CDS General Knowledge 3 Feb 2019 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Fort William College.

Key Points

• Henry T. Colebrooke was appointed professor at Fort William College in 1805 .
• The college was started by Lord Wellesley in the year 1800.
• It was started with the intention of training new civil servants in local languages.

Additional Information

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• The Deccan Riots Commission was set up which presented a report to the British Parliament in 1878.
• In 1879, the Agriculturists Relief Act was passed which ensured that the farmers could not be arrested and imprisoned if they were unable to pay their debts.
• It also restricted the sale of land for indebtedness to outsiders.
• It was an Act for the relief of Indebted Agriculturists in certain parts of the Deccan.

Additional Information

• Deccan Riots of 1875:
• The uprising began at Supa village in the district of Poona when moneylenders refused the farmer's loans.
• In 1875, farmers attacked a market place where many moneylenders lived.
• They burnt account books and looted grain shops.
• They also burnt the houses of sahukars.
• Sahukars were people who were both traders and moneylenders.
• When the revolt spread in the Deccan, the Government of India, worried by the memory of 1857, pressurised the Government of Bombay to set up a commission of enquiry to investigate into the causes of the riots.
• The commission produced a report that was presented to the British Parliament in 1878.
• The commission held enquiries in the districts where the riots spread, not in unaffected districts.
• They recorded statements of ryots, sahukars and eyewitnesses, compiled statistical data on revenue rates, prices and interest rates in different regions, and collated the reports sent by district collectors.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e Santhals.

• Santhals were invited to Bengal around the 1780s by powerful Zamindars to take care of agriculture.
• The British were facing stiff opposition from Paharias who would not cut forests and plough fields which generate revenue in areas around the Rahmahal hills.
• The Santhals were flexible and were hired by the British. Around 1830s large areas of land was given to the Santhals around the foothills of Raj Mahal hills to be cleared and cultivated. The Paharias were pushed into the barren hills.
• The area given to Santhals around Raj Mahal Hills was called Damin-i-Koh. They soon expanded the cultivated area and population multiple folds.
• Santhals soon realized they were being oppressed and in 1855 Santhal rebellion started and Santhal Paraganas(5500 km² exclusive area)) was created to satisfy them.

The correct answer is Loan bonds signed between money-lender and Ryots would have validity only for three years.

Key Points

• The Deccan Ryot commission had examined the conditions of money borrowing and the relationship between parties involved.
• They observed exorbitant amounts of interest were charged on small amounts of principle.
• The Limitation law 1859 was passed to regulate the process.
• The features were,
• A legally binding bond would be executed between both parties.
• The validity of the bond would be 3 years.
• It can be issued by both parties.

• The annexation of Awadh started by dethroning  Nawab Wajid Ali Shah in the year 1856 on the count of misgovernance
• The British wished for Awadh to be a part of British territory assuming it had fertile soils.
• They realized Talukdars were landholders in the region and were powerful. To reduce the landholding they assumed talukdars as interlopers and not original owners of the land and that the peasants were oppressed.
• Upon assuming full revenue control, the British realized the lands were grossly overestimated and talukdars were not oppressors but were necessary for the system.
• This incident was one of the reasons for Awadh being a strong centre for the Revolt of 1857.

The correct answer is Sarkaria Commission.

• The Inter-State Council was set up in 1990 on the recommendation of Sarkaria Commission

Key Points

• It was set up in June 1983 by the central government of India. The Sarkaria Commission's charter was to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and central governments in the country and suggest changes.

Additional Information

• Punchhi Commission
• The Punchhi Commission was constituted by the Government of India on 27th April 2007 as a Commission on Centre-State relations.
• It was chaired by Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi who was formerly the Chief Justice of India from 18 January 1998 until his retirement on 9 October 1998.
• The Commission examined and reviewed the working of the existing arrangements between the Union and States, various pronouncements of the Courts in regard to powers, functions, and responsibilities.
• Rajamannar Committee:
• In 1969, the Tamil Nadu Government (DMK) appointed a three-member committee under the chairmanship of Dr P. V. Rajamannar to examine the entire question of Centre-state relations and to suggest amendments to the Constitution so as to secure utmost autonomy to the states.
• The committee submitted its report to the Tamil Nadu Government in 1971.
• Recommendations:
• The setting of an Inter-State council immediately.
• Finance commission to be made a permanent body.
• Deletion of Articles 356, 357, and 365 which dealt with the President’s rule.
• Abolition of All-India Services (lAS, IPS, and IFS).
• Planning Commission to be replaced by a statutory body.
• The Central government completely ignored its recommendations.

The correct answer is '1 and 2.'

Key Points

• The Doctrine of Basic Structure :
• It came into existence in the landmark judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case (1973).
• The idea is that the basic features of the Constitution of India should not be altered to an extent that the identity of the Constitution is lost in the process.
• It falls outside the scope of the amending powers of the Parliament. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• It falls outside the constituent powers of the Parliament. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• It can be exercised by the people through representatives in a Constituent Assembly.  Hence statement 2 is correct.
• Article 368 empowers the Parliament to alter the Constitution of India.
• The Supreme Court has not yet established the basic structure of the Constitution because it is periodically improved with new elements.
• The following constitute the basic structure of the Constitution:
• Fundamental rights
• Directive Principles of state policy
• Fundamental principles and values with which the constitution-makers framed our constitution.
• The sovereignty of India
• The unity of the country, etc

The correct answer is Article 20 and Article 21.

Key Points

• During an emergency, all other fundamental rights are suspended except Article 20,21.

Important Points

• An emergency can be declared on 3 bases:
• National emergency: Article 352
• Financial emergency: Article 360
• State emergency: Article 356,365

Additional Information

The correct answer is Article 15.

Key Points

• Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
• The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
• No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to:
• Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
• The use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

Important Points

• Article 14: Equality before law. The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
• Article 16 refers to the equality of opportunity in the area of public employment. It means every citizen of this country has right to get an equal opportunity to practice their profession.
• Article 17 is related to untouchability. It means the practice of untouchability will be considered as an offense and is against the law.

• All India Scheduled Castes Federation was organized by Dr B. R. Ambedkar in 1942.
• It was organized to fight for the rights of the oppressed and weaker sections of the society.
• It succeeded the Independent Labour party of India organized by Ambedkar.
• After independence, it came to be called the Labour Party of India.

• It is a mobile application through which people can report any violation of the Model Code of Conduct.
• It will be operational only when an election is announced by the Election Commission.
• It has inbuilt foolproof location tracking and camera, video recording which will act as evidence collected on the spot.
• They can submit this information within seconds without any hassle and physical presence.

The correct answer is a surface-to-surface missile.

Key Points

• Prahaar:
• It is an indigenously developed surface-to-surface short-range tactical ballistic missile. Hence option 2 is correct.
• It has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• Features:
• Quick-reaction,
• all-weather,
• all-terrain,
• highly accurate battlefield support tactical missiles with advanced manoeuvring capability.

Additional Information

• Battle tanks of India: Arjun MK1, T-90M Bhishma, DRDO Arjun (Lion) etc.
• Aircraft carriers of India: INS Vikrant (2013), INS Vikramaditya
• Submarines of India: INS Arihant (S2), Kalvari class (Scorpène-class), INS Karanj (S23) etc.
• Note: Please refer to this link and memorize all the Missiles.

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• S. Mirabai Chanu and Virat Kohli were awarded the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for 2018. 
• Saikhom Mirabai Chanu is the third weightlifter to win the prize after Karnam Malleswari (1995) and Nameirakpam Kunjarani (1996).
• Virat Kohli is the third cricketer awarded the Khel Ratna after Sachin Tendulkar (1997) and MS Dhoni (2007).
• Hence option 2 is correct.
• Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award:
• The award since August 6, 2021, is named after Major Dhyan Chand, now officially known as the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award:
• It is the highest sporting honour in India.
• It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India.
• The award consists of a medallion, a certificate, and a cash prize of Rs. 25 lakh.
• Hima Das and Neeraj Chopra were awarded the Arjuna awards for the year 2018. Hence options 3 and 4 are incorrect.

• Pakyong Airport is situated in Sikkim, near Gangtok. It is a Greenfield airport.
• This airport is the 100th operational airport in the country built under the UDAN scheme which stands for Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik.
• Greenfield airports are built considering environmental costs and damages occurred and are built on waste green lands.

• International Day of Rural Women is observed on October 15 every year.
• International Women’s day celebrated on March 8 every year.
• Mothers day is celebrated on the 2nd Sunday of May.

• The first Indian to win a Pulitzer Prize was Gobind Behari Lal, a journalist in the year 1937.
• Jhumpa Lahiri, Geeta Anand, Siddhartha Mukherjee have also won Pulitzer awards for a novel, journalism, Biography in medicine.
• Awards initiated in 1917 no commemorate ‎Joseph Pulitzer, an activist and journalist who fought corruption and government's misgovernance.

• Saurabh Chaudhary won the gold medal in pistol shooting at the Asian Games 2018.
• He also won Gold Medal in the 10-meter air pistol event in the ongoing Youth Olympic Games in Argentina.

The correct answer is Consumers are affected by demonstration effect.

Key Points

• Law of Demand states that there is a negative or inverse relationship between the price and quantity demanded of a commodity over a period of time.
• Hence when we are determining demand's relationship to price, we keep other determinants of demand constant. These assumptions maintain the relationship constant:
• The income of consumers remains constant.
• No change in the size and composition of the population.
• There are no changes in the price of substitute goods.
• There are no changes in the taste and preferences of consumers.
• No expectation of a price change in future.
• There are no changes in the price of substitute goods.

The incorrect option is When total utility is maximum, marginal, and average utility are equal to each other

• Total utility is the overall content a customer obtains from the consumption of particular goods and services.
• Total utility is the total of marginal utilities of all such individual items.
• Marginal Utility is derived from the consumption of an extra unit of item.
• When total utility is maximum, marginal utility is zero.
• When total utility is decreasing, marginal utility is negative.
• When total utility is increasing, marginal utility is positive.

An indifference curve is the locus of various points showing different combinations of two goods providing equal utility to the consumer. Four features of the Indifference Curve are given as below:

• Indifference curves slope downward to the right.
• Indifference curves are convex to the origin.
• Indifference curves cannot intersect each other.
• A higher indifference curve represents a higher level of satisfaction than a lower indifference curve.

• The company is registered under the Companies Act 2013 as an Artificial Legal person, which can buy, sell property, sue or get sued.
• The Joint-stock signifies it is an LLP. The personal assets cannot be liquidated for the liability of the company.
• The shareholders elect the Board of Directors which makes it a democratic process.
• The capital invested is split into shares. Hence shareholders are the collective owners.

• In supply curve, X axis has quantity of goods and Y axis has the price.The slope is positive.
• When the quantity is fixed, a point in the X axis is fixed and the Y coordinate varies.Hence the curve would be vertical.Since the quantity does not necessarily start from zero,there is no curving of the slope.

The correct answer is H. St. Clair Wilkins.

Key Points

• The Bombay Secretariat was completed in 1874 and designed by Captain Henry St. Clair Wilkins.
• It was designed in the Venetian Gothic style.
• The stones brought for the construction are buff in colour. These stones are especially transported from Porbander of Gujarat for the establishment of this monument.
• The Secretariat building is one of the old architectural structures present in the prosperous city of Mumbai.
• Bombay, the capital of Maharashtra and one of India's major industrial centres and a busy port, was originally the site of seven islands on the west coast, sparsely populated by Koli fisherfolk.
• Bombay was by the 14th century controlled by the Gujarat Sultanate who ceded it to the Portuguese in the 16th century.
• In 1661 it passed to the English as part of the dowry brought to Charles II by the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza.
• By the 19th century, Bombay was a prosperous centre for commerce.
• In the second half of the 19th century, Bombay witnessed accelerated building activity fuelled by its booming maritime trade.
• A collection of grand public buildings sprang up at the Esplanade and city centre.
• With its arcaded verandahs and huge gable over the west facade, it was a monument to the civic pride of Bombay's British rulers.

The correct answer is Maharani Tapaswini.

• Maharani Tapaswini was the founder of Mahakali Pathshala in Calcutta

Key Points

• Maharani Tapaswini:
• The Mahakali Pathshala in Calcutta was founded by Maharani Tapaswini in the year 1893.
• She was one of the first persons to concentrate on girls, women education.
• She has fought along with Rani Laxmibhai in the revolt of 1857.

Additional Information

• Sister Nivedita was a person of Irish origin.
• Her birth name was Margaret Elizabeth Noble.
• Swami Vivekananda gave her the name Nivedita.
• Theosophical Society was founded by Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Col. H.S. Olcott in New York in 1875 AD.
• Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president of the Indian National Congress.

• In the 18^th century, India was the centre of the world Trade. India's muslin, jute, cotton textile has unimaginable demand in Europe and all over the world.
• Russia's Peter the Great had observed: "Bear in mind that the commerce of India is the commerce of the world ... he who can exclusively command it is the dictator of Europe".
• Work on National income, per capita, was done in the late 19^th century by Dr V.K.R. V. Rao and Dadabhai Naroji which confirms such observations.

• Abbe J. A. Dubois was a French missionary who had come to India in 1792. His mission was to convert Hindu Indians to Christianity. He attempted this in South India and faced such stiff opposition that he accepted defeat and returned to Paris.
• During his stay, his observation includes "A Hindu woman can go anywhere alone, even in the most crowded places, and she need never fear the impertinent looks and jokes of idle loungers" which gives us an idea of the society in that time.

'Plagues and Peoples' was written by William H. McNeill which describes the evolution of diseases and their effect on humankind.

• Ashis Nandy differentiated Nationalism from Patriotism. He worked extensively on the relationship between Indians and Britishers.
• He theorized that Indian Nationalism was a result of various theories, happenings all around the world and particularly Europe.
• He argued that the theory that homogenized Hinduism was constructed through the cultural arrogance of post-enlightenment Europe.

• The sub-prime crisis was an economic situation started in 2008 that had severely affected the mortgage industry after the borrowers could not able to afford the repayment of loan they had been approved.
• This economic crisis leads to the collapse of many prominent financial institutions and hedge funds in the USA.
• It also affected the global credit market resulting in higher interest rates and reduced availability of credit.
• This economic crisis is also known as the "Global Downturn".

• The 1947 Indian Independence Act is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which led to
• Partitioned British India into two new independent dominions - India and Pakistan.
• This Act came after amending the Government of India Act 1935, it also led to cease the existence of provinces formed after the Government of India Act, 1935.
• The newly appointed Governor-General of India by the Crown was empowered to bring this Act in force.
• "Emperor of India" as a title, was dropped from the titles of British Crown.

Key Points

• In a State, the State Legislative Council is considered as the upper house of the State which have a bicameral legislature and the State Legislative Assembly is called as the lower house of the State.
• At present, there are 6 out of 28 States have a Legislative Council.
• The member of the Legislative Council (MLC) cannot be more than one-third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly and its composition cannot be less than 40 members.

Additional Information 

The Member of the Legislative Council are chosen in the following ways:

• One-third members of the upper house are elected by members of local bodies -  municipalities, gram sabhas/gram panchayats, panchayat samitis and district councils.
• One-third members of the upper house are elected by members of Legislative Assembly of the State from among the persons who are not members of the State Legislative Assembly.
• One-sixth of the upper house are nominated by the governor from the fields such as literature, science, arts, the co-operative movement and social service.
• One-twelfth members of the upper house are elected by persons who are graduates of three years' standing residing in that state.
• One-twelfth members of the upper house are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower than secondary schools, including colleges and universities.

• Under the Article 243C, the Chairperson of a Panchayat and other members of a Panchayat whether or not chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area shall have the right to vote in the meetings of the Panchayats.
• The Chairperson of:
• a panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide; and
• a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be elected by, and from amongst, the elected members thereof.
• Under the Article 243E, every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer.
• Under the Article 243J, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions concerning the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Article 323 A
• This Article was introduced in the Constitution in 1976 under 42^nd Amendment Act.
• It provides for the establishment of an administrative tribunal for the Union and a separate administrative tribunal for each State or for two or more States. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Parliament may, by law, provide for the trial by administrative tribunals of disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with
• The affairs of the Union or of any State
• Of any local or other authority within the territory of India
• Under the control of the Government of India
• Of any corporation owned or controlled by the Government. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• Tribunals established by law exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under article 136, with respect to disputes or complaints. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
• It also provides for the procedure including provisions as to limitations and rules of evidence to be followed. Hence statement 4 is correct.

• A market condition where a large number of firms selling similar but not identical products are termed as Monopolistic Competition.
• Oligopoly and Monopolistic are the two imperfectly competitive types of market.
• An oligopoly is a market situation where only a few sellers selling products similar or identical to the others.
• In a monopolistic competitive market, each firm has a monopoly over the product it produces, but many other firms make similar products that compete for the same customers.

• Inflation in the country continued to moderate during 2017-18.
• Consumer Price Index (CPI) based headline inflation averaged 3.3 per cent during the period which is the lowest in the last six financial years which has been stated by the Economic Survey as well.
• The reduction in the level of inflation was broad-based across major commodity groups except for Housing and Fuel and Light.
• The Headline inflation has been below 4 per cent for twelve straight months, from November 2016 to October 2017 and CPI food inflation averaged around one per cent during April-December in the current financial year, says the Survey.

• The consumption function formulated by Ando and Modigliani is known as the Life Cycle Hypothesis.
• As per the Life Cycle Hypothesis, consumption is the function of life expected income of the consumer.
• The consumption pattern of the individual depends on the resources available to him/her, the rate of return on capital, the spending plan, and age at which the plan is made.
• The present value of his/her resources include income from assets or wealth or property and from current and expected labour income. Thus his/her total resources consist of his/her income and wealth.

• According to John Maynard Keynes, the volume of employment in a country depends on the level of 'effective demand' of people for goods and services.
• Earlier, the classical economists had said that there will always be full employment in a free enterprise capitalist economy because of the operation of Say’s Law and wage-price flexibility, but Keynes rejected the notion of full employment and termed it as a special case, not a general case.
• Keynes' theory of employment is demand deficient, that means he visualized the employment and unemployment from the demand side of the model.
• Later, he put all his concept of employment in his book titled - The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).

• According to Adam Smith, the tax paid by an individual should not be arbitrary but it should be certain because the tax paid by an individual have no connection with benefit received by him/her.
• In order to guide the taxing authority, Adam Smith laid down four principles which are also known as the Canons's of taxation:
• Canon of Equality
• Canon of Certainty
• Canon of Convenience
• Canon of Economy
• Later, other economists have also extended the list of Canons by Adam Smith:
• Canon of Productivity
• Canon of Elasticity
• Canon of Simplicity
• Canon of Variety
• Canon of Flexibility

• The credit of christening the mathematical discipline of algorithm given to Al-Khwarizmi who is also known as Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi and Mohammad Bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi, was a Persian scientist, mathematician and author.
• Apart from developing the concept of an algorithm in mathematics, he is also known as the grandfather of computer science.
• For his contributions to the fields of algebra, trigonometry, astronomy, geography and cartography even remembered today.

• Kansas-Nebraska Act of May 30, 1854, was passed by the US Congress.
• It permitted individuals in the domains of Kansas and Nebraska to choose for themselves whether to permit subjugation or slavery inside their fringes.
• The Act served to cancel the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which denied subjugation north of scope 36°30'.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated numerous in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing authoritative understanding. While in the pro-slavery South it was unequivocally bolstered.
• After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters surged in to settle Kansas to influence the result of the principal decision held there after the law became effective.
• Pro-slavery pioneers conveyed the decision however were accused of misrepresentation by anti-slavery settlers, and the outcomes were not acknowledged by them.

The key aspects of the the Indo-US Nuclear Agreement of 2007:

• The signed agreement would not be barrier for India's nuclear program for military purposes.
• The USA will cooperate India to negotiate with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for an India-specific fuel supply agreement.
• They will also New Delhi develop strategic reserves of nuclear fuel to guard against future disruption of supply.
• Both the countries agrees to transfer nuclear material, non-nuclear material, equipment and components.

• On 23 November 1949, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, while making of the constitution said about the role of supreme court - “While there can be no two opinions on the need for the maintenance of judicial independence, ...it is also necessary to keep in view one important principle. The doctrine of independence is not to be raised to the level of a dogma so as to enable the judiciary to function as a kind of super-legislature or super executive. The judiciary is there to interpret the Constitution or adjudicate upon the rights...”
• The Indian Constitution depends on a fragile standard of the restricted detachment of power and checks and balances. This implies every organ of the administration has an unmistakable region of working. Along these lines, the Parliament is preeminent in making laws and altering or amending the Constitution, the executive or official is incomparable in actualizing them while the legal executive is preeminent in settling questions and choosing whether the laws that have been made are as per the arrangements of the Constitution.
• In spite of such obvious division of intensity, the contention between the Parliament and judiciary, and executive and judiciary has remained an intermittent subject in Indian governmental issues.

Th correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

• United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping assists host countries to come out from conflict to peace.
• United Nations Peacekeeping process is guided by these three basic principles:
• Consent of the parties;
• Impartiality;
• Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
• At present, UN's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are focusing not only to maintain peace and security but also to facilitate the political process, protect civilians, assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; support the organization of elections, protecting and promoting human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.
• It does not extend support to any losing State in a war. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Additional Information 

• United Nations:
• The UNO was formed on 24 October 1945.
• At present, 193 countries are members of the UN.
• South Sudan is the latest and the 193rd member to join the UN in 2011
• The UN Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, when the Governments of China, France, the UK, the Soviet Union, and the USA and a majority of other counties had ratified it.
• The Headquarter of the UN is situated in New York (USA).

• The South China Sea is one of the busiest sea-route in the world.
• The South China Sea dispute is an overlapping territorial dispute involving countries like Vietnam, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines.
• In this decade-long dispute, China claims its sovereignty over more than 80 percent of the territory while Vietnam claims over the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.
• The Philippines affirms its sovereignty over Spratly archipelago and the Scarborough Shoal, while the countries like Brunei and Malaysia have asserted their ownership over the southern region of the ocean and some of Spratly Islands.

• The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.
• The Kyoto Protocol is linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC).
• It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 while it came in to force on 16 February 2005.
• It has recognized that the developed nations are majorly responsible for the current high levels of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere.

• Beijing Declaration, also known as the 'Fourth World Conference on Women' was held in Beijing in September 1995 on the eve of the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations (UN).
• In Beijing Declaration, it was determined to promote the goals of equality, development and peace for all women universally in the interest of all humanity.
• Under this declaration, it was ensured that the human rights of women and of the girl child as an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of all human rights and fundamental freedoms must be implemented.
• Under this declaration, the participants build consensus and progress made at previously held United Nations conferences and summits - on women

• Gujral Doctrine is viewed as an achievement in India's international strategy.
• It was verbalized that the Gujral Doctrine as India's foreign policy as to accomplish better relations with immediate neighbours and to establish harmony in South Asia.
• It was executed by Inder Kumar Gujral, the then Minister of External Affairs in H. D. Deve Gowda Government in 1996.
• This doctrine says that India as a bigger nation among the South Asian nations should give one-sided preferences to her immediate small neighbours and build cordial relations with them.
• Similar Policies: Panchsheel of Jawaharlal Nehru.

• Centrifugation is a method of separating very small insoluble particles in a liquid having different densities by spinning them in solution around an axis (in a centrifuge rotor) at high speed.
• Crystallization is a process of deriving large crystals of pure substances from their solutions.
• Fractional distillation is a special type of distillation which is designed to separate a mixture of two or more liquids that have different boiling points.
• Decantation is a process, of separation of insoluble solids from the liquid. The suspension of solid particles in a liquid is allowed to stand for some time. The solid particles then settle down at the bottom of the container and clean water goes up. Without disturbing the settled particles the clean water is transferred into other containers.

• Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens, and phosphorus present in an organic compound are detected by “Lassaigne’s test”.
• The elements present in the compound are converted from a covalent form into the ionic form by fusing the compound with sodium metal.

           Na + C + N → NaCN

           2Na + S → Na₂S

            Na + X → Na X (X = Cl, Br or I) C, N, S and X come from organic compound.

• F, Fluorine cannot be detected by Lassaigne's test because It does not forms Precipitate like other halogens (chlorine, Bromine, Iodine).
• Indeed It forms a precipitate of silver fluoride but the precipitate is soluble in water so it not possible to detect fluorine by Lassaigne's test.

Extra Information :

• Halogens are present in group 17 of the periodic table, which includes five non-metallic elements, fluorine ( F ), chlorine ( CI ), bromine ( Br ), iodine ( I ) and astatine ( At ).
• Halogens are the p-block elements in the periodic table and also they give salts when they react with metals.
• The valence shell electronic configuration of Halogens is ns₂np₅. Thus, there are 7 electrons in the outermost shell of these elements.

• Alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, cyanides and isocyanides, carboxylic acids are functional isomers, whereas in the case of Alkyl halides functional group isomerism is not possible.
• Alkyl Halides are also known as Haloalkanes and they never show functional group isomerism because there’s only one way to attach a halogen to a carbon chain and that is via one single bond. Halogens can’t form more than one bond in the context of common organic compounds, and can’t form multiple bonds to carbon.
• The phenomenon of the existence of two or more compounds possessing the same molecular formula but different properties is known as Isomerism.
• Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different functional groups are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is termed as functional group isomerism.

• The projections in which horizontal bonds are defined as the one coming out of the plane of paper towards the viewer and vertical bonds going away from the viewer is a Fischer projection.
• The Fischer projection was given by Emil Fischer in 1891, It is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry.
• Fischer projection represents the molecule in an eclipsed conformation whereas Newman projection can be represented in eclipsed, staggered and skew conformations.
• In Sawhorse projections, the lines are inclined at an angle of 120° to each other. Just as with Newman projections, you can draw sawhorse projections in eclipsed and staggered conformations.
• Since staggered conformation is more stable than eclipsed one, Fischer projection being in eclipsed projection represents least stable conformation

• Caprolactam is a single man-made monomer used for the synthesis of Nylon 6.
• Nylon 6 is a polymer which is mainly used in the manufacturing sector.
• Having high tensile strength, fatigue resistance, and toughness, it is used in the manufacture of industrial yarn.
• Nylon 6,6 is made from two monomers, adipoyl chloride, and hexamethylene diamine.

• The nearest star system to the Earth is the Alpha Centauri triple-star system which is about 4.37 light-years ≈ 40 trillion Km away from the earth.
• The Alpha Centauri triple-star system consists of three stars named Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Centauri B, and Proxima Centauri.
• Among these stars, Proxima Centauri is slightly closer as compared to Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B at 4.24 light-years away from the earth, which makes it nearest star to the earth.
• Proxima Centauri was discovered by a Scottish astronomer Robert T. A. Innes in 1915. It is sometimes also called Alpha Centauri C.
• Sirius is the brightest star in the sky which is also known as the Dog Star or Alpha Canis Majoris.
• Arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the sky and the brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere. Arcturus is also the brightest star in the constellation of Bootes.
• Spica is also one of the brightest stars in the sky. It is the brightest star in the constellation of Virgo.

• Mercury is the least massive planet in our solar system whereas Jupiter is the most massive planet.
• A planet is weighed by knowing the time taken by objects to orbit the planet and how far away those objects are from the planet.
• Planets of our solar system according to their masses are -

• When an object is immersed completely in water, it has the force of gravity pulling it down and buoyant force pulling it up. The force of gravity is determined by mass, and buoyant force is determined by volume.
• Here the density of silver (10.49 g/cm³ ) is less than the density of gold (19.32 g/cm³) therefore silver piece has to be bigger than the gold piece.
• Since the silver piece is bigger, it has more buoyant force, so it needs to be even bigger to have the same underwater weight as the gold.
• The buoyant force is not present in the air, therefore, the silver, having more volume, loses more buoyant force, and so becomes heavier in air.

• If the wavelengths corresponding to ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiations are given as λUV, λVIS and λIR respectively, then λUV < λVIS < λIR  is the correct relationship among these wavelengths.
• UV rays are electromagnetic radiations which are shorter than the visible light and have a wavelength between 10-400 nm.
• Infrared rays are those electromagnetic radiations which have a wavelength between 700 nm-1 mm. These are longer than the visible light.

• The work done by the electrostatic force on an electron or proton is the product of the charge and the potential difference traveled through.
• According to the work-energy theorem, the kinetic energy gained by the particle is equal to the work done on it.

          Change in KE= charge x potential difference

         ΔKE=W_e= Q.V

         1/2 Mv²= Q.V

• From the above equation, it is clear that the velocity of a particle is inversely proportional to the mass of a particle, therefore the particle having less mass vill posses more velocity.
• Hence, electron having less mass than the proton will have a greater velocity than the proton i. e Ve > Vp

CONCEPT:

The dot product of two vectors

• The dot product or scalar product is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the two sequences of numbers.
• Geometrically, it is the product of the Euclidean magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
• Let the two vectors are A and B then dot Product of two vectors:

⇒  A⋅B = |A||B| cos θ 

Where |A| = Magnitude of vectors A and |B| = Magnitude of vectors B and θ is the angle between A and B.

The above equation can be rewritten as:

$\Rightarrow \vec{A}.\vec{B}=|\vec{A}||\vec{B}|cos θ \ ⇒ cosθ =\frac{\vec{A}.\vec{B}}{|\vec{A}||\vec{B}|}$

• The dot product of unit vectors

$\hat{i}.\hat{i}=\hat{j}.\hat{j}=\hat{k}.\hat{k}=1\ \hat{i}.\hat{j}=\hat{j}.\hat{k}=\hat{k}.\hat{i}=0$

​CALCULATION:

• The magnitude of two vectors can be given by this formula:

$\Rightarrow |\vec{A}+\vec B| = \sqrt{A^2+B^2+2AB cos θ}$

$\Rightarrow |\vec{A}|+|\vec B|=|\vec{A}+\vec B|$

• This condition is possible when cos θ = 1 (i.e., θ = 0°)
• For θ not equal to 0°,

$\Rightarrow |\vec{A}|+|\vec B|>|\vec{A}+\vec B|$

• So, the sum of individual vectors' magnitude will be greater than the magnitude of the resultant vectors.​

• The Endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes on their surface is called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) whereas in the absence of the ribosomes they appear smooth and are called Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).
• The main function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) includes transport of materials, Synthesis of lipid, and Synthesis of hormones.
• In animal cells, lipid-like steroidal hormones are synthesized in Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
• Whereas Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) in the cells actively involved in the Synthesis of protein and secretion.

• Lysosomes mainly function as a storehouse of digestive enzymes.
• The lysosome contains a powerful hydrolytic enzyme that is able to digest every organic substance.
• It is composed of membranes in the form of a packet which is found abundantly in every cell.
• Lysosome was discovered by Christian De Duve in 1955.

Extra Information : 

• Desmosomes are intercellular joinings that render strong adhesion between cells.
• The Ribosome is a cell organelle composed of RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and protein whose main function is to synthesize the protein, therefore it is also called the factory of protein.
• Ribosome was discovered by George Emil Palade around 1950.
• Vacuoles are cell organelle which is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane and the main function of vacuoles is to collect the foodstuffs in which mineral salts, sugar, CO_2, O₂, organic acids, various colours, and the residual substances are dissolved.

• The lateral meristem tissue is responsible for the increase of girth in the stem of a plant.
• lateral meristem tissue is a type of Meristematic tissue found in the apexes of dicotyledonous roots and stems in the parallel of lateral axes of the plant organs.
• Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium are examples of lateral meristem tissue.

Extra Information : 

• Intercalary meristem tissue is also a type of Meristematic tissue, such types of tissues are the residues of the Apical meristem tissue which became separated due to the appearance of the permanent tissue.
• These types of Tissues are helpful in the increase in the height of a plant.
• The Pericycle is a layer of cells in plants, it is named pericycle due to its position i.e it encircles the vascular tissue in stems and roots.
• Tracheid is a crucial element of xylem (fluid-conducting tissues) it consists of a single elongated cell with pointed ends.

• Agaricus (Mushroom) among the others is dependent on the saprophytic mode of nutrition.
• saprophytic mode of nutrition is nutrition in which organisms obtain their food from decayed moist leaves, moist dead wood or by some other useless rotten residues or organic substances.
• The fungi like Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucor (pin mould), Yeast are the other examples of Saprophtes.

Extra Information :

• Ulothrix is a freshwater, filamentous green algae, in the family Ulotrichaceae found in rather cold flowing water.
• Riccia is a liver wart or Hepaticopsida plant which comes in the category of BRYOPHYTA, the plants of Bryophyta are found both on the land and the water thus these are amphibians.
• Cladophora is an example of the THALLOPHYTA plant, these Plants do not have well-differentiated body design.
• The plants in this group are commonly called algae and these plants are predominantly aquatic.

• Asterias and Echinus both belong to the Echinodermata phylum.
• Sea anemone and Nereis belongs to the Coelenterata (Cnidaria) and Annelida phyla respectively.
• They all belong to the different phyla in the animal kingdom.
• Coelenterata (Cnidaria) and Echinodermata phyla have a radial symmetry in its body organization whereas Nereis has a bilateral symmetry in its body organization.
• Coelenterata are aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming, radially symmetrical animals. Sea-pen, Sea anemone, Gorgonia (sea-fan), Meandrina (Brain coral) are some examples of Coelenterata.
• Echinodermata are marine with organ system level of organization. These animals have endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and hence, the name Echinodermata(spiny bodied). Asterias (starfish), Echinus (sea urchin), Antedon (sea lily) are examples of Echinodermata.
• Annelida maybe aquatic or terrestrial, with organ-system level of organization. They are triploblastic, bilateraly symmetrical, metamerically segmented and coelomate animals. Examples of Annelida include Nereis, Pheretima (earthworm) and Hirudinaria (blood-sucking leech).

The correct answer is Peacock and camel.

• Peacock and Camel are warm-blooded animals.

Key Points

• Warm-blooded animals:
• These creatures maintain the inside temperature of their bodies at a constant temperature.
• Peacock and Camel come under the category of warm-blooded creatures.
• Most mammals and birds are warm-blooded.

Additional Information

• Cold-blooded animals:
• These are the creatures that take on the temperature of their surroundings i.e they are hot when their environment is hot and cold when their environment is cold.
• All the reptiles are cold-blooded animals.
• Tortoise, Hagfish and dogfish are cold-blooded animals.

• Central Water Commission (CWC), Ministry of Water Resources has set up a network of forecasting stations covering all important flood-prone interstate rivers.
• The forecasts issued by these stations are used to enable the local administration to take suitable administrative measures like the evacuation of people from flood-affected areas to safer locations during flood season and also to enable the project authorities in the proper operation of reservoirs.
• 19 states and 4 union territory are cover under this scheme that are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, NCT of Delhi,Jammu & Kashmir& Ladakh,.
• Himachal Pradesh is not covered under this scheme.

• Cartagena is a port city in Colombia which is famous Protocol on Biosafety also known as Cartagena protocol.
• The protocol on Biosafety or Cartagena Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another.
• Cartegena protocol was adopted in 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity and comes into force in 2003.
• The living modified organism (LMOs) is defined as any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

• Meghalaya is the most populated state among the above states having a population of about 2,966,889 people and having a population density of 132 per Km².
• Goa is at 2nd place among other states having a population near about 1,458,545 and papulation density 394 per Km².
• Mizoram having a population of 1,097,206 is in third place and Sikkim is at 4th position.
• Sikkim is the least populated state among all Indian states having a population of only 610,577 and a population density of 86 per Km2.
• Lakshadweep is the least populated union territory having a population of 64,473 only.
• Uttar Pradesh is the highest populated state and Delhi is the highest populated Union territory in India according to the 2011 Census.

• The Tropic of Capricorn is the circle of latitude which is 23.5°S of the Equator (largest latitude 0° ).
• The Tropic of Capricorn passes through 10 countries, 3 continents and 3 waterbodies.
• It passes through South America, Africa, and Australia. In the South America continent, it passes through 4 countries which include Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil.
• In the Africa continent, it passes through Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, and Madagascar.
• The Tropic of Capricorn passes through 3 waterbodies which include the Indian ocean, Atlantic ocean, and Pacific ocean.
• Tropic of Capricorn does not pass through Bolivia, a country in South America.

• The Sargasso Sea is located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean in the area marked under the Bermuda Triangle, it is the only sea in the world that does not have a land boundary or any coast.
• Sargasso sea is named after the genus of free-floating seaweed called Sargassum and is confined in the gyre of calm and motionless water.
• In the Atlantic Ocean high salinity is observed between 15-20 Degree latitudes, i.e in the Sargasso Sea region, therefore Sargasso sea records the highest salinity in the Atlantic Ocean.
• The average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is about 35.6 Percent.
• It is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, north by the North Atlantic Current, east by the Canary Current, and south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current.

NOTE: The Sargasso Sea is surrounded by Gulf Stream in the West not west of Gulf Stream similarly it is located to Canary current in East, not to the east of Canary Current.

The correct answer is Option 4, i.e A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3.

Key Points

• Detroit, also known as the Motor City is the largest city in the midwestern state of Michigan in the US and is recognized as the historic heart of the American automotive industry. Detroit is famous for its thriving car industries located there.

Additional Information

• Antwerp is a port city of Belgium which is well known for its diamond industry, cutting and trading of diamonds.
• Tokyo, the capital city of Japan is famous for its Shipbuilding market.
• Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang, China’s northernmost province is the country’s gateway to trade with Russia and hosts the China-Russia Expo every year. Since the 1950s it has become a hub for mining and steel production.

The correct answer is Satna.

Key Points

Varanasi-Kanyakumari National Highway:

• National Highway 44 (NH 44) is the longest-running major north-south National Highway in India.
• It starts from Srinagar and terminates in Kanyakumari; the highway passes through the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• NH - 44 was laid and is maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).

Confusion Points

• A major part of NH 7 covers the North-South Corridor of NHDP and it is officially listed as running over 2,369 km (1,472 mi) from Varanasi to Kanyakumari. It is the longest “Single” national highway in India.
• In the case of NH 44, which is considered to be the North-South Corridor of NHDP (National Highway Development Project). It has come into being by merging seven previously differently numbered national highways in full or part. (NH1, NH1A, NH2, NH3, NH26, NH7, NH75)

Additional Information

• NH - 4: National Highway 4 or NH 4 is the major highway in the Indian state of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is 230.7 km in length.
• NH - 10: National Highway 10 (NH 10) is a national highway in northeast India that connects the India / Bangladesh border via Siliguri to Gangtok. It passes through the Indian states of West Bengal and Sikkim.
• NH - 5: National Highway 5 (NH5), a primary national highway in India, running west to east, is stationary off the Sino-Indian border at Shipki La to Ferozepur in Punjab. The highway passes through Moga, Jagraon, Chand, Mohali, Chandigarh, Panchkula. , Kalka, Solan, Shimla, Theog, Narkanda, Kumarsain, Rampur Luhar and continue along the river Sutlej to their ashram near the Tibet border.
• Varanasi-Kanyakumari National Highway covers many major districts in which Rewa, Katni and Jabalpur districts of Madhya Pradesh are situated on this national highway while Satna district of Madhya Pradesh is not situated on Varanasi-Kanyakumari National Highway.

• In urban areas, less space is available for rainwater harvesting as compared to the rural areas. Therefore different methods are used for rainwater harvesting in urban and rural areas. The most common method used in urban areas for water-saving is rooftop rainwater harvesting.
• Rooftop recharge pit is suitable for buildings having a roof area of 100 sq.m. These are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifers and for smaller roof area, pit may be filled with broken bricks/ cobbles.
• Recharge wells are small well-like structures made roadside or part of pavings that have perforated lids to allow water percolation. This type of rainwater harvesting system is used in urban areas.
• Recharge trench is another method used for urban rainwater harvesting. It is basically suitable for buildings or houses with a large rooftop area.
• Gully plug method for rainwater harvesting is not applicable in urban areas, it is used in rural areas. These are built using local stones, clay and bushes across small gullies and streams running down the hill slopes carrying drainage to tiny catchments during the rainy season.

• Canals are difficult to construct in Peninsular India because of the Rocky region of the Peninsular and also rainfall is highly seasonal there, therefore Tank Irrigation is popular in the Southern region of India.
• Tank irrigation is useful in the areas where surface repels rainwater and do not permit it to infiltrate (soak into) the ground that is tank irrigation is mainly in the areas with impervious surface layers.
• The Well and Tube Well irrigation is the most popular irrigation system in India and it is mainly found in the northern region of India where Uttar Pradesh is having the largest area under well irrigation. It is followed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Bihar.
• Well irrigation is much older in India as compared to the Tank Irrigation system and it also requires sufficient groundwater reserves.

Concept:

• The plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are known as Thermoplastics. Polythene and PVC are some of the examples of Thermoplastics.
• Thermoplastics are used for manufacturing toys, combs and various types of containers.
• The plastics which keeps its shape and does not soften i.e the plastics which when moulded once, can not be softened by heating are called Thermosetting plastics.
• Thermosetting plastics are synthesized by condensation polymerization and have primary bonds between molecular chains and held together by strong cross links.
• Thermosetting plastics have a high melting point and tensile strength as compared to thermoplastics.

• In the state function, values of a system are independent of the path followed and they only depend upon the initial and the final state. Internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and density are some examples of the state function.
• When values of a system depend upon the path followed by them that function is called path function.Heat and Work are the main examples of the Path function.
• q (Heat) and w (work) are path functions while q+w i.e.H, enthalpy is a state function.
• Similarly, H-TS i.e. G, Gibbs free energy is also a state function.

ΔGθ is the Gibbs energy change for a system under standard conditions whereas ΔHθ standard enthalpy change (ΔHθ) is the heat energy transferred under standard conditions. 

⇒ ΔGθ = -45 KJ/mol

⇒ ΔHθ = -90 KJ/mol

⇒ As T = 273 °K

Using the formula,

⇒ ΔGθ = ΔHθ – TΔSθ

    -45 = -90 – 273 ΔSθ

    ΔSθ = 0.164

⇒ Now since ΔHθ and ΔSθ are independent (given)

⇒ T₂ = ΔH/ΔS = 90/0.164 = 548.8°K

⇒ Therefore Required Temp ≈ 546 K 

⇒ At minimum temperature of 546 K the reaction will become spontaneous.

• When there are five bonds and no lone pairs on the central atom in the molecule that shape is called Trigonal bipyramidal (trigonal bipyramidal shape) or square pyramidal.

• In the Trigonal bipyramidal structure, the three of the bonds are arranged along the atom's equator, with 120° angles between them; the other two are placed at the atom's axis.

• The P atom in the  PCl5 needs of five orbitals to form the five P-Cl bonds. It has a 3s and three 3p orbitals, so it must use one of its 3d orbitals to form the fifth bond. These orbitals are hybridized to form five sp³d orbitals that just happen to point in the right directions to form a trigonal bipyramid.

• Therefore, the hybridization of p orbitals should be dsp3

Concept:

Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) as often used in mathematics:

Where r is a radial distance, θ is the azimuthal angle, and φ is a polar angle.

• Azimuthal angle: The azimuth angle of a point in cylindrical coordinates or spherical coordinates is the anticlockwise angle between the positive x-axis and the projection of the vector onto the xy-plane.
• polar angle: it is inclination from the z-axis.

Calculation:

Given: 

(P, θ, α), θ denotes the polar angle around z-axis and α denotes the azimuthal angle raised from the x-axis

From the above figure: OP = P

Now Component along xy-plane

 ⇒ OM = P sin θ 

Now Component of OM along the y-axis

 ⇒ Component along x-axis = P cos θ sin α 

⇒ Component along y-axis = P sin θ sin α 

∴ Option 1st is correct.

• The Kinetic energies of all gas molecules in the case of an Ideal gas is not zero, they possess different kinetic energies.
• A gas that satisfies the equation PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles and R is a universal constant having value, **R = 8.314 J mol^-1K^-1**and T is absolute temperature, exactly at all pressures and temperatures is defined to be an ideal gas.
• An ideal gas is a simple theoretical model of a gas. No real gas is truly ideal.
• For an ideal gas, we assume that all particles in the gas have the same speed. So for an ideal gas, we can simply talk about the speed of particles, But for a real gas, we must use the average speed of all the particles.
• For an ideal gas, the potential energy of the gas molecules is zero and also the ideal gas particles are considered to be point size particles having zero volume with no interactive force between the molecules.

• The stars forming a group that has a recognizable shape is called a constellation.
• It is a particular pattern of stars that may not be equidistant from the earth in the sky.
• One of the most famous constellations which can be seen in the summertime in the early part of the night is Ursa Major, It is also known as the Big Dipper, the Great Bear or the Saptarshi.
• The other well-known constellation that can be seen in the sky are Orion, Cassiopeia and, Leo major.

• The Hooke’s law itself states that it is valid only proportional region of the stress-strain curve i.e. only to that limit where the material is behaving elastically.
• According to Hooke's law, within the elastic limit stress is proportional to strain, provided the strain is small.

    →  Thus, Stress ∝ Strain, ⇒ Stress / Strain = a constant (Young's modulus)

• Histones are a set of positively charged, basic proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
• A protein acquires charge depending upon the abundance of amino acids residues with charged side chains.
• Histones are rich in the basic amino acid residues lysines and arginines. Both the amino acid residues carry positive charges in their side chains.
• Histones are organized to form a unit of eight molecules called Histone octamer.

​Extra Information :

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acids found in living systems.
• DNA acts as the genetic material in most of the organisms.
• RNA though it also acts as genetic material in some viruses, mostly functions as a messenger.

• Haemoglobin present in RBC carries or transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. whereas it also carries forward carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
• The transportation of CO₂ from the tissues to the lungs takes place in a very small amount nearly (10-20 per cent) by the protein globin of haemoglobin.
• The transportation of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate takes place which is formed by the reaction of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme and RBC.
• Haemoglobin is a fused protein in which a protein called globin and an iron ion are found.

• A beam of visible light from the light source is focused by a condenser onto the specimen, then the light transmitted by the specimen is picked by the objective lens and a magnified image of the specimen called primary image inside the body tube is created. This image is again magnified by the convex lens or eyepiece.
• Thus, the correct sequence of the passage of light in a compound microscope is Condenser-Objective lens-Body tube-Eyepiece i.e option 3.

Extra Information :

• ​A compound microscope is an optical instrument that magnifies the image of the object substantially.
• The magnifying power of the microscope is obtained from two parts i.e its two components.
• It consists of two coaxial convex lenses, one is called an objective near to which object is located and the other is called eyepiece near to which the eye is located.

• Urea is produced in the liver, therefore the first statement is correct.
• Proteins/amino acids, and ammonia are broken in the liver leading to the formation of urea.
• Urea thus formed is then transferred from blood to urine by the kidneys.
• Urea is a metabolite (breakdown product) of amino acids and it consists of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Extra Information : 

• The Liver is the largest gland in the human body, located behind the diaphragm of the stomach cavity.
• It helps in keeping the level of blood sugar levels constant and converts the excess glucose into glycogen.
• The liver also transforms amino acid into pyruvic acid and ammonia, this process is called Deamination.
• Bile is secreted by the liver which makes the foods alkaline by changing its acidic character.

​

• The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels which are known as gullies. The soil is removed by water flowing along definite paths downs the slope or in channels, it is called gully erosion.
• When due to the soil erosion the land becomes unfit for cultivation, that land is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin, such lands are called ravines.
• These bad land gullies are present in the lower course of the Chambal basin, therefore, Chambal river valley of India is under the influence of intensive gully erosion.

​

• The systems developing in the mid and high latitude, beyond the tropics are called the Temperate cyclones or middle-latitude or extratropical cyclones.
• The passage of front causes abrupt changes in the weather conditions over the area in the middle and high latitudes. Temperate cyclones form along the polar front.
• The Temperate cyclones are under high influence of permanent winds called westerlies in the middle latitude between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, due to these winds temperate cyclones move from west to east with these westerlies.
• Tropical cyclones are developed over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation.
• Tropical cyclones move from east to west under the influence of permanent winds of tropical latitudes that is trade winds.
• A tropical cyclone is generally known as a Hurricane in the Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific oceans and in the Indian and South Pacific oceans it is called a Cyclone, and in the northwestern Pacific, it is called a Typhoon.
• Cyclones Possess a centre of low pressure surrounded by closed isobars and the pressure increases outward from the centre.

• The ITTO is located in Yokohama, Japan. The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is an intergovernmental type organization.
• Its functions include :
• Promoting the sustainable management of forests.
• Conservation of tropical forests.
• Expansion of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests.

• The moisture content of the atmosphere or water vapor present in the air at a particular time and place is known as humidity.
• The actual amount of the water vapor present in the atmosphere is known as the Absolute humidity and it differs from place to place on the surface of the earth. It is expressed in terms of grams per cubic meter.
• The percentage of moisture present in the atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature is known as the Relative humidity and with the change of air temperature, the capacity to retain moisture increases or decreases and the relative humidity is also affected.
• A Hygrometer is an instrument used to measure Humidity.
• Note: Hydrometer measures the relative density of fluids.

• The Shompens are a vulnerable tribal group of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Negrito, Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa, and Sentinelese tribes are also natives of Andaman and Nicobar.
• Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) created the database of such tribes. Till date 75 Particularly Vulnerable tribes have been identified and reside in 18 states and UT of Andaman and Nicobar.

100 cities had been shortlisted for Smart Cities Project implementation. Jorhat from Assam was suggested but not selected. Instead, it was selected for the AMRUT scheme.

Smart Cities Scheme:- Cities which will provide infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.

Refer : https://www.ncpedp.org/list_of_100_smartcities

AMRUT scheme:- Providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban transport) to households and build amenities in cities which will improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged.

• The total census population of India 2011 was found out to be 1,210,854,977. According to 2011 census, Mumbai led the list of most populated cities with a population of 12,442,373.
• The population of the world: 7.7 Billion people.
• Most populous city: Shanghai with 24 Million people.
• Most populous country: China 1.4 Billion people followed by India.
• Internationally the population is counted by The World Bank. David R. Malpass was elected President of the World Bank Group for a five-year term beginning from April  2019. The world Bank consists of 189 countries.