CDS English 8 Sep 2019 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• **Accommodate: (**of a building or other area) provide lodging or sufficient space for; house

Other words are spelled incorrectly.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Recommend: put forward (someone or something) with approval as being suitable for a particular purpose or role; advocate; endorse

The other words are incorrectly spelled.

The correct answer is 'Argument'.

Key Points

• Among the given options correct spelling is Argument.
• Let's have a look at the meaning and example of the correctly spelled word.
• Argument(noun)- "a disagreement, or the process of disagreeing". (एक असहमति, या असहमत होने की प्रक्रिया)
• Example: He got into an argument with Jeff in the pub last night.
  
• Hence, the correct option is Option 2).

Additional Information​

• Let's check out some synonyms and antonyms of 'Argument':
• Synonyms: disagreement, quarrel, clash.
• Antonyms: agreement, harmony, peace.

Hint

• Use the elimination method and try to eliminate the options.
• For elimination, search for the easiest word known to you and eliminate the wrong options with the help of that word.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Decisive: the ability to settle an issue, producing a definite result; having or showing the ability to make decisions quickly and effectively'

Other words are incorrectly spelled.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Aggressive: ready or likely to attack or confront, characterized by or resulting from aggression; behaving or done in a determined and forceful way

Other words are incorrectly spelled.

The correct answer is 'Assassination'.

Key Points

• Among the given options correct spelling is Assassination.
• Let's have a look at the meaning and example of the correctly spelled word.
• Assassination(verb)- "to kill someone famous or important". (किसी प्रसिद्ध या महत्वपूर्ण व्यक्ति को मारना)
• Example: A plot to assassinate the president.
• Hence, the correct option is Option 1).

Additional Information​

• Let's check out some synonyms and antonyms of 'Assassination':
• Synonyms: execution, slaughter, murder.
• Antonyms: birth, bear, create.

Hint

• Use the elimination method and try to eliminate the options.
• For elimination, search for the easiest word known to you and eliminate the wrong options with the help of that word.

The correct answer is 'Embarrassment'.

Key Points

• Among the given options correct spelling is **'**Embarrassment'.
• Let's have a look at the meaning and example of the correctly spelled word.
• Embarrassment(noun)- "the feeling of being embarrassed, or something that makes you feel embarrassed". (शर्मिंदा होने की भावना, या कुछ ऐसा जो आपको शर्मिंदा महसूस कराता है)
• Example: She blushed with embarrassment.
• Hence, the correct option is Option 4).

Additional Information​

• Let's check out some synonyms and antonyms of 'Embarrassment':
• Synonyms: destitution, awkwardness, scrape.
• Antonyms: calm, confident, convenience.

Hint

• Use the elimination method and try to eliminate the options.
• For elimination, search for the easiest word known to you and eliminate the wrong options with the help of that word.

The correct answer is- 'Extremely cheap.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Dirt cheap means something that is extremely cheap. (कुछ ऐसा जो बेहद सस्‍ता है।)
• Example: In United Kingdom, carrots are dirt cheap.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'extremely cheap' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Synonyms of the idiom Dirt cheap:
• ​Almost free, At an extremely low cost
• Let's learn more about the given idiom:
• This idiom was first used in 1815–25. This expression literally meaning “as cheap as dirt.” (इस मुहावरे का पहली बार प्रयोग 1815–25 में हुआ था। इस मुहावरे का शाब्दिक अर्थ है "गंदगी जितना सस्ता।")

​The correct answer is- 'A shy person.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• A shrinking violet means an exaggeratedly shy person. (सिकुड़ते वायलेट का अर्थ है बेहद शर्मीला व्यक्ति।)
• Example: I can’t imagine why a dynamic young woman like her is marrying a shrinking violet like him.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'a shy person' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is- 'A difficult problem.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Gordian knot: A complicated problem that can only be solved with creative or unorthodox thinking. (एक जटिल समस्या जिसे केवल रचनात्मक या अपरंपरागत सोच से ही हल किया जा सकता है।) 
• Example: The coding problem looked like a Gordian knot until we realized we could bypass it altogether with a different approach.​
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'A difficult problem' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is- 'To lose control of one's own feelings.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Fall in a heap means to become very emotional, especially sad and perhaps to literally hunch over as a result. (बहुत भावुक हो जाना, विशेष रूप से उदास और शायद परिणामस्वरूप सचमुच झुक जाना।)
• Example: Poor Jane really fell in a heap during the funeral.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'to lose control of one's own feelings' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Synonyms of the idiom Fall in a heap:
• ​Fall, fall down, topple over

The correct answer is- 'To be very angry.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• To have a conniption fit means to become unreasonably angry or upset, to have an outburst of rage, frustration or ill temper. (अनुचित रूप से क्रोधित या परेशान होना, हताशा या क्रोध का प्रकोप होना)
• Example: My mother is going to have a conniption fit when she sees what has happened to the car!
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'to be very angry' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

Synonyms of the idiom to have a conniption fit:​ annoyance, displeasure, exasperation

The correct answer is- 'To be extremely happy.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• To be in seventh heaven means to be in a state of bliss or extreme happiness, ecstatic (आनंद या अत्यधिक खुशी की स्थिति में होना)
• Example: I was in my seventh heaven when I received my promotion letter.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'to be extremely happy' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let's learn about the origin of the given idiom:
• Seventh heaven is known as the highest levels of heaven in the religion of Islam and Judaism. According to Islam and Judaism, the seventh heaven is the place where God resides. (इस्लाम और यहूदी धर्म में सातवें आसमान को स्वर्ग के उच्चतम स्तर के रूप में जाना जाता है। इस्लाम और यहूदी धर्म के अनुसार, सातवां स्वर्ग वह स्थान है जहां भगवान निवास करते हैं)

The correct answer is- 'working together.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Hand in glove means to work very closely with someone or something, in close collusion or association. (किसी के साथ या किसी चीज़ के साथ, निकट मिलीभगत या संगति में काम करना।)
• Example: The terrorists are working hand in glove with the drug traffickers.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'working together' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is- 'Prevent a small problem before it becomes severe.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Nip in the bud: to stop something before it aggravates or becomes difficult or unmanageable; to put an end to an idea in its initial stage (किसी चीज के बढ़ने या मुश्किल या असहनीय होने से पहले उसे रोकना; किसी विचार को उसके प्रारंभिक चरण में समाप्त करना) 
• Example: Inflation will only get worse if the government doesn't do something right now to nip it in the bud.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'prevent a small problem before it becomes severe' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is- 'completely alone.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Like a shag on a rock means someone who is lonely or completely isolated. (कोई व्यक्ति जो अकेला या पूरी तरह से अलग-थलग हो।)
• Example: The car was stuck there like a shag on a rock.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'completely alone' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Let us learn more about the given idiom:
• It is an informal idiom used specifically in Australian English. (यह एक अनौपचारिक मुहावरा है जो विशेष रूप से ऑस्ट्रेलियाई अंग्रेजी में प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Synonyms: Isolated, lonely, stranded, abandoned.

The correct answer is- 'an important piece of advice.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• A pearl of wisdom means a wise saying or a valuable piece of advice. (एक बुद्धिमान कहावत या एक मूल्यवान सलाह।)
• Example: A mother always shares a pearl of wisdom with her daughter.
• By the given meaning and example we can say that 'an important piece of advice' is the appropriate meaning.

Thus option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 1.

The sentence lacks the verb. The correct fit in the sentence will be had.

The sentence is in the past tense and hence options 2 & 3 are incorrect. Hence as per the subject-verb agreement, it is incorrect.

Option 4 usage of 'were' makes the sentence grammatically incorrect.

Other options thus make the sentence grammatically incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Themselves is a reflexive pronoun and stands for the subject of the sentence 'founders of Indian Republic'.

Thus other options are contextually incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 1.

With 'to' we generally use the verb in its bare infinitive form.

Thus build is the correct choice.

The correct answer is Option 1.

In continuation of the sentence, the noun libertarian is the correct fit.

Libertarian means a person who believes in free will. In the context, democratic and civil libertarian society among people....it is the right fit.

The correct answer is Option 2.

'within a' means 'in a confined and defined area'.

.....to undertake economic development within a democratic political structure...makes the sentence grammatically correct.

Other options are grammatically incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Breakthrough means a sudden, dramatic, important development.

Breakout means a forcible escape, especially from prison.

Breaking is a present participle of break.

Break means to separate into pieces as a result of a blow, shock or strain.

Investment: the action or process of investing money for profit.

Thus option 1 fits the blank correctly.

The correct answer is Option 2.

From indicates the start of the time period.

Other options make the sentence grammatically incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 3.

There could be only one democratic and civil libertarian political order.

'Few' refers to more than one.

If we use 'few' the sentence becomes grammatically incorrect, as it must agree with 'order', which is singular.

Thus 'a' is the correct alternative.

The correct answer is Option 3.

The preposition 'on' after the blank takes 'based' as the correct answer choice.

Option 1 is an uncommon usage and also does not fit in the context.

Options 2 & 4 are incorrect, as the usage of these words followed by the preposition makes it an incorrect statement.

The correct answer is Option 1.

The sentence must agree with the verb in the main clause which is 1st person singular present tense.

Options 3 & 4 are incorrect, as the present continuous form of the verb makes it grammatically wrong.

Option 2 is also incorrect as the base form of the verb makes it a misfit.

Thus the correct sentence will be: Ecology, in a very simple  term, is a science that studies the interdependent

The correct answer is Option 2.

Between is used to establish a connection between two things. 'Among' means situated more or less centrally in relation to (several other things).

In the sentence, thus it is the correct fit.

The correct answer is Option 1.

In continuation of the sentence, 'their' refers to physical environment. It is the correct choice of word.

A pronoun is a word used instead of the noun or the noun phrase.

'Their' is a pronoun and used when referring to something. Hence it is the correct usage.

The correct answer is Option 3.

It shows contradiction.

All the other options make the sentence grammatically incorrect and become meaningless.

The correct answer is Option 2.

In continuation of the sentence, the correct blank option is 'were', which is preceded by plural noun 'terms'.

Also it agrees with the conjunction, 'though' in the previous sentence, that it is a matter of the past.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• 'Between' is used, as the passage is discussing the relationship between an organism and its environment (two elements).

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The preposition 'for' is the correct usage.
• For is used in specifying the use of something.
• Here zoologists used 'ethology' term for the study.
• The correct sentence will be: French zoologist I.G. Hilaire used the term 'ethology**' for** the study of the relations of (8) _______ organisms within the family and society in the aggregate and in the community.

The correct answer is Option 1.

A definite article is used before the noun, to refer to something that is specific.

Thus 'the' is the correct usage

The correct answer is Option 2.

'Of' expresses the relationship and possession between two things.

Thus it is the correct usage.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Amount means a quantity of something.

We generally use 'amount' for any uncountable quantity.

Other options make the sentence grammatically incorrect.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Impounded: seized and taken legal custody of something, especially a vehicle, goods or documents because of infringement of a law (कानून के उल्लंघन के कारण किसी चीज, विशेष रूप से वाहन, सामान या दस्तावेजों को जब्त और कानूनी हिरासत में ले लिया)
• Confiscated: taken or seized with authority (अधिकार के साथ लिया या जब्त किया गया)
• Permitted: officially allowed to do something, authorized or allowed (आधिकारिक तौर पर कुछ करने की अनुमति, अधिकृत या अनुमति)
• Sold: given or handed over something in exchange for money (पैसे के बदले में कुछ दिया या दिया)
• Put on hold: temporarily not being dealt with or pursued (अस्थायी रूप से निपटाया या पीछा नहीं किया जा रहा है)

Thus Confiscated is synonymous with Impounded.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Impugned: disputed the truth, validity, or honesty of a statement (एक बयान की सच्चाई, वैधता, या ईमानदारी पर विवाद किया)
• Challenged: used to indicate that someone or something is lacking or deficient in a specified respect (यह इंगित करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है कि किसी व्यक्ति या किसी चीज़ में एक विशिष्ट सम्मान की कमी या कमी है)
• Expelled: officially made (someone) to leave a school or other organization; forced someone to leave a place (आधिकारिक तौर पर (किसी को) स्कूल या अन्य संगठन छोड़ने के लिए; किसी को जगह छोड़ने के लिए मजबूर करना)
• Rewarded: given something to someone in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements (किसी को उनकी सेवाओं, प्रयासों या उपलब्धियों की मान्यता में कुछ दिया)
• Given allowance: a sum of money paid regularly to a person to meet needs or expenses

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Innate: inborn, natural; existing in one from birth, inherent (जन्मजात, प्राकृतिक; जन्म से एक में विद्यमान, अंतर्निहित)
• Biological: (of a member of a person's family) genetically related; related by blood; relating to biology or living organism (जन्मजात, प्राकृतिक; जन्म से एक में विद्यमान, अंतर्निहित)
• Intrinsic: belonging naturally; essential (स्वाभाविक रूप से संबंधित; आवश्यक)
• Extrinsic: not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming or operating from outside, external (किसी या किसी चीज की आवश्यक प्रकृति का हिस्सा नहीं; बाहर से आना या संचालन करना, बाहरी)
• Unnatural: contrary to the ordinary course of nature; abnormal (प्रकृति के सामान्य पाठ्यक्रम के विपरीत; असामान्य)

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Obligatory: required by a legal, moral or other rules; having binding force (कानूनी, नैतिक या अन्य नियमों द्वारा आवश्यक; बाध्यकारी बल होना)
• Compulsory: required by a law or a rule (एक कानून या एक नियम द्वारा आवश्यक)
• Unnecessary: not needed; irrelevant, needless (जरूरत नहीं; अप्रासंगिक, अनावश्यक)
• By chance: a happy coincidence rather than a bad piece of luck (भाग्य के एक बुरे टुकड़े के बजाय एक सुखद संयोग)
• Problematic: consulting or presenting a problem; difficult, hard, troublesome (परामर्श या समस्या प्रस्तुत करना; कठिन, कठिन, परेशानी भरा)

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Betrayal: the action of betraying someone or something; disloyalty, treachery (किसी को या किसी चीज को धोखा देने की क्रिया; विश्वासघात, विश्वासघात)
• Treachery: betrayal of trust; the quality of being deceptive (विश्वास का विश्वासघात; भ्रामक होने का गुण)
• Loyal: giving or showing firm and constant support or allegiance to a person or institution, faithful, true (किसी व्यक्ति या संस्था को दृढ़ और निरंतर समर्थन या निष्ठा देना या दिखाना, वफादार, सच्चा)
• Faithfulness: the quality of being faithful, fidelity, constancy, loyalty (वफादार, निष्ठा, निरंतरता, वफादारी होने का गुण)
• Honesty: the quality of being honest, uprightness, integrity, truthfulness (ईमानदार, ईमानदारी, अखंडता, सच्चाई होने का गुण)

Thus, treachery is synonymous with betrayal.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Narrowest: of small width in relation to length; limited in extent
• Smallest: a superlative degree of the adjective small; of a size that is less than normal or usual
• Wildest: living or growing in the natural environment, not domesticated or cultivated; inhospitable
• Slightly: to a small degree, not considerably
• Thick: (adj) with opposite sides or surfaces that are far or relatively far apart
  

(Noun) the most active or crowded part of something

(adv) in or with deep, dense or heavy mass

Smallest and Narrowest have a similar meaning.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Akin: of similar character; related by blood; related, close
• Similar: having a resemblance in appearance, character or quantity; without being identical
• Removed: take away something off from the position occupied; detach; pull out
• Narrow: of small width in relation to the length
• Unparallel: not straight or parallel; uneven, not equal

Similar is synonymous with Akin.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Attributed: regard something as caused by, ascribe, assign
• Ascribed: regard something as being due to, assign, accredit
• Disapproved: have or express an unfavourable opinion; officially refuse to agree to
• Unofficial: not officially authorized or confirmed, unauthenticated, unconfirmed
• Tribute: an act,statement or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect or admiration

Attributed is synonymous with Ascribed.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Acquiring: buying or obtaining (an asset or object) for oneself; learning or developing (a skill, habit, or quality).

Obtain: get, acquire, or secure (something); be prevalent, customary, or established.

Lose: be deprived of or cease to have or retain (something); become unable to find (something or someone).

Giving: providing love or other emotional support; caring.

Thinking: the process of considering or reasoning about something; he process of considering or reasoning about something.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• Desired: strongly wished for or intended
• Wish for: feel or express a strong desire or hope for something, desire, want
• Disliked: feel distaste for or hostility towards
• Unlikely: not likely to happen, be done, or be true; improbable
• Asked for: say something in order to obtain an answer or some information; a demand or situation that requires a specified degree of effort or commitment.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Sentence 1 is an introduction mantra statement stating "Refuse to be miserable".
• RS as a pair starts the sentence as it talks about two aspects of life - painful or sorrowful and to be happy one needs to find occasions to be cheerful.
• P follows S. It gives a learning statement to the readers, stating that responsibility comes to those who feel responsible.
• Q follows it and talks about challenges and opportunities and tells about how one can turn failures into success.
• S6 thus is the conclusion that this is the art of right contact in life.

Thus the correct sentence order is S1 RSPQ S6.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points:-

• The given para jumble talks about Gandhiji's agitation and his actions during the agitation.
• S1 is an introduction stating that Gandhiji had reached Newcastle and took charge of agitation.
• Q further talks about the statement about how the employers retaliated and left their home.
• R then follows, where Gandhiji marched over the army of over 2000 people with the intention of seeing them in jail.
• P follows R, which mentions about the action taken against Gandhiji wherein he was arrested twice and sent to jail.
• S talks about high morals of the workers where they continued the march and sent to jail.
• S6 thus is a fitting conclusion about the treatment given to the retaliators.
  

Thus the correct sequence of the para jumble is S1 QRPS S6.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e SRQP

Key Points

• S1 gives an introduction about how socialism resulted in the industrial revolution.
• S tells about how the Industrial Revolution solved the question of production.
• R follows S stating that the solved question of production created a new wealth that went only to a minority and how it couldn't solve the question of distribution.
• Q elaborates on how the question of distribution created the gulf between the 'haves' and the 'have not' that continued to increase and how disputes sprang out of this gap.
• P explains how socialism was a direct challenge to this divide creating capitalism and how it sought to end such an exploitative economic structure.
• S6 gives a fitting conclusion stating how socialism came into being.

Thus the correct order is S1 SRQP S6. Therefore Option 2.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

The para jumble highlights the role of institutions for humans and society in general.

• S1 gives an introduction to the role of institutions with regard to human behaviour.
• P further tells us that the institutions set a relationship between their members and themselves.
• S states that it provides a sense of order and predictability.
• R follows immediately which connects the power and privilege and states that it can be transformed by politics produced by them, thus affecting the social norms.
• Q at the end shapes preferences and power.
• S6 thus concludes the idea and shows its importance to nurture democracy.

Thus the correct order is S1 PSRQ S6.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

The given para jumble gives information about idioms and their usage and meaning.

• S1 is an introduction to the idea of idioms and that it is a fascinating aspect of a language.
• Q states that it is used in languages and also when one communicates through various mediums - formal or informal, written or spoken.
• P tells how one's language skills improve when they understand idioms and use them confidently.
• S throws light on the fact, that sometimes the words of the idioms might be difficult to decipher the meaning.
• R strongly states that idioms carry a strong meaning than non-idiomatic expressions.
• S6 concludes and suggests that the attitude of people can be determined.

Thus the correct sequencing of the para jumble is S1 QPSR S6.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

The para jumble talks about organisms and it's adaptability in the environment.​

• S1 is an introduction to the topic.
• R gives information about how nutrition differs depending on the availability of food material.
• Q gives an instance of the idea talked about in a sentence P.
• P says that there is a range of strategies on how food is taken.
• S gives information about types of organisms and their system of the breakdown of food
• S6 as a fitting conclusion states that it is all dependent on the design and functioning.

Thus the correct sequence is S1 RQPS S6.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• S1 are introductory lines by statue and his history.
• Q elaborates about the place where the statue lived.
• S gives details about the activities throughout the day.
• R is a further extension of sentence S and tells why he was called Happy Prince.
• P gives information about how he died.
• S6 thus is a conclusion given by the statute himself. He witnesses the reality of ugliness and miseries and says that his heart weeps though it is made of lead.

Thus the correct sequence is S1 QSRP S6.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

The para jumble is a short conversation between the wolf and a little girl.

• S1 is an introduction to where the mother asks her daughter to pay a visit to her grandmother.
• S gives information about the daughter's immediate step to visit her grandmother
• R informs that she encounters a wolf who was determined to eat her.
• PQ is a dialogue between the wolf and the grand-daughter and she explains where she is going and what she had with her.
• S6 is an interrogative statement by the wolf. Thus it ends here.

Thus the correct sequence is S1 SRPQ S6.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points​

• S1 introduces the topic of the author's wish/quench to look for a man-eater.
• Q further describes the jungle scene and the road nearby where he saw tigers moving towards him.
• P is a fitting line where the author regrets his impulse at the man-eater's mercy.
• SR describes the scene where the author was and that he lacked the courage to return home and was frightened too.
• S6 concludes and tells about how the men found him which also shows that the author was too scared.

Thus the correct sequence is S1 QPSR S6.

The correct answer is Option 1.

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

A Preposition usually precedes a noun or a pronoun and expresses a relation to another word or element in the clause.

Eg: The book is on (preposition) the table.

An Adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.

Eg: A unique (adjective) painting

An Adverb is a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

Eg: Madhuri danced gracefully (adverb).

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. Adverb

The underlined word abruptly which is an adverb means suddenly and unexpectedly. For example, the film ends rather abruptly.

• As we have to identify the parts of speech of the word, we need to know what is the significance of parts of speech.
• Parts of Speech:
• A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions.
• In English the main parts of speech are **noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.**​

​

Let's understand the definitions of the parts of speech given in options with examples:

As the word 'abruptly' is modifying the verb 'ended', abruptly will be categorized as an adverb.

• There is another way to recognize an adverb i.e. the words ending with -ly are adverbs most of the time.
• Example: Swiftly, abruptly, angrily, etc.
• Note: there are a few exceptions as well. E.g. Cowardly, scholarly, leisurely, miserly, niggardly, etc.

The correct answer is Option 3.

A Preposition usually precedes a noun or a pronoun and expresses a relation to another word or element in the clause.

Eg: The book is on (preposition) the table.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Eg: He (pronoun) is Raman's brother.

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

A Noun is a word used to identify any of a class of people, places or things

Eg: Mumbai (Proper Noun) is the capital city of Maharashtra

The correct answer is Option 3.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.

Eg: The painting is beautiful but (conjunction) has some defects.

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

A Preposition usually precedes a noun or a pronoun and expresses a relation to another word or element in the clause.

Eg: The book is on (preposition) the table.

An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion.

Eg: Alas! I finished all my money.

The correct answer is Option 4.

An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverbs, or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

Eg: Madhuri danced gracefully (adverb).

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

An Adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.

Eg: A unique (adjective) painting

A Noun is a word used to identify any of a class of people, places or things

Eg: Priyanka (Proper Noun) is a sincere girl.

The correct answer is Option 1.

An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion.

Eg: Alas! I finished all my money.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.

Eg: The painting is beautiful but (conjunction) has some defects.

A Noun is a word used to identify any of a class of people, places or things

Eg: Priyanka (Proper Noun) is a sincere girl.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Eg: He (pronoun) is Raman's brother.

The correct answer is Option 4.

An Adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.

Eg: A unique (adjective) painting

An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverbs, or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

Eg: Madhuri danced gracefully (adverb)

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Eg: He (pronoun) is Raman's brother.

The correct answer is Option 4.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Eg: He (3rd person pronoun) is Raman's brother.

Pronouns where -self is added, is called Reflexive Pronoun.

Eg: He hurt himself (reflexive pronoun)

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

A Noun is a word used to identify any of a class of people, places or things

Eg: Priyanka (Proper Noun) is a sincere girl.

An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverbs, or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

Eg: Madhuri danced gracefully (adverb).

The correct answer is Option 4.

A Preposition usually precedes a noun or a pronoun and expresses a relation to another word or element in the clause.

Eg: The book is on (preposition) the table.

To have a clear meaning, we can even ask the question, 'how did he walk?'

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverbs, or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

Eg: Madhuri danced gracefully (adverb).

An Adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.

Eg: A unique (adjective) painting

The correct answer is Option 1.

An Adverb is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverbs, or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

Eg: Madhuri danced gracefully (adverb).

An Adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.

Eg: A unique (adjective) painting

A Verb describes an action, state or occurrence and forms the main part of the predicate

Eg: She works (verb) on her laptop

A Noun is a word used to identify any of a class of people, places or things

Eg: Priyanka (Proper Noun) is a sincere girl.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Beauty: a combination of qualities, such as shape, colour, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight. (गुणों का एक संयोजन, जैसे आकार, रंग या रूप, जो सौंदर्य इंद्रियों को प्रसन्न करता है, विशेष रूप से दृष्टि)
• Inelegance: the quality or state of being inelegant; lack of elegance, ungrateful (सुरुचिपूर्ण होने की गुणवत्ता या अवस्था; लालित्य की कमी, कृतघ्न)

The other words are synonyms.

• Allure: the quality of being powerfully and mysteriously attractive or fascinating (शक्तिशाली और रहस्यमय तरीके से आकर्षक या आकर्षक होने का गुण)
• Charm: the power or quality of delighting, attracting, or fascinating others (दूसरों को प्रसन्न करने, आकर्षित करने या आकर्षित करने की शक्ति या गुण)
• Ideal: satisfying one's conception of what is perfect; most suitable.; a person or thing regarded as perfect (जो सही है उसकी अवधारणा को संतुष्ट करना; सबसे उपयुक्त।; एक व्यक्ति या वस्तु जिसे संपूर्ण माना जाता है)

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Vulnerable: exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. (शारीरिक या भावनात्मक रूप से हमला या नुकसान होने की संभावना के संपर्क में)
• Impervious: unable to be affected by (से प्रभावित होने में असमर्थ)

Other words are synonymous.

• Imperious: arrogant and domineering. (अभिमानी और दबंग)
• Helpless: unable to defend oneself or to act without help. (स्वयं का बचाव करने या सहायता के बिना कार्य करने में असमर्थ unable)
• Defenseless: without defence or protection; totally vulnerable. (रक्षा या सुरक्षा के बिना; पूरी तरह से कमजोर)

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Daunting: seeming difficult to deal with in prospect; intimidating (संभावना से निपटने के लिए मुश्किल लग रहा है; डराना)
• Encouraging: giving someone support or confidence; supportive. (किसी को समर्थन या विश्वास देना; सहायक)
• Uncomfortable: causing or feeling slight pain or physical discomfort (हल्का दर्द या शारीरिक परेशानी पैदा करना या महसूस करना)
• Demoralizing: causing someone to lose confidence or hope; disheartening (किसी का विश्वास या आशा खोने का कारण; बेहद निराशाजनक)
• Off-putting: unpleasant, disconcerting, or repellent. (अप्रिय, विचलित करने वाला, या विकर्षक)

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Intimidation: the action of intimidating someone, or the state of being intimidated, frightened, or scared (किसी को डराने-धमकाने की क्रिया, या डराने-धमकाने की अवस्था या भाव)
• Wiles: devious or cunning stratagems employed in manipulating or persuading someone to do what one wants. (कुटिल या धूर्त चालें जो किसी को वह करने के लिए प्रेरित या राजी करने में नियोजित हैं जो वह चाहता है)
• Conviction: a formal declaration by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law that someone is guilty of a criminal offence, judgment (जूरी के फैसले या अदालत में न्यायाधीश के फैसले द्वारा औपचारिक घोषणा कि कोई आपराधिक अपराध का दोषी है, निर्णय)
• Persuasion: the action or process of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something. (किसी को मनाने या कुछ करने या विश्वास करने के लिए राजी करने की क्रिया या प्रक्रिया।)
• Support: bear all or part of the weight of; hold up; give assistance to, especially financially (के वजन का पूरा या कुछ हिस्सा वहन करें; लूट; को सहायता देना, विशेष रूप से आर्थिक रूप से)

Thus, Intimidation and Persuasion are near antonyms.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• Constrain: compel or force (someone) to follow a particular course of action. (कार्रवाई के किसी विशेष पाठ्यक्रम का पालन करने के लिए मजबूर या बल (किसी को)।)
• Restrict: put a limit on; keep under control; deprive (someone or something) of freedom of movement or action (एक सीमा रखो; नियंत्रित रखना; आंदोलन या कार्रवाई की स्वतंत्रता से वंचित (किसी या कुछ))
• Oblige: make (someone) legally or morally bound to do something; be indebted or grateful; compel, bind ((किसी को) कानूनी या नैतिक रूप से कुछ करने के लिए बाध्य करना; ऋणी या आभारी होना; विवश करना, बांधना)
• Pressure: the continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it; the use of persuasion or intimidation to make someone do something (किसी वस्तु के संपर्क में आने से उस पर या उसके विरुद्ध निरंतर शारीरिक बल; किसी को कुछ करने के लिए मनाने या डराने-धमकाने का प्रयोग)
• Support: bear all or part of the weight of; hold up; give assistance to, especially financially (के वजन का पूरा या कुछ हिस्सा वहन करें; लूट; को सहायता देना, विशेष रूप से आर्थिक रूप से)

The correct answer is Option 2.

• Plausible: (of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable
• Acceptable: able to be agreed on; suitable.able to be tolerated or allowed
• Unthinkable: (of a situation or event) too unlikely or undesirable to be considered a possibility.
• Solvable: susceptible of solution or of being solved
• Believable: able to be believed; credible; convincing or realistic.

The correct answer is Option 2.

• Plaintive: sounding sad and mournful
• Gleeful: exuberantly or triumphantly joyful, delighted, pleased
• Melancholic: feeling or expressing pensive sadness; suffering from or denoting a severe form of depression.
• Doleful: expressing sorrow; mournful
• Adventurous: willing to take risks or to try out new methods, ideas, or experiences.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• Discord: disagreement between people; lack of harmony between notes sounding together.
• Accord: give or grant someone (power, status, or recognition); an official agreement or treaty.
• Dissension: disagreement that leads to discord.
• Dispute: a disagreement or argument; compete for; strive to win
• Friction: conflict or animosity caused by a clash of wills, temperaments, or opinions; the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

1 is the antonym of Option 2, 3 & 4.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• Insolent: showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect
• Respectful: feeling or showing deference and respect.
• Autocratic: relating to a ruler who has absolute power
• Impudent: not showing due respect for another person; impertinent.
• Thought provoking: stimulating careful consideration or attention.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• Incessant: (of something regarded as unpleasant) continuing without pause or interruption.
• Sporadic: occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated.
• Persistent: continuing firmly or obstinately in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition.
• Continual: forming a sequence in which the same action or event is repeated frequently; having no interruptions
• Ceaseless: constant and unending.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
  
• A preposition is always followed by a noun or a pronoun. Eg: The book is on the table.
  

Thus S which starts with the preposition 'for' is incorrect to begin the sentence with.

• P does not agree under the subject-verb agreement, as company is the subject, which is singular and the verb is plural. Hence it does not make the sentence meaningful, as an introduction.
• Q cannot come first, as it cannot be followed by any other given sentence. So it will come in the end.
• R introduces us to the subject 'Employees' and this is the correct beginning of the sentence.
• P is followed by R, which is grammatically correct. It relates to the employees leaving the company. The tense now is a proper match.
• SQ follows, relating to employee's opinions during interviews.

The correct sentence will be: Employees who are leaving the company are often asked for their opinions during the formal or informal interviews.

The sequence of events is followed in the structure and all ideas are contextually and structurally correct.

When forming and combining the other options the logical sequence becomes wrong and is a misfit.

The correct answer is Option 2.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• A conjunction is used when we join two sentences or words. Thus it comes in the middle of the sentence.
  

Eg: She dances and sings well.

Thus R cannot be the start of the sentence.

• S lacks as a subject, and hence cannot be the introductory part of the sentence.
• QS forms a pair which is introduced through a pronoun 'there', which acts as the subject followed by the object of the preposition 'heavy rains...'
• R is followed by the pair QS with the conjunction 'while'.
• P is followed in the end with the contradiction of 'hailstorm activity'.
• Thus the correct order is QSRP- There is a possibility of heavy rain towards the weekend while there could be a hailstorm activity in the evenings.

While framing these parts, the sentence now fits in grammatically, contextually and structurally correct.

When we try to frame the other options, the sequence of the events do not match and is grammatically wrong.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• A sentence cannot start with the present perfect tense. It is always followed by a noun or a pronoun. Eg: She has been the monitor for 5 years. Thus we can say that the sentence will not start with P
• A preposition is always followed by a noun or pronoun. It is not used at the beginning of the sentence. Eg: The book is in the drawer.
  

Thus R is also ruled out as the introductory part of the sentence.

• A conjunction is used to join words or sentences. Eg: She reads stories and poetry.
  

Thus S is also ruled out as the introductory part of the sentence.

• Q introduces the sentence with the subject 'The minimum temperature'. This is the correct logical start of the sentence.
• As the subject-verb-object order, P rightly follows Q which relates the sentence 'The minimum temperature has been....'
• SR follows QP which further tells us about the record of the rain and hailstorm activity and where.
• Thus the correct sequence is QPSR- The minimum temperature has been below normal since last week when rain and hailstorm activity recorded in some part of the city.
  

The sentence fits grammatically and structurally. While framing with the other options it does not fit.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• A preposition is always followed by a noun or pronoun. It is not used at the beginning of the sentence. Eg: The book is in the drawer.
  

Thus P and Q are ruled out as the introductory part of the sentence.

• A sentence cannot start with a tense. It is always followed by a noun or a pronoun, with the sentence order of Subject-verb-object. Eg: She has been the monitor for 5 years. Thus we can say that the sentence will not start with R.
• Thus S is the introductory part of the sentence.
• S is followed by PR referring to why the selection committee was held.
• Q is then followed by PR as to where the selection committee was held.
• Thus the correct order is SPRQ- A Selection Committee meeting for guest teachers was also held in the department of Biotechnology.

The ordering of words and ideas is now grammatically and contextually correct.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is RSQP

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• A preposition is always followed by a noun or pronoun. It is not used at the beginning of the sentence. Eg: The book is in the drawer.
  

Thus S is ruled out as the introductory part of the sentence.

• R is introduced as the subject of the sentence. It starts with the conjunction 'application', states the subject matter of the sentence, and begins it.
• S follows R. It gives us further information regarding which group is sought for deployment.
• QP as a pair follows RS as QP talks about the position and the work location of the position mentioned, thereby concluding the sentence.
• Thus the correct order is RSQP- 

 Applications are invited in a prescribed format from Indian Nationals for deployment as Teacher of Indian Culture for two years for contractual assignment at Cultural Centres abroad

The ordering of words and ideas is now grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. SRQP

• While arranging the parts of the sentence given in options, we have to find some connections between them.
• Usually, a conjunction is used to connect words and phrases so usually it comes in the mid of the sentence, e.g. "He broke his leg while playing in the ground."
• Parts 'P' and 'R' start with the conjunction 'while', so we can say that the sentence will not start with P and R and also in both the parts pronoun 'they' is used which shows that there must some noun for which the pronoun 'they' is used here.
• 'While' is used in the context of during the time that; at the same time as and it also gives a sense of contradiction.
• Part Q starts with 'and', so it can also not be the first part.
• Hence, we can say that the sentence will start with 'S' and will be followed by 'R' as 'difficult' and 'easy' are contradictory to each other. Now, Q will come after R as it will connect with R with the conjunction 'and' and at last 'P' comes as great and small are contradictory to each other.
• Thus, the correct order is SRQP.
  

correct sentence: "Do the difficult things while they are easy and do the great things while they are small." 

It is a famous quote by Lao Tzu.

The correct answer is Option 2.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• A sentence cannot start with a conjunction. It is used to join words or sentences. Eg: She reads stories and poetry.
  

Thus P is ruled out as the introductory part of the sentence.

• R at the beginning of the sentence is incorrect, as it does not have any reference of the previous part of the sentence. Thus, R is ruled out.
• Similarly, to have S in the introductory part of the sentence seems incorrect as it does not have a subject. It surely means there has to be some reference to the subject.
• The subject is introduced in Q with 2nd person pronoun 'you'. Can't must be followed by a verb, which is rightly S.
• P and Q are incorrect as it negative helping verb cannot be followed by a cnjunction or a preposition.
• P shows a relation, a condition with the conjunction 'then'. With a conditional clause, it must show the effect, like 'if this then this'
• Thus R is the correct effect referred to in the sentence.
• Thus the correct order si QSPR- If you can't handle me at my worst then you sure don't deserve me at my best.

The ordering of words and ideas is grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is Option 4.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• Q cannot be used in the beginning of the sentence, as 'than' is a comparative adjective. It is usually used to compare things or objects of the same proportion or value.
  

Eg: Mohit is clever than Amit.

• Also, Q has the part 'you did do' which means that there has to be a point of reference. Thus Q is ruled out.
• R can also not be used in the first part of the sentence, as it starts with the conjunction 'by'. Also, R has the part 'you didn't do' which means that there has to be a point of reference. Thus R is ruled out.
• A sentence cannot start with a conjunction. It is used to join words or sentences. Eg: She reads stories and poetry.
• S gives a proper introduction to the sentence, as it refers to the time period 20 years and what will happen after that. It is rightly P that is followed.
• Since it talks about disappointment, from a period after 20 years, it can be said that SP follows as a pair.
• As mentioned above, Q needs to have something to be compared. We are now left with R**.** Sequentially, R follows.
• Q gives a logical end to the sentence with the conditional part starting with 'than'.
• Thus the correct order is SPRQ - Twenty years from now, you will be more disappointed by the things you didn't do than by the ones you did do.

The ordering of words is now grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is Option 4.

• While arranging the parts of the sentence, a contextual and grammatical connection must be established.
• P lacks an indefinite article 'A'. Thus P is ruled out as the beginning of the sentence.
• Option 4, as it says QS is an incomplete sentence. It does not mean anything grammatically.
• Option 2 is also incorrect as the part of the sentence cannot have two phrases without a verb or conjunction joining it.
  

Eg: *A successful a firm foundation with the bricks....

• To join RQ, conjunction is required which is not mentioned in the sentence. Thus Option 2 is ruled out.
• Thus, R is the correct beginning of the sentence.
• P is the complement of the adjective 'successful' in R. Thus, P follows R.
• After verb 'lay' the correct phrase that makes the sentence correct is Q. Thus Q follows P.
• S gives a logical end to the sentence and makes the sentence grammatically correct.
  

Thus RPQS is the correct order. A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have thrown at him.

The ordering of words and ideas is grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• While connecting the parts of the sentence, it is important to establish a connection grammatically and contextually.
• S and P are incorrect beginning of the sentence. The ordering of words is wrong. It must be supported by the subject, which is lacked in these parts.
• A sentence never begins with a conjunction. It must be backed with a phrase or an idea in the previous part of the sentence.
  

Eg: *But we know not what we are what me may be we know.

Thus option Q is ruled out.

• Conjunction joins the words and the sentences. Eg: Sita played well, despite an injury in the ankle.
• R is the correct beginning as it refers to the subject 3rd person plural pronoun 'we'. The verb 'know' must be followed by the object in the present tense. This is satisfied by S.
• Q is followed by S**. 'But' shows a contradiction.** It states that we know what we are, but we may know not....
• P is then followed by Q. It gives an end to the sentence. As Q shows an incompleteness in the sentence.

Thus the correct order is RSQP - We know what we are but we know not what we may be.

The ordering of words and ideas is NOW grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is Option 3.

• While ordering the parts of the sentences, it is important to establish a connection between them.
• As Option 2 states SPQR, the ordering of the sentence is incorrect. Though it can be assumed that 'you' is the subject of part S, it does not convey the meaning further when combined with R at the end. It is a meaningless statement.
• A sentence starting with a negative marker acts as a conditional sentence.
  

Eg: Not studying for the entire day, he still managed to pass the exam.

• As Option 4 states QSRP, there is no logical connection between R & P. Thus it is ruled out.
• 'For' here is a preposition. A preposition is followed by a noun or a verb. Thus Option 1 is ruled out.
• Thus the correct order is RQSP- If you are not willing to risk the unusual you will have to settle for the ordinary.
• It is a conditional statement.

The ordering of words and ideas is now grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is Option 2.

• While rearranging the parts of the sentence, it is important to establish a connection between them.
• A sentence cannot start with a preposition. It must be followed by a noun or a pronoun. Eg: The book is in the drawer.
  

Thus R cannot be the introductory part of the sentence.

• The sentence cannot start with P or Q as the options do not state.
• Following S is the logical beginning of the sentence, as it introduces to the subject 'he'.
• Q is then followed as it relates to the verb 'regard'.
• PR follows Q which gives a logical end to the sentence.
• Thus the correct order is SQPR-  He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping stones for the next advance.

The ordering of words and ideas is grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• While ordering the parts of the sentences, it is important to establish a connection between them.
• A sentence cannot begin with a conjunction. It joins the words and sentences. Eg: She sings and dances well.
  

Thus Q is ruled out.

• A preposition is followed by noun and a pronoun. It cannot be used in the beginning of the sentence. Eg: The book is on the table.
  

Thus R is ruled out.

• A sentence cannot begin with a tense. It follows the order of the subject-verb-object. Eg: The children have books with them.
  

Thus P is ruled out.

• S is the only option that marks the introduction to the sentence.
• P follows S which marks the perfect tense verb 'have'
• Influence is followed by the preposition 'on'. Thus R follows P.
• Finally, we have Q at the end which is a continuation of P.
• Thus the correct order is SPRQ- Events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives and they often shape our personality.
  

The ordering of words and ideas is now grammatically and contextually correct. It gives the proper meaning of the sentence.

While trying to reorder with the other options, it gives a wrong sentence which is grammatically incorrect too.

The correct answer is- 'in human society innumerable problems.'

Key Points

• The error is in the last part of the sentence 'in human society innumerable problems*.'*
• It should be replaced with innumerable problems in human society.
• The order of words has to be interchanged to make the sentence correct.
• In the given sentence, it talks about something being caused (innumerable problems) and hence it should come first followed by to whom it has happened (human society).

Thus the correct sentence will be: Experience has shown that the change-over from a closed economy to a mercantile economy has presented innumerable problems in human society.

Additional Information

• Let's learn the meaning of the word innumerable:
• The word innumerable is an adjective and it means too many to be counted.
• Example: The project has been delayed by innumerable problems.
• Synonyms: Countless, Frequent, Numerous

The correct answer is- **'**and consumed all it produces.'

Key Points

• The error is in the last part of the sentence 'and consumed all it produces.'
• The sentence is in the present tense and hence the second form of the verb (consumed) is incorrect.
• The verb should be used in the present tense (consume) in accordance with the entire statement.
• Thus option 4 is the correct answer.

Hence, the correct sentence will be: A closed economy is identified as a human community that produces all it consumes and consumes all it produces.

Additional Information

• Let's understand the meaning of the word 'consume':
• The word consume is a verb and its meaning is to use fuel, energy, or time, especially in large amounts.
• Example: Our high living standards cause our current population to consume 25 per cent of the world's oil.
• ​Synonyms: Deplete, Drain, Expend

The correct answer is- **'**against all metals'.

Key Points

• The error is in the last part of the sentence 'against all metals'.
• The preposition 'of' is used when referring to or relating to something.
• Iron is metal itself and contextually the sentence means that iron is the most useful among all the metals.
• To make the sentence correct against must be replaced with Of.
• Hence option 3 is the correct answer.

Thus the correct sentence will be: Iron is the most useful of all metals.

Additional Information

• Let's understand the use of against:
• Against is a preposition and it means in opposition to; disagreeing with a plan or activity.
• Example: I know you’d like to get a more expensive car, but I’m against it.

The correct answer is- **'**largest cotton centre.'

Key Points

• The error is in the second part of the sentence 'largest cotton centre' as the definite article 'the' is missing.
• The definite article 'the' is used with a superlative degree.
• ​Example: He is the tallest boy in the class.
• Hence option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence will be: Mumbai is the largest cotton centre in the country.

Additional Information

• Let's learn more about the use of article the:
• The definite article 'the' is also used when we write ordinal numbers in a sentence.
• Example: She was the first girl to enter the class.

The correct answer is **'**While every care have been taken.'

Key Points

• The error lies in the first part of the sentence 'while every care have been taken.'
• In the given sentence the subject 'care' is an abstract noun, so it will be followed by a singular verb (has).
• The plural verb (have) is incorrectly used in the given sentence. It must be replaced with 'has' to make the sentence correct.
• Hence option 1 is the correct answer.

Thus the correct sentence will be: While every care has been taken in preparing the results, the company reserves the right to correct any inadvertent errors at a later stage.

Additional Information

• Let's understand the use of 'each' and 'every' :
• When a noun is qualified by 'each' or 'every', it is followed by a singular verb. Even if the two nouns so qualified are connected by 'and,' the verb must still be singular.
• Example: Every boy and girl was filled with joy.

The correct answer is- **'**My sister and me are'.

Key Points

• The error is in the first part of the sentence 'My sister and me are.'
• 'Me' is an objective case of the pronoun 'I'. So that we can say that it is incorrect here because we need a subjective case.
• So it must be replaced with the subjective case 'I' to make the sentence correct.
• Hence option 1 is the correct answer.

Thus the correct sentence will be: My sister and I are planning a trip from Jaipur to Delhi.

Additional Information

• Let's understand the subjective and objective case of pronoun:
• Subjective case: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
• Objective case: Me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them

The correct answer is- 'Still seems happily' 

Key Points

• The usage of 'happily' is incorrect in the given sentence.
• To make the sentence correct replace the adverb 'happily' with the adjective 'happy'.
• According to the rule of grammar**, seems** is a linking verb and with a linking verb, we need to write an adjective (happy) and not an adverb (happily).
• Let's see an example:
• The eggs smell rotten. (here 'rotten' is an adjective)

So the correct sentence is: Despite the thrill of winning the lottery last week, my neighbour still seems happy.

Additional Information

• Let's learn more about linking verbs:
• Linking verbs are not followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by subject complement which gives extra information about the subject.
• Some linking verbs are 'appear, feel, look, seem, sound, etc.'
• Example: A face appears at the window.