Environmental Studies PYQs

Explanation:

• Radha is initially at her house.
• She goes 2.5 km towards North.
• Then she turns left and goes 5 km towards West.
• Then she turns left again and goes 2.5 km towards South.
• Now, if we draw the path followed by Radha we can see that she has formed a right-angled triangle.

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Therefore, the direction of Radha's current location is 5km West from her house.

The correct answer is Uttarakhand.

Key Points

• It is located in Uttarakhand.
• Declared a National Park in 1982, the Valley of Flowers stretches over an expanse of 87.50 sq. km.
• It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.
• The valley was an accidental discovery by an avid British mountaineer and a botanist, Frank S Smythe, when he was traversing through the region in 1931.
• The valley today is home to over 600 flowering species, including some exotic varieties like Brahmkamal, which is also the state flower of Uttarakhand.
• Blue poppy, described as the Queen of Flowers, can also be found here.
• The region also has a rich faunal diversity with species like the leopard, musk deer, and blue sheep.
• It is located on a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the Zanskar and Great Himalaya.
• The park lies completely in the temperate alpine zone.

Hence, the correct answer is Uttarakhand.

Explanation:

Cumin:

• Cumin is a spice that is commonly used in cooking.
• It comes from a plant called Cuminum cyminum, which is native to the eastern Mediterranean and South Asia.
• The seeds of the cumin plant are what we use to make the spice.
• They are small, oval-shaped, and have a yellowish-brown color.
• When you smell cumin, it has a warm, earthy aroma.
• Cumin is used in many different cuisines around the world, including Indian, Mexican, and Middle Eastern cuisine.
• It is also used in Jaljeera and curd to make raita.
• It is one of the most common spices used in Indian cuisine and is usually added as the first thing in hot oil or ghee to release its aroma.
• It can also be used to make a spice blend called garam masala.
• In addition to being delicious, cumin also has some health benefits.
• It's a good source of iron, which helps to keep our blood healthy.
• It's also rich in antioxidants, which can help to protect our cells from damage.

Thus, the above description is of cumin.

Explanation:

• The average speed of the train can be calculated by dividing the total distance travelled by the time taken.
• Here, the time taken is approximately 42.5 hours (from 12:30 pm on 29^th September to 7:00 am on 1^st October, considering 24 hours in a day), and the distance travelled is 2296 km.

Therefore, average speed = distance/time = 2296 km / 42.5 hours ≈ 54.0 km/h.

Explanation:

• In the given scenario, the person goes from X to A (60m due North), then to B (25m due East of A), then to C (100m due North of B) and finally reaches the school (25m due West of C).
• So, the person essentially moves in a 'L' shape from X to Y.
• Since the school is located to the West of point C, the house must be located to the South of the school.

Therefore, the correct direction of the house with respect to the school is Due South.

The Correct Answer is: Kite and Vulture

Concept:

• Different birds have different types of vision.
• The type of vision they have depends on their source of food.

 Key Points

Monocular vision:

• Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field.
• It is useful for detecting prey.
• Such birds can focus on two different things at a time.
• When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object.
• They don't have to move their heads to see around.
• They can see four times as far as we can.
• Example: Kites, Eagles, Vultures.

Binocular vision:

• While those with eyes on the front of their heads have binocular vision.
• Such birds can estimate distances when hunting.
• They have to move their heads to see around.
• The binocular vision of birds makes them see distinctly.
• Example: Owl, Crows, Doves, Peacock, Nightingales, Parrots, Pigeons etc.

Thus, Kites, Eagles and Vultures can see four times as far as we can see.

Concept:

• Various diseases are caused by animals or are transmitted by them to humans.

Explanation:

Dengue:

• Dengue is carried by the female mosquito Aedes.
• Its symptoms are nausea, vomiting, aches and pains, rash.
• Whereas, vomiting blood, bleeding from the nose or gums are symptoms of severe dengue.
• It can be prevented by the cleanliness and preventing oneself from mosquito bites.
• It can be cured by taking paracetamol, drinking fluids.

Malaria:

• Malaria spreads only by the disease-carrying mosquitoes.
• The vector of malaria is the female anopheles mosquito.
• Malaria spreads only when a female mosquito that has bitten a malaria patient bites another person.
• A blood test is done to check if a person has malaria or not.
• People with malaria get a fever with chills, sweating, headache, nausea and rigours.
• Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium.
• In early times, the dried and powdered bark of the Cinchona tree was used to make medicine for malaria.
• Earlier people used to boil the bark powder and strain the water which was given to patients.
• Now tablets are made from this in the form of quinine, chloroquine is given to patients.

Chikungunya:

• It is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes.
• It is spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
• The most common symptoms of infection are fever and joint pain.
• Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash.

​Thus, Dengue and Malaria are the diseases spread by mosquitoes.

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HIV-AIDS:

• The human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection.
• It makes a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.
• It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV.
• Most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment.
• AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged because of the virus.

Typhoid:

• Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi.
• It is usually through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
• It can lead to a high fever, diarrhoea, and vomiting.
• It can be fatal.
• It is more prevalent in places where handwashing is less frequent.

Cholera:

• It is an acute diarrhoeal infection.
• It is caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
• Key symptoms are diarrhoea and dehydration.
• Rarely, shock and seizures may occur in severe cases.

Some common communicable diseases are:

Explanation:

The map has a scale of 1 cm = 950 metres.

This means that 1 cm on the map represents a distance of 950 metres in the real world.

If the measured distance between any two places on the map is 19.2 cm, then the actual distance between these two places in the real world can be calculated as follows:

• Actual distance = Measured distance on map × Scale
• Substituting the given values in the above formula, we get:
• Actual distance = 19.2 cm × 950 metres/cm = 18,240 metres

Since 1 kilometre is equal to 1000 metres, the actual distance can be expressed in kilometers as:

Actual distance = 18,240 metres / 1000 = 18.24 km

Therefore, the actual distance between the two places represented by a distance of 19.2 cm on the map is approximately 18.24 km.

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

• In Rajasthan, hotter areas the deserted ones, Mud houses are built since mud absorbs heats and keeps the house cools.
• People make their houses having very thick walls so that the house becomes cool in summer.
• The roofs of the houses are made of thorny bushes.

Additional Information

• Manali is a hilly area and is in Himachal Pradesh and there the houses are generally made of wood with a sloping stone slate roof due to much rain and snow.
• In Ladakh, The houses are made of stones. The walls of the houses are coated with mud and Lime. Most of the houses are found with two floors. The ground and the first floor. The wooden floor and the wooden ceiling protected them from the cold.
• In Assam, to avoid flooding of the house during rains, the houses there are made ten to twelve feet above the ground on strong bamboo pillars.

Hence, the correct answer is Rajasthan.

"Char Chinari" is a very famous tourist place that is located in Srinagar, which is the capital city of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Key Points

Char Chinari-

• Char Chinari is a group of four majestic Chinar trees, which are located in the middle of the Dal Lake in Srinagar.
• The place is a popular tourist spot and offers stunning views of the surrounding mountains and the picturesque Dal Lake.
• Visitors can enjoy a shikara ride or take a boat to reach the island where Char Chinari is located.
• The island is also surrounded by a beautiful garden, making it a perfect spot for picnics and relaxation.

Additional Information

Some famous tourist places in these cities:

Hyderabad:

1. Charminar: It is a historical monument and a popular tourist attraction in Hyderabad. The Charminar was built in 1591 by the Qutub Shahi dynasty, and it is known for its beautiful architecture and intricate carvings.
2. Golconda Fort: It is a famous fort located in Hyderabad, built in the 16^th century. The fort is known for its impressive architecture, sound and light shows, and beautiful views of the surrounding area.
3. Ramoji Film City: It is one of the largest film studios in the world, located in Hyderabad. The Ramoji Film City offers a unique experience for visitors, where they can explore the sets and locations used for various Bollywood and Tollywood films.

Lucknow:

1. Bara Imambara: It is a historical monument and a popular tourist attraction in Lucknow. The Bara Imambara was built in 1784 by the Nawab of Awadh, and it is known for its impressive architecture and maze-like corridors.
2. Chota Imambara: It is another historical monument located in Lucknow, built in 1838. The Chota Imambara is known for its beautiful architecture and impressive chandeliers.
3. Rumi Darwaza: It is a beautiful gate located in Lucknow, built in 1784. The Rumi Darwaza is known for its unique architecture and beautiful carvings.

Mysore:

1. Mysore Palace: It is a historical palace and a popular tourist attraction in Mysore. The palace was built in the 14^th century and is known for its beautiful architecture and intricate carvings.
2. Chamundi Hills: It is a famous hill located in Mysore, known for its beautiful views and religious significance. The Chamundi Hills are home to the Chamundeshwari Temple, which is dedicated to the goddess Chamundeshwari.
3. Brindavan Gardens: It is a beautiful garden located in Mysore, known for its beautiful fountains and colorful lights. The garden is located near the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam and is a popular spot for picnics and family outings.

The Correct Answer is: Tiger 

Concept:

• Animals have different senses.
• The animal world is full of examples of amazing senses.

 Key Points

Tiger: 

• ​A tiger can see six times better at night than most of us.
• A tiger not only has yellow and black fur on its body but also has yellow and black stripes on its body.
• The tiger’s whiskers are very sensitive and can sense the movements or vibrations in the air.
• A tiger’s sense of hearing is so sharp that it can make out the difference between the rustling of leaves and the sound of an animal moving on the grass.
• The ears of the tiger can move in different directions and this helps to catch the sounds from all around.
• Tigers make different sounds for different purposes like when it is angry or to call out to a tigress. It can also roar or snarl.
• Tigers mark their area with their urine.
• A tiger can at once come to know if there is another tiger in its area by the smell of the urine.
• A lion's roar can be heard up to 3 km away.​

Thus, a tiger has a sense of hearing is so sharp that it can make out the difference between the rustling of leaves and the sound of an animal moving on the grass.

Additional Information 

Animals and their super senses: 

Vulture:

• Vultures can see four times as far as we can.
• These birds can see things from a distance of eight metres what we can see from a distance of two metres.

Silkworm: 

• Some male insects can recognise their females by their smell.
• Silkworms can find their female worm from many kilometres away by her smell.

Dog: 

• Dogs mark out their own area on the road.
• They can make out if another dog has come into their area by the smell of its urine or potty (latrine).

The correct answer is: Carrot : Tap Root 

The root system is the underground part of a plant that anchors it in the soil, absorbs water and minerals, and stores food. It consists of the main root, lateral roots, and root hairs.

Key Points

• Carrot is correctly paired with Tap Root.
• A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally.
• Carrots have a taproot system in which the main root grows straight down into the soil and has many smaller roots that branch off it.

 Additional Information

• Wheat and maize, on the other hand, have fibrous root systems. 
• It consist of many thin roots that spread out in all directions.
• Bamboo has a rhizome root system.
• It consists of an underground stem with roots that grow from it. It can produce new shoots from these roots and spread rapidly.

The Correct answer is: B, C and E

Key Points

The Desert Oak:

• Plants that grow in the desert have to withstand long dry spells of summer and extreme weather condition.
• Hence their leaves stem and roots get modified to prevent loss of excess water and to store water.
• Some common adaptation seen in desert plants are:
• They have a long root that goes deep in search of water.
• they have reduced or very few leaves.
• The stem is modified to store water.
• Additionally, leaves may turn into spines to protect from predators.

So Option 3) B, C and E is the correct answer.

Concept: 

• Different regions have different food.
• Depending on what grows easily at which place, different things are eaten at places.

Explanation:

Jammu and Kashmir:

• Jammu and Kashmir is a state located in North India.
• Jammu and Kashmir's climate is cold.
• Mustard oil has the healing property and keeps the body warm.
• Fish cooked in mustard oil is popular in Jammu and Kashmir.

​Thus, in Kashmir people like to eat fish cooked in mustard oil.

Additional Information

Kerela: 

• They like to eat especially two things, tapioca and coconut.
• Both of these foods grow in their courtyard.
• Boiled tapioca with any curry made using coconut is popular in Kerala.

Goa:

• Goa is situated on the west coast of India.
• Goa has a high yield of coconut oil and sea fish.
• Sea fish cooked in coconut oil is popular in Goa.

Gujarat:

• People of Gujarat mostly like to eat food made of pulses (dal).
• In Gujarat people eat chapati with dal and in dal they put sugar.
• Other famous dishes of Gujarat are - Gujarati Kadhi, Dhokla, Bardoli ki Khichdi, Methi ka Thepla, and Dal Dhokli.

Bihar:

• Bihar is situated in the eastern part of India.
• It lies on the banks of river Ganga.
• The staple food of Bihar generally consists of roti, dal, chawal, sabzi and achar.
• 'Litti chokha' is the most favourite dish of Bihar.

Mizoram:

• It is located in the northeastern part of India.
• It is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter.
• Mizoram food is well known for its usage of different types of meat.
• 'Bai' of Mizoram is famous as an easy vegetable stew of seasonal greens and vegetables.
• The Mizo people also like to add bamboo shoots to their food.

Hong Kong:

• It is inspired primarily by Cantonese cuisine.
• Most of the dishes in Cantonese cuisine is based on Snake.
• Cooked snake and snake soup are popular in Hong Kong

Anecdotal records are written accounts of specific incidents or events that a teacher or caregiver observes in a child's behaviour or development.

Key Points

• These records are typically brief and factual, focusing on the details of what happened and the context in which it occurred.
• Examples of incidents that might be recorded in an anecdotal record include a child's reaction to a new activity or material, an interaction with another child or adult, or a developmental milestone such as the first time the child crawls or walks.
• By collecting and reviewing these records regularly, educators can identify patterns and trends in a child's behaviour, interests, and abilities.
• This information can then be used to inform teaching strategies and activities that are tailored to the child's individual needs and strengths.
• Anecdotal records should not be used to make judgements or provide solutions to problematic situations without further investigation and consultation with parents or other professionals.

Hence, it can be concluded that A and D options are correct.

Astha's goal in asking two short questions before starting the chapter on spices is likely to elicit learners' ideas about the topic.

Key Points

• This is a common technique used in teaching to check prior knowledge and engage students in the learning process.
• By asking questions that relate to the upcoming topic, Astha can encourage students to think about what they already know about spices and generate their questions and ideas about the topic.
• This approach can be particularly effective in teaching about a subject like spices, which may be unfamiliar or abstract to some learners.
• By starting with what students already know or think about the topic, Astha can create a foundation for learning that is built on their existing knowledge and experiences.
• This, in turn, can help to make the new information more meaningful and engaging for learners and can support their retention and application of the new knowledge.

Hence, it can be concluded that both 1 and 3 are the correct answer.

Assessment for learning is a type of formative assessment that takes place during the learning process, and its primary purpose is to provide feedback to students that can help them improve their learning.

Key Points

• This feedback from assessment for learning can come in different forms, such as comments, grades, or rubrics, and it should be used to help students understand their strengths and weaknesses and identify areas where they need to focus more.
• In Madhavi's scenario, her discussion with her students could be seen as a form of feedback that can help her students improve their learning.
• By asking questions and engaging in a dialogue with her students about their field trip experience, she can provide them with feedback on their understanding and help them reflect on their learning.
• She can use their responses to provide feedback that can help them build on their strengths and address any areas where they may be struggling.

Hence, it can be concluded that Madhavi's discussion with her students after the field trip is an example of assessment for learning

Effective teaching-learning occurs when the teacher engages students in activities that help them construct knowledge and develop an understanding of the concepts being taught.

Key Points

• Effective teaching also involves creating a positive and supportive learning environment that fosters students' motivation, curiosity, and self-regulation.
• The teacher provides feedback that is timely, specific, and relevant to help students monitor their progress and adjust their learning strategies accordingly.
• Constructivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the importance of students actively constructing their own understanding of the world through their experiences and interactions with the environment.
• An effective teacher uses constructivist strategies to facilitate students' learning by creating opportunities for them to engage in hands-on activities, experiments, group discussions, and problem-solving tasks.

 Hence, it can be concluded that Effective teaching-learning will take place only if the activities conducted by the teacher help children in constructing knowledge and understanding the concepts.  ​

Rating scales are a type of assessment tool that uses a set of criteria to evaluate a student's performance or behaviour.

Key Points

• They can be used to assess a wide range of skills and qualities, including socio-personal qualities such as cooperation, communication, leadership, and empathy.
• When used for group work, a rating scale can help the teacher assess each student's contribution to the group's task and their interactions with their peers.
• Using rating scales for group work assessments has several advantages.
• It provides a more comprehensive and objective assessment of each student's performance, as the teacher can observe and evaluate each student's behaviour over time.
• It also encourages students to develop socio-personal qualities that are important for their academic and personal success.

Hence, it can be concluded that the most appropriate tool is a rating scale to assess socio-personal qualities of children engaged in learning of EVS through group work,