CDS English 2 Feb 2020 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Agriculture has always been part of all civilizations.

• The passage begins by saying that Not all agricultural societies become civilizations,  but all civilizations must begin as agricultural societies.
• Options 2, 3 and 4 are not true, given the above statement.
• Only option 1 gives the true statement, giving the roots of civilizations in agriculture.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., people were needed to build monuments, weapons, jewellery, etc.

• The passage states that as agricultural productivity increased, there was no need to engage a lot of people in agriculture alone.
• This meant that people were freed to engage in other new things, such as building monuments, weapons, jewellery, etc.
• This is only reflected by option 2.
• Options 1, 3 and 4 do not give the appropriate reasons.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Societies which achieved high productivity in agriculture had the opportunity to find time for other work.

• According to the passage, only the agrarian societies which evolved to high productivity state and then found ways to engage the freed up people to do new things became civilizations.
• So, this means in order for an agrarian society to become a civilization, it had to achieve a) high productivity that would free people and b) ways to engage the free people to do new things.
• These conditions are only reflected by option 1.
• None of the other options give a satisfactory answer.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., ideologies, hierarchies and power structures.

• As per the passage, in order to convince groups of people to engage in new lines of work, new ideologies and new hierarchies or power structures emerged.
• This is only shown by option 2.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Transitioned.

Meanings of the given words:

Transitioned- undergo or cause to undergo a process or period of change.

Channel- direct towards a particular end or object.

Coerce- persuade (an unwilling person) to do something by using force or threats.

Hierarchies- a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.

Out of these, only Transitioned means 'changeover'.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Readers assume that everything they read will have new information.

• The passage talks about how readers approach every new article/book with preconceived notions about it and already expect something from it.
• The first three options support this line of thinking that is presented by the author of the passage.
• Only option 4 talks about readers having an assumption about finding new information when reading something new. According to the passage, this is not true.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., we may not get the actual ideas of the author.

• The passage states that readers may already have expectations regarding what information is in a new article; which may blind us to what the author is actually saying.
• This means, that we may not actually understand the author at all; if we hold on to what we expect from the author.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., break the routine of reading the same newspaper.

Key Points

• According to the passage, reading the same newspapers, magazines, etc., creates a routine.
• In order to improve our reading habits, we need to break this routine of reading the same newspapers, articles and authors etc.
• This is only reflected by option 3.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Being objective to the ideas of the author.

• According to the passage, the author is asking readers to examine the way in which they read and approach reading.
• In order to do this, the author suggests that the readers should break out of the routine of reading the same things and not having any prior expectations regarding any new article.
• Options 2, 3 and 4 reiterate the habitual pattern of reading that author is discouraging.
• Only option 1, which talks about being open and objective to the ideas of an author is what the passage is trying to indicate.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Perspectives.

Let's look at the meanings of the given words:

Preconceptions- An expectation or assumption regarding something

Predispositions- a liability or tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way. 

Pattern- a repeated decorative design.

Perspectives- a particular attitude towards or way of regarding something; a point of view. 

Out of these words, only Perspectives means viewpoints.

The correct answer is 'starting melting.'

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (c) of the sentence.
• 'Starting melting' is the incorrect verb form with two present participles.
• This does not make the sentence meaningful.
• Given the context, the correct verb here could be present continuous 'is starting to melt' or the present perfect 'has started to melt.'
• Therefore, the use of 'starting melting' in Part (c) of the sentence should be replaced with 'is starting to melt/has started to melt' to make it grammatically correct.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'starting melting.'

The Correct Sentence: After mysteriously expanding for decades Antarctica’s sea ice cover is starting to melt/ has started to melt.  

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'mysteriously' is in a way that is difficult or impossible to understand, explain, or identify.
• Example: H**er boyfriend mysteriously disappeared.

The correct answer is '(c).'

Key Points

• The error lies in part (c) of the sentence.
• The word multiple is an adjective and adjectives are normally placed before nouns and this is known as the modifier or attributive position.
• Priced is a verb and it should be replaced by the noun 'price.'
• Hence, 'multiple price' is the correct construction.
• ​Correct sentence: The auction, conducted by the bank, will be price based using multiple price methods.

Additional Information    

• The past indefinite tense, also known as simple past tense, is used to indicate a finished or completed action/task that occurred/happened at a specific point in time in the past. 
• Structure: Subject + verb in the past form + . . . . . + adverb of time + . . . . .
• Example: I ate a mango a few minutes ago.

Hinglish

• त्रुटि भाग part (c) में निहित है।​
• Word multiple एक विशेषण है और विशेषण सामान्य रूप से संज्ञा से पहले रखे जाते हैं और इसे संशोधक या गुणकारी स्थिति के रूप में जाना जाता है।
• Priced एक verb है और इसे noun 'price' से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए।
• इसलिए, 'multiple price' सही रचना है।​

The correct answer is 'If the scheme would have been implemented.'

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (A) of the sentence.
• In Part (A) of the sentence, the use of the modal verb 'would have been' is incorrect.
• Since the sentence begins with the conjunction 'if,' it means that it is talking about a possibility of a change 'in the past' that could have changed the future.
• The future indicated here is shown by using modal verbs; while the past possibility is indicated by using 'past perfect tense.'
• Example:  If I had studied, I would have passed.
• So, in this case, the correct verb form is the past perfect 'had been implemented.'
• Therefore, the use of 'would have' in Part (A) of the sentence should be replaced with 'had ' to make it grammatically correct.

The Correct Sentence: If the scheme had been implemented effectively all affected would have been better off.    

Additional Information

• The meaning of the phrase 'better off' is in a more desirable or advantageous position, especially in financial terms.
• Example: *He is better off without his wife at such parties.*​

The correct answer is 'safety, liquidity and attractive returned.'

Key Points

• The error lies in Part (B) of the sentence.
• In the given sentence, the use of the verb form 'returned' is incorrect.
• Since the sentence uses the adjective 'attractive' before the word, it suggests that the word must be a noun.
• The correct noun to be used here is 'returns', which means outcome from a prior investment.
• Therefore, the use of 'returned' in Part (B) of the sentence should be replaced with 'returns' to make it grammatically correct.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'safety, liquidity and attractive returned.'

The Correct Sentence: Government Stock offers safety, liquidity and attractive returns for a long duration.     

Additional Information

• The meaning of the phrase 'attractive' is having qualities or features which arouse interest.
• Example: *The interior of the house was very attractive.*​

The correct answer is 'Scrolling thorough my social media timeline.'

Key Points

• The use of the adjective 'thorough' is incorrect in this sentence.
• The adjective 'thorough' means complete with regard to every detail; not superficial or partial.
• Example: He was determined to be thorough in his research.
• The sentence uses the word after the verb suggesting that it should be a preposition, making it a phrasal verb.
• So, the correct word here should be the preposition 'through.'
• The preposition 'through' means moving around or from one side to the other within.
• Example: I was going through a tunnel.

The Correct Sentence**:** Scrolling through my social media timeline I hovered over a video of a minor road traffic accident.      

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'scrolling' is the action of moving displayed text or graphics up, down, or across on a computer screen in order to view different parts of them.
• Example: *Horizontal scrolling is used with some word processors.*​

The correct answer is 'Part B'.

Key Points

• The use of the verb form of 'to be,' viz, 'were' is incorrect.
• The sentence talks about a case of gold fascination.
• In this case, the correct word here is the adverb 'where.'
• Where means the place or situation in which.
• Example: This is the place where I live.

The Correct Sentence: The fascination with gold at least seems to be a case where traditional belief and modern finance would point the same way.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'fascination' is the power to fascinate someone; the quality of being fascinating.
• Example: T**elevision has always held a fascination for me.

The correct answer is 'A​'

Key Points

• The use of the verb 'leave' is incorrect.
• Since the noun, 'Evolutionary biology' is a singular noun and it requires a singular verb.
• So, the correct form of the verb i.e; 'leaves' must be used.

The Correct Sentence: Evolutionary biology leaves us distinctly pessimistic about the possibility that altruism can arise naturally among humans.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'Pessimistic' is tending to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen.
• Example: *H**e was pessimistic about the prospects.*​

The correct answer is 'things are achieve and delivered.​'

Key Points

• The use of the verb form 'are achieve' is incorrect.
• The simple present tense verb 'are' is used before the verb and the next verb is in the form 'delivered.'
• Therefore, the use of 'achieve' must be replaced with 'achieved' to make the sentence grammatically correct.

The Correct Sentence: When everything starts working for you you will find that things are achieved and delivered.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'Achieved' is successfully brought about or reach (a desired objective or result) by effort, skill, or courage.
• Example: He achieved his ambition to become a press photographer.

The correct answer is 'No error.​'

Key Points

• The form 'If I were' may seem incorrect, but it is not.
• 'If I were' suggests the subjunctive mood of the verb 'to be.'
• The Subjunctive mood shows a hope/wish/desire and is usually found with modal verbs as the second verb.
• Example: I wish I were a bird.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'No error.​'

The Correct Sentence: If I were you I would not go for a change of job. 

Additional Information

• The subjunctive mood is for expressing wishes, suggestions, or desires, and is usually indicated by an indicative verb such as wish or suggest, paired then with a subjunctive verb.
• Often, the subjunctive verb is unchanged, as with visit in the sentence "I wish I could visit that cat."
• In a sentence like "I wish I were that cat," the verb be undergoes a change.

The correct answer is 'female literacy was extremely lowed.​'

Key Points

• The use of the adverb form 'extremely lowed' is incorrect.
• Since the word 'lowed' comes after the adverb 'extremely,' it suggests that it is part of the adverb.
• The correct form of the adverb that should be used here is 'low.'
• The meaning of the adverb 'low' is below the usual or normal level or amount.
• Example: *The planes fly low across enemy territory.*​

The Correct Sentence: At the beginning of the nineteenth-century female literacy was extremely low in comparison to male literacy.

Additional Information

• The meaning of the word 'Literacy' is the ability to read and write.
• Example: All the children are tested in basic literacy.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., SQPR.

Key Points

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Part P has the adverb phrase 'for long' and ends with the conjunction 'and'.
• Whenever a part ends with a conjunction, it must join the next part with similar nouns, adjectives or verbs.
• Since part P uses an adverb, it must be referring to some verb. This means that the part after P must begin with a verb to join with 'and'.
• Only part R begins with the verb 'will continue'. So, PR must be the correct order.
• This order, when joined, gives- 'for long and will continue to be the same'.
• The order PR is only shown by option 2. It gives the full sequence as SQPR.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: agriculture has been the backbone of India for long and will continue to be the same.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., RQSP.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Part R contains just the adjective noun pair 'public policy making'.
• Whenever there is only a noun in a part, it must be joined with another part by a preposition like 'in', 'as' or a conjunction like 'and', 'or' or nouns etc.
• Looking at the other parts, P and Q both start with other nouns 'the cry of the general public' and 'agenda in any country' respectively.
• Given the context, using part Q after R, i.e., 'agenda' after' public policy making' actually makes an adjective noun pair that is meaningful.
• So, RQ is the correct order.
• This order is only shown by option 4, which gives the full sequence RQSP.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: public policy making agenda in any country is generally driven by the cry of general public.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., RQSP.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Part R is just the noun clause, containing the adjective essential and the noun 'power'.
• Whenever there is only a noun in a part, it must be joined with another part by a preposition like 'in', 'as' or a conjunction like 'and', 'or', or more nouns etc.
• Both parts P and Q start with prepositions 'before' and 'of' respectively.
• Given the context, where we are talking about 'the essential power', the part 'of the government' is more appropriate than 'before it starts'.
• So, Q must be the part that follows R,making RQ the correct order.
• This order is only shown by option 3, which shows the sequence RQSP.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: the essential power of the government is the power to manage conflict before it starts

The correct answer is option ​QPSR.

Key Points

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Notice that part S ends with the verb 'must take control '. 'To take control' is a verb that is used with a preposition to be meaningful. Such as take control 'of something' or 'in something' etc.
• So, the part that follows S must begin with a preposition.
• The only part that begins with a preposition is R, with 'of the government'.
• This means SR is the correct order. When joined together it becomes- 'must take control of the government'.
• This order is only shown by option 2, which gives the full sequence QPSR.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: the party that received a majority of the vote must take control of the government.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., SQPR.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• The part S ends with the noun 'vote'. While part Q shows an adjective clause, starting with 'in which'.
• Whenever there is a relative clause, it must always refer to and follow the noun.
• So, the part Q must come after S, making the correct order as SQ.
• When joined together, it gives- 'a referendum is a vote in which the electorate'.
• The order SQ is only shown by option 3, which gives the full sequence as SQPR.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: a referendum is a vote in which the electorate can express a view on a particular issue of public policy.

The correct answer is **'**RPSQ.' 

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the sentence given in options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let’s find out.
• In this sentence, we can see that there are different parts like Subject, verb, helping verb, preposition, noun, indirect object and direct object.
• Therefore, the sequence of words that should be followed is: Helping verb + noun1 (R) + Noun2 (P) + first main verb (S) + second main verb (Q)
• ​​Correct sentence: Has class conflict in modern societies been resolved or merely suppressed?

Additional Information   

• Before rearranging parts of the sentence, it is very important to read them carefully.
• It is very important to analyse the use of a determiner and conjunction in such cases.
• This confusion can be eradicated by practising more and more questions of Sentence Jumbles.

Hinglish   

• विकल्पों में दिए गए वाक्य के भागों को व्यवस्थित करते समय हमें उनके बीच कुछ व्याकरणिक या प्रासंगिक संबंध खोजने होंगे, तो आइए जानें।
• इस वाक्य में, हम देख सकते हैं कि Subject, verb, helping verb, preposition, noun, indirect object and direct object जैसे विभिन्न भाग हैं।
• इसलिए, शब्दों के अनुक्रम का पालन किया जाना चाहिए: Helping verb + noun1 (R) + Noun2 (P) + first main verb (S) + second main verb (Q)

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., SPRQ.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Part R begins with the conjunction 'and' and has the noun 'vegetable crops' after it. This means that the conjunction 'and' is joining this noun with some other related noun, given by the previous part.
• The only part that shows nouns is P, ending with 'food', which is similar to 'vegetable crops'.
• So, PR is the correct order and the joined parts are- 'several of our food and vegetable crops'.
• The order PR is only shown by option 4, which gives the full sequence SPRQ.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: hybrid varieties of several of our food and vegetable crops are being extensively cultivated.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., RPSQ.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, we should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Part P ends with the noun 'the officer'. Part S gives an adjective clause, 'who was in-charge at that time'.
• The adjective clause always refers to and usually comes right after the noun.
• This means S must follow P. So, PS is the correct order.
• Then, 'against the officer who was in-charge at that time' become the joined parts.
• This order is only shown by option 1, which gives the full order as RQPS.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: there should have been a reason for the accusation against the officer who was in-charge at that time.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., PSRQ.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, it is necessary to identify the parts of speech, so it is easier to arrange them.
• We should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Part Q begins with the conjunction 'and' and has the noun 'ideas' after it. This means that it is joining more than one adjectives/nouns together.
• So, the part before Q must contain nouns, similar to 'ideas'. This is only shown by R, which shows the adjective and noun pair 'powerful feelings'.
• So, RQ must be the correct order.
• This is only given by option 4, which shows that the full order is PSRQ.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings and ideas.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., QSPR.

• While trying to rearrange a sentence, it is necessary to identify the parts of speech, so it is easier to arrange them.
• We should try to find connections between parts and then eliminate the options accordingly.
• Here, Part Q, 'a group of people' is the main subject of the sentence. While part S, 'who share a common culture' is the adjective clause.
• The adjective clause always follows the noun, which is given by Q, 'a group of people'.
• So, 'a group of people who share a common culture' becomes the joined parts. So, QS is the correct order.
• This order is only shown by option 1, which gives the order QSPR.

Thus, the rearranged sentence is: a group of people who share a common culture, historical identity and a common descent is called an ethnic group.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Person or organisation that appears powerful, but actually is not.

Key Points

• Paper tiger means a person or thing that appears threatening but is ineffectual.
• e.g. The hero had seen many paper tigers like the man before him.

Additional Information

• The phrase comes from a fearsome creature, like a tiger, being actually made of paper.
• Other idioms on 'tiger' are:
• Catch a tiger by a tail: To be involved with someone or something that is powerful and could become troublesome or threatening.
• Ride a tiger: To find yourself in a precarious situation.
• The lady or the tiger: An outcome or resolution to something that is unknowable or unsolvable.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., Not brave.

Key Points

• Lily-livered means weak and cowardly.
• e.g. I do not want anything to do with lily-livered men like you.
• Lily is a white flower. Also, if someone is afraid, his face turns white. This is where the association came from.
• The phrase was first used by Shakespeare in Macbeth, where Macbeth says "Go pricke thy face, and over-red thy feare, Thou Lilly-liver'd Boy."

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., Eat very little.

Key Points

• To eat like a bird means to eat very little.
• e.g. I am really concerned about her; because she eats like a bird.
• The phrase came from the obvious reference to birds, who eat very little.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., The hottest days.

Key Points

• The phrase 'the dog days' means the hottest period of the year or a period of less activity or decline.
• e.g. 1950s were the dog days for British music industry.
• The phrase is actually a reference to the fact that, during this time, the Sun occupies the same region of the sky as the brightest star Sirius, the Dog star, hence the name, 'Dog days'.

The correct answer is- 'A small or poor country with a weak government.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• Banana Republic- a small state that is politically unstable as a result of the domination of its economy by a single export-controlled foreign capital. (बनाना गणराज्य - एक छोटा राज्य जो एक निर्यात नियंत्रित विदेशी पूंजी द्वारा अपनी अर्थव्यवस्था के वर्चस्व के परिणामस्वरूप राजनीतिक रूप से अस्थिर है।)
• Example: The large country had dominated the continent, being the only giant among a cluster of Banana republics.
• ​From the meaning and example, we can say the correct answer is 'A small or poor country with a weak government.'

Thus option 1 is the most appropriate answer.

Additional Information

• The term was coined by writer O.Henry about the country of Honduras in the 1890s when the country had a weak government that depended on the export of bananas. (यह शब्द लेखक ओ. हेनरी ने होंडुरास देश के बारे में 1890 के दशक में गढ़ा था, जब देश में एक कमजोर सरकार थी जो केले के निर्यात पर निर्भर थी।)
• Other idioms on a banana are:
• Go banana: go crazy (पागल हो जाना)
• Second banana: Subordinate (अधीनस्थ)

The correct answer is- 'The good and bad parts of a situation.'

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given idiom:
• The meaning of the idiom 'The pros and cons mean' is the advantages and disadvantages of a situation. ('The pros and cons mean' मुहावरे का अर्थ है एक स्थिति के फायदे और नुकसान)
• Example: Before making any decision, one must weigh its pros and cons.
• ​From the meaning and example, we can say that the correct answer is 'the good and bad parts of a situation.'

Thus the most appropriate answer is option 1

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., To do something in order to make something succeed.

Key Points

• To prime the pump- stimulate the growth or success of something by doing something, usually, supplying it with money.
• e.g. It looks like the government may start priming the pump for better investment

​

Additional Information

• The term priming the pump is derived from the operation of older pumps - a suction valve had to be primed with water so that the pump would function properly.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., Feeling of being jealous.

Key Points:- 

• The phrase Green eyed monster is used to refer to the feeling of jealousy or envy. (ईर्ष्या या ईर्ष्या की भावना)
• e.g. Every time she looked at the happy couple, the green eyed monster stirred awake in her.
• The term 'Green eyed monster' is supposed to be jealousy personified, thus the term 'monster'.
• It was first used by Shakespeare in Othello, where Iago says, “Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy!/ It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock/ The meat it feeds on.” (
• इसका उपयोग पहली बार शेक्सपियर द्वारा ओथेलो में किया गया था, जहां इगाओ कहते हैं, "ओह, खबरदार, मेरे भगवान, ईर्ष्या का! / यह हरे आंखों वाला राक्षस है जो मॉक / मांस को खाता है।")

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., To succeed in dealing with a difficult situation.

• The phrase To rise to the occasion means to perform better than usual in response to a special situation or event. Or to succeed under stress.
• e.g. When the team was in distress, Adam rose to the occasion and made 3 goals in a row.
• The phrase talks about succeeding in especially difficult circumstances, hence the term 'rise' is used. This indicates that the difficult 'occasion' actually helped a person do better.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., Stop doing something.

Key Points

• Call it a day means to decide or agree to stop doing something. (कुछ करने से रोकने के लिए फैसला या सहमत होना।)
• e.g. After the sun had set, the workers decided to call it a day.
• The phrase comes from the usage of a 'day' as a measure of work done, in daily wage workers.
• So, 'calling it a day' meant ending the work for that particular day. (यह वाक्यांश 'दिहाड़ी' के उपयोग से लेकर, दिहाड़ी मजदूरों के काम करने के उपाय के रूप में आता है। इसलिए, ' calling it a day ' का मतलब उस विशेष दिन के लिए कार्य को समाप्त करना था।)

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., SRPQ.

Key Points

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• Whenever there are time-related references, such as years, are given, the sentences can be ordered chronologically.
• Sentences R and S both show time-related references. S talks about events in 1953 and 1954 while R mentions the year 1956.
• Sentence S is the earliest reference, talking about events in 1953 and 1954. So, S must be the first among the two, with R after it.
• So, SR is the correct sequence. This is only shown by option 1.

Thus, the correct sequence is: SRPQ 

S1: Chinua Achebe was born in 1930 and educated at the Government College in Umuahia, Nigeria.

S: He received a BA from London University in 1953 and in 1954 he studied broadcasting in London at the BBC.

R: He joined the Nigerian Broadcasting Company in Lagos in 1956, later becoming its Director of External Broadcasting.

P: During the Civil War in Nigeria, he worked for the Biafran government service.

Q: After the War, he was appointed Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

S6: Chinua Achebe has written over twenty books, including novels, stories, essays and collections of poetry, and won the Nobel Prize for literature.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., QRPS.

Key Points

• The first sentence in a passage always introduces a new topic. The second is connected to the first and gives more information about it.
• S1 talks about 'a mental model' of the world. So, the next sentence must also refer to it and give more information.
• Whenever there are pronouns/determiners like 'he', 'it', 'this', 'also' in a sentence, they refer to some noun in the previous sentence.
• Q also talks about 'mental model' and it uses the determiner 'this', which means it is referring to some model already mentioned previously.
• This means Q must be the first sentence in the correct sequence. This is only shown by option 3.

Thus, the correct sequence is: QRPS.

S1: “Every person carries in his head a mental model of the world — a subjective representation of external reality,” writes Alvin Toffler in Future Shock.

Q: This mental model is, he says, like a giant filing cabinet.

R: It contains a slot for every item of information coming to us. 

P: It organizes our knowledge and gives us a place from which to argue.

S: As E.F. Schumacher says, “When we think, we do not just think; we think ideas.”

S6: When we begin to think, we can do so only because our mind is already filled with all sorts of ideas with which to think.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., RSPQ.

Key Points

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• There are direct connections with S1 or S6, in the first glance. So, we need to look at inter-connections between P, Q R and S.
• Both R and S talk about 'growth of Biology'. So they must be connected.
• In addition to that, S also uses the determiner 'this', indicating that it is referring to the growth already stated previously, by R.
• This means RS is the correct sequence. Only option 1 gives this sequence.

Thus, the correct sequence is: RSPQ.

S1: Biology is the study of life in its entirety.

R: The growth of biology as a natural science during the last 1000 years is interesting from many points of view.

S: One feature of this growth is changing emphasis from mere description of life forms to identification and classification of all recorded living forms.

P: In later years, the focus was physiology and internal morphology or anatomy.

Q: Darwinian ideas of evolution by natural selection changed the perception completely.

S6: Classical descriptive and clueless biology found a theoretical framework in the evolutionary theory of Darwin.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., SRPQ.

Key Points

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• On the first glance, there are no apparent connections of sentences with S1 or S6. So, we should try to find inter-connections between P, Q, R and S.
• Both sentences R and S talk about 'physics and chemistry'. S talks about their progress while R talks about their applications.
• Sentence R uses the adverb 'also', which means that it is adding to some other statement made previously, viz., by S.
• So, SR is the correct sequence. This is only shown by option 4.

Thus, the correct sequence is: SRPQ.

S1: Biology is the youngest of the formalized disciplines of natural science.

S: Progress in physics and chemistry proceeded much faster than in biology.

R: Applications of physics and chemistry in our daily life also have a higher visibility than those of biology.

P: However, the twentieth century and certainly the twenty-first century has demonstrated the utility of biological knowledge in furthering human welfare, be it in health sector or agriculture.

Q: The discovery of antibiotics, and synthetic plant-derived drugs, anaesthetics have changed medical practice on one hand and human health on the other hand.

S6: Life expectancy of human beings has dramatically changed over the years.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., SRQP.

Key Points

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• The first sentence in a passage always introduces a new topic. The second is connected to the first and gives more information about it.
• S1 talks about people in society 'needing goods and services'. So, the next sentence must also refer to these needs.
• Only S talks about individuals' needs regarding goods and services. So, S must be the first sentence in the correct sequence.
• Only option 4 begins with the sentence S.

Thus, the correct sequence is: SRQP.

S1: People in society need many goods and services in their everyday life including food, clothing, shelter, transport, etc.

S: In fact, the list of goods and services that any individual needs is so large that no individual in society, to begin with, has all the things one needs.

R: Every individual also has some amount of the goods and services that one can give to the society.

Q: A family farm may own a plot of land, some grains, farming implements, maybe a pair of bullocks and also the labour services of the family members. 

P: A weaver may have some yarn, some cotton and other instruments required for weaving cloth. 

S6: The teacher in the local school has the skills required to impart education to the students.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., QPSR.

Key Points

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• The first sentence in a passage always introduces a new topic. The second is connected to the first and gives more information about it.
• S1 talks about 'farming' being the main activity in villages. So, the next sentence should logically give more information about it.
• Out of P, Q, R and S, only Q talks about 'farming' and the changes in farming. This means Q must be the first sentence in the correct sequence.
• Only option 1 begins with Q as the first sentence.

Thus, the correct sequence is: QPSR.

S1: Farming is the main production activity in the village.

Q: Over the years there have been many important changes in the way farming is practiced.

P: These have allowed the farmers to produce more crops from the same amount of land.

S: This is an important achievement, since land is fixed and scarce.

R: But in raising production, a great deal of pressure has been put on land and other natural resources.

S6: The new ways of farming need less land, but much more capital.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., QPSR.

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• The first sentence in a passage always introduces a new topic. The second is connected to the first and gives more information about it.
• S1 talks about Britain being the first modern industrialized country. So, the next sentence must be connected to it and give more information about it.
• Out of P, Q, R and S, Q begins with the pronoun 'It', which must be referring to the noun 'Britain' in S1.
• Whenever there are pronouns in a sentence, they refer to some noun in the previous sentence.
• So, Q must be the first sentence in the correct sequence.
• Out of the options, only option 1 begins with Q.

Thus, the correct sequence is: QPSR.

S1: Britain was the first country to experience modern industrialization.  

Q: It had been politically stable since the seventeenth century, with England, Wales and Scotland unified under a monarchy.

P: This meant that the kingdom had common laws, a single currency and a market that was not fragmented by local authorities and uneven taxation.

S: By the end of the seventeenth century, money was widely used as the medium of exchange.

R: By then a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries  than in goods.

S6: This gave people a wider choice for ways to spend their earnings and expanded the market for the sale of goods.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., RPSQ.

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• S1 talks about humans living by hunting wild animals. So, the next sentence must be in reference to this statement.
• Out of P, Q, R and S, Only R talks about people learning to domesticate animals.
• R also begins with the adverb/conjunction 'Then', which suggests that it is in continuation with the first sentence.
• This means R is the first sentence in the correct sequence.
• This is only shown by option 4.

Thus, the correct sequence is: RPSQ.

S1: For several million years, humans lived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. 

R: Then, between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, people in different parts of the world learnt to domesticate certain plants and animals.

P: This led to the development of farming and pastoralism as a way of life.

S: The shift from foraging to farming was a major turning point in the human history.

Q: This change took place because the last ice age came to an end about 13,000 years ago and with that warmer, wetter conditions prevailed.

S6: As a result, conditions were favourable for the growth of grasses such as wild barley and wheat.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., SQPR.

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• S1 talks about all governments 'claiming' something. S also talks about 'claiming', referring to the noun 'government' by using pronoun 'Some'.
• Whenever there is a pronoun, it must refer to some noun in the previous sentence. So, S must be the first in the correct sequence.
• Options 1 and 3 both begin with S. So, we keep looking for connections.
• Q also talks about 'governance' and links the sentence with previous two using the conjunction 'yet'.
• So, Q must be the second sentence.
• The sequence SQ is only shown by the option 1.

Thus, the correct sequence is: SQPR.

S1: All governments claim eternal consistency and success.

S: Some even claim omniscience.

Q: And yet the essence of governance is choice.

P: Choices involved uncertainty, risk and immediacy; those who must take the choices operate in the contemporary political milieu.

R: Nowhere is this more true than in foreign policy decision-making.

S6: Diplomacy offers choices, and those choices must be negotiated with other sovereign actors.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., PQRS.

• As the first and sixth sentences are given, we must try to find connections between sentences, given these. And then eliminate the options.
• Whenever there is a pronoun, it must refer to some noun in the previous sentence. S6 begins with the pronoun 'He'.
• Out of the sentences, only S talks about the monk 'Buddhaghosha'. So, S must be the last sentence in the correct sequence.
• Options 1, 2 and 3 all end with S. So, we keep finding more connections.
• Q uses the pronoun 'them'. This means it must refer to a group of people. Only P refers to 'a key role played by monks'.
• This means Q must come after P. Or, PQ is the correct sequence.
• Now, let's look at the options that- a) end with S AND b) Show the sequence PQ.
• Only option 3 gives the correct sequence, viz, PQRS.

Thus, the proper sequence is:

S1: Buddhism continued to spread into many lands of Asia during the period of 5^th and 6^th century. 

P: While this can be understood as a part of larger processes of cultural interaction, especially trade, a key role was played by monks.

Q: We know a little bit about some of them, but there must have been countless men whose commitment to the Buddhist path gave them the courage and determination to persevere in the face of the long, hard journey to India and back.

R: Buddhism had made its way to Sri Lanka many centuries earlier, during the time of Ashoka, and a thriving Buddhist community soon took root.

S: In the 5^th century, the monk Buddhaghosha travelled to Sri Lanka.

S6: He translated several scriptural commentaries into Pali and wrote a work called the Visuddhimagga, which soon attained the status of a classic work on Theravada doctrine and meditation.

The correct answer is **'**Called on'

Key Points

• The sentence says about while visiting the capital minister must meet the social workers at their residence. According to the context of the sentence, Called on is the most appropriate word for the sentence.
• Phrasal verbs are idiomatic phrases that are formed by a combination of a verb with an adverb/preposition e.g. break down, put up, work out, etc.
• Called on(phrasal verb): Pay a visit to someone. (किसी से मिलने जाना।)  
• ​Example: He's planning to call on Katherine today.​

                  We could call on my parents if we have time.

From the above line, we can say that: Called on is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's know the meaning of other options:
• Called out(Phrasal verb): To announce something. (कुछ घोषणा करना।)
• ​Example: Speak up – call the names out so we can all hear.
• Calling for(phrasal verb): To need or deserve a particular action, remark, or quality. (किसी विशेष क्रिया, टिप्पणी या गुण की आवश्यकता या योग्य होना।)
• ​Example: This calls for a celebration!
• Call off(phrasal verb): To decide that a planned event, especially a sports event, will not happen, or to end an activity because it is no longer useful or possible. (यह तय करने के लिए कि एक नियोजित कार्यक्रम, विशेष रूप से एक खेल आयोजन नहीं होगा, या किसी गतिविधि को समाप्त करना क्योंकि यह अब उपयोगी या संभव नहीं है।)
• ​Example: Tomorrow's match has been called off because of the icy weather.

The correct answer is **'**Put out'

Key Points

• The sentence says about how the fire brigade fought for four hours to remove or extinguish the fire in the building. According to the context of the sentence, Put out is the most appropriate word for the sentence.
• Phrasal verbs are idiomatic phrases that are formed by a combination of a verb with an adverb/preposition e.g. break down, put up, work out, etc.
• Put out (phrasal verb): Extinguish something that is burning. (जो जल रही हो उसे बुझा देना।)  
• ​Example: Fire crews from Grangetown put out the blaze.​

                  Put the fire out​.

From the above line, we can say that: P**ut out is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's know the meaning of other options:
• Put in(phrasal verb): To formally offer a particular thing to be considered. (औपचारिक रूप से किसी विशेष बात पर विचार करने की पेशकश करना।)
• ​Example: I've put in an application to the college.
• Put on(phrasal verb): Place a garment, piece of jewelry, etc. on part of one's body. (शरीर के किसी भाग पर वस्त्र, आभूषण आदि रखना।)
• ​Example: Julie had put on a cotton dress.
• Put off(phrasal verb): To decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date. (किसी घटना या गतिविधि को बाद के समय या तारीख तक विलंबित करने का निर्णय या व्यवस्था करना। ) 
• ​Example: The meeting has been put off for a week.

The correct answer is **'**Carry through'

Key Points

• The sentence says about how Ravi fulfilled his promise by winning the match. According to the context of the sentence, Carry through is the most appropriate word for the sentence.
• Phrasal verbs are idiomatic phrases that are formed by a combination of a verb with an adverb/preposition e.g. break down, put up, work out, etc.
• Carry through(verb): To complete something successfully. (किसी काम को सफलतापूर्वक पूरा करना।) 
• ​Example: It is doubtful whether it will be possible to carry through the education reforms.​

                 We are determined to carry our plans through to completion.

From the above line, we can say that: Carry through is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Let's know the meaning of other options:
• Carry out(phrasal verb): Perform a task. (एक काम को करना।)
• ​Example: We're carrying out a market research survey.
• Carry(verb): To hold something or someone with your hands, arms, or on your back and transport it, him, or her from one place to another. (किसी वस्तु या व्यक्ति को अपने हाथों, बाहों या अपनी पीठ पर पकड़ना और उसे, उसे या उसे एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक पहुँचाना।)
• ​Example: These books are too heavy for me to carry.
• Carry off(phrasal verb): To remove something. (किसी चीज को हटाना।) 
• ​Example: I thought he carried off the part of Hamlet with great skill.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., keep off.

Key Points

• The options show phrasal verbs, viz, verbs formed by using prepositions like in/out + the main verb.
• Let's look at the meanings of these verbs:
• Keep in- To hide or not show something, like an emotion.
• Keep on- continue to do something.
• Keep off- To avoid something.
• Keep up- move or progress at the same rate as someone or something else.

Given the context, the sentence suggests that it is best to avoid politics in places like a classroom. So, Keep off is the most appropriate verb here.

Thus, the complete sentence is: It is best to keep off politics when in the classroom.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., put in.

The options give phrasal verbs, viz., Verbs made by using prepositions like in/out with the main verb.

Let's look at the meanings of these verbs:

Put in- Invest or move in a particular direction, mostly inside something.

Put out- cause someone trouble or inconvenience.

Put off- an off-putting or unpleasant quality or feature.

Put on- To increase to an existing level of something

Out of these, only Put in is appropriate in the context of 'many years of service'.

Thus, the complete sentence is: It shows that she has put in many years of service.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., running out.

The options give phrasal verbs, viz., verbs formed by using prepositions like in/out + a verb.

Let's look at the meanings of these verbs:

Running out- (of a supply of something) be used up; over, finished.

Running- move at a speed faster than a walk.

Running with- proceed with; accept.

Run out- Present/Perfect tense form of the verb 'To run out' (given above).

Out of these, only 'running out' is appropriate here, given the context of time. Note that option 4, 'run out' is incorrect here, as the verb before the blank is 'was'. The form 'was run out' is not apt here.

Thus, the complete sentence is: The chairperson said that the group was running out of time.

The correct answer is 'were'.

Key Points 

• Here, the given sentence is an example of "Second conditional sentence"
• The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result.
• As a general rule, In a second conditional sentence, the tense in the if-clause is simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional or present continuous conditional.
• Let's have a look at the structural form of the given rule:
• If + subject + past subjunctive, subject + would/could + present conditional + object.
• Example: 
• If I were taller, I would buy this dress. (correct)
• If I was taller, I would buy this dress. (incorrect)
• Here*,* we use 'were' instead of 'was' because the sentence is in the Subjunctive mood.
• According to the explanation and example that are given above, 'were' is the correct choice for the blank.

Correct sentence: If I were an angel, I would solve the problems of people.

Additional Information

• Conditional sentence: Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences.
• there are four types of conditional sentence
• Zero Conditional Sentence
• First Conditional Sentence
• Second Conditional Sentence
• Third Conditional Sentence
• Let's look at the structure form of all four types of conditional sentence
• Zero Conditional Sentence- If + subject + simple present, subject + simple present + object.
• E.g: If you mix red and yellow, you get orange.
• First Conditional Sentence- If + subject + simple present, subject + simple future + object.
• E.g: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
• Third Conditional Sentence- If + subject + past perfect, subject + (would/could/might) + have + past participle + object.
• E.g: If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

Hinglish

• यहाँ दिया गया वाक्य "दूसरा सशर्त वाक्य" (second conditional sentence) का उदाहरण है
• टाइप 2 सशर्त का उपयोग एक काल्पनिक स्थिति और उसके संभावित परिणाम को संदर्भित करने के लिए किया जाता है।
• एक सामान्य नियम के रूप में, एक दूसरे सशर्त वाक्य में, अगर-खंड में काल सरल अतीत (simple past tense) है , और मुख्य खंड में काल वर्तमान सशर्त या वर्तमान निरंतर सशर्त (present conditional or present continuous conditional)है ।
• आइए दिए गए नियम के संरचनात्मक रूप पर एक नजर डालते हैं:
• If + subject + past subjunctive, subject + would/could + present conditional + object.
• उदाहरण:
• If I were taller, I would buy this dress.(सही बात)
• If I was taller, I would buy this dress.(गलत)
• यहाँ, हम 'was' के स्थान पर 'were' का प्रयोग करते हैं क्योंकि वाक्य सबजंक्टिव मूड में है।
• ऊपर दिए गए स्पष्टीकरण और उदाहरण के अनुसार , 'were' रिक्त स्थान के लिए सही विकल्प है।

सही वाक्य: If I were an angel, I would solve the problems of people.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., will.

Key Points

• The blank is used after the article 'a', which means that it must contain a noun that begins with a consonant.
• Although grammatically, all of the given nouns could fit the blank; contextually, only one noun makes the sentence meaningful.
• Here, the word 'will' is used as a noun, which means a deliberate or fixed desire or intention.
• Using the noun 'will' also fits the common proverb which says 'Where there's a will, there's a way. It means if one really wants to do something, one can achieve it.
• None of the other nouns can make the sentence meaningful.

Thus, the complete sentence is: Where there is a will, there is a way.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., came about.

The sentence suggests that the underlined verb should mean 'happened'.

The options give phrasal verbs, viz, verbs formed by using a preposition with a verb.

Let's look at the meanings of these verbs:

Came off- (of an action) succeed; be accomplished.

Came about- happen; take place.

Came on- (of a state or condition) start to arrive or happen.

Came out- (of a fact) emerge; become known.

Out of these, both 'Came about' and 'Came on' suggest a similar meaning.

But; 'Came on' means 'the start' of an action while 'Came about' refers to an action as a whole. Here, an accident cannot 'come on'; but, an accident can 'come about'.

Thus, the complete sentence is: The police could not establish how the accident came about.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., ran into.

 The sentence suggests that the speaker 'met' the friend after twenty years. So, the underlined verb must reflect this meaning. 

The given verbs are phrasal verbs, viz, Verbs formed by using a preposition with a verb. 

Let's look at the meanings of the given phrasal verbs: 

**To run into - (here) To meet unexpectedly,**To collide with (something); to encounter something suddenly.

To run in- (of a quality, trait, or condition) be common or inherent in members of (a family), especially over several generations.

To run on- continue without stopping; go on longer than is expected.

Out of these, only the verb 'Ran into', which is the past tense form of the verb 'To run into', fits the context of the sentence.

Thus, the complete sentence is: I ran into my old friend after twenty years.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., consequences.

Key Points

• Implications means a likely consequence of something.(किसी चीज का संभावित परिणाम।)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Consequences- a result or effect, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant. (एक परिणाम या प्रभाव, आमतौर पर एक जो अवांछित या अप्रिय होता है)
• Interference- the action of interfering or the process of being interfered with or disturbed. (हस्तक्षेप करने या हस्तक्षेप करने या परेशान होने की प्रक्रिया की क्रिया)
• Feedback- information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement. (किसी उत्पाद की प्रतिक्रियाओं, किसी व्यक्ति के कार्य के प्रदर्शन आदि के बारे में जानकारी, जिसका उपयोग सुधार के आधार के रूप में किया जाता है)
• Planning- the process of making plans for something. (कुछ के लिए योजना बनाने की प्रक्रिया)

Out of these words, only Consequences reflect a meaning that is closest to Implications.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., transmittable.

• Contagious means (of an emotion, disease, or attitude) likely to spread to and affect others. ((किसी भावना, बीमारी या रवैये के) दूसरों तक फैलने और प्रभावित होने की संभावना।)
• Meanings of the given options:
• Complicated- consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate. (कई परस्पर जुड़े भागों या तत्वों से मिलकर; जटिल)
• Transmittable- capable of being passed by physical contact from one person to another. (एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति के शारीरिक संपर्क द्वारा पारित होने में सक्षम।)
• Effective- successful in producing a desired or intended result. (वांछित या इच्छित परिणाम उत्पन्न करने में सफल।)
• Unthinkable- (of a situation or event) too unlikely or undesirable to be considered a possibility. ((किसी स्थिति या घटना का) एक संभावना माने जाने के लिए बहुत कम या अवांछनीय)

Out of these, only Transmittable gives a meaning that is nearest to Contagious.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., integrated.

Key Points

• Incorporated means take in or contain (something) as part of a whole; include. (एक पूरे के हिस्से के रूप में (कुछ) लेना या रखना; शामिल)
• Meanings of the given options:
• Excluded- remove from consideration. (विचार से हटाना)
• Integrated- with various parts or aspects linked, joined, or coordinated. (जुड़े हुए, जुड़े हुए या समन्वित विभिन्न भागों या पहलुओं के साथ)
• Laid down- to put or place in a horizontal position or position of rest; set down. (क्षैतिज स्थिति या आराम की स्थिति में रखना या रखना; निर्धारित करना)
• Removed- take (something) away or off from the position occupied. (कब्जे वाले स्थान से (कुछ) दूर या दूर ले जाना)

Out of these, only Integrated gives the nearest meaning to the word Incorporated.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., Broad.

Key Points

• Generic means characteristic of or relating to a class or group of things; not specific. (किसी वर्ग या चीजों के समूह की विशेषता या उससे संबंधित; विशिष्ट नहीं)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Specific- clearly defined or identified. (स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाषित या पहचाना गया)
• Crude- in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined. (एक प्राकृतिक या कच्ची अवस्था में; अभी तक संसाधित या परिष्कृत नहीं किया गया है।)
• Broad- covering a large number and wide scope of subjects. (बड़ी संख्या में और विषयों के व्यापक दायरे को कवर करना)
• Non-standard- not average or usual. (औसत या सामान्य नहीं)

Out of these words, only Broad gives a meaning that is closest to Generic.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Extraordinary.

Key Points

• Stellar- exceptionally good; outstanding. (असाधारण रूप से अच्छा; बकाया)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Extraordinary- very unusual or remarkable. (बहुत ही असामान्य या उल्लेखनीय)
• Eclipse- an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination. (एक खगोलीय पिंड से उसके और प्रेक्षक के बीच या उसके और उसके रोशनी के स्रोत के बीच से प्रकाश का अस्पष्ट होना)
• Poor- of a low or inferior standard or quality. (निम्न या निम्न मानक या गुणवत्ता का)
• Not so great- Something that is very ordinary, usual. (कुछ ऐसा जो बहुत सामान्य है, सामान्य)

Out of these, only Extraordinary gives the apt synonym for Stellar.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., hackneyed.

Key Points

• Cliched means showing a lack of originality; based on frequently repeated phrases or opinions. (मौलिकता की कमी दिखा रहा है; बार-बार दोहराए जाने वाले वाक्यांशों या विचारों के आधार पर)
• Meanings of the given options:
• Original- present or existing from the beginning; first or earliest. (शुरुआत से वर्तमान या विद्यमान; पहला या जल्द से जल्द)
• Hackneyed- (of a phrase or idea) having been overused; unoriginal and trite. ((किसी वाक्यांश या विचार का) अति प्रयोग किया जाना; अपरंपरागत और तुच्छ)
• Crony- a close friend or companion. (एक करीबी दोस्त या साथी)
• Artificial- made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally, especially as a copy of something natural. (स्वाभाविक रूप से होने के बजाय मनुष्य द्वारा निर्मित या निर्मित, विशेष रूप से कुछ प्राकृतिक की एक प्रति के रूप में)

Out of these, only Hackneyed gives a meaning that is closest to Cliched.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Occupation.

Key Points

• Vocation means a person's employment or main occupation, especially regarded as worthy and requiring dedication. (किसी व्यक्ति का रोजगार या मुख्य व्यवसाय, विशेष रूप से योग्य और समर्पण की आवश्यकता के रूप में माना जाता है।)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Attitude- a settled way of thinking or feeling about something. (किसी चीज़ के बारे में सोचने या महसूस करने का एक व्यवस्थित तरीका)
• Approach- a way of dealing with a situation or problem. (किसी स्थिति या समस्या से निपटने का एक तरीका।)
• Liking- a feeling of regard or fondness. (सम्मान या स्नेह की भावना)
• Occupation- a job or profession. (नौकरी या पेशा)

Out of these, only Occupation gives a meaning that is nearest to Vocation.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Exhausted.

Key Points

• Fatigued means cause (someone) to feel exhausted. (कारण (कोई) थकावट महसूस करना)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Excited- very enthusiastic and eager. (बहुत उत्साही और उत्सुक)
• Refreshed- having regained strength or energy. (शक्ति या ऊर्जा प्राप्त करना)
• Slowed- reduce one's speed or the speed of a vehicle or process. (किसी की गति या वाहन या प्रक्रिया की गति को कम करना)
• Exhausted- very tired. (बहुत थका हुआ)

Out of these, only Exhausted gives a meaning that is closest to the word Fatigued.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Horrified.

Key Points

• The word Aghast means filled with horror or shock. (डरावनी या सदमे से भरा हुआ filled)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Satisfied- contented; pleased. (संतुष्ट; प्रसन्न।)
• Sad- feeling or showing sorrow; unhappiness. (दुख महसूस करना या दिखाना; नाखुशी।)
• Amused- finding something funny or entertaining. (कुछ मज़ेदार या मनोरंजक ढूँढना)
• Horrified- filled with horror; extremely shocked. (आतंक से भरा; अत्यंत स्तब्ध)

Out of these, only Horrified is the nearest word in meaning to Aghast.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Determined.

Key Points

• Ascertained means find (something) out for certain; make sure of. (निश्चित रूप से (कुछ) खोजो; सुनिश्चित करना।)
• Meanings of the given words:
• Determined- having made a firm decision and being resolved not to change it. (एक दृढ़ निर्णय लिया है और इसे न बदलने का संकल्प लिया है)
• Curtained- provide with a curtain or curtains. (एक पर्दा या पर्दे प्रदान करें)
• Thought of- Something being thought about. (कुछ सोचा जा रहा है)
• Being known- The fact of having knowledge/information regarding something. (किसी चीज के बारे में ज्ञान / सूचना होने का तथ्य)

Out of these, only Determined gives a meaning that is nearest to Ascertained.

The correct answer is option 1: Survival.

• Decay means a decline in quality, power, or vigour. (गुणवत्ता, शक्ति या ताक़त में गिरावट।)
• Example: They reek of decay and death
• So, its opposite word must mean to remain strong and vital.
• Survival means the state or fact of continuing to live or exist, typically in spite of an accident, ordeal, or difficult circumstances. (आम तौर पर किसी दुर्घटना, परीक्षा या कठिन परिस्थितियों के बावजूद जीवित रहने या अस्तित्व में रहने की अवस्था या तथ्य)
• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options-

• Out of these, only Survival gives the apt antonym for Decay.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Confusingly.

Key Points

• Eloquently means in a fluent or persuasive manner. (धाराप्रवाह या प्रेरक तरीके से।)
• So, its opposite must mean unclear or confusing.
• Meanings of the given words:
• Confusingly- in a bewildering, perplexing way that is unclear. (एक विस्मयकारी, हैरान करने वाले तरीके से जो अस्पष्ट है)
• Expressively- Of, relating to, or characterized by effective expression. (प्रभावी अभिव्यक्ति से संबंधित, या विशेषता से)
• Powerfully- with great power or strength. (बड़ी शक्ति या शक्ति के साथ)
• Fluently- with an ability to express oneself easily and articulately. (अपने आप को आसानी से और कलात्मक रूप से व्यक्त करने की क्षमता के साथ)

Out of these, only Confusingly gives the opposite meaning to Eloquently.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., activity.

Key Points

• Inertia means a tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged; inactivity. (कुछ न करने या अपरिवर्तित रहने की प्रवृत्ति; निष्क्रियता)
• So, its opposite meaning is activity; action.
• Meanings of the given words:
• Sluggishness- Displaying little movement or activity; slow; inactive (थोड़ा आंदोलन या गतिविधि प्रदर्शित करना; धीमा; निष्क्रिय)
• Indolence- avoidance of activity or exertion; laziness. (गतिविधि या परिश्रम से बचना; आलस्य।)
• Activity- the condition in which things are happening or being done. (वह स्थिति जिसमें चीजें हो रही हों या की जा रही हों)
• Torpor- a state of physical or mental inactivity; lethargy. (शारीरिक या मानसिक निष्क्रियता की स्थिति; सुस��ती)

Out of these, only Activity gives a proper antonym for Inertia.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., nastiness.

Key Points

• Philanthropy means the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed through charity or donations; benevolence. (दान या दान के माध्यम से व्यक्त दूसरों के कल्याण को बढ़ावा देने की इच्छा; भलाई)
• So, its opposite word must mean unkindness or cruelty.
• Meanings of the given words:
• Charity- the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need. (मदद की स्वैच्छिक सहायता, आमतौर पर पैसे के रूप में, जरूरतमंद लोगों को देना)
• Benevolence- the quality of being well-meaning; kindness. (अच्छी तरह से अर्थ होने की गुणवत्ता; दयालुता)
• Nastiness- the state or quality of being unpleasant, damaging, or harmful. (अप्रिय, हानिकारक, या हानिकारक होने की अवस्था या गुण)
• Likelihood-  The condition or quality of being probable or likely to occur. (संभावित या होने की संभावना होने की स्थिति या गुण)

Out of these, only Nastiness is opposite in meaning to Philanthropy.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., Indifference.

Key Points

• Compassion- sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others. (सहानुभूति दया और दूसरों के कष्टों या दुर्भाग्य के लिए चिंता concern)
• So, its opposite meaning word must be cruelty or lack of caring about others.
• Meanings of the given words:
• Empathy- the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. (दूसरे की भावनाओं को समझने और साझा करने की क्षमता)
• Carefulness- the trait of being cautious; being attentive to possible danger. (सतर्क रहने की विशेषता; संभावित खतरे के प्रति चौकस रहना)
• Indifference- lack of interest, concern, or sympathy. (रुचि, चिंता, या सहानुभूति की कमी)
• Hardship- severe suffering or privation.

Out of these, only Indifference gives the opposite meaning to Compassionate.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Relaxed.

Key Points

• Tempestuous means characterized by strong and turbulent or conflicting emotion. (मजबूत और अशांत या परस्पर विरोधी भावना की विशेषता)
• So, its opposite word must mean calm and relaxed.
• Meanings of the given words:
• Relaxed- free from tension and anxiety. (तनाव और चिंता से मुक्त)
• Passionate- having, showing, or caused by strong feelings or beliefs. (मजबूत भावनाओं या विश्वासों के कारण होना, दिखाना या होना)
• Intense- of extreme force, degree, or strength. (अत्यधिक बल, डिग्री, या ताकत)
• Windy- characterized by or exposed to strong winds. (तेज हवाओं द्वारा विशेषता या उजागर exposed)

Out of these, only Relaxed gives an apt antonym for Tempestuous.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Discouraging.

Key Points

• The word Wooing means to seek the favour, support, or custom of. (के पक्ष, समर्थन, या रिवाज की तलाश करने के लिए)
• The opposite meaning word should be something that is creating disapproval.
• Meanings of the given words:
• Discouraging- prevent or try to prevent (something) by showing disapproval or creating difficulties. (अस्वीकृति दिखाकर या कठिनाइयाँ पैदा करके (कुछ) रोकने या रोकने की कोशिश करें)
• Encouraging- giving someone support or confidence; supportive. (किसी को समर्थन या विश्वास देना; सहायक)
• Pursuing- follow or chase (someone or something). (पीछा करना या पीछा करना (कोई या कुछ))
• Persuading- induce (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument. ((किसी को) तर्क या तर्क के माध्यम से कुछ करने के लिए प्रेरित करना)

Out of these, only Discouraging gives the appropriate antonym for Wooing.

The correct answer is Withdrawn.

Key Points:- 

• The word bestowed means confer or present or give (an honour, right, or gift). (प्रदान करना या प्रस्तुत करना या देना (एक सम्मान, अधिकार, या उपहार))
• So, its opposite meaning must be something that is taken away.
• Meanings of the given words:-
• Conferred- grant (a title, degree, benefit, or right). (अनुदान (एक शीर्षक, डिग्री, लाभ, या अधिकार)
• Withdrawn- remove or take away (something) from a particular place or position. (किसी विशेष स्थान या स्थिति से हटाना या हटाना (कुछ)।)
• Imparted- make (information) known. (बनाना (सूचना) ज्ञात)
• Imbibed- absorb or assimilate (ideas or knowledge). (अवशोषित या आत्मसात (विचार या ज्ञान))
• Out of these, only Withdrawn gives the apt opposite meaning to Bestowed.

The correct answer is option 3: Depressed

• Elated means make (someone) ecstatically happy. ((किसी को) परमानंद से खुश करना)
• So, its opposite meaning word must be something like sad or unhappy.
• Depressed means (of a person) in a state of unhappiness or despondency. (किसी व्यक्ति का) नाखुशी या निराशा की स्थिति में)
• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options-

• Out of these, only Depressed gives the opposite meaning to Elated.

​

Additional Information

• Examples of 'Elated' in a sentence:
• He was elated that, in his mind, his earlier identification was affirmed.

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. Malevolent.

Key Points

• The word 'Charitable'  means 'relating to the assistance of those in need; kind and generous'. (जरूरतमंद लोगों की सहायता के संबंध में; दयालु और उदार)
• The word 'Malevolent' means 'having or showing a wish to do evil to others'. (दूसरों की बुराई करने की इच्छा रखना या दिखाना)
• The synonyms of the given word 'Charitable' are "altruistic, beneficent, benevolent, do-good, humanitarian, philanthropic".
• The antonyms of the given word 'Charitable' are "self-centered, self-concerned, selfish". (आत्मकेंद्रित, स्वार्थी, स्वार्थी)
• The antonym of the given word 'Charitable' is 'Malevolent' since both have the opposite meaning.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2) i.e. 'Malevolent'.​

​

Let's look at the meaning of the other given options-

• Examples of 'Charitable' in a sentence:
• He had set up two charitable trusts.
• His later years were devoted largely to charitable work.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Preposition.

Key Points

• Notice the manner in which the underlined word has been used in the sentence.
• The word Since gives more information about the verb, 'has been working'. (As it asks the question, 'for how long has he been working?')
• This means that Since is a preposition.
• Since- in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present.

Confusion Points

• 'Since' is a conjunction too- It is used when someone wants to express the reason.
• Let's see an example-
• Since we met each other, we have never quarreled with each other.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Relative pronoun.

Key Points

• Notice the way in which the underlined word has been used in the sentence.
• The word has been used to refer to the noun, 'the man', and both the parts before and after the underlined word 'who' are giving more information about the noun 'The man'.
• This means that it is a pronoun, which is joining the sentences 'there is a man in dark blue' and 'he made us win the match'.
• This means 'Who' is a relative pronoun, substituting for nouns in a sentence.
• A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined.
• e.g. I like the woman. She supports me. These sentences can be joined using the relative pronoun 'who' as follows: I like the woman who supports me.

The correct answer is option 3, i.e., Adverb.

Key Points

• Notice the position of the underlined word in the sentence.
• The word 'Most' is used, along with another word 'Beautiful', before the noun 'actor'. The word 'beautiful' is giving more information about the noun, so it is an adjective.
• The word 'Most', however, is a comparison with other nouns, viz, here, 'actors' and comes before an adjective, 'Beautiful'.
• So, the word 'most' is an adverb. It is used to used to form the superlative of most adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables.
• Adverb- a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation/comparison.

Important Points

• ​ Most is the superlative form of much and many and can be used in the following ways:
• as an adverb
• ​(before an adjective or another adverb): a most interesting lecture/ the question that is asked most often.
• (with a verb): Love is what these children need most.
• (after ‘the’): Angie looks the most like her father.
• as a determiner:
• (before a noun) Most shops will be closed over the Christmas holiday.
• (after ‘the’): Which athlete won the most medals?
• as a pronoun:
• All the victims were male, and most were between the ages of 15 and 25.
• (after ‘the’): We all ate a lot, but Ashley ate the most.
• (followed by ‘of’): Most of my friends live in this area

The correct answer is option 2, i.e., Adjective.

• Notice the position of the underlined word in the sentence.
• The word 'Latest' is used before the noun 'news' and is giving more information about the noun.
• This means that 'Latest' is an adjective.
• Adjective- a word naming an attribute of a noun. e.g. Clever, Beautiful etc.
• Note: Latest also shows the superlative degree of the adjective 'late'. (Late, later, latest)

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Participle.

Key Points

• The underlined word is the present continuous form of the verb 'To Notice'.
• 'Noticing', however, is a (Verb+ing) form. This is called a present participle.
• Participle- a word formed from a verb (e.g. going, gone, being, been ) and used as an adjective (e.g. working woman, burnt toast ) or a noun (e.g. good breeding ).
• Note: In English participles are also used to make compound verb forms (e.g. is going, has been ).

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Past perfect verb.

Key Points

• The underlined word is a verb, 'had left'.
• The verb shows two components, viz., the auxiliary verb 'had'+ the past participle form of the verb 'to leave'.
• Together, 'Had left' suggests past perfect tense of the verb. So, it is a past perfect verb.
• Note: Dependent clauses have a subject and a verb but they can't form complete sentences. e.g. Adverb clause, adjective clause etc.
• Independent clauses have both a subject and a predicate and they can form a complete sentence.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Transitive verb.

Key Points

• The verb 'Has offered' requires an object. He has offered is incomplete by itself. Okay, he has offered. (but offered what? or who?)
• This means that He has offered something/ He has offered someone something. This someone/something required to take the action on is called 'the object'.
• The verbs which require an object are called 'Transitive verbs'.
• e.g. Bring, Throw, Carry etc.

The correct answer is "Intransitive verb​​".

Key Points

• An intransitive verb is a verb that does not require a direct object to complete its meaning.
• In other words, the action of the verb is contained within the subject and the verb itself, without needing an object to receive the action.
• In the sentence "The building is very ancient," the verb "is" is linking the subject "The building" to the adjective "ancient."
• There is no direct object in the sentence, and the verb "is" sufficiently conveys the meaning on its own.
• Here's a breakdown:
• Subject: "The building"
• Verb: "is" (intransitive verb)
• Adjective: "ancient" (describing the subject)
• Adverb: "very" (modifying the adjective "ancient")
• So, the complete thought conveyed is that the building possesses the quality of being ancient.
• Since the verb "is" doesn't act upon a direct object and is self-contained in its meaning, it is classified as an intransitive verb.
• Therefore, the correct option for the underlined word "is" is: Intransitive verb.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Interjection.

• The underlined word, viz, Hurrah is a random exclamation and it serves no apparent grammatical purpose.
• The part of speech which is used as a remark or exclamation is called an Interjection.
• Interjection- an abrupt remark, especially as an aside or interruption.
• e.g. Hurrah, Ah, Alas, Dear Lord etc.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Conjunction.

Key Points

• Notice the function the underlined word is doing in the sentence.
• In the given sentence, the word Because divides the sentence into two component sentences.
• This means that Ravi was declared as the winner in the tie and he had hit the most number of fours and sixes are two different sentences, joined by 'because'.
• The part of speech that joins two sentences together is called Conjunction.
• e.g. If, Because, Though etc.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e., Continuum.

Key Points

None of the other options reflect the correct spelling of the word.

Continuum means a continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other, but the extremes are quite distinct.

e.g. Time-space continuum etc.