rang Utsav, Tejaji, Khujaraho festival
• Meghalaya-Nongkrem festival, Khasis festival, Wangla
• Maharashtra-Ganesh Utsav, Gudi Padva
• Manipur-Yaoshang, Sajibu Cheiraoba, Porag, Chavang Kut
• Mizoram-Chapcharkut Festival
• Nagaland-Hornbill festival, Moatsu Festival
• Odisha-Rath Yatra, Raja Parba, Nukahai
• Punjab-Lohri, Baisakhi
• Rajasthan-Gangaur, Teej, Bundi, Baneshwar Fair
• Sikkim-Losar, Saga Dawa
• Tamil Nadu-Pongal, Thaipusam, Natyanjali Festival
• Telangana-Bonalu, Bathukamma
• Tripura-Kharchi Puja
• West Bengal-Durga Puja
• Uttaranchal-Ganga Dussehra
• Uttar Pradesh-Ram Navmi, Ganga Mahotsav, Navaratri, Khichdi

The correct answer is Odisha.

Key Points

• Odisha is the largest Bauxite producing state in the country. It almost produces more than half of the country’s total production.
• Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminum production and very important non-ferrous metal.
• India is having 3896 million tonnes of bauxite resources which is sufficient for both domestic and export demands.
• Kalahandi and Koraput is the main bauxite belt in Odisha. It also extends up to Andhra Pradesh.

Additional Information

The correct answer is IIT Madras.

Key Points

• IIT Madras has launched a ‘Centre for Research on Start-Ups and Risk Financing’ (CREST) to provide academic and thought leadership in innovation, entrepreneurship, and risk capital.
• It would also create a data repository on Indian startups and ventures.
• This information resource will be made accessible for researchers and policymakers that can result in top-tier publications.

The Vision of CREST

• To be globally recognized as a leading centre of research engaged in scholarly research in the areas of creation, development, and financing of innovation, start-ups, and entrepreneurship.
• Cross country collaborative research, resulting in the use of unique data sets on start-ups and venture capital that increases the chances of breakthrough findings.
• Evidence synthesis on the start-up and innovation ecosystem to inform policymakers and practitioners.
• The key mission of CREST would be to engage in scholarly research.
• The creation of entrepreneurship specific language models will facilitate a better understanding of the entities in the ecosystem.

The correct answer is Both I and II.

Key Points

• Atomicity:
• The present number of atoms in any molecule of an element is called its atomicity.
• For example, Nitrogen is Diatomic, Sulphur is Polyatomic, oxygen is diatomic & helium is monoatomic. Hence both statements are correct.
• Types of Atomicity:
• Monoatomic:
• When an element consists of a single atom.
• Example - all kinds of metals in nature.
• Diatomic:
• The element consists of two atoms.
• Example - all types of gases.
• Triatomic:
• The element consists of three atoms.
• Tetra-atomic:
• The element consists of four atoms**.**
• Example- Phosphorus
• Poly-atomic:
• The element consists of more than two atoms.

The correct answer is Mulching.

Key Points

• Mulching is a practice of covering the topsoil surface with organic materials like straw, grass, stones inorganic materials like plastics, etc.
• organic matter in order to retain soil moisture.
  

Mulching is a protective layer of a material that is spread on top of the surface of the soil.

Mulching helps in the conservation of soil moisture, improving the fertility of the soil, and reducing weed growth.

Additional Information

• Contour barriers are contour strips that intercept downslope flowing water and soil particles. These barriers slow down the water movement and reduce its erosive force.
• Contour ploughing is the farming practice of plowing or planting across a slope following the contours of hills and slopes.
• These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil erosion.
• The water break also allows more time for the water to settle into the soil.
• In contour ploughing, the ruts made by the plough run perpendicular rather than parallel to slopes, generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land and are level.​
• ‘Shelter belts’ is a reference to planting lines of trees.
• Shelterbelts are rows of trees, usually along fence lines.
• They are planted mainly to protect animals or crops from cold winds, but also to give shade in hot weather.
• In regions such as Canterbury where there is a lot of cultivated land, shelterbelts also reduce wind erosion.
• Shelter belts are a series of trees or shrubs that are grown in a form of the horizontal line adjacent to the field.
• A series of trees planted to grow in the edges of a field in order to protect the fields from high-speed winds.

The correct answer is 11.

Key Points

There are 11 fundamental duties, according to Article 51A, that are to be obeyed by all the citizens of the country:

• To abide by the Indian Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Anthem, and the National Flag.
• To follow the Noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
• To protect and uphold the sovereignty, integrity, and unity of the country.
• To defend the nation and render national services when asked to do so.
• To promote the spirit of Brotherhood and fraternity in the country.
• To strive for excellence.
• To protect the environment of the nation.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country's composite culture.
• To safeguard public property and to deny violence.
• To generate a scientific rationale for every thought.
• To provide opportunities for education to children between the age of 6 and 14.

Additional Information

Fundamental Duties were added to the constitution in 1976.

• It is inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile USSR.
• It was recommended by the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee.
• Its need and necessity were felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975-1977).

The correct answer is Jyotirao phule.

Key Points

• Mahatma Jyotiba Phule wrote "Gulamgiri" in 1873 for the downtrodden section of society, to make them realize the discrimination and oppression of the caste system.
• Gulamgiri talks about Brahminical supremacy and hegemonies in the social structure of Indian society.
• It criticized the institution of the caste system.
• Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and their work:
• In 1848 he started the first Girl School in Budhawar Peth, Pune.
• In 1851 he started the first school for untouchables in Pune.
• In 1873 he formed Satyashodhak Samaj to focus on the rights of depressed groups such as women, the untouchables.

Additional Information

Books by Pandita Ramabai:

• The high-caste Hindu woman

Books by Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar:

• Barnaparichay or Barna Parichay (1855),
• Vetal pancavimsati (1847; “Twenty-five Tales of a Goblin”);
• Shakuntala (1854), which was based on a famous play by the Sanskrit poet and dramatist Kalidasa;
• Sitar vanavas (1860; “The Exile of Sita”

Books by Shri Narayana Guru:

• Vinayaka ashtakam
• Gajendramoksham Vanchipattu ​

Given:

$\left(\frac{1}{16}\right)^2+(32)^{-2}+(8)^{-2}$

Calculation:

$\left(\frac{1}{16}\right)^2+(32)^{-2}+(8)^{-2}$

⇒ 1/256 + 1/1024 + 1/64

⇒ 4/1024 + 1/1024 + 16/1024

⇒ (4 + 1 + 16)/1024

⇒ 21/1024

Therefore, $\left(\frac{1}{16}\right)^2+(32)^{-2}+(8)^{-2}$ = 21/1024 is correct answer.

Given:

Fractions are (2/5), (3/4), (4/7) and (2/3)

Calculation:

⇒ 2/5 = 0.4

⇒ 3/4 = 0.75

⇒ 4/7 = 0.514

⇒ 2/3 = 0.667

∴ 3/4  = 0.75 is largest fraction.

Given:

Length of rectangle = breadth + 15

Perimeter of rectangle = 70 cm

Radius of cone = 10 cm

Slant height of cone = 21 cm

Formula Used:

Perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)

Area of rectangle = l x b

Curved surface area of cone = πrl

Calculation:

Case I. Length of a rectangle is 15 cm more than its breadth. If its perimeter is 70 cm, then area of this rectangle:-

Perimeter of cone = 2(l + b) = 70

⇒ 2(b + 15 + b) = 70

⇒ 2b + 15 = 35

⇒ 2b = 20

⇒ b = 10 cm

So, l = b + 15 = 10 + 15 = 25 cm

Area of rectangle = l x b

⇒ 25 x 10 

⇒ 250 cm²

Case II. Radius of base and slant height of a cone are 10 cm and 21 cm respectively. Curved surface area of this cone:-

Curved surface area of cone = πrl

⇒ 22/7 x 10 x 21

⇒ 22 x 10 x 3

⇒ 660 cm²

∴ Both cases  I and II are correct.

Given:

Time = 5 years

Ratio of principal and total interest = 5 ∶ 2

Formula Used:

SI = PRT/100

Calculation:

Let, Principal = 5x and Interest = 2x

SI = PRT/100

⇒ R = SI x 100/PT

⇒ R = (2x) x 100/(5x) x 5

⇒ R = 2 x 4

⇒ R = 8%

∴  Annual rate of interest = 8%.

Given:

⇒ 45% of p = 18% of 75

Calculation:

⇒ 45% of p = 18% of 75

⇒ p = 18% x 75/45%

⇒ p = 18 x 75/45

⇒ p = 2 x 15

⇒ p = 30

∴ The value of p is 30.

Given:

x ∶ y = 2 ∶ 1

Formula Used:

Componendo-dividendo rule -

If P/Q = R/S then (P + Q)/(P - Q) = (R + S)/(R - S)

Calculation:

x ∶ y = 2 ∶ 1

⇒ 4x : 2y = 8 : 2 

⇒ 4 : 1

∴ 4x : 2y = 4 : 1

Given:

There are 150 men in a group. They have food for 15 days. After 10 days, 100 more men join the group.

Concept Used:

m₁d₁ = m₂d₂

Calculation:

After 10 days remaining food = 150 x 5 = 750 units

As 100 more men joined the group, so number of men now = 250

 let remaining food for d2 days then,

m1d1 = m2d2

⇒ 750 = d₂ x 250

⇒ d₂ = 750/250

⇒ d₂ = 3 days.

∴ The Remaining food will last in 3 days.

Given:

Cost of 13 pens = 1 rupee

Profit% = 30%

Formula Used:

SP = CP x (100 + profit%)/100

Calculation:

Cost price of a pen = 1/13

Selling price of a pen = CP x (100 + profit%)/100

⇒ 1/13 x 130/100

⇒ 10/100

⇒ 1/10

∴ He should sell 10 pens for a rupee to earn a profit of 30 percent.

Given:

2n = $√{1024}$

Formula Used:

If aⁿ = a^m then n = m

Calculation:

2n = $√{1024}$

⇒ 2n = √ 2¹⁰

⇒ 2n = 2⁵  

⇒ n = 5

∴ The value of n is 5.

Given:

Formula Used:

Unsold Cars = Production - Sale

Calculation:

I. The difference between the unsold car of C1 and the unsold car of C4 :-

⇒ 70 - 60 = 10

II. The sum of the unsold car of C3 and the unsold car of C5 :-

⇒ 10 + 50 = 60

∴ Only case II is correct.

Given:

Number = 367A

Concept Used:

A number will be divisible by 8 when its last 3 digits are divisible by 8.

Calculation:

∴ The value of A is 2.

Given:

Marked Price = Rs.  7600

Selling Price = Rs. 6688

Formula Used:

Discount% = (MP - SP)/MP x 100%

Calculation:

Discount% = (MP - SP)/MP x 100%

⇒ (7600 - 6688)/7600 x 100%

⇒ 912/7600 x 100%

⇒ 912/76 %

⇒ 12%

So, Discount% is 12.

Given:

Distance between place C and D is 270 km.  An express train leaves place C at 6 : 00 p.m. and runs at a speed of 18 km/hr. The train stops on the way for 40 minutes.

Formula Used:

Speed = distance/time

Calculation:

Time taken by train without any stoppage = distance/time

⇒ 270/18 = 15 hours

But train stops on the way for 40 minutes

∴ Total time = 15 hour 40 min

Reaching time = 6 : 00 p.m. + 15 hour 40 min = 09 : 40 a m.

∴ The train reaches at place D at 09 : 40 a.m.

Given:

Formula Used:

Calculation:

I. Ratio of amount spent on book B2 to the amount spent on book B3:-

⇒ 3200 : 8800 

⇒ 4 : 11

II. The amount spent on book B1 is Rs. 20000 more than the amount spent on book B6:-

⇒ 32000 - 10000

⇒ 22000

∴ Neither I nor II follow.

Given:

⇒ 37.5% of X = 7/8 of Y

Calculation:

⇒ 37.5% of X = 7/8 of Y

⇒ 37.5 x X/100 = 7 x Y/8

⇒ X/Y = 7 x 100/8 x 37.5

⇒ X/Y = 700/300

⇒ X/Y = 7/3

∴  X : Y is 7 : 3.

Given:

Ratio of expenditure and saving of Rohan = 4 ∶ 5

Formula Used:

Income = expenditure + saving

Calculation:

Let, expenditure of Rohan = 4x 

and saving of Rohan = 5x

According to question;

⇒ 4x + 5x = 72000

⇒ 9x = 72000

⇒ x = 72000/9

⇒ x = 8000

Expenditure of Rohan = 4 x 8000 = 32000

∴ Expenditure of Rohan is Rs. 32000.

Given:

Number are 30, 120 and 160

Formula Used:

Product of all common factors of numbers is the HCF of those numbers.

HCF = Product of common factors

Calculation: 

⇒ 30 = 2 x 3 x 5

⇒ 120 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5

⇒ 160 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5

HCF = Product of common factors = 2 x 5 = 10

∴ The Highest Common Factor of 30, 120 and 160 is 10.

Given:

Distance = 480 m

Time = 32 sec

Formula Used:

Speed = distance/time

m/sec = 18/5 kmph

Calculation:

Speed = distance/time

⇒ 480/32

⇒ 15 m/sec

⇒ 15 x 18/5 kmph

⇒ 3 x 18 kmph

⇒ 54 kmph

∴ The speed of car is 54 kmph.

Given:

Formula Used:

Average = Sum of observations/total number of observations

Calculation:

Average number of student appearing in examination from school A and school B in year Y2:-

⇒ (600 + 300)/2

⇒ 900/2

⇒ 450

∴ The average number of student appearing in examination from school A and school B in year Y2 is 450.

Given:

Perimeter = 2 x length + 20

Length = 25 cm

Formula Used:

Area of Rectangle = l x b

Perimeter of Rectangle = 2(l + b)

Calculation:

Perimeter = 2 x length + 20

⇒ 2 x 25 + 20

⇒ 50 + 20

⇒ 70 cm

Perimeter of Rectangle = 2(l + b)

⇒ 2(l +b) = 70

⇒ l + b = 35

⇒ b = 35 - 25 = 10 cm

Area of Rectangle = l x b

⇒ 25 x 10 

⇒ 250 cm²

So, Area of rectangle is 250 cm2 .

The correct answer is 'Spoil someone's plans'.

Key Points

• Rain on your parade is an idiom which means prevent someone from enjoying an event or spoil someone's plans.(किसी की योजना को बिगाड़ना)
• ​For example- She rained on our parade by chaperoning our school dance.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is '3'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is of Past tense.
• In this sentence, previous is an adjective and previously is an adverb.
• We should use previous instead of previously.
• So the correct sentence will be-We found that 69 percent of employees reported experiencing some incivility in the previous year.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is 'Every cloud has a silver lining'.

Key Points

• Every cloud has a silver lining is a phrase which means even a very bad situation has a positive or hopeful side.(निराशापूर्ण स्थिति में भी आशा की किरण होती है)
• We have to use every cloud has a silver lining instead of most clouds have rainbow lining.
• So, the correct sentence will be- He was robbed on his way home but he realized that every cloud has a silver lining.

Therefore, the correct answer is **'Option 1'.**​

The correct answer is 'Convenient'.

Key Points

• Convenient is an adjective which means suitable or practical for a particular purpose. (विशेष उद्देश्‍य की दृष्टि से उपयुक्त या व्‍यावहारिक)
• For example- I found the new system much convenient.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Accident'.

Key Points

• Accident is a noun which means an unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes damage, injury or death.(दुर्घटना)
• ​For example- Ram met an accident yesterday.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Appalling'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is of Past tense.
• Appalling is an adjective which means very bad, shocking etc.(बहुत बुरा)
• For example- She suffered appalling injuries.
• From the above options, appalling is an appropriate fill up.
• So, the sentence will be- The teacher said that my handwriting was appalling.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• Stout means strong and thick. (मज़बूत और मोटा)
• Dearth means a lack of something. (किसी वस्‍तु की कमी)
• Glowing means saying that something or somebody is very good. (व्‍यक्ति या वस्‍तु के लिए प्रशंसापूर्ण)

The correct answer is 'See'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is of Past Indefinite tense.
• The structure of Past tense-
• Affirmative sentence- Subject + Verb 2nd form + Object
• Negative sentence- Subject + did not + verb 1st form + Object
• From the above option, see (verb 1st form) is the appropriate fill up according to the structure.
• So, the sentence will be -The car didn't see the old lady crossing the road.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• In Past continuous tense, Subject + was/were + Verb 1st form + ing + Object is used.
• In Past perfect tense, Subject + had + verb 3rd form + object is used.

The correct answer is 'withdrawal'.

Key Points

• Retreat means to move backwards etc. (पीछे हटना)
• ​For example- The enemy was forced to retreat.
• ​Withdrawal means moving or being moved back or away from a place.(कहीं से पीछे, दूर हटने या किसी को हटाने की क्रिया)
• ​For example- Forces made a strategic withdrawal.
• From the above options, Withdrawal is the appropriate synonym for Retreat.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• Uninterested means having or showing no interest in somebody or something.(किसी व्यक्ति या वस्‍तु में रुचिहीन)
• Brazen means without embarrassment etc. (बेशर्म, लज्जाहीन)
• Unbiased showing no prejudice for or against something. ( निष्पक्ष)

The correct answer is 'PSQR'.

Key Points

• First statement is P because it is introductory statement.
• Second statement is S because it tells us about the characteristic of Paris.
• Third statement is Q because in it western world are interconnected.
• Fourth statement is R  lastly.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct sequence is - Paris has for centuries been regarded as the main cultural powerhouse of the Western world, a magnet for artists and intellectuals and a place where new ideas originate and art reigns supreme.

The correct answer is 'Acrimonious'.

Key Points

• Benevolence is an adjective which means quality of being kind and helpful.(परोपकरी, हितकामना)
• ​For example- I didn't offer to give my benevolence.
• ​Acrimonious is an adjective which means angry and including strong accusations.(क्रोधपूर्ण और कटुतायुक्त)
• ​For example- There followed an acrimonious debate.
• From the above options, Acrimonious is an appropriate antonyms of Benevolence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• Accrual means increase of something over time.(समय के साथ किसी चीज का बढ़ना)
• Compel means to force somebody to do something. (कुछ करने के लिए किसी को बाध्य या विवश करना)
• Courtesy means polite and pleasant behaviour that shows respect for other people.(शिष्‍ट व्‍यवहार)

The correct answer is 'Can neither walk'.

Key Points

• Neither......nor(न तो न ही) is a conjunction.
• For example- He is neither smart nor intelligent.
• So, the sentence will be - She can neither walk nor drive.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Conjunction is a word that is used for joining other words, phrases or sentences.
• For example- Neither...nor, not only.....but also, either.....or etc.

The correct answer is 'Platitude'.

Key Points

• Platitude means an expression or statement that has been made very often before and is therefore not interesting.(कथन या उक्ति विगत में अत्यधिक प्रयोग के कारण निरर्थक तथा उबाऊ)
• ​For example- He delivered a long prose of platitude.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information

• Dogma means a belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept as true without questioning.(निर्धारित सिद्घांत जिन्‍हें प्रश्‍न किए बिना स्‍वीकारना होता है)
• Profundity means great depth of insight or knowledge.(ज्ञान की महान गहराई)
• Remark means to say or write something.(कुछ कहना या लिखना)

The correct answer is '2'

Key Points 

• The given sentence is talking about the comparison between vegetarian and non vegetarian.
• We should use comparative form of low i.e. lower with than.
• So, sentence will be- The researchers found that the overall risk of UTIs was 16 percent lower than vegetarians in non-vegetarians.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Additional Information 

• There are 3 types of degree-
• Positive degree- It doesn't make any comparison.
• Comparative degree- It makes comparison between two persons or things.
• Superlative degree- It makes comparison between one and all.

The correct answer is 'To claim an equal share'.

Key Points

• To claim an equal share is an idiom which means to claim an equal share.(समान हिस्से का दावा करना)
• For example- Ram is ready to cry halves in his father's property.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct answer is 'SRPQ'.

Key Points

• First statement is S because it is introductory statement.
• Second statement is R because it is talking about origin of slang.
• Third statement is P because is talks about the use of slang in speech.
• Fourth statement is Q lastly.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

The correct sequence is- The origin of the word slang itself is obscure; it first appeared in print around 1800, applied to the speech of disreputable and criminal classes in London.

The correct answer is '3 months'.

Key Points

• According to the passage, keratin treatment is a semi-permanent treatment that lasts around 3 months.
• This is mentioned in the second paragraph of the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'Keratin treatment is safe for the hair, irrespective of high levels of formaldehyde'.

Key Points

• According to the passages, some tests of keratin treatment found dangerously high levels of formaldehyde in the Brazilian Keratin Treatment (BKT) brand, about 10 times higher than what is registered as safe.
• So, second option is incorrect.
• All other statements are mentioned in the second and third paragraph of the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The correct answer is 'What are the side-effects of going for keratin treatment?'

Key Points

• What is a keratin treatment ? is mentioned in the second paragraph of the passage.
• How hair feels after keratin treatment ? and how keratin treatment work ? is mentioned in the third paragraph of the passage.
• What are the side-effects of going for keratin treatment? is not mentioned in the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Coarse'.

Key Points

• Delicate means easy to damage or break. (नाज़ुक, आसानी से टूट जाने वाला)
• ​For example- I noticed her delicate fingers.
• Coarse means consisting of large pieces; rough, not smooth. (मोटे ढेलों वाला; खुरदुरा)
• ​For example- The man was brutish and coarse.
• From the above options, coarse is the appropriate antonym of delicate.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Frail means week or not healthy.(दुर्बल या अस्‍वस्‍थ)
• Silky means smooth, soft and shiny. (चिकना, कोमल और चमकदार)
• Light means that allows you to see something.(प्रकाश, रोशनी)

The correct answer is 'To introduce the keratin treatment to the readers'

Key Points 

• The whole passage is based on the hair treatment by keratin protein.
• It gives us the reader about how keratin treatment works to keep hair healthy.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

'वह वस्तु जिसके आर-पार न देखा जा सके' वाक्यांश के लिए उचित शब्द है - अपारदर्शी

Mistake Points

• सर्वप्रथम मत को प्रवर्तित करने वाला - आदिप्रवर्तक
• वह जो सभी को समान दृष्टि से देखता हो - समदर्शी
• जिसमें से आर-पार देखा जा सके - पारदर्शी

Key Points

• अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

Important Pointsकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द:-​

• परंपरा से चली आ रही कथा - अनुश्रुति
• पहाड़ के ऊपर की सपाट जमीन - अधित्यका
• जो दुख या भय से पीड़ित हो - कातर
• जो दूसरे की उन्नति देखकर जलता हो - ईर्ष्यालु
• जिसने अपना ऋण पूरा चुका दिया हो - उऋण
• अपने लिए किए हुए उपकार को याद रखने वाला - कृतज्ञ
• जहां धरती और आकाश मिलते हुए दिखाई देते हैं - क्षितिज

'अँगूठी का नगीना' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त करता है - सुन्दर और सजीला

• वाक्य प्रयोग - अरे दूल्हा तो देखो ! बिल्कुल "अँगूठी का नगीना है"।

Mistake Points

• अँगारे उगलना - कठोर बात कहना

           वाक्य प्रयोग - वह बातें क्या कर रहा था, मानो "अँगारे उगल रहा था"। 

• अँगूठा दिखाना - निराश करना या तिरस्कारपूर्वक मना करना।

           वाक्य प्रयोग - जब मैंने पिता जी को नई साइकिल लेने के लिए पैसे मांगे तब उन्होंने मुझे "अँगूठा दिखाया"।

• परशुराम का रूप धारण करना - अत्यन्त क्रुद्ध होना

           वाक्य प्रयोग - अपने बेटे का घटिया व्यवहार देखकर उसके पिताजी ने "परशुराम का रूप धारण कर लिया"।

Key Points

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है
• जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

Important Pointsकुछ महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग-

• अढाई दिन की हुकूमत - कुछ दिनों की शानो-शौकत

           वाक्य प्रयोग - जनाब, जरा होशियारी से काम लें। यह "अढाई दिन की हुकूमत जाती रहेगी"।

• इज्जत मिट्टी में मिलाना - प्रतिष्ठा या सम्मान नष्ट करना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - रामू की शराब की आदत ने उसके परिवार की "इज्जत मिट्टी में मिला दी हैं"।

• उधेड़बुन में पड़ना या रहना - फिक्र या चिन्ता करना

           वाक्य प्रयोग - माता-पिता अपने बच्चों के भविष्य के लिए हमेशा "उधेड़बुन में पड़े रहते हैं"।

• कफ़न को कौड़ी न होना - बहुत गरीब होना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - राजू बातें तो राजाओं की-सी करता हैं, पर "कफ़न को कौड़ी नहीं हैं"।

• गुदड़ी का लाल - गरीब के घर में गुणवान का उत्पन्न होना

          वाक्य प्रयोग - अपने वंश में प्रेमचन्द सचमुच "गुदड़ी के लाल थे"।

'अनुयायी' शब्द का विलोम शब्द है - विरोधी

• अनुयायी - अनुसरण करनेवाला, अनुचर।
• विरोधी- विरोध करनेवाला, हित के प्रतिकूल चलने वाला।

Key Pointsअत्यल्प- 

• अर्थ: बहुत थोड़ा, बहुत ही कम, अति न्यून।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अत्यधिक'
• अर्थ: हद से ज़्यादा।

अधिगम्य-

• अर्थ: जिस तक अधिगम या पहुँच हो सके।
• विलोम शब्द - 'अनधिगम्य'
• अर्थ: अधिगमन के योग्य न हो।

अधीन-

• अर्थ: आश्रित, विवश, लाचार, जो किसी के वश में हो। 
• विलोम शब्द - 'अनधीन'
• अर्थ: जो किसी के वश में न हो

Important Pointsकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द:- 

• शब्द - विलोम
• दुर्लभ - सुलभ
• निरक्षर - साक्षर
• नूतन - पुरातन
• क्षणिक - शाश्वत
• उत्कर्ष - अपकर्ष
• विधवा - सधवा
• शयन - जागरण
• स्वाधीन - पराधीन
• मितव्यय - अपव्यय

वाक्य में उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न है- जब भी राम आता है तुम भी आ जाते हो।

• अर्द्ध विराम चिह्न - (;)
• विराम चिह्न का प्रयोग**-** जब भी राम आता है**;** तुम भी आ जाते हो।

अर्द्ध विराम-

• जब किसी वाक्य को कहते हुए बीच में हल्का सा विराम लेना हो पर वाक्य को खत्म न किया जाये,
• तो वहाँ पर अर्द्ध विराम (;) चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

जैसे-

• राम तो अच्छा लड़का है**;** किन्तु उसकी संगत कुछ ठीक नहीं है।
• जिसे मैंने अपना दोस्त समझा**;** वही आस्तीन का सांप निकला।

Key Points 

• अल्पविराम चिह्न - ( , )
• लोप चिह्न- (…)
• उप विराम चिह्न -  ( : )

Important Points 

शब्द युग्म सहीं नही हैं- चलते - चलते

• पूर्ण पुनरुक्त शब्द- 'चलते - चलते'
• प्रति-ध्वन्यात्मक पुनरुक्त शब्द- 'रोना - धोना, हिसाब - किताब, भाग - दौड़'

पूर्ण पुनरुक्त शब्द-

• जब शब्द युग्म में पहली इकाई (शब्द) ही दूसरी इकाई के रूप में ज्यों की त्यों आती है, वहाँ पूर्ण पुनरुक्त शब्द होते हैं।
• जैसे - धीरे-धीरे, डाल-डाल, द्वार-द्वार आदि।

Key Pointsपुनरुक्त शब्द के प्रकार-

1. पूर्ण पुनरुक्त शब्द
2. अपूर्ण पुनरुक्त शब्द
3. प्रति-ध्वन्यात्मक पुनरुक्त शब्द
4. भिन्नात्मक पुनरुक्त शब्द

Important Pointsप्रति-ध्वन्यात्मक पुनरुक्त शब्द-

• जहाँ शब्द युग्म में दूसरा शब्द पहले की प्रतिध्वनि होता है वहाँ प्रति-ध्वन्यात्मक पुनरुक्त शब्द होते हैं।
• जैसे- चाय-वाय, झट-पट, खट-पट, खाना-वाना।

Additional Informationपुनरुक्त शब्द-

• जब एक ही शब्द वाक्य में लगातार दो बार प्रयुक्त होकर विशेष अर्थ दर्शाता है तो उसे पुनरुक्त शब्द कहते हैं।
• जैसे - ​धीरे-धीरे, आना-जाना, गड़-गड़, रुक-रुक आदि।

वाक्य में उपयुक्त विराम चिह्न है - रीता ने कहा अनीता अच्छी है।

• अल्पविराम चिह्न- ( , )
• अवतरण चिह्न-  (" ")
• विराम चिह्न का प्रयोग - रीता ने कहा**, "अनीता अच्छी है"**।

अल्पविराम-

• जहाँ पर अर्द्धविराम की तुलना में कम देर रुकना हो तो अल्पविराम चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• इसे ( , ) चिह्न के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है।
• जैसे-
• हाँ, तुम जाना चाहते हो जाओ।
• मैं आज खाना नहीं खाऊंगा, क्योंकि मेरा मन नहीं है।

अवतरण चिह्न-

• किसी महत्वपूर्ण कथन को ज्यों-का-त्यों लिखने के लिए जिस संकेत चिह्न का प्रयोग किया जाता है उसे अवतरण चिह्न कहते हैं।
• इस चिन्ह को उद्धरण चिह्न या उपरिविराम के नाम से भी जाना जाता है।
• जैसे-
• गांधी जी ने कहा, “सदा सत्य बोलो”
• सुभाष चंद्र बोस ने कहा था, “तुम मुझे खून दो, मैं तुम्हें आजादी दूंगा।”

Key Points

• लोप चिह्न- (…)
• **कोष्ठक-**चिह्न - ()
• अर्द्ध विराम चिह्न- ( ; )

Important Points

मिश्र वाक्य है - प्याला जैसे ही नीचे गिरा टूट गया।

• (यहां पर 'जैसे' शब्द दो उपवाक्य को जोड़ रहा हैं। इनमें से एक उपवाक्य प्रधान है एवं दूसरा उपवाक्य आश्रित है।)

मिश्र वाक्य-

• ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें सरल वाक्य के साथ-साथ कोई दूसरा उपवाक्य भी हो, वे वाक्य मिश्र वाक्य कहलाते हैं।
• पहचान के लिए- कि, जो, क्योंकि, जितना, उतना, जैसा, वैसा, जब, तब, जहाँ, वहाँ, जिधर, उधर, अगर/यदि, तो, यद्यपि, तथापि आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण-

• यदि परिश्रम करोगे तो उत्तीर्ण हो जाओगे।
• मैं जानता हूँ कि तुम्हारे अक्षर अच्छे नहीं बनते।

Key Points 

• प्याला नीचे गिरा और टूट गया। (सयुंक्त वाक्य)
• प्याला नीचे गिरते ही टूट गया। (सरल वाक्य)
• प्याला नीचे गिरा इसलिए टूट गया। (सयुंक्त वाक्य)

Important Points 

'जीवेश मैदान में घूम रहा था।' वाक्य का काल है - अपूर्ण भूतकाल

• (यहाँ 'रहा था।' अंत में आया है तथा वाक्य में क्रिया  शुरू या खत्म होने का पता नही चल रहा है, अत: यह अपूर्ण भूतकाल के अंतर्गत आएगा।)

अपूर्ण भूतकाल

• क्रिया के जिस रूप से कार्य के भूतकाल में शुरू होने का पता चले लेकिन खत्म होने का पता न चले, उसे अपूर्ण भूतकाल कहते हैं।
• जिन वाक्यों के अंत में रहा था, रही थी, रहे थे आदि आते हैं, वे अपूर्ण भूतकाल होते हैं।
• जैसे-
• मोहन मैदान में घूम रहा था।
• वह हॉकी खेल रहा था।
• सुनील पढ़ रहा था।

Key Points भूतकाल के प्रकार-

1. सामान्य भूतकाल
2. आसन्न भूतकाल
3. पूर्ण भूतकाल
4. अपूर्ण भूतकाल
5. संदिग्ध भूतकाल
6. हेतुहेतुमद् भूतकाल

Important Points 

'सफलता पाने के लिए तुम्हें स्वयं कठोर परिश्रम करना पड़ेगा।' वाक्य मे निजवाचक सर्वनाम है - स्वयं

निजवाचक सर्वनाम-

• जिन सर्वनाम शब्दों का प्रयोग वक्ता स्वयं के लिए करता है उन्हें निजवाचक सर्वनाम कहते हैं।
• निजवाचक सर्वनाम के अंतर्गत आप, अपना, स्वयं, ख़ुद आदि शब्द आते हैं।

उदाहरण-

• मैं स्वयं पर भरोसा करता हूँ।
• मुझे अपना सामान वापस चाहिए।
• आप भला तो जग भला।

Key Points

• क्रिया - 'करना'
• सम्प्रदान कारक- 'के लिए'
• मध्यम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम -  'तुम्हें'

Important Point

संप्रदान कारक का परसर्ग है - 'के लिए, को'

सम्प्रदान कारक-

• सम्प्रदान का अर्थ ‘देना’ होता है।
• जब वाक्य में किसी को कुछ दिया जाए या किसी के लिए कुछ किया जाए तो वहां पर सम्प्रदान कारक होता है।
• सम्प्रदान कारक के विभक्ति चिन्ह के लिए या को हैं।

उदाहरण-

• विकास तुषार को किताबें देता है।
• नरेश मीना के लिए फल लाया है।

Key Points हिन्दी में आठ कारक’ हैं -

Confusion Pointsकरण और अपादान कारक में अंतर-

• करण और अपादान दोनों ही कारकों में ‘से’ चिन्ह का प्रयोग होता है।
• परन्तु अर्थ के आधार पर दोनों में अंतर होता है।
• करण कारक में जहाँ पर ‘से’ का प्रयोग साधन के लिए होता है
• वहीं पर अपादान कारक में अलग होने के लिए किया जाता है।

Important Points 

सरल वाक्य है - राम फल खाता है।

• (यहाँ पर एक ही उद्देश्य अर्थात कर्ता है जो की 'राम' है एवं एक ही विधेय अर्थात क्रिया है जो की ‘फल खाता है’ है।)

सरल वाक्य-

• ऐसा वाक्य जिसमे एक ही क्रिया एवं एक ही कर्ता होता है या जिस वाक्य में एक ही उद्देश्य एवं एक ही विधेय होता है, वे वाक्य सरल वाक्य कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- 
• अमित खाना खाता है।
• परिश्रमी लोग सफल हो गए।

Mistake Points 

• सरल वाक्य- राम के द्वारा फल खाया जाता है। (बोर्ड ने विकल्प 1 को ही सही माना है।)
• संयुक्त वाक्य- राम ने फल खाया इसलिए वह अब रो नहीं रहा।
• मिश्रित वाक्य- जैसे ही राम रोया, तो उसको फल खिलाया।

Key Points संरचना के आधार पर वाक्य के तीन भेद होते हैं-

1. सरल वाक्य
2. संयुक्त वाक्य
3. मिश्रित वाक्य

Important Points