English Comprehension PYQs

The correct answer is Preventing unauthorised access to computer via the internet.

Key Points

• A firewall is a security system designed to protect computers and networks by preventing unauthorized access from external sources, such as hackers or malware.
• It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, such as the internet.
• Firewalls monitor and filter incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules.
• They can be implemented as hardware devices, software applications, or a combination of both.
• By blocking suspicious or malicious traffic, firewalls help safeguard sensitive data and maintain system integrity.

Additional Information

• Types of Firewalls:
• Packet Filtering Firewalls: Analyze packets of data and allow or block them based on predefined rules.
• Stateful Inspection Firewalls: Monitor the state of active connections and make decisions based on context.
• Proxy Firewalls: Act as intermediaries between users and the internet, filtering requests and responses.
• Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFWs): Include additional features like intrusion prevention systems (IPS) and deep packet inspection.
• Key Terminologies:
• Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): A technology integrated into advanced firewalls to detect and block malicious activities.
• Network Address Translation (NAT): A feature used by firewalls to mask internal IP addresses from external networks.
• Demilitarized Zone (DMZ): A separate network segment created by firewalls to host public-facing services securely.
• Advantages of Firewalls:
• Prevents unauthorized access and safeguards against cyber threats.
• Monitors network traffic to detect and block malicious activities.
• Enhances security for home and enterprise networks.
• Limitations of Firewalls:
• Cannot protect against internal threats or attacks from trusted devices.
• Requires regular updates to stay effective against evolving threats.
• May cause slight network latency due to traffic monitoring.

The correct answer is Linker.

Key Points

• A Linker is classified as a system software, not an application software.
• System software like Linker is used to manage and control computer hardware and serves as a platform for other software.
• The primary function of a Linker is to combine multiple object files (produced by the compiler) into a single executable file.
• Application software, on the other hand, includes programs designed for end-users, such as spreadsheets (e.g., MS Excel), presentation tools (e.g., MS PowerPoint), and design software (e.g., AutoCAD).
• Linkers are essential in software development and programming but do not directly serve end-user tasks or applications.

Additional Information

• Application Software:
• Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheet management, and graphic design.
• Examples include MS PowerPoint, MS Excel, AutoCAD, web browsers, and media players.
• Application software is user-oriented and directly interacts with the end-user.
• System Software:
• System software acts as an intermediary between hardware and application software.
• Examples include operating systems (e.g., Windows, Linux), compilers, and linkers.
• System software is primarily designed for managing system resources and enabling the functionality of application software.
• Linker:
• A linker is a system software tool used in programming to combine object files into a single executable file.
• It resolves references between different modules and ensures the program runs correctly.
• Linkers are a critical part of the software development process, typically used in languages like C, C++, and assembly.
• Compiler:
• A compiler is another system software used to translate high-level programming code into machine code.
• It works alongside the linker to create executable programs.
• While compilers convert source code into object code, linkers bring together multiple object code files.

The correct answer is Trojan Horse.

Key Points

• A Trojan Horse is a type of malicious software (malware) that appears legitimate but can take control of your computer.
• Trojan Horses are used by cybercriminals to steal sensitive data, access systems, or launch attacks.
• Unlike viruses, Trojans do not self-replicate; they rely on the user to execute them.
• Common methods of infection include emails, downloads, and software vulnerabilities.
• Once activated, Trojans can perform tasks like keylogging, backdoor access, or ransomware attacks.

Additional Information

• Malware
• Malware is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, or network.
• Types of malware include viruses, worms, ransomware, spyware, adware, and Trojans.
• Malware can disrupt operations, steal data, or exploit systems for personal or financial gain.
• Firewall
• A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.
• Firewalls help protect systems from unauthorized access by blocking harmful traffic.
• Unlike malware, firewalls are defensive tools rather than malicious software.
• Hacking
• Hacking refers to the unauthorized access to or manipulation of computer systems or networks.
• It is a method, not a type of software.
• Ethical hacking is the legitimate use of hacking techniques to improve security systems.
• Password Cracking
• Password cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data stored in or transmitted by a computer system.
• It is a technique used by hackers to gain unauthorized access, not a form of software.

The correct answer is Multimedia.

Key Points

• Multimedia refers to the integration of multiple forms of media such as text, graphics, audio, video, and images into a cohesive presentation or application.
• It is widely used in various industries like education, entertainment, advertising, and digital communication.
• Examples of multimedia applications include video games, e-learning platforms, animations, and interactive websites.
• Multimedia enhances user engagement and understanding by combining different sensory experiences.
• Technologies such as HTML5, Flash, and multimedia editing software are commonly used to create multimedia content.

Additional Information

• JPEG:
• Stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
• A commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for photographs.
• Ideal for images with smooth color transitions, but not suitable for sharp-edged or text-heavy images.
• PNG:
• Stands for Portable Network Graphics.
• A lossless image format that supports transparency and is widely used for web graphics.
• Best suited for images with text or sharp edges, such as logos and icons.
• Interactive Media:
• Any form of media that allows users to actively participate, such as video games, virtual reality, and interactive websites.
• It is a subset of multimedia, focusing on user interaction.
• Applications of Multimedia:
• Education: E-learning platforms and virtual classrooms.
• Entertainment: Movies, music videos, and video games.
• Marketing: Interactive advertisements and product demos.
• Healthcare: Medical simulations and training modules.

The correct answer is Replicates human decision making.

Key Points

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
• It enables systems to replicate human decision-making by using algorithms, data processing, and self-learning capabilities.
• AI systems are designed to analyze data, identify patterns, and make predictions or decisions with minimal human intervention.
• AI applications can perform tasks such as speech recognition, language translation, visual perception, and autonomous decision-making.
• AI is used in various fields such as healthcare, finance, robotics, and transportation to perform complex tasks efficiently and accurately.

Additional Information

• Machine Learning (ML):
• A subset of AI that focuses on enabling systems to learn and improve from experience without explicit programming.
• ML algorithms use large datasets to train models and make predictions or decisions.
• Neural Networks:
• A fundamental concept in AI inspired by the human brain, consisting of interconnected nodes (neurons).
• Used in deep learning to process complex patterns in data.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP):
• A branch of AI focused on enabling machines to understand, interpret, and respond to human language.
• Examples include chatbots, language translation tools, and sentiment analysis.
• Applications of AI:
• In healthcare: AI aids in diagnostics, treatment planning, and drug discovery.
• In transportation: Autonomous vehicles and traffic management systems use AI.
• In finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading, and customer support are AI-driven.
• Ethical Considerations:
• AI raises concerns about data privacy, bias in decision-making, and job displacement.
• Efforts are ongoing to establish ethical frameworks for responsible AI development.

The correct answer is Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA).

Key Points

• Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA) has launched new initiatives such as Bharat Vidya Pariyojana, Brihattar Bharat, and Nari Samvaad Prakalp to promote and preserve Indian art, culture, and heritage.
• Bharat Vidya Pariyojana: Focuses on the study and dissemination of India’s intellectual and cultural traditions.
• Brihattar Bharat: Aims to explore and strengthen cultural linkages between India and the global community, emphasizing shared heritage.
• Nari Samvaad Prakalp: A platform to discuss and document women's contributions to India’s cultural and social fabric.
• These initiatives align with IGNCA’s mission to foster intercultural dialogue and preserve India's rich and diverse heritage.

Additional Information

• Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA)
• Established in 1987, IGNCA is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• It serves as a hub for the research, preservation, and promotion of Indian art and culture.
• IGNCA collaborates with national and international institutions to foster cultural exchange and dialogue.
• It hosts diverse programs, including exhibitions, lectures, workshops, and publications, to engage with various aspects of heritage and knowledge systems.
• Cultural Linkage Programs
• Programs like Brihattar Bharat aim to highlight India's historical connections with Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and beyond.
• The initiative strengthens India's soft power and fosters deeper cultural ties globally.
• Women's Contributions to Culture
• Nari Samvaad Prakalp focuses on documenting the contributions of women in literature, art, music, and other cultural domains.
• It emphasizes gender inclusivity in preserving and understanding India’s cultural heritage.
• Preservation of Traditional Knowledge
• IGNCA actively works on digitizing manuscripts, rare books, and archival materials to ensure their preservation.
• It promotes interdisciplinary studies to delve into India’s traditional knowledge systems and their relevance today.

The correct answer is Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Nalanda.

Key Points

• Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, located in Nalanda, Bihar, was established under the Union Ministry of Culture to promote the teachings of Lord Buddha.
• Its primary objective is to preserve, protect, and promote Buddhist teachings, values of love, compassion, and non-violence, and contribute to moral and ethical development in society.
• The institution is inspired by the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara, which was a renowned center for Buddhist learning between the 5^th and 12^th centuries.
• Nava Nalanda Mahavihara offers advanced studies and research in Pali language, Buddhist studies, and related disciplines.
• The institution attracts scholars and students globally, contributing to the revival of Buddhist philosophy and education in modern times.

Additional Information

• Buddhist Teachings:
• Lord Buddha emphasized the importance of compassion, non-violence, and ethical living through practices like the Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truths.
• His teachings aim to alleviate suffering and achieve enlightenment (nirvana).
• Ancient Nalanda Mahavihara:
• It was one of the world's first residential universities and a major center of learning in ancient India.
• Nalanda attracted scholars from across Asia, offering courses in Buddhist philosophy, logic, grammar, medicine, and more.
• Pali Language:
• Pali is the language in which the earliest Buddhist scriptures, the Tripitaka, were written.
• It is extensively studied by scholars to understand Buddhist philosophy and teachings.
• Ministry of Culture Initiatives:
• The Union Ministry of Culture in India plays a crucial role in promoting heritage, arts, and educational institutions like Nava Nalanda Mahavihara.
• It supports similar initiatives aimed at preserving India's rich cultural and philosophical traditions.

The correct answer is The Ministry of Finance.

Key Points

• Nirbhaya Fund is a non-lapsable corpus fund created by the Government of India in the year 2013 following the Delhi gang-rape case (Nirbhaya case).
• The fund is aimed at enhancing the safety and security of women in the country by financing projects and initiatives addressing women’s safety concerns.
• The Ministry of Finance is the nodal authority responsible for the administration and allocation of the Nirbhaya Fund.
• Various ministries, such as the Ministry of Women & Child Development and the Ministry of Home Affairs, implement specific projects under the Nirbhaya Fund.
• The fund has been utilized for projects such as ‘One Stop Centres,’ ‘Emergency Response Support System (ERSS),’ and ‘Safe City Projects’ across multiple states.

Additional Information

• Non-Lapsable Fund:
• A non-lapsable fund ensures that the unspent amount does not lapse at the end of the financial year and can be carried forward to the next year.
• This mechanism ensures sustained availability of funds for long-term projects.
• One Stop Centres (OSCs):
• These centres provide integrated services such as medical aid, police assistance, legal support, and counseling to women facing violence.
• They are funded under the Nirbhaya Fund and implemented by the Ministry of Women & Child Development.
• Emergency Response Support System (ERSS):
• ERSS is a pan-India single emergency number (112) project aimed at addressing emergencies, including those related to women’s safety.
• This initiative is funded under the Nirbhaya Fund and implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• Safe City Projects:
• These projects focus on enhancing safety features in public spaces, such as installing CCTV cameras, improving street lighting, and setting up women’s help desks in police stations.
• They are implemented in partnership with state governments and funded by the Nirbhaya Fund.

The correct answer is support promotion of organic farming in the country..

Key Points

• The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) was launched in 2015-16 by the Government of India under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
• The primary aim of PKVY is to promote organic farming practices through cluster-based approaches and farmer participation.
• Farmers are encouraged to adopt organic farming techniques that are environmentally friendly, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and improve soil health.
• Under PKVY, farmers are organized into clusters (approximately 50 farmers per cluster) to collectively adopt organic farming over an area of 50 acres.
• Financial assistance is provided to farmers for organic certification, organic inputs, and training to promote sustainable agriculture practices.

Additional Information

• Organic Farming:
• Organic farming refers to agricultural practices that avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
• It emphasizes the use of natural inputs such as compost, green manure, and bio-fertilizers to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance.
• The focus is on sustainable farming practices that conserve biodiversity and protect natural resources.
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):
• The NMSA is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
• It aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices that address the challenges of climate change and enhance agricultural productivity.
• PKVY is a key component of the NMSA, focused on promoting organic farming.
• Benefits of Organic Farming:
• Improves soil health and fertility by increasing organic matter content.
• Reduces environmental pollution caused by chemical inputs and agricultural runoff.
• Produces chemical-free, healthier crops for consumers.
• Encourages sustainable use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation.
• Organic Certification:
• Farmers practicing organic farming under PKVY are supported to obtain organic certification through the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) or third-party certification.
• Organic certification ensures that the produce meets the standards set for organic agriculture and can fetch premium prices in the market.

The correct answer is 2021.

Key Points

• The Union Government established a separate Ministry of Cooperation in July 2021 to promote and strengthen cooperative-based economic development.
• The ministry was created with the vision of "Sahkar Se Samriddhi" (Prosperity through Cooperation), emphasizing the growth of cooperative societies in India.
• This ministry aims to provide a dedicated administrative, legal, and policy framework for the cooperative sector to enhance its reach and impact.
• The Ministry of Cooperation was initially headed by Amit Shah, who was given the additional charge as the Union Minister of Cooperation.
• It focuses on streamlining processes for the ease of doing business for cooperatives and strengthening the cooperative movement in rural and urban areas alike.

Additional Information

• Cooperative Societies:
• Cooperative societies are voluntary associations of individuals working together for common economic, social, or cultural benefits.
• They operate based on principles of mutual aid, equality, and democratic decision-making.
• Examples include agricultural cooperatives, credit unions, and housing cooperatives.
• Objectives of the Ministry of Cooperation:
• Promote cooperative societies and enhance their operational efficiency in sectors like agriculture, dairy, fisheries, and others.
• Strengthen grassroots-level cooperative societies to empower rural and semi-urban areas economically.
• Encourage digitalization and transparency in the functioning of cooperatives.
• Key Initiatives:
• The ministry supports the development of Multi-State Cooperative Societies and modernizes cooperative laws to align with global best practices.
• It prioritizes sectors like credit, marketing, and value addition to provide better income opportunities to small farmers and artisans.
• Significance:
• The cooperative sector is crucial for the socio-economic development of India, especially in rural areas.
• The Ministry of Cooperation aims to make cooperatives an integral part of India's development journey, ensuring inclusivity and collective prosperity.

The correct answer is Reforms.

Key Points

• The Ministry of Defence has declared 2025 as the year of Reforms to streamline and modernize processes within the defense sector.
• This initiative focuses on enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability in defense procurement, operations, and management.
• A key objective is the integration of advanced technology and digitization in defense systems to improve operational readiness.
• The reforms aim to strengthen India's defense preparedness by addressing existing challenges in supply chain, indigenous production, and policy frameworks.
• 2025 reforms also align with the broader "Atmanirbhar Bharat" vision, emphasizing self-reliance in defense manufacturing and innovation.

Additional Information

• Defense Procurement Procedure (DPP)
• DPP is a set of guidelines that governs the acquisition process for defense equipment in India.
• It emphasizes transparency, efficiency, and promoting indigenous defense manufacturing.
• Recent updates in DPP focus on fast-tracking acquisitions and encouraging MSMEs in defense production.
• Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
• DRDO plays a key role in India's defense reforms by developing cutting-edge technologies for the armed forces.
• It focuses on missiles, combat vehicles, radar systems, and electronic warfare systems.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defense
• This initiative promotes self-reliance by reducing dependency on imports and enhancing domestic manufacturing.
• It includes measures such as indigenization of defense equipment and collaboration with private industries.
• Modernization of Armed Forces
• Modernization efforts include the acquisition of advanced weaponry, upgrading infrastructure, and improving logistics.
• India aims to achieve technological superiority and operational readiness through these reforms.

The correct answer is Option 2: 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

• Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) was launched by the Government of India in 2021 to democratize e-commerce and promote competition in the sector.
• ONDC aims to provide an open-source platform that integrates buyers, sellers, logistics, and payment service providers on a single network.
• The primary goal of ONDC is to reduce monopolistic practices by large e-commerce companies and empower small businesses and retailers.
• The claim that India surpassed China in 2024 in e-retail penetration is incorrect and speculative, as no reliable data supports this assertion.
• ONDC is designed to make e-commerce accessible to all, especially small and medium enterprises, by lowering entry barriers and reducing platform dependency.

Additional Information

• ONDC Overview:
• ONDC is a non-profit initiative under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• It is focused on enabling interoperability and unbundling of various services in e-commerce.
• The platform is expected to foster innovation and create new business opportunities for local sellers and service providers.
• E-commerce in India:
• India's e-commerce market is one of the fastest-growing in the world, driven by increasing internet penetration and digital adoption.
• ONDC seeks to address challenges like high commission fees, restrictive practices, and limited visibility for small sellers.
• Key Features of ONDC:
• ONDC operates on an open network protocol, providing a decentralized framework for e-commerce.
• It allows businesses to join the network without relying on proprietary e-commerce platforms.
• ONDC encourages transparency and fosters competition by eliminating platform-centric biases.
• Global Comparison:
• China has one of the highest e-retail penetration rates globally, and India is steadily growing in this domain but has not surpassed China.
• India’s growth in e-commerce is fueled by initiatives like ONDC and government-backed digital literacy programs.

The correct answer is The school children studying in classes 6-10 in the age group of 10-15 years.

Key Points

• Million Minds Augmenting National Aspirations and Knowledge (MANAK) is a sub-scheme under the flagship programme INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research).
• The MANAK scheme targets school children in classes 6-10, specifically in the age group of 10-15 years.
• Its goal is to inspire and nurture young students by exposing them to the creative and innovative aspects of science and technology.
• Under the scheme, students are encouraged to conceptualize original ideas and innovations that can address societal and environmental challenges.
• The scheme is jointly implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the National Innovation Foundation (NIF) – India.

Additional Information

• INSPIRE Programme:
• INSPIRE stands for Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research.
• It is a flagship programme of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, aimed at attracting talent to study science.
• INSPIRE has five components: Scheme for Early Attraction of Talent (SEATS), Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE), Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC), MANAK, and INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship.
• National Innovation Foundation (NIF):
• NIF is an autonomous body under the DST, established in 2000 to strengthen grassroots technological innovation and outstanding traditional knowledge in India.
• NIF collaborates with various stakeholders to promote innovation and entrepreneurship among students and grassroots innovators.
• Objectives of MANAK:
• To identify and nurture innovative ideas and creativity among young students across India.
• To build a critical mass of innovative children and youth, contributing to India’s knowledge-based economy.
• Selection and Recognition Process:
• Under MANAK, students submit their innovative ideas through their schools, and selected ideas are recognized at district, state, and national levels.
• The best ideas are showcased at the annual National Level Exhibition and Project Competition (NLEPC).

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Key Points

• The Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award is India's highest sporting honor, awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
• In 2024, the award was conferred upon Shri Gukesh D (Chess), Shri Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey), Shri Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics), and Ms. Manu Bhaker (Shooting).
• Shri Gukesh D became the youngest Indian to break into the top 20 of FIDE world rankings, showcasing exceptional chess skills.
• Ms. Manu Bhaker has been a consistent performer in shooting, winning multiple gold medals in international competitions.
• The contributions of these athletes have significantly elevated India’s status in their respective sports disciplines globally.

Additional Information

• Major Dhyan Chand
• Known as the "Hockey Wizard," Major Dhyan Chand was an iconic Indian hockey player who won three Olympic gold medals for India (1928, 1932, 1936).
• The Khel Ratna Award was renamed in his honor in 2021 to celebrate his legacy in Indian sports.
• Eligibility Criteria for Khel Ratna Award
• The award recognizes athletes for their outstanding performance in sports over a period of four years.
• It is open to athletes from all recognized sports disciplines.
• Selection Process
• A committee constituted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports evaluates the nominees based on their performance and achievements.
• Recommendations are then sent to the President of India for final approval.
• Other Prestigious Sports Awards in India
• Arjuna Award: Recognizes consistent performance in sports.
• Dronacharya Award: Conferred to outstanding coaches.
• Dhyan Chand Award: Honors lifetime contributions to sports.

The correct answer is Shyam Benegal.

Key Points

Shyam Benegal:

• Birth and Death:
• Born: 14 December 1934, Hyderabad
• Died: 23 December 2024, aged 90, at Wockhardt Hospital in Mumbai (due to chronic kidney disease)
• Profession:
• Indian film director, screenwriter, and documentary filmmaker
• Considered a pioneer of parallel cinema
• Widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers post-1970s
• Awards and Honours:
• 18 National Film Awards
• 1 Filmfare Award
• 1 Nandi Award
• Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2005) – India's highest cinematic honour
• Padma Shri (1976) – India's fourth-highest civilian honour
• Padma Bhushan (1991) – India's third-highest civilian honour
• V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award (2018)
• Early Life and Career:
• Father: Sridhar B. Benegal, a prominent photographer
• Started career as a copywriter
• First documentary: Gher Betha Ganga (Gujarati, 1962)
• Notable Films:
• Ankur (1973)
• Nishant (1975)
• Manthan (1976)
• Bhumika (1977)
• These established him as a pioneer of the new wave film movement
• Muslim Women Trilogy:
• Mammo (1994)
• Sardari Begum (1996)
• Zubeidaa (2001)
• All won National Film Awards for Best Feature Film in Hindi
• Other Achievements:
• Won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times

The correct answer is Kuwait.  

In News

• His Highness Sheikh Meshal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Amir of Kuwait conferred upon Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi - The Order of Mubarak Al- Kabeer, the highest national award of Kuwait.

Key Points

• 🏅 Name: Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer
• 🏛️ Country: Kuwait
• 🎖️ Type: Civilian and military decoration
• 🕰️ Established: In honor of Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabeer Al-Sabah, the 7^th ruler of Kuwait
• 🎖️ Grades:
• Grand Cordon (highest)
• Commander
• Officer (in some variations)
• 🎯 Purpose:
• Awarded to heads of state, royalty, and high-ranking officials
• Recognizes outstanding service to the State of Kuwait or international diplomacy
• 🧑‍🎓 Notable Recipients:
• Foreign dignitaries such as presidents, monarchs, and prime ministers
• High-ranking military and civil officials from both Kuwait and other nations

The correct answer is USA. 

Key Points

• 🦅 Bald Eagle Declared Official National Bird of the U.S.
• Announcement Date: December 25, 2024
• By: President Joe Biden
• Action: Signed a bill officially designating the bald eagle as the national bird of the United States
• Why It Matters: Although long considered a national symbol, it had never been officially codified as the national bird in U.S. law
• 🦅 Background and Symbolism of the Bald Eagle:
• The bald eagle has been a symbol of U.S. strength and freedom for over 240 years
• It appears on the Great Seal of the United States (since 1782)
• The seal includes:
• The bald eagle
• Olive branch (peace)
• Arrows (defense)
• Shield, stars, and the motto “E Pluribus Unum”
• Used in:
• U.S. government documents
• Presidential flag
• Military insignia
• U.S. currency
• 🧬 Facts About the Bald Eagle:
• Scientific Name: Haliaeetus leucocephalus
• Physical Features:
• White head
• Yellow beak
• Brown body
• Native To: North America
• Iconic individual: Uncle Sam, a 25-year-old bald eagle featured in the article photo

The correct answer is Nepal. 

Key Points

• The 18^th edition of the joint military exercise "Surya Kiran" between India and Nepal took place in Saljhandi, Nepal, from December 31, 2024, to January 13, 2025.
• This annual exercise, which alternates between the two countries, focuses on enhancing interoperability in jungle warfare, counter-terrorism operations in mountainous terrain, and humanitarian assistance under the United Nations Charter.
• The 18^th edition involved a 334-strong Indian Army contingent and a contingent from the Nepal Army represented by the Srijung Battalion.

The correct answer is Option:2 1 only.

Key Points

• Moidam, the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom dynasty, was included in the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2014.
• The Government of India has conferred the status of classical language to Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia.
• Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has approved to confer the status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali languages.
• Maithili is not designated as classical languages.
• Project PARI (Project Appraisal and Review for Infrastructure) is not an initiative of the Ministry of Education but is associated with other sectors such as infrastructure development.
• Since statement 1 is correct, and statements 2 and 3 are incorrect, the only correct statement is Option 2, which is 1 only as per the options provided.

Additional Information

• UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
• UNESCO recognizes sites of cultural or natural significance under its World Heritage program.
• India has several World Heritage sites, including the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Kaziranga National Park.
• The nomination process involves a tentative list, followed by detailed documentation for final consideration.
• Classical Languages of India:
• Criteria for classical language status include antiquity (1500-2000 years), a rich literary tradition, and independent traditions.
• Currently, six languages have been granted classical status in India.
• Ahom Dynasty:
• The Ahom dynasty ruled Assam for nearly 600 years (1228–1826).
• The Moidam burial system is a distinct cultural practice of the Ahoms.
• Project PARI:
• Project PARI is often associated with infrastructure and not educational initiatives.
• Its goal is to streamline project review and appraisal processes in various sectors.

The correct answer is PSLV C57 - DS-SAR.

Key Points

• PSLV C57 was launched by ISRO to deploy the DS-SAR satellite, a synthetic aperture radar satellite developed collaboratively by Singapore and Israel.
• DS-SAR is not associated with the Indian Space Research Organization's (ISRO) primary mission portfolio as ISRO frequently launches satellites for various nations.
• PSLV C57 was intended for commercial purposes under ISRO's commercial arm, Antrix Corporation or NSIL (NewSpace India Limited).
• The matching of PSLV C57 with DS-SAR is incorrect in terms of ISRO's internal mission objectives.
• PSLV missions are frequently utilized for launching both domestic and international satellites, showcasing ISRO's global satellite launch capabilities.

Additional Information

• PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
• PSLV is a third-generation launch vehicle developed by ISRO, known for its versatility and reliability in satellite deployment.
• It is capable of launching satellites into various orbits, such as polar, geostationary transfer, and low Earth orbit.
• PSLV has been used for notable missions like Chandrayaan-1 and Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan).
• SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment)
• SPADEX is an experimental project aimed at developing technologies for autonomous docking in space.
• It supports future human spaceflight missions and space station development by ISRO.
• Proba-3 Mission
• Proba-3 is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission for precise formation flying and solar corona observation.
• It involves two spacecraft flying in tandem to create a solar eclipse for scientific study.
• XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite)
• XPoSat is an ISRO mission dedicated to studying cosmic X-ray sources and their polarization properties.
• It aims to provide insights into the extreme environments of the universe, such as neutron stars and black holes.