CDS English 23 Oct 2016 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct sequence is 'QRSP'.

The first sentence S1 offers a historical perspective on the growth of civilization. It notes that land was essential for such growth.

The second sentence should be Q, which elaborates that the quality of the land was of great importance.

The third sentence should be R since none of the other options could serve as a viable follow-up the sentence and sentence R begins a new subject by pointing out that all communities worked hard to produce food.

The fourth sentence should be S as the ‘also’ shows a causal connection with the previous sentence. The fifth sentence should be P since S6 as a matter of justification draws upon the logic of the previous sentence before making a conclusion.

The correct sequence is 'SQPR'.

The second sentence immediately after S1 should be S since the first thing the author did upon hearing the shots was to duck.

The third sentence Q picks up where the previous sentence left off as the author falls into the river he was heading for.

The fourth sentence P notes the feeling that the water was cold and yet holding his breath beneath the surface.

The fifth sentence should be R since the moment the author cannot hold his breath, he comes up to take a plunge before going in again.

The sentences are connected in the form of a narrative.

The correct sequence is QPRS.

The second sentence after S6 should be Q since it is the only one among the other options that starts a narrative and does not sound like the continuation of any other sentence.

The third sentence should be P since it begins with the clause ‘besides’ and is, therefore, a continuation of sentence P.

The fourth sentence should be R since among R and S, the former should be used since the latter begins with a conditional ‘but’.

The fifth sentence should, therefore, be S.

From S1 and S6 it is clear that the passage reads like the report of an elephant who happened to be one of the most famous circus animals of all time.

The correct sequence should be RQSP and after rearrangement, the paragraph would read like this:

Jumbo, the famous 3-3 meter elephant was born in Africa over a hundred years ago. Transported from his native land to London Zoo, he became a favorite of Queen Victoria.: Another admirer was the famous American showman Barnum who bought it for a huge sum in February 1882He made his transatlantic voyage aboard SS Assyrian Monarch..: After disembarkation in New York, he was taken in a procession to the place where he was to be kept. Before his death in September 1882, he had been seen by over 20 million Americans.

From S1 and S6 it is clear that the passage should read like a manifesto which basically talks about the way people should work and function.

The correct sequence should be RQPS and after rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

The bureaucrat and the social workers are men of totally different orientations and styles of functioning. The one is regarded as given to sedentary habits, doing a lot of paperwork. He is portrayed as a man fond of rules above all other things. The other is considered to be a man ever on the move. Driven by an urge to help others he is impatient with red tape and unnecessary delays. The world will be a better place to live in if they learn a little from each other.

From S1 and S6 it is easy to note that the passage should read like a report highlighting the role and importance of universities.

The correct sequence should be SPRQ  and after rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

Universities are peculiar institutions. Established in the medieval period to transmit established knowledge and provide training for a few key professions, universities have become a primary creator of new knowledge through basic research. : Traditionally elite institutions, the modern university has provided social mobility to previously disfranchised groups. They have common historical roots yet are deeply embedded in their societies. The contemporary university stands at the centre of its society. It is the most important institution in the complex process of knowledge creation and distribution.

From sentence S1 and S6 and the general tone of the other sentences, it is easy to guess that the passage should read like a biography.

The correct sequence should be QPSR and after rearrangement, the passage should read like:

At the age of eighteen, Gandhi went to college but remained for only part of the year. Studies did not interest him and he did not do well. Soon after this, he was advised to go to England to study to be a lawyer. This would not be easy. : It was difficult for him to leave India and go to a foreign land where he would have to eat and drink with foreigners. This was against his religion, and most of his relatives were against his going.

From S1 and S6 it is easy to assume that the paragraph talks about Helen and is essential biographical in nature.

The correct sequence should be PSQR and after rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

Helen graduated in 1904 with special honours in English. She was twenty-four years old. Requests were already flowing in for appearances and for magazine articles. She was invited to the St. Louis Exposition in 1904 to awaken worldwide interest in the education of the deaf-blind. But on Helen Keller Day the crowds got out of hand. Her dress was torn and roses were snatched from her hat.

From sentences S1 and S6 it is easy to assume that the paragraph talks about Soddy and is biographical in nature.

The correct sequence should be QPSR and the paragraph after rearrangement should read like:

One of the many young scientists who chose to throw in their lot with Rutherford was an Oxford physical chemist, Frederick Soddy. He was just 23. His association with Rutherford lasted only two years, but that was long enough to change the whole face of physics. When he teamed up with Rutherford, they investigated thorium which, as Marie Curie had shown, was radioactive. They found that thorium changed into a new element, thorium X, and in the process gave off what was apparently a gas and at the same time the third type of ray, which they named after the Greek letter ‘Gamma’. We now know that Gamma rays are a particularly fierce form of X-rays.

From S1 and S6 it is easy to assume that the sentence are a part of a narrative and could possibly be a story or description of an event.

The correct sequence should be RQSP and after the rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

The boy felt his way up the creaking stairs through thick darkness. His eyes were raised to the faint moonlight that shone above the landing. He stopped at the great clock below whined for a few seconds and gave out a single, solemn stroke. He hesitated as the sound died down and then crept on, thinking that if they could sleep through that, they would sleep through any noise he could make. All he had to do was just get past the central door on the landing. He was just telling himself he was safe when the door was flung open and the gaunt old man grabbed his shoulder.

From S1 and S6 it is easy to assume that the sentence is a part of a narrative and could possibly be a story or description of an event.

The correct sequence should be SPRQ and after the rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

Don’t you think that the housefly is a nuisance? It makes an irritating buzzing sound; it annoys you when it crawls on your skin; and so on. For ages, that’s what man considered the fly to be — just a nuisance. But now we know that the innocent-looking housefly is one of man’s worst enemies. It was discovered that these flies carried disease germs that cause the death of millions of people every year. When you see a fly rubbing its legs together, it is just cleaning itself, and scraping off some of the material that has gathered there.

From sentences S1 and S6 it is easy to assume that the passage is a descriptive account of an Iguanodon which is a type of dinosaur.

The correct sequence should be SRPQ and after rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

Iguanodon was one of the first dinosaurs to be scientifically described. It was about 40 feet in length. It had numerous teeth in the sides of the jaws, arranged in rows. These teeth formed a dental battery in which replacing teeth were constantly growing. The forelimbs were slightly larger than other members of its group known as Ornithischia.  This quadrupedal dinosaur lived about 70 million years ago and its fossils are found in many parts of England, Europe, Asia and North Africa.

From sentences S1 and S6 it is easy to assume that the paragraph is essentially descriptive.

The correct sequence should be QSRP and after rearrangement, the paragraph should read like:

A single device can heat fluids without requiring an electrical element. It has a container like the crankcase of a car’s engine, which contains the fluid to be heated. A motor and pulley inside the container turn a rotor wheel, which in turn forces the fluid again and again through narrow nozzles into a central cavity. Compression and friction at the nozzles heat the fluid so that the temperature in the central -cavity rises steadily. A heat exchanger transfers heat from the central cavity to an air heater, a water heater or an industrial processor. Because there is no electrical element, there is no risk of fire, so the system is suitable for dangerous environments.

The correct sequence is RQSP.

There is no doubt that the rules governing imports, manufacture and the use of pesticides need to be further tightened up. The proposed amendment is an attempt at doing this, but in the process, it seems to have gone overboard in most cases. No one can deny the importance of pesticides in our agriculture. Even today, nearly a fourth of our crop is lost due to pests and weeds. But a more practical and feasible approach is required to tackle this problem. At the same time, better pollution control measures are needed to check the discharge of poisonous gases and chemicals by a host of other industries which are equally responsible for poisoning our world.

The correct answer is If.

Key Points

• The given sentence is an example of present conditional.
• It is used when two actions take place one after the other in the future and the second action depends on the first one.
• It follows the structure: if + simple present + simple future.
• To form a question in the present conditional, we invert the helping verb with the subject in the main clause.
• Example: If I complete your work, will you buy me a new dress?
• The words 'supposing' and 'if' mean the same and thus, both of them cannot be used together in a sentence.
• So, either 'supposing' or 'if' should be omitted from the sentence.

Correct sentence: If* you are selected, will you give us a treat?*

The correct answer is no improvement

Key Points

• We use would rather talk about preferring one thing to another.
• 'Rather' is followed by 'than'
• When we want to refer to the past we use would rather + have + -ed form (perfect infinitive without to).
• Examples:
• She would rather have spent the money on a holiday. (The money wasn’t spent on a holiday.)
• I’d rather have seen it at the cinema than on DVD. (I saw the film on DVD.)

The correct alternative to improve the underlined part is 'He should miss'.

Key Points

• The conjunction 'lest' means 'for fear that or in order to avoid'. It is followed by something the speaker thinks should be avoided.
• When the subordinate clause follows 'lest,' the auxiliary verb 'should' is used regardless of the tense of the verb in the main clause.
• Examples, 
• We start early lest we should miss the train.
• Speak quietly lest she should hear us.
• According to the usage and examples that are given above, 'should' is used instead of 'may'.
• Therefore, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct sentence is: He decided to take the help of a guide lest he should miss the way.

The correct answer is 'to take part in'.

Key Points

• An infinitive is the primary form of a given verb which can act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Infinitives are formed by using 'to' before a given verb, or simply V1 can act as an infinitive, depending upon the nature of main verb of the sentence.
• Ex: To meet Tom Cruise once in my life is my dream.
• Infinitives are used to denote an action that is expected to happen as in the following example:
• Ex: I am to go.
• Want can be followed by the active or passive to-infinitives to express active or passive meanings, respectively:
• I wanted to stay for a few more days.
• It was obvious that he wanted to be invited.
• ​But active gerunds after 'want' express passive meanings:
• ​The windows want cleaning. (They should be cleaned.)
• ​Here we need to express active meaning, so active infinitive will be used.

Therefore, the complete sentence is: He wanted my permission to take part in sports.

The correct answer is "In the interests of the poor".

Key Points 

• The term "poors" is incorrect because "poor" when used as a noun to refer to people with no or very little money or resources, is an uncountable noun in this context. It doesn't take a plural 's'. Therefore, the original phrase "the poors" and option (1) "the poors" are grammatically incorrect.
• The phrase "in the interest of" is commonly used, but when talking about doing something that benefits multiple parties, or for broader benefits, "in the interests of" is often preferred. This is a subtle distinction and both can be seen as correct in different contexts, but "in the interests of" is more appropriate here because it indicates actions taken for the benefit or advantage of a general group, in this case, the poor. That's why options (1) and (2) use "in the interests of", but since option (1) incorrectly uses "poors", it is ruled out.
• Option (3) "For the interests of the poor" changes the preposition and alters the texture of the statement slightly. While not incorrect, it's less idiomatic than "in the interests of". "In the interests of" is a more standard expression, especially when referring to advocating or acting for the benefit of someone or something.
• Hence, the correct sentence should be: We are doing this in the interests of the poor.

The correct answer is 'option 2'.

None of the given options are correct since they do not make the sentence grammatically or structurally correct.

The correct option should be option 4 or ‘no improvement’.

When the subject in a sentence is ‘One’, then the pronoun form of the word should be ‘oneself’.

Thus the correct option should be option 3.

The correct answer is are very

Key Points

• 'Unless' is used to introduce the case in which a statement being made is not true or valid.

• Unless means 'used to say what will or will not happen if something else does not happen or is not true; except if'.

• Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences.

• If two actions take place one after the other in the future, the structure will be as given below:

• If / unless / suppose + Subject + V1 + Object, Subject + shall/will + V1 + Object.

• For example:

• If George will be there, I will not go at any cost.

• If George is there, I will not go at any cost.

• 'Unless/Until' is not followed by 'not'
  

Example: Until the train will not get the signal it will not run. (wrong)

                 Until the train gets the signal, it will not run. (right)

The correct sentence is: Unless you are very careful, you will run into debt.

The correct answer is nevertheless

Key Points

• You use nevertheless when saying something that contrasts with what has just been said.
• Examples:
• ​Many marriages fail. Nevertheless, people continue to get married.
• His father, though ill-equipped for the project, had nevertheless tried his best.
• ​Instead is generally used with the preposition 'of'. We say instead of, which means one thing or person will replace another thing or person.
• Here contrast has been given, so 'nevertheless' should be used

The correct sentence is: This scooter is not as efficient as it used to be; nevertheless it is still a very useful machine.

When as well as functions as a conjunction, it often leads to errors of agreement in number between subject and verb.

Ex: Jack, as well as his friends, were invited to the party.

In the above sentence, the phrase, as well as his friends, is merely parenthetical; the true subject is Jack and the verb should be was.

Phrases like as well as and in addition to indicate a parenthetical construction -- they can be conjunctions, like and, but they are not merely wordy versions of and.e

Hence, Option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is could help.

Key Points

• ​Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences.
• The general rule for the verb to wish is that it is followed by the past subjunctive of whatever verb you would use when not speaking about a wish.
• For example:
• I am not home. → I wish I were home. (since the past subjunctive of “be” is “were”.
• I haven’t done it. → I wish I had done it.
• There is no “pluperfect subjunctive” mood in English (past subjunctive of verbs that are already in the past), so we use the past perfect instead (just like in reported speech), i.e. it has the same form as above:
• Example:
• ​I didn’t do it. → I wish I had done it.
• Thus, past subjunctive of 'can' will be used.

The correct sentence is: *I wish I could help you.*​​​​​

The correct answer is To meeting

Key Points

• A verb is a word that denotes an action or a state.
• Certain words/phrases take 'V1 + ing' after 'to'. 
• These are: used to, owing to, accustomed to, addicted to, look forward to, taken to, prone to, in addition to, etc.
• Example: He is accustomed to protecting their rights.
• In the given sentence, 'to' must be followed by 'V1 + ing' form of 'meet'.
• In this sentence, "looking forward to" is a phrasal verb that is followed by a gerund (verb+ing) rather than an infinitive.
• The gerund form is used when the verb after the preposition "to" is the object of the preposition.
• Therefore, "meeting" (gerund form) should be used instead of "to meet" (infinitive form) to make the sentence grammatically correct.
• So, 'meet' should be replaced with 'meeting' to make the sentence correct.

Correct sentence: My brother is looking forward to meeting his employer tomorrow.

The sentence talks about the father giving his permission.

The correct word to express that should be ‘assent’, which means the expression of approval and not ‘ascent’ which means to climb.

Thus the correct option should be option 3.

The correct answer is Option 1).

Key Points

• The sentence is in the present perfect tense. Present perfect tense follows the following structure:
• Has/ have + been + V₃ ( Passive form)
• Here in this sentence, the doer is hidden.
• Thrust remains thrust in all the three forms of the verb. (thrust, thrust, thrust)
• Example: Lord Cullen is a lawyer of rare distinction who has been thrust into the public spotlight by sad events.
  

Thus, option 1) is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'No improvement'

Key Points

• According to grammar, whenever we use an adverb at the starting of the sentence we have to use the inversion form of the verb. The structure is→ Adverb + Helping verb + Subject + Main verb...
• The  Adverbs which are mainly used at the starting of the sentence are- No sooner, hardly, scarcely, seldom, etc.
• Let's see an example-
• No sooner had they started their walk than it started to rain.

So the correct sentence is- No sooner had he completed his first novel than he fell seriously ill.

In the sentence since the objects ‘cup’ and ‘lip’ are two distinctly different objects and are specific in nature, both of them should have the article ‘the’ before them.

Thus the correct answer should be option 3.

The correct answer is Can't we.

Key Points

• ​If the statement is positive, the question tag must be negative and vice versa.

• The sentence and the question tag must be in the same tense.

• ​Example:

• ​​Mohan always speaks in English, did he?

• Mohan always speaks in English, doesn't he?

• The question tag in this question will be selected on the basis of the main subject 'we' and the modal verb 'can'.

• Since the given sentence is assertive and in the present tense, 'can't we' will be the correct choice.
  

Correct Sentence: We can go out whenever we choose to, can't we?

The correct answer is- to serve.

Key Points​​

• ​The conjunction 'too…to' has a negative meaning (usually).
• Let's look at the two sentences which are combined using this 'too' and 'to'.
• Example:
• ​I was very busy. I could not talk to her—>I was too busy to talk to her.
• ​As per the rule and example given above, 'to serve' will be used in the underlined parts of the given question.
  

​Correct Sentence: He was too conscientious in the discharge of his duties to serve that exploiter for long.

 ​​​​

Additional Information  ​

• ​​The conjunction 'so...that' can be used instead of 'too...to' as given below:
• She is too clumsy to handle glassware carefully.
• ​She is so clumsy that she can't handle glassware carefully.

None of the given options are correct since they do not make the sentence grammatically or structurally correct.

The correct option should be option d or ‘no improvement’.

The correct preposition to be used in the context of the sentence should be ‘of’.

Thus the correct option should be option 1.

The word ‘regret’ does not take the word ‘for’ and thus the correct form should simply be the use of the word itself.

The correct option should therefore be option 3.

The correct answer is 'has been working'.

Key Points

• Here, in the given sentence the most appropriate substitute is 'has been working'.
• The use of 'for the past three months' shows that the present perfect continuous tense is used in the sentence.
• The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time.
• Hence, the usage of 'is working' is wrong. Here, 'has been working' should be used instead.
• Let's look at its structure: Subject + has/have + V3 + ing + object.
• Example: I have been watching TV since 7 pm.
• Therefore, as per the points mentioned above, we find that the correct answer is Option 1.
  

​

Correct Sentence: Ramesh has been working in this factory for the past three months.

The correct answer is 'I have been waiting for'.

Key Points

• Here, in the given sentence the most appropriate substitute is 'I have been waiting'.
• The use of 'for three-quarters of an hour' shows that the present perfect continuous tense is used in the sentence.
• The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time.
• Hence, the usage of 'I am waiting' is wrong. Here, 'I have been waiting' should be used instead.
• Let's look at its structure: Subject + has/have + V3 + ing + object.
• Example: I have been watching TV since 7 pm.
• Therefore, as per the points mentioned above, we find that the correct answer is Option 3.
  

​

Correct Sentence: I have been waiting for three-quarters of an hour.

The correct answer is the most interesting

Key Points

• The sentence uses the comparative degree of the adjective which is incorrect here.
• The sentence is not merely stating a comparison, but is showing the highest limit.
• So, in this case, the positive degree of adjective, which only describes a quality of the noun, cannot be appropriate.
• Degrees of Adjective: A Superlative degree of adjective shows the upper/highest limit of the quality shown by the adjective.
• Example:
• She is the angriest person I have ever seen.
• So, the appropriate degree of adjective here would be superlative, which is, 'the most interesting'.

Thus, the rectified sentence is: This book is the most interesting of the three.

Among the given options, the sentence would look most appropriate if used in the present continuous tense.

Thus the correct option should be option 2.

The correct sequence of the sentence should be QRPS because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

Georgian loyalists and rebel forces agreed to a ceasefire today after a week of fighting in which 51 people were killed.

The correct sequence of the sentence should be QPRS because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

The ultimate hope that the destructive nature of weapons will force the nations to give up war has not been fulfilled.

The correct sequence of the sentence should be RSQP because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

The leader of the opposition who had a reputation for speech-making was very much disappointed on realizing that he had failed to convince the assembly in the manner he had planned to convince them.

The correct sequence of the sentence should be RPQS because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

We can think of two factors often confused in the public mind which suggest the need for an international language.

The correct sequence of the sentence should be QRPS because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

The man who can work very hard when he must work is generally the one who can play most heartily when he has the chance of playing.

The correct answer is 'PSRQ.'

Key Points

• P is independent of any other sentence as it is giving general information or introducing the roof leakage. (P किसी भी अन्य वाक्य से स्वतंत्र है क्योंकि यह सामान्य जानकारी दे रहा है या छत के लीकेज का परिचय दे रहा है)
• S will come after P because it is telling that the owner says he can't get the roof leakage repaired. (S, P के बाद आएगा क्योंकि यह बता रहा है कि मालिक का कहना है कि वह छत के लीकेज की मरम्मत नहीं करवा सकता)
• R will come after S because it is telling the reason behind not repairing the roof leakage. (R, S के बाद आएगा क्योंकि यह रूफ लीकेज की मरम्मत न करने के पीछे का कारण बता रहा है)
• Q is the last part because it is concluding that why and when the repair is not needed. (Q अंतिम भाग है क्योंकि यह निष्कर्ष निकाल रहा है कि मरम्मत की आवश्यकता क्यों और कब नहीं है)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Correct Sentence: Dear Lodger, I agree, the roof is leaking, but I can’t get it repaired while it is raining and when the sun shines, there would be no need.

The correct sequence of the sentence should be RPQS because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

There is no reason why we should not be willing to think that life may exist in great profusion in other worlds

The correct sequence of the sentence should be QRSP because none of the other options creates a sentence which is grammatically and contextually correct.

After rearrangement the sentence should read like:

The Regent having discovered that he had imprisoned an innocent man released Voltaire and gave him a pension.

The correct answer is 'RQPS.'

Key Points 

• R is independent of any other sentence as it is giving general information or introducing the rhinoceros. (R किसी अन्य वाक्य से स्वतंत्र है क्योंकि यह सामान्य जानकारी दे रहा है या गैंडे का परिचय दे रहा है)
• Q will come after R because it is telling why the rhinoceros is hunted by poachers. (Q, R के बाद आएगा क्योंकि यह बता रहा है कि शिकारियों द्वारा गैंडे का शिकार क्यों किया जाता है)
• P will come after Q because it is telling what is done with the horn of the rhinoceros. (Q के बाद P आएगा क्योंकि यह बता रहा है कि गैंडे के सींग के साथ क्या किया जाता है)
• S is the last part because it is concluding by telling the price of the horn of the rhinoceros. (S अंतिम भाग है क्योंकि यह गैंडे के सींग की कीमत बताकर समापन कर रहा है)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct Sentence: The Rhinoceros is hunted by poachers for its horn which is sold at high prices.

The correct answer is 'SQRP.'

Key Points 

• S is independent of any other sentence as it is giving general information or introducing ''the world's fastest computers''. (S किसी अन्य वाक्य से स्वतंत्र है क्योंकि यह सामान्य जानकारी दे रहा है या ''दुनिया के सबसे तेज कंप्यूटर'' का परिचय दे रहा है।)
• Q will come after S because it is telling the aim of the world's fastest computers initially. (Q, S के बाद आएगा क्योंकि यह बता रहा है कि शुरू में दुनिया के सबसे तेज कंप्यूटर का उद्देश्य क्या था)
• R will come after Q because it is telling the new uses that are being discovered with respect to the world's fastest computers. (Q के बाद R आएगा क्योंकि यह दुनिया के सबसे तेज कंप्यूटर के संबंध में खोजे जा रहे नए उपयोगों को बता रहा है।)
• P is the last part because it is concluding that the world's fastest computers are becoming useful as environmental tools. (P अंतिम भाग है क्योंकि यह निष्कर्ष निकाल रहा है कि दुनिया के सबसे तेज कंप्यूटर पर्यावरण उपकरण के रूप में उपयोगी हो रहे हैं।)

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Correct Sentence: The world’s fastest computers initially conceived for military purposes as environmental tools are finding various new uses.

The correct answer is 'RQPS.'

Key Points 

• R is independent of any other sentence as it is giving general information or introducing a sense of inferiority in others. (R किसी अन्य वाक्य से स्वतंत्र है क्योंकि यह सामान्य जानकारी दे रहा है या दूसरों में हीनता की भावना का परिचय दे रहा है)
• Q will come after R because it is telling about the absence of focus on self-love. (Q, R के बाद आएगा क्योंकि यह आत्म-प्रेम पर ध्यान की अनुपस्थिति के बारे में बता रहा है)
• P will come after Q because it is telling how it feels during the absence of self-love. (P, Q के बाद आएगा क्योंकि यह बता रहा है कि आत्म-प्रेम के अभाव में कैसा महसूस होता है)
• S is the last part because it is concluding by telling such feeling is painful not appreciable. (S अंतिम भाग है क्योंकि यह इस तरह की भावना को दर्दनाक बताकर समाप्त कर रहा है, प्रशंसनीय नहीं)
  

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Correct Sentence: The sense of inferiority in others without this indirect appeal to our self-love is a painful feeling and not an exalting one.

Out of the given options, the correct option should be ‘though’ since the word means 'despite the fact that; although'.

The correct option should be ‘man’.

The word ‘man’ is used in a general sense to mean mankind as a whole since the whole species has been using science.

The correct option should be ‘a’.

From the given articles, the only correct article that can be used to ensure that the sentence is grammatically correct is option b.

The correct option should be ‘had’.

SInce the general tense of the sentence is the past tense, the correct option should be option c.

The correct option should be ‘or’.

This is because, in the context of the sentence, there is an ambiguity regarding the number of years, the passage notes it as between two possible instances. In this case, the correct option to bring out the contrast should be ‘or’.

The correct option should be ‘since’.

The word ‘since’ means in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present. In the context of the sentence, the correct option should thus be option c.

The correct option should be ‘marvellous’.

From the given options, the only plausible option that can be used in the context of the sentence is ‘marvellous’ since the word means causing great wonder; extraordinary.

The correct option should be ‘exciting’.

From the given options, the word ‘exciting’ means causing great enthusiasm and eagerness. None of the other words fit in the current context and thus the only correct alternative is option b.

The correct option should be ‘at’.

From the given options, the only preposition which can fit grammatically in the current context of the sentence is option a.

The correct option should be ‘worse’.

Since the sentence is comparative in nature, the secondary form of ‘bad’ has been used i.e. worse.

The correct option should be ‘that’.

In the context of the sentence, the correct word should be ‘that’.

The correct option should be ‘has become’. ​

From the given options, the only option that can be used in the context of the sentence is ‘has become’. The other options render the sentence grammatically incorrect and therefore cannot be used.

The correct option should be ‘leave’.

The sentence is in the simple present tense and therefore the word ‘leave’ makes complete grammatical sense.

The correct option should be ‘can’.

The word ‘can’ indicates to be able to, thus that is the only option should be option b.

The correct option is ‘over’.

In the context of the sentence, the word ‘over’ means at a higher level or layer than.

In the blank 1, the correct answer should be ‘since’.

In the context of the sentence the word ‘since’ means in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present.

In blank 2, the correct answer should be ‘can be’.

The choice of the option depends on the basic scientific truth that ‘metals’ can be ‘hammered’.

Thus the correct option should be 'a'.

In blank 3, the correct option should be ‘by means of’. The phrase ‘by means of’ means ‘ by using’ and therefore the correct option should be option c.

In blank 4, the correct answer should be ‘a’.

Since the sentence does not talk about a specific piece of metal the word ‘a’ would be most suitable.

In blank 5, the correct answer should be ‘lightly’.

In the context of the sentence the word ‘lightly’ means in relatively small amounts or in low density; sparingly.

In blank 6, the correct answer should be ‘is needed’.

The sentence is in the simple present tense and thus among the given options the only option that can render the sentence grammatically correct is the phrase ‘is needed’.

None of the other options are suitable in this case.

In blank 7, the correct answer should be ‘condition’.

In the context of the sentence, the word ‘condition’ means the state of something with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order.

In blank 8, the correct answer should be ‘into’.

The correct option among the given options should be ‘into’ since the sentence talks about pouring the metal liquid in the mould.

In blank 9, the correct answer should be ‘specially’.

In the context of the sentence the word ‘specially’ is correct since it means for a special purpose.

In blank 10, the correct answer should be ‘after’.

Among the given options, the only feasible option that could be correct is ‘after’ since it would not make much sense to break open the mould ‘before’ the metal has cooled,

In blank 11, the correct answer should be ‘has cooled’.

None of the other options are grammatically correct in the context of the sentence and thus the only option that can be used is option 1.

In blank 12, the correct answer should be ‘solid’.

This is pretty evident from the fact that after the liquid has cooled down in the mould, it would obviously become 'solid’.

Thus the correct option should be option 2.

In blank 13, the correct answer should be ‘this’.

In the context of the sentence, the word ‘this’ means used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced.

In blank 14, the correct answer should be ‘have been fashioned’.

Since the object is plural in nature the correct choice among the option that maintains the grammatical structure of the sentence is ‘have been fashioned’.

In blank 15, the correct answer should be ‘two’.

The word ‘alloy’ means a mixture of two metals. That’s why the correct option should be option 2.

The answer to the above question can be found in the line:

“The place which they occupy in the estimation of succeeding ages and the power which they exercise over men’s spirits are as great as they were in the age which produced them; indeed, their power tends to increase with time, as they came to be better understood.”

As the passage notes, after a period of time scientific discoveries are always superseded and thus Einstein’s theory has effectively suffered Newton’s postulations. The correct option should, therefore, be option d.

The answer to the above question can be found in the line:

“Broadly speaking, the achievements of generals, politicians, and statesmen have an importance only in their own time. Hence these people and their acts, great as they may have been are like milestones which mankind passes on its way to something else.”

The answer to the above questions can be found in the lines:

“Scientific discoveries which are of major importance at the time when they are made are superseded.” and “The place which they occupy in the estimation of succeeding ages and the power which they exercise over men’s spirits are as great as they were in the age which produced them; indeed, their power tends to increase with time, as they came to be better understood.”

The answer to the above question can be found in the line: “The truth is that each gender can surpass the other in certain kinds of activities. To say that one is stronger than the other is to indulge in futile arguments.”

The very first line of the paragraph notes the fact that the word ‘stronger’ is subject to interpretations and therefore cannot be used in a general sense. Hence it is futile to engage in such discussions.

The answer to the above question can be found in the line:

"But most women live longer than most men, they have a better chance of resisting disease, they can beat men at operations requiring finger dexterity and the ability to work accurately under monotonous conditions. So it would be legitimate to argue that women are stronger than men."

The answer can be found in the following line:

“But most women live longer than most men, they have a better chance of resisting disease, they can beat men at operations requiring finger dexterity and the ability to work accurately under monotonous conditions.”

The central theme of the passage is made evident by the very first two lines of the passage which states:

“In national no less than in individual life there are no watertight compartments. No sharp lines can be drawn to mark off the political from the moral, the social from the economic regions of life.”

The phrase ‘watertight compartments’ means any of the sections with intervening watertight partitions into which the interior of a large ship is usually divided for safety. The correct option should therefore be option b.

The author’s scepticism about politicians is made evident by the use of the phrase ‘forgetful of the fact’ when referring to the way they made their claims. The correct option would thus be option c.

The phrase ‘paradise on earth’ would refer to a place that would be comparable to the peace, harmony and sanctity heaven is usually associated with. The correct option in this case would thus be option a.

The answer to the above question can be found in the lines: “ Men talk about conquering a mountain. It is a wonderful feeling to reach the top of a mountain after climbing for hours and may be even for days.”

The answer to the above question can be found in the line: “This is often very difficult to do, for mountains are not just big hills. Paths are usually very steep. Some mountain sides are straight up and down, so that it may take many hours to climb as little as one hundred feet. There is always the danger that you may fall off and be killed or injured.”

In the context of the sentence the word ‘mountaneering’ or the very act of climbing mountains is referred to by the use of the word ‘it’. Thus the correct option should be option d.

The answer to the above questionn can be found in the line: “They had wanted to get that feeling of freedom that one has, after climbing a difficult mountain.” Thus the correct option should be option d.

The correct answer is Who fought and won wars.

Key Points

• The answer to the above question can be found in the line:
• “Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers”

The correct answer is Contributed little to civilization​.

Key Points

• The author in the passage provides an idea contrary to the established ideal that people generally conceive conquerors to have helped civilization go forward.
• He notes that it is people who did the little but important scientific and technological advancements who really helped society evolve and advance.

The correct answer is People have exaggerated notions about their achievements​.

Key Points

• The very idea of conquerors has been glorified to such an extent over a period of time that people have exaggerated their contributions to the advancement of civilization and credited them with things that far surpass their actual achievements.

The correct answer is Have conquered many countries and ruled over them​.

Key Points

• The answer to the above question can be found in the line:
• “And I think most people believed that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.”

The erroneous part is- 'B'.

Key Points

• Comparative degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparative degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.
• Words like ‘prior’, ‘anterior’, ‘senior’, ‘junior’, ‘superior’, ‘inferior’, ‘posterior’ are also used as Comparative Degree, but these are followed by ‘to’ and not by ‘than’.
• Example: This pair of shoes is superior than that. (Incorrect)

                           This pair of shoes is superior to that. (Correct)

• From the above explanation, it is clear that 'than' should be replaced by 'to' in the given sentence.

The correct sentence is: I am senior to him by two years.

The correct answer is "C"

Key Points

• In part C of the given sentence, the usage of "to have achieved" is incorrect instead of the use "for achieving"
• The present perfect infinitive is used when the action is completed in the past, not in the present. In the given sentence, the impossible task is achieved after finishing the task of writing the letter hence, it can't be written in the perfect infinitive because it is the second action. If it was the first action, we must write it in the perfect infinitive.
• Hence, we need to use a prepositional phrase. Instead of writing any prepositional phrase, we can select the preposition on the basis of the main verb.
• Let's see an example-
• He is known to have been a good doctor. (The first action is of being a good doctor then, he is known)
• Hence, the correct sentence is- When I finished writing the letter, I could not help admiring myself for achieving the impossible.

The sentence is grammatically and contextually free from any error.

Thus the correct option in this case should be option D.

The error in the sentence lies in part B.

The word ‘from’ is grammatically incorrect and should be changed to the more appropriate ‘of’.

The error in the sentence lies in part B.

The word ‘to’ should be added before ‘spend’ to make the sentence grammatically correct.

The error is in part B of the sentence. 

​'Poetry' is the incorrect noun in the context of the given sentence. Instead, it should be replaced with 'poem'.

The error in the sentence lies in part C.

The word ‘out’ should be changed to ‘of’ to make the sentence grammatically correct.

The error in the sentence lies in part c.

The word ‘were’ is incorrect in the sentence because the subject itself is singular and therefore the word ‘was’ should be used.

The error in the sentence lies in part B. The word ‘that’ is not required in the sentence and therefore should be removed altogether.

The correct option should thus be option B.

The sentence is grammatically and contextually free from any error.

Thus the correct option, in this case, should be option D.

The error in the sentence lies in part A.

Since the sentence mentions that ‘Alfred’ is ‘one’ among many, therefore the word ‘assistant’ should be replaced with its plural form ‘assistants’.