60th - 62nd BPSC Prelims (Held in 2017) Official paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Babu Kunwar Singh.

Key Points

• Babu Kunwar Singh was the leader of revolutionaries in Bihar during the Revolt of 1857.
• Babu Kunwar Singh:
• Kunwar Singh was a prominent leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• He was associated with a family of the Ujjainiya clan of the Parmar Rajputs of Jagdispur, currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India.
• At the age of 80, he led a handpicked band of armed soldiers against the troops under the command of the British East India Company.
• He was the chief contriver of the fight against the British in Bihar.
• He is popularly known everywhere as Veer Kunwar Singh.
• He died on 26 April 1858.

Additional Information

• Namdar Khan:
• Namdar Khan was a part of the Pinadari group.
• The Pindaris were irregular military plunderers and foragers in the 17th- through early 19th-century Indian subcontinent who accompanied initially the Mughal army, later the Maratha army, and finally on their own before being eliminated in 1817-18 Pindari War.
• They were unpaid and their compensation was entirely the loot they plundered during the war.
• They were horsemen, foot brigades and partially armed, creating chaos and delivering intelligence about the enemy positions to benefit the army they accompanied.
• Birsa Munda:
• Birsa Munda was a folk hero and a tribal freedom fighter hailing from the Munda tribe.
• He was a spearhead behind the Millenarian movement that arose in the Bihar and Jharkhand belt in the early 19th century under British colonisation.
• Munda rallied the tribals to fight against the forceful land grabbing carried out by the British government which would turn the tribals into bonded labourers and force upon them abject poverty.
• Known as 'Dharti Abba' or the Earth Father, Birsa Munda stressed the need of the tribals to study their own religion and not forget their cultural roots.
• He influenced his people to realise the importance of owning their land and asserting their right upon them.
• Shankar Shah:
• Shankar Shah was the king of the Garha Kingdom, which was situated in the Indian region of Gondwana.
• He led an uprising against the British colonial occupiers of India and was put to death along with his son.
• His son's name was Kunwar Raghunath Shah.
• The flame of the Revolt of 1857 was burning all over India.
• He called for war to make his motherland independent from the British.
• In this struggle, Raghunath Shah greatly supported his father.
• Raja Shankar Shah was the great-grandson of Nizam Shah and the only son of Sumer Shah.
• His son's name was Raghunath Shah.
• Raja Shankar Shah was very popular among the zamindars and the general public.

The correct answer is 3 February, 1900.

• Birsa was captured, while asleep, on 3 February 1900.
• Birsa Munda:
• Birsa Munda was an Indian tribal freedom fighter, religious leader, and folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe.
• He led a tribal religious millenarian movement that arose in the Bengal Presidency (now Jharkhand) in the late 19th century, during the British Raj, thereby making him a prominent figure in the history of the Indian independence movement.
• The revolt mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sawada and Bandon.
• His portrait is hanged in the Indian Parliament Museum.
• He is the only tribal leader to have been so honoured till now.

The correct answer is W.W.Hunter.

 Key Points

• W. W. Hunter:
• Sir William Wilson Hunter was a multitalented Scottish historian, statistician, compiler and member of the Indian Civil Service.
• He is most known for The Imperial Gazetteer of India on which he started performing in 1869, and which was eventually published in nine volumes in 1881.
• He reached Bengal Presidency in November 1862.
• Later, he was made assistant magistrate and collector of Birbhum, in the lower provinces of Bengal, where he began collecting local traditions and records, which formed the materials for his publication.
• He also compiled A Comparative Dictionary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India, a glossary of dialects based mainly upon the collections of Brian Houghton Hodgson.
• According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published, it "testifies to the industry of the writer but contains much immature philological speculation".

Additional Information 

• Herbert Risley:
• Sir H. H. Risley was a British civil servant, anthropologist, and linguist who published widely on the customs and social structure of Indian society.
• He proposed a theory of the caste system as a racial hierarchy of classification, which was highly influential in colonial administrative policy.
• After qualifying for the Civil Service of India in 1871, Risley completed his bachelor’s degree at Oxford in January 1873 and arrived in Bengal later that year.
• He was assigned to work as an Assistant Magistrate and Assistant District Collector in the tribal area of western Bengal known as Chota Nagpur (present-day Jharkhand).
• Here, he became interested in anthropology and began to study the tribal inhabitants of the district of Midnapur, who was thought to be an ideal representation of primitiveness.
• Lord Lytton:
• Lytton, son of the 1st Baron Lytton, began his diplomatic career as unpaid attaché to his uncle Sir Henry Bulwer, then minister at Washington, D.C.
• His first paid appointment was at Vienna (1858), and in 1874 he was appointed minister at Lisbon.
• He inherited his father’s barony in 1873.
• He was a British diplomat and viceroy of India (1876–80) who also achieved, during his lifetime, a reputation as a poet.
• H.N.Brailsford:
• Henry Noel Brailsford was a left-wing intellectual and political journalist, famous as a vociferous critic of British imperialism.
• Born in Yorkshire, he was brought up and educated in Scotland.
• After graduating from Glasgow University, he joined the Greek Foreign Legion in 1897 to assist the Greeks in their fight against the Ottoman Empire.
• He subsequently worked as a special correspondent for the Manchester Guardian in Crete and Macedonia.

The correct answer is Lord Curzon.

Key Points

• Lord Curzon:
• He was the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.
• Curzon stated during the formation of the Indian National Congress i.e., in 1885 that "In my belief, Congress is to tottering to its fall and one of my great ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise".
• Curzon was a British Conservative Statesman.
• During his tenure as Viceroy, Lord Curzon created the territory of Eastern Bengal and Assam.
• Lord Curzon fought with the British military commander Lord Kitchener.
• He performed his duties as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs at the Foreign Office from 1919 to 1924.
• During his tenure, the Prime Minister of Britain was Stanley Baldwin.
• His Biography was Curzon: Imperial Statesman.

Additional Information

• Lord Lytton:
• Lord Lytton, who remained the Viceroy of India from 1876-1880 used to write poems with the Pen name of Owen Meredith.
• During his tenure, a Royal Titles Act conferring on Queen Victoria the title of the Empress of India was passed and a magnificent Delhi Darbar was organized in 1877 in which queen Victoria was adorned with the title Qaiser-i-Hind.
• Aligarh College was founded in 1877 and the Vernacular Press Act, Arms act were passed in 1878.
• The age for eligibility in civil services was brought down from 21 to 18 years.
• The second Anglo-Afghan war also fought during his tenure which proved to be very expensive.
• Lord Dufferin:
• Lord Dufferin served as Governor-General of India and Viceroy from 1884 to 1888.
• During his tenure, the Third Burmese war led to the annexation of the whole of Burma and the Burmese ruler was exiled to India.
• In 1885, AO Hume laid the foundation of the Indian National Congress.
• In 1885, the Panjdeh Incident happened in which the Russian forces seized Afghan territory south of Amu Darya around the site of Panjdeh {now located in Turkmenistan}.
• This created a diplomatic crisis between Russia and Great Britain.
• Lord Minto:
• Lord Minto served as Governor-General and Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910.
• He witnessed the outburst of the Indian National Movement.
• Major events that happened during his regime included enactment of Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908, Explosive Substances Act,  Deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh to Mandalay Jail (1907), Surat Split (1907), Trial of Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1908), Foundation of the Indian Muslim League (1906), Indian Council Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms), the establishment of Indian Home Rule Society in England by Shyamji Verma, Murder of Col.
• William Wyllie by Madan Lal Dhingra (1909), Assassination of Jackson, the Magistrate of Nasik and Ahmadabad Bomb case (1909).

The correct answer is Raja Kumar Shukla.

Key Points

• Raja Kumar Shukla:
• Raja Kumar Shukla was the person who convinced Mr M.K. Gandhi to visit and view the exploitation in Champaran.
• Raja Kumar Shukla was very much connected to the ongoing revolutionary changes ongoing in the country.
• He was engaged in opposing the planters for the exploitative means adopted by them and was fighting many cases in courts against the planters.
• In any event, towards the end of 1916, unable to muster adequate local support for action, Shukla headed to the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress.
• Raj Kumar Shukla- an illiterate but resolute hence followed Gandhiji Lucknow, Cawnpore, Ahemdabad, Calcutta, Patna, Muzzafarpur & then Champaran to invite him.
• He mobilised the Champaran peasantry and exhorting them to join hands in a common fight before Gandhiji's arrival.
• During the 31st session of the Congress in Lucknow in 1916, Gandhiji met Raj Kumar Shukla, a representative of farmers from Champaran, who invited him to come and see for himself the miseries of the indigo ryots.

Additional Information

• Baba Ram Chandra:
• He was an Indian trade unionist who organised the farmers of Oudh, India into forming a united front to fight against the abuses of landlords in the 1920s and 1930s.
• Baba Ramchandra led the peasant movement in Awadh.
• The peasant movement demanded to socially boycott oppressive landlords, demanded to abolish beggar, and demanded a reduction of revenue.
• In many places to deprive the services of even washermen and barbers to the landlords, the nai-dobi bandhs were organised by the Panchayats.
• In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru tried to understand the grievances of the villagers in Awadh by talking to them.
• Swami Sahajananda Saraswati:
• Sahajanand Saraswati was an ascetic, a nationalist and a peasant leader of India.
• Sahajanand Saraswati was the pioneer of the Bihar Kisan Sabha Movement and the founder of Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS).
• He was the first President of the All India Kisan Sabha.
• After the split of the Communist Party of India in 1964, the front was also divided into two — All India Kisan Sabha (CPI) and All India Kisan Sabha (CPI-M; Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha).
• Sri Krishna Sinha:
• He was the First Chief Minister of Bihar.
• Shri Krishna Singh was a modern leader of social justice of Bihar who served as the first Chief Minister for the state of Bihar till his last breath.
• He was born on 21st October 1887 in the Nawada district of Bihar.
• He has been among the leading fighters of the freedom struggle.
• Since childhood, he started to look at the qualities of self-esteem and a keen interest in the field of knowledge.

The correct answer is Swami Sahajanand Saraswati.

Key Points

• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was elected the first President of All India Kisan Sabha at Lucknow in 1936.
• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati:
• Sahajanand Saraswati was an ascetic, a nationalist, revolutionist, and peasant leader of India.
• Although he was born in North-Western Provinces (present-day state of Uttar Pradesh), his social and political activities focussed mostly on Bihar in the initial days, and gradually spread to the rest of India with the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha.
• He had set up an ashram at Bihta, near Bihar carried out primary of his work in the latter part of his life from there.
• Recognized as one of the principals and significant leaders of the peasantry in Bihar, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was a brilliant intellectual and a striking master of debate.
• Gifted with numerous qualities of mass leadership, Sahajanand grew as a social reformer and politician and won a circle of several admirers.
• The most attractive and instructive respect that he earned during his life was his intellectual transformation, which makes him distinguished even today, though with a small population.
• He was a versatile genius performing several roles during his entire working career, such as linguist, polymath, sociologist, historian, philosopher, writer, grammarian, ascetic, revolutionary, Marxist, and politician.

Additional Information

• N.G.Ranbga:
• N.G.Rangba was an Indian freedom fighter, classical liberal, parliamentarian and farmer leader.
• He is the founding president of the Swatantra Party.
• Ranga joined the freedom movement inspired by Gandhi's clarion call in 1930.
• He led the ryot agitation in 1933.
• He wrote a book, Bapu Blesses regarding his discussions with Gandhi.
• He wrote many other books like Credo of World Peasantry, Economic Organization of Indian Villages and Indian Adult Education Movement which are illustrative of a brilliant erudite ability and diverse interests.
• E.M.S.Namboodri pad:
• Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad, popularly EMS, was an Indian communist politician and theorist.
• E.M.S served as the first Chief Minister of Kerala in 1957–59 and then again in 1967–69.
• Namboodiripad became a member of the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, but he soon shifted to the Communist Party of India (CPI).
• He was elected to the party’s central committee in 1941 and to its politburo in 1951.
• During that period he played a key role in formulating party doctrine, and he studied and wrote extensively about the economic and social problems facing Kerala, which included insufficient agricultural output, high unemployment, and overpopulation.
• Acharya Narendra Dev:
• Acharya Narendra Deva was one of the leading theorists of the Congress Socialist Party in India.
• His democratic socialism renounced violent means as a matter of principle and embraced the satyagraha as a revolutionary tactic.
• He became Vice-Chancellor of Lucknow University from 1947 to 1951 and Banaras Hindu University (BHU) from 1951 to 1953 after teaching at Kashi Vidyapeeth.
• His own life was austere, and he used to financially support disadvantaged students.
• He had a warm and inspiring friendship with the students.

The correct answer is Udham Singh.

Key Points

• Sir Michael O’Dwyer was shot dead on 13th March 1940 in London by Udham Singh.
• Udham Singh:
• Udham Singh was an Indian agitational belonging to the Ghadar Party, best known for his assassination in London of Michael O'Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of Punjab in India, on 13 March 1940.
• The assassination was done in vengeance for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919, for which O'Dwyer was responsible.
• Singh was afterwards tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940.
• While in lockup, he used the name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, which represents the three major religions of Punjab and his anti-colonial sentiment.
• Udham Singh is a well-known figure of the Indian independence struggle.
• He is also referred to as Shaheed-i-Azam Sardar Udham Singh.
• A district (Udham Singh Nagar) of Uttarakhand was named after him to pay tribute in October 1995 by the Mayawati government.

​

Additional Information

• Madal Lal Dhingra:
• Madan Lal Dhingra was the first Indian revolutionary to be hanged at a British prison in 1909.
• The other one was Sardar Udham Singh who faced the gallows on British soil on 31 July 1940.
• Dhingra’s final statement entitled “Challenge” focused upon his martyrdom for his country.
• He justified violence as a means to achieve freedom of India from the tyranny of British rule.
• He was convinced and confident that militant nationalism was the only way to attain freedom from the violent shackles of colonialism.
• ​M.P.T.Acharya:
• Mandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya was an Indian nationalist, communist and ⁣anarchist who was among the founding members of the Communist Party of India.⁣
• He soon joined the Indian House with V.D Savarkar, Madan Lal Dhingra and other Indian nationalists.
• He helped produce nationalist pamphlets and publications including The Indian Sociologist, Bande Mataram and Talvar.
• When in 1909 Dhingra assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie the Indian House soon disintegrated.⁣
• ​V.D.Savarkar:
• Founded a secret society called Abhinav Bharat Society.
• Went to the United Kingdom and was involved with organizations such as India House and the Free India Society.
• Involved in the formation of Hindu Mahasabha.
• He was the president of Hindu Mahasabha from 1937 to 1943.
• Savarkar wrote a book titled ‘The History of the War of Indian Independence’ in which he wrote about the guerilla warfare tricks used in the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny.
• He also wrote the book ‘Hindutva: who is Hindu?’.

The correct answer is Lloyd George.

Key Points

• Lloyd George was the Prime Minister of England when the Montague-Chelmsford Act was passed in 1919.
• Montague-Chelmsford Act:
• The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or generally known as Mont-Ford Reforms were reforms introduced by the colonial government in British India to start the self-governing institutions gradually in India.
• The rectification takes their name from Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India during the latter parts of the First World War and Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921.
• The improvements were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report prepared in 1918 and formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919.
• These are concerned with constitutional reforms.
• Indian nationalists pondered that the reforms did not go far enough while British conservatives were critical of them.
• The vital features of this act were as follows:
• 1. The Imperial Legislative Council will now contain two houses- the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State.
• 2. The provinces were to adhere to the Dual Government System or Dyarchy.

Additional Information

• George Hamilton:
• George Hamilton was a Scottish physician who made significant contributions as a geographer, zoologist, and botanist while living in India.
• He did not assume the name of Hamilton until three years after his retirement from India.
• The standard botanical author abbreviation Buch.-Ham. is applied to plants and animals he described, though today the form "Hamilton, 1822" is more usually seen as ichthyology and is preferred by Fishbase.
• Sir Samuel Hoare:
• Sir Samuel Hoare, 2nd Baronet, also called (from 1944) Viscount Templewood of Chelsea.
• He was a British statesman who was a chief architect of the Government of India Act of 1935 and, as foreign secretary (1935).
• Samuel was criticized for his proposed settlement of Italian claims in Ethiopia (the Hoare–Laval Plan).
• Hoare came back into the government in June 1936 as the first lord of the admiralty and then, in May 1937, under Neville Chamberlain, as home secretary.
• Lord Salisbury:
• Lord Salisbury was the last prime minister to run Britain from the House of Lords, for most of the period between June 1885 and his retirement in 1902.
• He held the office altogether for close to fourteen years, which outdid Gladstone, and for most of that time, he was his own foreign secretary.
• Salisbury was an imperialist, who presided over a massive expansion of the British Empire and who believed and did not hesitate to say that European, preferably British, rule was essential for the development of the world’s ‘backwards’ peoples to a point where they were fit to govern themselves.
• He viewed Continental Europe with a wary eye and avoided long-term alliances and commitments.

The correct answer is Jai Prakash Narayan.

Key Points

• Jai Prakash Narayan:
• Jayaprakash Narayan, generally referred to as JP or Lok Nayak, was an Indian independence activist, revolutionist, theorist, socialist and political leader.
• He is better known as the "Hero of Quit India Movement" and he is memorized for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow he had called for a "total revolution".
• His biography, Jayaprakash, was authored by his nationalist friend and the writer of Hindi literature, Rambriksh Benipuri.
• In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in the esteem of his social work.
• Other awards awarded to him were the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.

Additional Information

• Rajendra Prasad:
• He was the 1st President of Independent India.
• He joined the organisation in 1911 and a few years later, he met Mahatma Gandhi.
• He participated in the non-cooperation movement in 1920.
• He took an active part in the rehabilitation work after the 1914 floods and the 1934 earthquake in Bihar.
• Dr Prasad became the Congress president in 1934 at its Bombay session.
• He was chosen president once again in 1939.
• He spent almost 3 years in jail after the Quit India Movement.
• Braj Kishore:
• Brajkishore Prasad was a lawyer inspired by Mohandas Gandhi during the Indian Independence Movement.
• He was instrumental in Gandhi taking up the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha, in which Gandhi handpicked Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha along with him to successfully lead the movement.
• Gandhi was so impressed by Prasad's dedication that he set aside a full chapter on him in his autobiographical book, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, called "The Gentle Bihari".
• Sri Krishna Sinha:
• He was the 1st Chief Minister of Bihar.
• He was known as “Babu Kesari” for his lionlike roars when he rose to address the masses.
• His close friend and prominent Gandhian, Dr Anugrah Narayan Singh wrote an essay for him titled “Mere Shri Babu”.
• He wrote –  “ Since 1921, the history of Bihar has been the history of life”.

The correct answer is Jawaharlal Nehru.

Key Points

• Jawaharlal Nehru became champion of socialism and wanted to overthrow British rule, Princely states, Landlordism and Capitalism in 1933.
• In 1933, Jawaharlal Nehru wrote a series of articles under the title 'Bharat kahan'.
• In which he wrote that why he believes in socialism.
• Jawaharlal Nehru:
• Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian independence activist and, afterwards, the first Prime Minister of India.
• He emerged as a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement, serving India as Prime Minister from its establishment in 1947 as an independent nation, until his death in 1964.
• He was better known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots in the Kashmiri Pandit community.
• Indian children knew him popularly as Chacha Nehru.
• The son of Swarup Rani and Motilal Nehru, a prolific lawyer and nationalist statesman.
• Nehru studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister.
• Upon his comeback to India, he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court and took an interest in national politics.

Additional Information

• Rajendra Prasad:
• He was the 1st President of the Republic of India.
• He was the Agriculture Minister in the Interim Government.
• Becoming an active journalist in the nationalist interest, he wrote for Searchlight in English, founded and edited the Hindi weekly Desh (“Country”), and started his lifelong campaign to establish Hindi as the national language.
• Imprisoned several times by the British for noncooperation activities, he served nearly three years (August 1942–June 1945) in jail with the Congress Party’s Working Committee.
• Bhulabhai Desai:
• Bhulabhai Desai was an Indian independence activist and acclaimed lawyer.
• He is well-remembered for his defence of the three Indian National Army soldiers accused of treason during World War II, and for attempting to negotiate a secret power-sharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of the Muslim League.
• In the year 1945, prevailed a rumour that an alliance had taken place between the Congress and the Muslim League.
• Particularly Bhulabhai Desai, the leader of the Congress parliamentary party and Liaquat Ali Khan, the de facto leader of the Muslim League assembly party were said to be working in close harmony.
• Desai met Sir Evan Jenkins, private secretary to the Viceroy on 13th January and on 20th January a meeting was held between Desai and Viceroy.
• The terms of what later came to be known as the Desai-Liaqat Pact were conveyed to the Viceroy in this meeting.
• Sardar Patel:
• ​Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was the 1st Home Minister of Independent India.
• He led the Bardoli Satyagraha.
• He subsequently organised peasants from Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the British Raj, becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat.
• As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief efforts for refugees fleeing to Punjab and Delhi from Pakistan and worked to restore peace.
• Besides those provinces that had been under direct British rule, approximately 565 self-governing princely states had been released from British suzerainty by the Indian Independence Act of 1947.

The correct answer is Sheel Bhadra Yajee.

Key Points

• Sheel Bhadra Yajee joined Subhas Chandra Bose to found All India Forward Bloc and actively associated with the INA movement.
• Sheel Bhadra Yajee:
• Sheel Bhadra Yajee was a social activist from Bihar who was associated with the non-violent and violent form of the Indian independence movement.
• Pandit Sheel Bhadra Yajee birth took on 22 March 1906 at Bakhtiarpur village in Patna district of Bihar.
• He was the only child of Pandit Shivtahal Yajee and Smt. Reshma Yajee.
• Sheel Bhadra mother died when he was just 10-years-old.
• Yajee's involvement in the freedom movement began in 1928 when, as a student, he attended the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.
• He affixed to the Congress Socialist Party four years later and became involved in the Kisan movement.
• Later, he came in near touch with Subhas Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi.

Additional Information

• Subhas Chandra Bose:
• Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India.
• His attempts during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy.
• Subhash Chandra Bose was twice elected President of the Indian National Congress, (1938-Haripur and 1939-Tripuri) the country’s most important political force for freedom from the Raj or British rule.
• Owing to political differences, he resigned from the Congress Presidentship in 1939 and organised the All India Forward Bloc a faction within the Congress in Bengal.
• The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
• Jai Prakash Narayan:
• In 1948, he left the Congress Party and initiated an anti-Congress Campaign.
• In 1952, he formed the Praja Socialist Party (PSP).
• In 1954, he devoted his life exclusively to the Bhoodan Yajna Movement, of Vinoba Bhave, which demanded land redistribution to the landless.
• In 1959 he argued for a “reconstruction of Indian polity” by means of a four-tier hierarchy of village, district, state, and union councils (Chaukhamba Raj).
• He started Total Revolution: Against Indira Gandhi Regime as she was found guilty of violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High Court.
• He advocated a program of social transformation which he termed ‘Sampoorna Kranti' (total revolution) in 1974 against corruption in public life.
• Baikunth Shukla:
• Shaheed Baikunth Shukla was an Indian nationalist and revolutionary.
• He was the nephew of Yogendra Shukla, one of the founders of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• Baikunth Shukla was hanged for murdering Traitor Phanindra Nath Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and ShivRam Rajguru.
• Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the freedom struggle at a young age taking an active part in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930.
• He was associated with revolutionary organisations like the Hindustan Seva Dal and HSRA.
• The execution of Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev in 1931 as a result of their trial in the Lahore conspiracy case was an event that shook the entire country.

The correct answer is Madam Bhikhaji Rustam Cama.

Key Points

• Madam Bhikhaji Rustam Cama:
• Bhikaiji Rustom Cama was one of the eminent figures in the Indian independence movement.
• Madam Bhikhaji Rustam Cama is regarded as “The Mother of Indian Revolution”.
• She was called to hoist the flag over the parliament in Germany.
• Like many Parsi girls of the time, Bhikhaiji attended Alexandra Girls' English Institution.
• **Bhikhaiji was by all accounts an **industrious​, disciplined child with a flair for languages.

​

Additional Information

• Annie Besant:
• Annie Besant started a newspaper called “New India” to highlight issues related to the **freedom struggle in India.**​
• In 1916, Annie Besant launched the All India Home Rule League.
• This was the first faction in India that demanded complete independence.
• As a result, the government had to grant small concessions.
• Annie Besant was freed in September 1917.
• In December of the same year, she became the president of the Indian National Congress for one year.
• ​Sarojini Naidu:
• Sarojini Naidu began to play an active role in the Indian independence movement.
• Her meeting with leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Gopal Krishna Gokhale (Born on May 9 1866) and Rabindranath Tagore spurred her on to work against the British Colonial government and towards social reform.
• Between 1915 and 1918 she travelled the length and breadth of the country to deliver lectures on social welfare, the emancipation of women etc
• In 1917 she helped in the formation of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA).
• Sarojini Naidu took part in the Salt March with Mahatma Gandhi and was **arrested by the British authorities along with all the Congress leaders in 1930.**​
• Akkamma Cherian:
• Great Freedom fighter and political leader.
• She was hailed from Travancore.
• She was best known for led a mass rally from Thamapanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of the Maharaja Chithira Thirunal to get the ban on the State Congress lifted.
• She came to be known as the Jhansi Rani of Travancore.
• Famous words: I am the leader; shoot me first before you kill others.
• She took the initiative for the formation of Desasevika Sangh.
• Akkamma was elected without any opposition to the Travancore Legislative Assembly from Kanjirapally in 1947.
• He wrote the book the story of the year 1114.
• Her Autobiography: Jeevitham: Oru Samaram.
• She died on May 5, 1982.

The correct answer is Young India.

Key Points​

• Journals associated with the revolutionary activities:

• Young India:
• A weekly journal, Young India was published in English by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from 1919 to 1932 to spread his unique ideology and thoughts regarding the use of nonviolence in organising movements and to urge readers to consider, organise and plan for India's eventual independence from Britain.
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi started this English journal in 1919 and guided it with passion until its closure 12 years later.
• Fewer still, in our times of buzzing websites with over 100 million users, would care to be educated about a print journal that has been extinct for 88 years.
• Its editorials made it, literally, a page-turner in India’s public life of the time.
• Young India (YI) was to become, for the duration of its lifetime (1919-1932), English-educated India’s premier thought partner.

Additional Information

• Jugantar:
• Jugantar was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt.
• A political weekly, it was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti that was taking shape in Bengal at the time.
• The journal went on to lend its name to the Western Bengal wing of the Anushilan Samiti, which came to be known as the Jugantar group.
• The journal expounded and justified revolutionary violence against the British Raj as a political tool for independence, and denounced the right and legitimacy of the British rule in India.
• It was also critical of the Indian National Congress and its moderate methods which was viewed as aiding the Raj.
• Its target audience was the young, literate and politically motivated youth of Bengal, and was priced at one paisa.
• Ghadar:
• The Hindustan Ghadar was a weekly publication that was the party organ of the Ghadar Party.
• It was published under the auspices of the Yugantar Ashram (Advent of a New Age Ashram) in San Francisco.
• Its purpose was to further the militant nationalist faction of the Indian independence movement, especially amongst Indian sepoys of the British Indian Army.
• In 1912–1913, the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association was formed by Indian immigrants under the leadership of Har Dayal, with Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president, which later came to be called the Ghadar Party.
• With donations raised with the help of the Indian diaspora, especially with the aid of Indian students at the University of California, Berkeley, the party established the Yugantar Ashram at 436 Hill Street where a printing press was set up with the donations.

The correct answer is Liberal Party.

Key Points

• First Indian elected to the British House of Commons, Dadabhai Naoroji contested on the ticket of Liberal Party.
• Dadabhai Naoroji:
• Dadabhai Naoroji was also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India".
• He was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895.
• Naoroji is honoured for his work in the Indian National Congress, of which he was one of the founding members and thrice — in 1886, 1893, and 1906 — elected president.
• His authored book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to his theory of the Indian "wealth drain" into Britain.
• India Post showing Naoroji on stamps in 1963, 1997 and 2017.

Additional Information

• Liberal Party:
• Liberal Party, a British political party that emerged in the mid-19th century as the successor to the historic Whig Party.
• It was the major party in opposition to the Conservatives until 1918, after which it was supplanted by the Labour Party.
• The Liberals continued as a minor party until 1988 when they merged with the Social Democratic Party to form what is now called the Liberal Democratic Party.
• Through its long history, the Liberal Party included various schools of thought, but all Liberals were united by the conviction that the source of progress lay in the free exercise of individual energy.
• Labour Party:
• Labour Party, a British political party whose historic links with trade unions have led it to promote an active role for the state in the creation of economic prosperity and in the provision of social services.
• In opposition to the Conservative Party, it has been the major democratic socialist party in Britain since the early 20th century.
• In 1900 the Trades Union Congress (the national federation of British trade unions) cooperated with the Independent Labour Party (founded in 1893) to establish a Labour Representation Committee, which took the name Labour Party in 1906.
• Conservative Party:
• Conservative Party, byname Tories, in the United Kingdom, a political party whose guiding principles include the promotion of private property and enterprise, the maintenance of a strong military, and the preservation of traditional cultural values and institutions.
• Since World War I the Conservative Party and its principal opponent, the Labour Party, have dominated British political life.
• The name Conservative was first used as a description of the party by John Wilson Croker writing in the Quarterly Review in 1830.
• Communist Party:
• The Communist Party of Britain (CPB) is a communist political party in Great Britain idealized to Marxist–Leninist theory.
• The party came out from a dispute between Eurocommunists and Marxist-Leninists in the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1988.
• Ex-members included General Secretaries of three organisations: Bob Crow of the RMT union, Ken Gill of the Manufacturing, Science and Finance (MSF) union and member of the TUC General Council, and Kate Hudson of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND).

The correct answer is Non-Cooperation Movement.

Key Points

• Swaraj Party was formed following the failure of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Non-Cooperation Movement:
• The movement of Non-cooperation was launched on 4 September 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi with the aim of self-governance and obtaining full independence (Purna Swaraj) as the Indian National Congress (INC) withdrew its support for British reforms following the Rowlatt Act of 21 March 1919, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919.
• The Rowlatt Act of March 1919, which suspended the rights of political prisoners in sedition trials, was seen as a "political awakening" by Indians and as a "threat" by the British.
• Although it was never invoked and declared void just a few years later, the act motivated Gandhi to conceive the idea of satyagraha (truth), which he saw as synonymous with independence.
• Swaraj Party:
• Swaraj Party, an Indian political party established in late 1922–early 1923 by members of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), notably Motilal Nehru, one of the most prominent lawyers in northern India (and the father of political leader Jawaharlal Nehru), and Chitta Ranjan Das, a nationalist politician from Bengal.
• The party’s name is taken from the term swaraj, meaning “self-rule,” which was broadly applied to the movement to gain independence from British rule.
• The party’s primary goal was to contest the elections to the new Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 and, once in office, to disrupt official policy and derail the Raj (British government in India) by antigovernment agitation within the council chambers.
• Though the noncooperation approach of Mohandas K. Gandhi had remained the primary strategy of the Congress, in reality, those Congress leaders who were less-orthodox Hindu or who were more secular-minded in outlook chose the alternative tactic of partially cooperating with political reforms being instituted by the British after World War I.

Additional Information

• Civil Disobedience Movement:
• Mohandas Gandhi’s civil disobedience movement of 1930-1931—launched by the Salt March—is a critical case for understanding civil resistance.
• Although by itself it failed to bring Indian independence, it seriously undermined British authority and united India’s population in a movement for independence under the leadership of the Indian National Congress (INC).
• It further signalled a new stage in the struggle for Indian swaraj (self-rule) and facilitated the downfall of the British Empire in India.
• Gandhi’s Salt Satyagraha drew upon a traditional South Asian cultural practice – the “Padyatra” (a long spiritual march) that became a model of strategic action for many social movements in the decades to come.
• Rowlatt Bill Satyagraha:
• Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India.
• The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted the internment of suspects without trial.
• Their object was to replace the repressive provisions of the wartime Defence of India Act (1915) with a permanent law.
• They were based on the report of Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt’s committee of 1918.
• The Rowlatt Acts were much resented by an aroused Indian public.
• All nonofficial Indian members of the council (i.e., those who were not officials in the colonial government) voted against the acts.
• Mahatma Gandhi organized a protest movement that led directly to the Massacre of Amritsar (April 1919) and subsequently to his noncooperation movement (1920–22).
• Champaran Satyagraha:
• The Champaran Satyagraha was the combination of elements of extra-constitutional struggle as well as the employment of moral force against an adversary, an exemplar of the rule of law; and the use of compromise as a gambit.
• It is marked as India’s First Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against the injustice meted out to tenant farmers in the Champaran district of Bihar.
• Champaran district was part of a permanent settlement area that consisted of the large zamindari estates under rich and influential landlords.
• Most of the villages were leased out by the zamindars to thikadars of whom the most influential were European Indigo Planters.
• Though the planters were temporary tenure holders, they not only extracted rent from the peasants but also exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction.

The correct answer is Surya Sen.

Key Points

• The Chittagong Armoury Raid had been planned by Surya Sen.
• Chittagong Armoury Raid:
• The Chittagong armoury raid took place on 18 April 1930 and was an attempt at raiding the armoury of police and auxiliary forces, led by freedom fighter Surya Sen.
• The volunteers he gathered were part of a revolutionary group of nationalists who believed in using force to fight the British.
• The original plan was to capture two armouries in Chittagong, subsequently destroying the telegraph and telephone office.
• The group would then take hostages from the European Club, as most of its members were involved in the colonial government in some form.
• Amongst these volunteers were two incredible women: Pritilata Waddedar and Kalpana Datta.

Additional Information​

• Surya Sen:
• Surya Sen, also called Surjya Sen was an Indian revolutionary who was active in the Indian independence movement against British rule in India.
• In 1918, he was elected as President of the Indian National Congress's Chittagong branch.
• Sen was known for recruiting a group of young, intense and passionate revolutionaries known as the Chittagong group including Ananta Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Bal, who fought against the British stationed in Chittagong.
• Surya Sen was a leader among these revolutionaries, a former school teacher fondly known as ‘Master Da’, from Naopoara in Chittagong (in modern-day Bangladesh).
• His first serious intellectual encounter with the Indian freedom movement came during his stint as an undergraduate at Berhampore College in 1916.
• Inspired by one of his teachers, he joined the Anushilan Samity, a revolutionary organisation founded by another Bengali revolutionary – Sarat Chandra Basu, which propounded violence as the means for ending British rule in India.
• He also worked closely with Chittaranjan Das, another freedom fighter who led the Non-Cooperation Movement in Bengal, and a strong advocate of non-violence.
• While this was going on, the real change came after Sen was arrested for two years from 1926 to 1928 for anti-British activities.

The correct answer is None of the above

Key Points

Cabinet Mission:

• The Cabinet Mission came to India with the objective to discuss the transfer of powers from the British government to the Indian leadership.
• The aim is to safeguard India's unity and grant its independence.

 Important Points

• Cabinet Mission was a high-powered mission sent by the Atlee Government (British Prime Minister) that arrived in India in 24th March 1946.
• The mission had three British cabinet members – Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, & and A.V. Alexander.
• Clement Atlee (British Prime Minister) decided to send a mission to India for the transfer of powers from the British Indian government to Indian leaders.

Additional Information

Objectives:

• To obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a constitution for India.
• To formulate a constitution-making body (the Constituent Assembly of India).
• To establish an Executive Council with the support of the major Indian parties.

Reason for failure:

• The Congress Party wanted a strong centre with minimum powers for the provinces.
• The Muslim League wanted strong political safeguards for the Muslims like parity in the legislatures.
• Since both parties had many ideological differences and could not find common ground, the mission came up with its own set of proposals in May 1946.

The correct answer is Rajendra Prasad.

Key Points

• A leader of Bihar who left his lucrative practice during Non- Cooperation Movement was Rajendra Prasad.
• Rajendra Prasad:
• Rajendra Prasad was an Indian independence social activist, lawyer, scholar and consequently, the first President of India, in office from 1950 to 1962.
• He was an Indian political leader and lawyer through his training.
• Prasad joined the Indian National Congress during the Indian Independence Movement and became a vital leader from the region of Bihar.
• A follower of Mahatma Gandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 and the Quit India movement of 1942.
• After the constituent assembly 1946 elections, Prasad performed his duties as Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government.
• Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of the Constituent Assembly of India, which made the Constitution of India and served as its provisional parliament.

Additional Information

• Jai Prakash Narayan:
• Jayaprakash Narayan, generally referred to as JP or Lok Nayak, was an Indian independence activist, revolutionist, theorist, socialist and political leader.
• He is better known as the "Hero of Quit India Movement" and he is memorized for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow he had called for a "total revolution".
• His biography, Jayaprakash, was authored by his nationalist friend and the writer of Hindi literature, Rambriksh Benipuri.
• Sahajanand Saraswati:
• Sahajanand Saraswati was an ascetic, a nationalist, revolutionist and a peasant leader of India.
• Although he was born in North-Western Provinces (present-day state of Uttar Pradesh), his social and political activities focussed mostly on Bihar in the initial days, and gradually spread to the rest of India with the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha.
• He had set up an ashram at Bihta, near Bihar carried out primary of his work in the latter part of his life from there.
• He was an intellectual, prominent writer, social reformer and revolutionary.
• Raj Kumar Shukla:
• Raja Kumar Shukla was the person who convinced Mr M.K. Gandhi to visit and view the exploitation in Champaran.
• Raj Kumar Shukla was born in 1875 at Satwaria village, in Champaran, Bihar where his ancestors lived for 200 years.
• His family owner of several acres of farming land in Murli Bharahwa, another village in the same district of the state.
• His father's name was Kolahal Shukla.

The correct answer is Indian Association.

Key Points

• The precursor of the Indian National Congress was Indian Association.
• Indian National Association:
• The Indian Association was the first recognized nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876.
• The objectives of this Association were "encouraging by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people".
• The Association fascinated educated Indians and civics leaders from all parts of the country.
• It became a vital forum for India's aspirations for independence.
• It later conjoined with the Indian National Congress.
• Indian National Congress:
• The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay in December 1885.
• The early leadership – Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer, among others – was largely from Bombay and Calcutta.
• A retired British official, A.O. Hume, also played a part in bringing Indians from the various regions together.
• The formation of the Indian National Congress was an effort in the direction of promoting the process of nation-building.
• In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among different parts of the country.
• The President belonged to a region other than where the Congress session was being held.

Additional Information

• British Indian Association:
• British Indian Association, was founded on October 29, 1851, at Calcutta with Raja Radha Kanta dev and Debendranath Tagore as its President and Secretary respectively.
• Other members of the Association included Ramgopal Ghosh, Peary Chand Mitra and Krishnadas Pal.
• Its membership was kept exclusive to Indians.
• The object of the Association was 'to secure improvements in the local administration of the country and in the system of government laid down by Parliament'.
• The Association gave leadership to remove the existing defects in the laws and civil administration of the country and to promote the greater welfare of the Indians.
• In 1852 the Association sent a petition to Parliament 'relative to the East India Company's charter' fallen due to being renewed in 1853.
• The Association informed parliament that Indians were not benefited by their connection with Great Britain 'to the extent they expected'.
• Indian League:
• The India League was a Britain-based organization whose aim was to campaign for full independence and self-government for India.
• The activist, lawyer and editor V. K. Krishna Menon was the driving force behind it.
• It evolved from the Commonwealth of India League (est. 1922) – which in turn evolved from Annie Besant’s Home Rule for India League.
• Menon became joint secretary of the Commonwealth of India League in 1928 and radicalized the organization, rejecting its objective of Dominion Status for the greater goal of full independence and alienating figures such as Besant in the process.
• It was in the early 1930s, with Menon at its helm, that the organization flourished, expanding into multiple branches across London and in a range of other British cities including Bournemouth, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Cardiff, Dublin, Hull, Lancashire, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield, Southampton and Wolverhampton.

The correct answer is Abdul Gaffar Khan.

Key Points

• Abdul Ghaffar Khan organised the “Khudai Khidmatgar” in 1929.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan:
• Abdul Ghaffār Khan, popularly known as Badshah Khan, was a Pashtun independence activist against British colonial rule in India.
• He was a political and metaphysical leader known for his nonviolent opposition and lifelong pacifism.
• He was a pious Muslim and an advocate for Hindu−Muslim unity in the Indian subcontinent.
• Due to his identical ideologies and close friendship with Mahatma Gandhi, Khan was nicknamed Sarhadi Gandhi by his close associate Amir Chand Bombwal.
• In 1929, Khan established the Khudai Khidmatgar an anti-colonial nonviolent resistance movement.
• The Khudai Khidmatgar's prosperity and popularity with the Indian people eventually prompted the British to launch a severe crackdown against him.
• The Khudai Khidmatgar undergone some of the most severe repression of the entire Indian independence movement.

Additional Information

• Ali Brothers:
• The Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani were the leaders of the Khilafat Movement.
• Mahatma Gandhi later also became one of the leaders of the Khilafat Movement in India by strongly advocating the Khilafat cause.
• The Ali brothers, Shaukat Ali (1873-1938) and Mohamed Ali Jauhar (1878-1931) were leaders of the Khilafat movement, which rallied support among Indian Muslims for the sultan of the Ottoman empire.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad:
• Azad was one of the Indian leaders who negotiated for Indian independence with the British.
• He tirelessly advocated for a single India that would embrace both Hindus and Muslims while strongly opposing the partition of British India into independent India and Pakistan.
• He later blamed both Congress Party leaders and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, for the ultimate division of the subcontinent.
• After the two separate countries were established, he served as minister of education in the Indian government of Jawaharlal Nehru from 1947 until his death.
• His autobiography, India Wins Freedom, was published posthumously in 1959.
• In 1992, decades after his death, Azad was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award.

Given:

Ratio of A, B, C = 7 : 2 : 1

A, B, C invested =Rs.20 lac

Total Profit = 20%

Tax of A = 20%

Tax of B = 30% 

Concept Used:

Profit % = (Profit/Cost price) × 100 

Net profit = Profit - Tax % of Profit

Calculation:

Let us take the amount invested by A, B, C be 7x, 2x, x respectively 

Total amount invested by A, B, C = Rs.20 lac

According to question,

⇒ 7x + 2x + x = 20

⇒ x = Rs.2 lac  

A investment = 7x = Rs. 14 lac

B investment = 2x = Rs. 4 lac

C Investment = x = Rs. 2 lac

Total Profit = 20% of 20 lac ⇒ Rs.4 lac 

Now, the profit share of A,B,C 

⇒ A + B + C = 10x

⇒ 4 = 10x 

⇒ x = Rs. 40000

A's profit = 7x = Rs. 280000

B's Profit = 2x = Rs. 80000

C's Profit = x = Rs. 40000

Net profit = Profit - Tax % of Profit

A's Net profit = 280000 - 30% of 280000 = Rs.196000

B's Net profit = 80000 - 20% of 80000 = Rs. 64000

A's Net profit = % of B's Net Profit

Percentage of A's Net profit to B's Net profit= (A's Net profit / B's Net profit) × 100 

⇒ (196000/64000) × 100 = 306.25%

∴ A's Net profit is 306.25% of B's Net profit.

Given, SURGICAL - STRIKE → 13979313-129925

The pattern followed here is:

Value of A = 1; B = 2 ... I = 9.

Now for J, the cycle repeats i.e J = 1; K = 2.

For S, the cycle repeats i.e S = 1; T = 2.

 

Similarly,

METRO - TRAIN → 45296-29195

Hence, the correct answer is "45296-29195".

Given:

expression = x³ + 3y − 3

The first four values = 7, 20, 45, 88

x is a consecutive whole number

Calculation:

Let us take x = 1 for first value 7

substitute the value of x in given expression

⇒  1 + 3y − 3 = 7 

⇒ y = 3

For x = 2 (second value)

⇒ 8 + 3y − 3 = 20 

⇒ y = 5

Here x = 1 ,then y = 3 

x = 2 , then y = 5 

so x is increasing by 1 and y is increasing by 2 

Then for x = 5 (Fifth value) , then y = 11

Substitute x = 5 and y = 11 in equation

5³ + 3 × 11 − 3 = 155

∴ The fifth value value is 155

The logic followed here is:

The first letter of each word is increasing by + 2, + 4, + 6.

The middle number of each word is decreasing by - 2, - 4, - 6.

The last letter of each word is decreasing by - 2, - 4, - 6.

So, the next term is M14V which is not given in options.

Hence, the correct answer is "None of the above/More than one of the above".

Given:

Basic salary = Rs.7700

Old DA = 125%

New DA = 132%

Old Tax deduction (TDS) = 20%

New Tax deduction (TDS) = 22%

Concept Used:

Gross salary = Basic salary + Dear allowance

Net Salary = Gross Salary - Tax deduction

Calculation:

Old DA = 125% of basic salary

⇒ (125/100) × 7700 = Rs.9625

Old Gross salary = Basic salary + Dear allowance

Old Gross salary = 7700 + 9625 = Rs.17325

Old TDS = 20% of Gross salary 

⇒ (20/100) × 17325 = Rs.3465 

Old Net Salary = Gross Salary - Tax deduction

Old Net salary = 17325 - 3465 = Rs.13860      ----(i)

New DA = 132% of basic salary

⇒ (132/100) × 7700 = Rs.10164

New Gross salary = Basic salary + Dear allowance

New Gross salary = 7700 + 10164 = Rs.17864

New TDS = 22% of Gross salary 

⇒ (22/100) × 17864 = Rs.3930

New Net Salary = Gross Salary - Tax deduction

New Net salary = 17864 - 3930 = Rs.13934      ----(ii)

Subtracting eqn i  from ii

Increase in Net salary = 13934 - 13860 = Rs. 74

 ∴ The salary got  increased by Rs. 74

From the given diagram :

The government employees who live in own house and compulsorily graduates are shown by the shaded part and no letter represents the shaded portion.

Thus, none of the given set of letters is correct.

Hence, the correct answer is "None of the above/More than one of the above".

Confusion Points

Postgraduates are also graduates, so the post-graduate part is also included in it.

According to the given information,

 

1) 12 – 2 + 3 ÷ 8 x 1 > 12

Replacing symbols and using BODMAS rule,

12 ÷ 2 × 3 - 8 + 1 = 12

6 × 3 - 8 + 1 = 12

18 - 8 + 1 = 12

19 - 8 = 12

11 ≠ 12

2) 11 x 2 ÷ 4 – 2 + 1 = 11

Replacing symbols and using BODMAS rule,

11 + 2 - 4 ÷ 2 × 1 > 11

11 + 2 - 2 × 1 > 11

11 + 2 - 2 > 11

13 - 2 > 11

11 > 11 (not greater than)

3) 7 ÷ 2 x 5 – 5 + 2 = 7

Replacing symbols and using BODMAS rule,

7 - 2 + 5 ÷ 5 × 2 > 7

7 - 2 + 1 × 2 > 7

7 - 2 + 2 > 7

9 - 2 > 7

7 > 7 (not greater than)

4) 5 x 6 – 3 ÷ 3 + 1 > 4

Replacing symbols and using BODMAS rule,

5 + 6 ÷ 3 - 3 × 1 = 4

5 + 2 - 3 × 1 = 4

5 + 2 - 3 = 4

7 - 3 = 4

4 = 4

Hence, the correct answer is "5 x 6 – 3 ÷ 3 + 1 > 4".

Given:

Number from 100 to 999

Calculation:

In the range of 100 to 200 ,

There are 20 9's 

109,119,129,139,149,159,169, 179, 189, 190,191, 192, 193 194, 195 , 196, 197 , 198, 199.

similarly from range of 100 to 899

Number of 9's = 20 × 8 = 160 

In the range of 900 to 999 

Number of 9's = 100 + 10 + 10 = 120

Total number of 9's occur = 160 + 120 = 280

∴ 280 times the digit 9 occurs in the numbers from 100 to 999.

Given:

Total expenditure on raw material = Rs.3000000

Angle made by labour at centre = 90°

Angle made by raw material at centre = 120° 

Angle made by Transportation at centre = 80° 

Angle made by other expenditure at centre = 70° 

Calculation:

Expenditure for labour = 3000000 × (90/120) = Rs. 2250000

Expenditure for labour increased by 5%

New Increased expenditure of labour = 2250000 × (105/100) = Rs. 2362500

Increased amount of labour from old to new expenditure = 2363500 - 2250000 = Rs.112500 

Other expenditure = 3000000 × (70/120) = Rs.1750000 

Expenditure on other expenses can be reduced = (112500/1750000) × 100 = 6.43%

∴ 6.43% expenditure on other expenses be reduced to maintain the profit

Given:

Time taken by A to drain water tank = 30 min

Time taken by B to drain water tank = 20 min

Concept Used:

Total work = Efficiency × Time taken to complete the work

Total work = LCM of both Time 

Calculation:

Let us take LCM for (30, 20) = 60 

Total work = 60 unit

Efficiency of A = 60/30 = 2 unit

Efficiency of B = 60/20 = 3 unit

Efficiency of both A and B = 2 + 3 = 5 unit

Total work = Efficiency × Time taken to complete the work

A and B does work for 10 min 

work done for 10 min = 5 × 10 = 50 unit

Remaining work = 60 - 50 = 10 unit

The remaining 10 unit work is done by A alone so,

Total work = Efficiency × Time taken to complete the work

Time taken by A = 10/2 = 5 mins

Total time taken to empty the tank = Time taken by both A and B + Time taken by A

Total time = 10 + 5 ⇒ 15 mins

∴ 15 mins to empty a full tank

The correct answer is Vitamin B1 – Oranges

Key Points

• Cod liver oil is a good source of Vitamin D, Vitamin A, Omega-3 fatty acids.
• Alfalfa is a rich source of vitamin K, which helps the body in blood clotting. Together with iron, vitamin K also helps in the production of blood.
• Wheat germ oil is a great source of Vitamin E, which is said to be a powerful antioxidant. It helps fight against free radical damage.

Additional Information

• Vitamins:
• Vitamin, any of several organic substances that are necessary for small quantities for normal health and growth in higher forms of animal life.
• Vitamins are distinct in several ways from other biologically important compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
• Although these latter substances also are indispensable for proper bodily functions, almost all of them can be synthesized by animals in adequate quantities.
• Vitamins, on the other hand, generally cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet bodily needs and therefore must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source.
• For this reason, vitamins are called essential nutrients.
• Vitamins also differ from the other biological compounds in that relatively small quantities are needed to complete their functions.
• In general, these functions are of a catalytic or regulatory nature, facilitating or controlling vital chemical reactions in the body’s cells.
• If a vitamin is absent from the diet or is not properly absorbed by the body, a specific deficiency disease may develop.
• Chemical Names of certain Vitamins:
• Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
• Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
• Vitamin B3 - Niacin
• Vitamin D - Calcipherol
• Vitamin E - Tocopherol
• Vitamin K - Phylloquinone

The correct answer is Tetrafluoroethylene.

Key Points

• Teflon is a polymer of Tetrafluoroethylene.
• Tetrafluoroethylene:
• Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) is a fluorocarbon having the chemical formula C2F4.
• It is the simplest perfluorinated alkene.
• This gaseous species is used majorly in the industrial preparation of polymers.
• Tetrafluoroethylene is a colourless, odourless gas.

Additional Information

• Vinyl chloride:
• This colourless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
• Vinyl chloride, also called chloroethylene, a colourless, flammable, toxic gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds and used principally in making polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, a widely used plastic with numerous applications.
• Chloroprene:
• Chloroprene, the monomer used in the formation of the elastomer neoprene, is prepared from vinylacetylene by this reaction.
• Neoprene is the common name for the polymers of chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene).
• These are produced by emulsion polymerization.
• Acetylene dichloride:
• Almost the entire production of the compound is consumed in manufacturing chlorinated solvents, especially trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene.
• It has minor uses as a solvent and as an insecticide, particularly against the greenhouse whitefly.
• It is made by the reaction of acetylene and chlorine.
• Its polymer is Vinyl Chloride.

The correct answer is **DNA.**DNA 

Key Points

• DNA is responsible for controlling the hereditary characters of the living cells.
• DNA:
• Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
• DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids.
• Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four primary types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.

Additional Information

• Enzyme:
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
• Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions.
• The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.
• Hormone:
• A hormone is any member of a class of signalling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and/or behaviour.
• Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi.
• RNA:
• Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
• RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid are nucleic acids.

The correct answer is Vitamin D2.

Key Points

• Vitamins and their Chemical Names:

• Vitamins:
• Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts in our diet but their deficiency causes specific diseases.
• Most of the vitamins cannot be synthesized in our body but plants can synthesize almost all of them, so they are considered essential food factors.
• However, the bacteria of the gut can produce some of the vitamins required by us.
• All the vitamins are generally available in our diet.
• Different vitamins belong to various chemical classes and it is difficult to define them on the basis of structure.
• They are generally regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organism.
• Vitamins are designated by alphabets A, B, C, D, etc. Some of them are further named as sub-groups e.g. B1, B2, B6, B12, etc.
• Vitamin A keeps our skin and eyes healthy.
• Vitamin C helps the body to fight against many diseases.
• Vitamin C gets easily destroyed by heat during cooking.
• Vitamin D helps our body to use calcium for bones and teeth.
• Excess of vitamins is also harmful and vitamin pills should not be taken without the advice of a doctor.
• Each of the 13 vitamins known today has specific functions in the body: vitamin A, provitamin A (Beta‐carotene), vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, biotin, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin K, niacin and pantothenic acid.

Additional Information

• Chemical names of Vitamins:
• Vitamin A - Retinol
• Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
• Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
• Vitamin B3 - Niacin
• Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic Acid
• Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid
• Vitamin D - Calcipherol
• Vitamin E - Tocopherol
• Vitamin K - Phylloquinone

The correct answer is Tocopherol – Beriberi.

Key Points

• Vitamins Chemical Names and their Deficiency Diseases:

Additional Information

• Vitamins and their Chemical Names:
• Retinol - Vitamin A:
• Vitamin A is the name of a group of fat-soluble retinoids, including retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters.
• Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.
• Vitamin A is critical for vision as an essential component of rhodopsin, a protein that absorbs light in the retinal receptors, and because it supports the normal differentiation and functioning of the conjunctival membranes and cornea.
• Vitamin A also supports cell growth and differentiation, playing a critical role in the normal formation and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs.
• Tocopherol - Vitamin E:
• Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with several forms, but alpha-tocopherol is the only one used by the human body.
• Its main role is to act as an antioxidant, scavenging loose electrons—so-called “free radicals”—that can damage cells.
• It also enhances immune function and prevents clots from forming in heart arteries.
• Vitamin E has the ability to protect cells from free radical damage as well as stop the production of free radical cells entirely.
• However, conflicting study results have dimmed some of the promises of using high dose vitamin E to prevent chronic diseases.
• Cyanocobalamin - Vitamin B12:
• Vitamin B12 does a lot of things for your body.
• It helps make your DNA and your red blood cells.
• Since your body doesn't make vitamin B12, you have to get it from animal-based foods or from supplements.
• Our your body doesn't store vitamin B12 for a long time.
• Ergocalciferol - Viatmin D2:
• Vitamin D (ergocalciferol-D2, cholecalciferol-D3, alfacalcidol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and phosphorus.
• Having the right amount of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus is important for building and keeping strong bones.
• Vitamin D is used to treat and prevent bone disorders (such as rickets, osteomalacia).
• Vitamin D is made by the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight.
• Sunscreen, protective clothing, limited exposure to sunlight, dark skin, and age may prevent getting enough vitamin D from the sun.
• Vitamin D with calcium is used to treat or prevent bone loss (osteoporosis).
• Vitamin D is also used with other medications to treat low levels of calcium or phosphate caused by certain disorders.

The correct answer is Phenol and formaldehyde.

Key Points

• Bakelite is formed by the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde.
• Bakelite:
• Bakelite or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride was the first plastic composed of synthetic components.
• It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, constructed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde.
• It was made by the Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York, in 1907.
• Bakelite was maade patented on December 7, 1909.
• The establishment of synthetic plastic was revolutionary for its electrical nonconductivity and heat-resistant properties in electrical insulators, radio and telephone casings and such varied products as kitchenware, jewellery, pipe stems, children's toys, and firearms.
• In neoteric years the "retro" appeal of old Bakelite products has made them collectable.
• Bakelite was referred a National Historic Chemical Landmark on November 9, 1993, by the American Chemical Society in recognition of its significance as the world's first synthetic plastic.

The correct answer is Chloramphenicol.

Key Points

• Chloramphenicol:
• Chloramphenicol, an antibiotic drug once commonly used in the treatment of infections caused by various bacteria, including those in the genera Rickettsia and Mycoplasma.
• Chloramphenicol was originally found as a product of the metabolism of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae (order Actinomycetales) and subsequently was synthesized chemically.
• It achieves its antibacterial effect by interfering with protein synthesis in these microorganisms.
• It is seldom used today, however, because of its potential toxicity and the availability of safer drugs.
• Chloramphenicol has been important in the treatment of typhoid fever and other Salmonella infections.
• For many years chloramphenicol, in combination with ampicillin, was the treatment of choice for Haemophilus influenzae infections, including meningitis.
• Chloramphenicol is also useful in the treatment of pneumococcal or meningococcal meningitis in penicillin-allergic patients.

Additional Information

• Quinine:
• Quinine is a medication used in the treatment of malaria and babesiosis.
• This includes the remedy of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that obstructs chloroquine when artesunate is not available.
• While sometimes used for disquieting legs syndrome, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects.
• It can be inhaled by mouth or intravenously.
• Malaria counteraction to quinine occurs in few areas of the world.
• Quinine is also the element in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste.
• Sulphaguanidine:
• Sulfaguanidine is a guanidine derivative of sulfanilamide used in veterinary medicine.
• Sulfaguanidine is poorly absorbed from the gut but is well suited for the treatment of bacillary dysentery and other enteric infections.
• Sulfaguanidine is a sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid.
• It is mostly used in veterinary medicine as a role of an antiinfective agent.
• Aspirin:
• Aspirin, also called acetylsalicylic acid, a derivative of salicylic acid that is a mild non-narcotic analgesic (pain reliever) useful in the relief of headache and muscle and joint aches.
• Aspirin is effective in reducing fever, inflammation, and swelling and thus has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and mild infection.
• In these instances, aspirin generally acts on the symptoms of disease and does not modify or shorten the duration of the disease.
• However, because of its ability to inhibit the production of blood platelet aggregates (which may cut off the blood supply to regions of the heart or brain), aspirin has also been used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of conditions such as unstable angina or following a minor stroke or heart attack.

The correct answer is a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2.

Key Points

• ​​​Applications present in the following substances:

Additional Information

• Aspartame:
• Aspartame, the synthetic organic compound (a dipeptide) of phenylalanine and aspartic acid.
• It is 150–200 times as sweet as cane sugar and is used as a nonnutritive tabletop sweetener and in low-calorie prepared foods (brand names NutraSweet, Equal) but is not suitable for baking.
• Because of its phenylalanine content, persons with phenylketonuria must avoid it.
• Though it is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory authorities around the world, its safety even for those without the disease remains controversial.
• Freon:
• Freon, (trademark), any of several simple fluorinated aliphatic organic compounds that are used in commerce and industry.
• In addition to fluorine and carbon, Freons often contain hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine.
• Thus, Freons are types of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and related compounds.
• Neoprene:
• Neoprene (CR), also called polychloroprene or chloroprene rubber, synthetic rubber produced by the polymerization (or linking together of single molecules into giant, multiple-unit molecules) of chloroprene.
• A good general-purpose rubber, neoprene is valued for its high tensile strength, resilience, oil and flame resistance, and resistance to degradation by oxygen and ozone.
• However, its high cost limits its use to special-properties applications.
• Benadryl:
• Benadryl Syrup is used in the treatment of cough.
• It relieves allergy symptoms such as runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing, watery eyes and congestion or stuffiness.
• It also thins mucus in the nose, windpipe and lungs, making it easier to cough out.
• Benadryl Syrup is taken with or without food in a dose and duration as advised by the doctor.
• The dose you are given will depend on your condition and how you respond to the medicine.

The correct answer is Protein.

Key Points

• Insulin:
• Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets.
• It is considered to be the primary anabolic hormone present inside our body.
• It maintains the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into the liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.
• In these tissues, the absorbed glucose is changed into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both.
• Protein:
• Protein, a highly complex substance that is present in all living organisms.
• Proteins are of great nutritional value and are directly involved in the chemical processes essential for life.
• The importance of proteins was recognized by chemists in the early 19th century, including Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who in 1838 coined the term protein, a word derived from the Greek prōteios, meaning “holding first place.”
• Proteins are species-specific; that is, the proteins of one species differ from those of another species.
• They are also organ-specific; for instance, within a single organism, muscle proteins differ from those of the brain and liver.

Additional Information

• Fat:
• Fat, any substance of plant or animal origin that is nonvolatile, insoluble in water, and oily or greasy to the touch.
• Fats are usually solid at ordinary temperatures, such as 25 °C (77 °F), but they begin to liquefy at somewhat higher temperatures.
• Chemically, fats are identical to animal and vegetable oils, consisting primarily of glycerides, which are esters formed by the reaction of three molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of glycerol.
• Vitamin:
• Vitamin, any of several organic substances that are necessary for small quantities for normal health and growth in higher forms of animal life.
• Vitamins are distinct in several ways from other biologically important compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
• Although these latter substances also are indispensable for proper bodily functions, almost all of them can be synthesized by animals in adequate quantities.
• Vitamins, on the other hand, generally cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet bodily needs and therefore must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source.
• If a vitamin is absent from the diet or is not properly absorbed by the body, a specific deficiency disease may develop.
• Carbohydrate:
• Carbohydrate, class of naturally occurring compounds and derivatives formed from them. In the early part of the 19th century, substances such as wood, starch, and linen were found to be composed mainly of molecules containing atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
• Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature.
• They are essential constituents of all living things.
• Carbohydrates are formed by green plants from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis.
• Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and as essential structural components in organisms.
• In addition, part of the structure of nucleic acids, which contain genetic information, consists of carbohydrate.

The correct answer is Hydrogen.

Key Points

• The gas used in the manufacture of Vanaspati Ghee from Vanaspati Oil is Hydrogen.
• At high pressure, in the presence of nickel catalyst, hydrogen is mixed with vegetable oils which turn them into vegetable ghee.
• This process is called the hydrogenation of oils.
• Hydrogen:
• Hydrogen is the chemical element having the symbol H and atomic number 1.
• With a norm atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table.
• Hydrogen is the most copious chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.
• Hydrogen gas is used by industry for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods.

Additional Information

• Oxygen:
• Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.
• It is a part of the chalcogen group in the periodic table.
• It is a highly reactive nonmetal and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds.
• It is also used to make epoxyethane (ethylene oxide), used as antifreeze and to make polyester, and chloroethene, the precursor to PVC.
• Oxygen gas is used for oxy-acetylene welding and cutting of metals.
• A growing use is in the treatment of sewage and of effluent from the industry.
• Nitrogen:
• Nitrogen (N), nonmetallic element of Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table.
• It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth’s atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.
• Elemental nitrogen can be used as an inert atmosphere for reactions requiring the exclusion of oxygen and moisture.
• In the liquid state, nitrogen has valuable cryogenic applications; except for the gases hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, fluorine, and oxygen, practically all chemical substances have negligible vapour pressures at the boiling point of nitrogen and exist, therefore, as crystalline solids at that temperature.
• Carbon dioxide:
• Carbon dioxide, (CO₂), a colourless gas having a faint sharp odour and a sour taste.
• It is one of the most important greenhouse gases linked to global warming, but it is a minor component of Earth’s atmosphere (about 3 volumes in 10,000), formed in the combustion of carbon-containing materials, in fermentation, and in respiration of animals and employed by plants in the photosynthesis of carbohydrates.
• The presence of the gas in the atmosphere keeps some of the radiant energy received by Earth from being returned to space, thus producing the so-called greenhouse effect.
• Industrially, it is recovered for numerous diverse applications from flue gases, as a by-product of the preparation of hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia, from limekilns, and from other sources.
• Carbon dioxide is used as a refrigerant, in fire extinguishers, for inflating life rafts and life jackets, blasting coal, foaming rubber and plastics, promoting the growth of plants in greenhouses, immobilizing animals before slaughter, and in carbonated beverages.

The correct answer is None of the above/More than one of the above.

Key Points

• LPG used as domestic fuel chiefly contains Propane and Butane.
• LPG:
• LPG stands for Liquified Petroleum Gas.
• LPG is consumed as fuel gas in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
• It is increasingly consumed as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer.
• When specifically consumed as a vehicle fuel it is often referred to as autogas.
• Varieties of LPG bought and sold comprises mixes that are mostly propane (C₃H₈), mostly butane (C₄H), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane.
• In the northern hemisphere winter, mixes include more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane.
• In the United States, mostly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5.
• These statements are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials.

Additional Information

• Formula:
• Methane - CH₄
• Propane - C₃H₈
• Ethylene - C₂H₄
• Butane - C₄H₁₀

The correct answer is Emulsification.

Key Points

• Soap removes grease by the process of Emulsification.
• Emulsification:
• Emulsification is the process of dispersing two or more immiscible liquids together to form a semistable mixture.
• In food applications, these two liquids generally consist of an organic (oil) phase and an aqueous (water) phase that is stabilized by the addition of a food-grade emulsifier (surfactant).
• The most general emulsions are of the oil-in-water (O/W) type.
• Examples of food emulsions include mayonnaise, sauces, ice cream, and milk.
• Water-in-oil (W/O)-type emulsions are less common in food applications, with the most prominent example being butter, which is an emulsion of water dispersed in milk fat.

Additional Information

• Coagulation:
• Coagulation, generally known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
• It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair.
• Adsorption:
• Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.
• This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent.
• This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid.
• Osmosis:
• Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the **two sides.**​

The correct answer is Oxytocin.

Key Points

• Oxytocin plays a role in the release of milk from mammary glands.
• Oxytocin:
• Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland.
• This vital hormone plays an important role in the childbirth process and also helps with male reproduction.
• In women, oxytocin is accountable for signalling contractions of the womb during labour.
• The hormone encourages the uterine muscles to contract, so labour begins.
• It also enhances the production of prostaglandins, which move labour along and increases contractions.
• Because of this effect, synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) is sometimes applied to induce a woman to start labour if she cannot start naturally, or it can be given to make contractions stronger if a woman's labour is slowing.

Additional Information

• Adrenaline:
• Adrenaline is produced in the medulla in the adrenal glands as well as some of the central nervous system's neurons.
• Within a couple of minutes during a stressful situation, adrenaline is quickly released into the blood, sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.
• Adrenaline triggers the body's fight-or-flight response.
• This reaction causes air passages to dilate to provide the muscles with the oxygen they need to either fight the danger or flee.
• Adrenaline also triggers the blood vessels to contract to re-direct blood toward major muscle groups, including the heart and lungs.
• The body's ability to feel pain also decreases as a result of adrenaline, which is why you can continue running from or fighting danger even when injured.
• Adrenaline causes a noticeable increase in strength and performance, as well as heightened awareness, in stressful times.
• After the stress has subsided, adrenaline’s effect can last for up to an hour.
• Thyroxine:
• Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland'.
• It is the inactive form and most of it is converted to an active form called triiodothyronine by organs such as the liver and kidneys.
• Thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.
• The production and release of thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, is controlled by a feedback loop system that involves the hypothalamus in the brain and the pituitary and thyroid glands.
• The hypothalamus secretes a thyrotropin-releasing hormone which, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone.
• This hormone stimulates the production of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, by the thyroid gland.
• Progesterone:
• Progesterone is a steroid hormone belonging to a class of hormones called progestogens.
• It is secreted by the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine gland that the female body produces after ovulation during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
• Progestin is often combined with estrogen, another hormone, to develop contraceptives such as birth control pills and skin patches.
• Progestin is also useful in treating common menopausal symptoms.
• Progesterone and progestins help women make informed choices about their reproductive health.

The correct answer is a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1.

Key Points

Additional Information

• Skin Cancer:
• Skin cancer, a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the skin.
• Skin cancers are of two distinct types: nonmelanoma and melanoma.
• Most cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer are caused by damage to DNA resulting from exposure to ultraviolet radiation of the sun.
• People with light complexions have a higher rate of skin cancer than those with dark skin, and males are more likely to develop skin cancer than females.
• Noise Pollution:
• Noise pollution, unwanted or excessive sound can have deleterious effects on human health, wildlife, and environmental quality.
• Noise pollution is commonly generated inside many industrial facilities and some other workplaces, but it also comes from the highway, railway, and aeroplane traffic and from outdoor construction activities.
• Sound waves are vibrations of air molecules carried from a noise source to the ear.
• Sound is typically described in terms of the loudness (amplitude) and the pitch (frequency) of the wave.
• Loudness (also called sound pressure level, or SPL) is measured in logarithmic units called decibels (dB).
• The normal human ear can detect sounds that range between 0 dB (hearing threshold) and about 140 dB, with sounds between 120dB and 140 dB causing pain (pain threshold).
• Global warming:
• Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the past one to two centuries.
• Climate scientists have since the mid-20th century gathered detailed observations of various weather phenomena (such as temperatures, precipitation, and storms) and of related influences on climate (such as ocean currents and the atmosphere’s chemical composition).
• These data indicate that Earth’s climate has changed over almost every conceivable timescale since the beginning of geologic time and that the influence of human activities since at least the beginning of the Industrial Revolution has been deeply woven into the very fabric of climate change.
• Ozone Hole:
• The ozone hole is not technically a “hole” where no ozone is present but is actually a region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern Hemisphere spring (August–October).
• Satellite instruments provide us with daily images of ozone over the Antarctic region.
• The ozone hole shows the very low values centred over Antarctica on 4 October 2004.
• From the historical record, we know that total column ozone values of less than 220 Dobson Units were not observed prior to 1979.
• From an aircraft field mission over Antarctica, we also know that a total column ozone level of less than 220 Dobson Units is a result of catalyzed ozone loss from chlorine and bromine compounds.

The correct answer is Liver.

Key Points

• In the human body, Vitamin A is stored in the Liver.
• Liver:
• The liver is an organ only found in vertebrates which detoxifies various metabolites.
• It synthesizes proteins and secretes biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
• In humans, it is situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm.
• Its other functions in metabolism comprise the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, and the production of hormones.
• The liver is an accessory digestive organ that secretes bile, an alkaline fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, which helps the breakdown of fat.
• The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just below the liver.
• It stores bile secreted by the liver which is afterwards moved to the small intestine to complete digestion.
• The liver's highly specialized tissue, consisting of mostly hepatocytes, regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions.
• It helps in the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions.
• Many estimates regarding the organ's total number of functions vary, but textbooks generally cite it being around 500.

Additional Information

• Skin:
• Human skin, in human anatomy, the covering, or integument, of the body’s surface that both provides protection and receives sensory stimuli from the external environment.
• The skin consists of three layers of tissue: the epidermis, an outermost layer that contains the primary protective structure, the stratum corneum; the dermis, a fibrous layer that supports and strengthens the epidermis; and the subcutis, a subcutaneous layer of fat beneath the dermis that supplies nutrients to the other two layers and that cushions and insulates the body.
• The apparent lack of body hair immediately distinguishes human beings from all other large land mammals.
• Lung:
• Lung, in air-breathing vertebrates, either of the two large organs of respiration located in the chest cavity and responsible for adding oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from the blood.
• In humans, each lung is encased in a thin membranous sac called the pleura, and each is connected with the trachea (windpipe) by its main bronchus (large air passageway) and with the heart by the pulmonary arteries.
• The lungs are soft, light, spongy, elastic organs that normally, after birth, always contain some air.
• If healthy, they will float in water and crackle when squeezed; diseased lungs sink.
• Kidney:
• The kidney, invertebrates and some invertebrates, an organ that maintains water balance and expels metabolic wastes.
• Primitive and embryonic kidneys consist of two series of specialized tubules that empty into two collecting ducts, the Wolffian ducts (see Wolffian duct).
• The more advanced kidney (metanephros) of adult reptiles, birds, and mammals is a paired compact organ whose functional units, called nephrons, filter initial urine from the blood, reabsorb water and nutrients and secrete wastes, producing the final urine, which is expelled.

The correct answer is Vitamin K.

Key Points

• Vitamin K is used as an antidote to anticoagulant poisons.
• Vitamin K:
• Vitamin K is actually a group of compounds.
• The most important of these compounds appears to be vitamin K1 and vitamin K2.
• Vitamin K1 is obtained from leafy greens and some other vegetables.
• Vitamin K2 is a group of compounds largely obtained from meats, cheeses, and eggs, and synthesized by bacteria.

Additional Information

• Vitamins and their Chemical Names:

• Vitamin A:
• Vitamin A, also called retinol, fat-soluble alcohol, most abundant in fatty fish and especially in fish-liver oils.
• Vitamin A is also found in milk fat, eggs, and liver; synthetic vitamin A is added to margarine.
• It helps your body's natural defence against illness and infection (the immune system) work properly.
• It helps vision in dim light.
• It keeps skin and the lining of some parts of the body, such as the nose, healthy.
• Vitamin D:
• Vitamin D is required for the regulation of the minerals calcium and phosphorus found in the body.
• It also plays an important role in maintaining proper bone structure.
• Sun exposure is an easy, reliable way for most people to get vitamin D.
• Exposure of the hands, face, arms, and legs to sunlight 2-3 times a week for about one-fourth of the time it would take to develop a mild sunburn will cause the skin to produce enough vitamin D.
• The necessary exposure time varies with age, skin type, season, time of day, etc.
• Vitamin E:
• Vitamin E is a fat-soluble nutrient found in many foods.
• In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals.
• Free radicals are compounds formed when our bodies convert the food we eat into energy.
• People are also exposed to free radicals in the environment from cigarette smoke, air pollution, and ultraviolet light from the sun.
• The body also needs vitamin E to boost its immune system so that it can fight off invading bacteria and viruses.
• It helps to widen blood vessels and keep blood from clotting within them.
• In addition, cells use vitamin E to interact with each other and to carry out many important functions.

The correct answer is Potassium iodide.

Key Points

• Iodised salt:
• Iodised salt is table salt mixed with a trivial amount of various salts of the element iodine.
• The ingestion of iodine inhibits iodine deficiency.
• Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the salient preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities.
• Deficiency also causes thyroid gland issues, including "endemic goitre".
• In many countries, iodine deficiency is a primary public health problem that can be cheaply addressed by purposely adding small amounts of iodine to the sodium chloride salt.
• Potassium iodide:
• Potassium iodide is a salt of stable (not radioactive) iodine that can help block radioactive iodine from being absorbed by the thyroid gland, thus protecting this gland from radiation injury.
• The thyroid gland is the part of the body that is most sensitive to radioactive iodine.
• KI (potassium iodide) does not keep radioactive iodine from entering the body and cannot reverse the health effects caused by radioactive iodine once the thyroid is damaged.
• KI (potassium iodide) only protects the thyroid, not other parts of the body, from radioactive iodine.

Additional Information

• Iodine:
• Iodine (I), chemical element, a member of the halogen elements, or Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table.
• Iodine is never found in nature uncombined, and it is not concentrated sufficiently to form independent minerals.
• It is present in seawater, but sparingly, as the iodide ion, I^-, to the extent of approximately 50 mg per metric ton (0.0016 ounces per ton) of seawater.
• It is also formed in seaweeds, oysters, and cod livers.
• Sodium iodate (NaIO₃) is contained in crude Chile saltpetre (sodium nitrate, NaNO₃).
• The human body contains iodine in the compound thyroxine, which is produced in the thyroid gland.
• Calcium iodide:
• Calcium iodide is an inorganic compound that is made of calcium and iodine.
• It has the chemical formula CaI₂.
• Calcium iodide can be formed using either calcium oxide, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
• Calcium iodide is used in medicines.
• It is used in photography.
• Magnesium iodide:
• Magnesium Iodide formula, also known as Diiodomagnesium formula is discussed in this article.
• This chemical compound has various hydrates which are typical ionic halides and do not dissolve in water.
• The molecular or chemical formula of Magnesium Iodide is MgI₂ (anhydrous).
• Diiodomagnesium is a crystalline solid white in colour and has no smell.
• It can be synthesized by using magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide and treating them with hydroiodic acid.
• It is widely used to produce organic synthesis compounds.

The correct answer is H₂SO₄.

Key Points

• Sulphuric acid is the main constituent of acid rain.
• Acid rain:
• Acid rain, also called acid precipitation or acid deposition, is precipitation possessing a pH of about 5.2 or below primarily produced from the emission of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides from human activities, mostly the combustion of fossil fuels.
• In acid-sensitive landscapes, acid deposition can reduce the pH of surface waters and lower biodiversity.
• It weakens trees and increases their susceptibility to damage from other stressors, such as drought, extreme cold, and pests.
• In acid-sensitive areas, acid rain also depletes the soil of important plant nutrients and buffers, such as calcium and magnesium, and can release aluminium, bound to soil particles and rock, in its toxic dissolved form.
• Acid rain contributes to the corrosion of surfaces exposed to air pollution and is responsible for the deterioration of limestone and marble buildings and monuments.
• Many air pollution and atmospheric deposition problems are intertwined with one another, and these problems are often derived from the same cause, namely the burning of fossil fuels.

The correct answer is Higgs Boson.

Key Points

• God Particle is Higgs Boson.
• Higgs Boson:
• The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics generated by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory.
• In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a voluminous scalar boson with zero spins, no electric charge, and no colour charge.
• It is also very unsettled, decaying into other particles almost immediately.
• It is named after physicist Peter Higgs, who, in 1964 along with five other scientists introduced the Higgs mechanism to explain why some particles have mass.
• This mechanism undersigned that a spinless particle known as a boson should exist with properties as described by the Higgs Mechanism theory.
• This particle was known as the Higgs boson.
• A subatomic particle with the requisite properties was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland.
• The new particle was afterwards confirmed to match the expected properties of a Higgs boson.

Additional Information

• Neutrino:
• Neutrino, an elementary subatomic particle with no electric charge, very little mass, and 1/2 unit of spin.
• Neutrinos belong to the family of particles called leptons, which are not subject to strong force.
• Rather, neutrinos are subject to the weak force that underlies certain processes of radioactive decay.
• The term neutrino is sometimes used in a general sense to refer to both the neutrino and its antiparticle.
• Meson:
• Meson, any member of a family of subatomic particles composed of a quark and an antiquark.
• Mesons are sensitive to the strong force, the fundamental interaction that binds the components of the nucleus by governing the behaviour of their constituent quarks.
• Predicted theoretically in 1935 by the Japanese physicist Yukawa Hideki, the existence of mesons was confirmed in 1947 by a team led by the English physicist Cecil Frank Powell with the discovery of the pi-meson (pion) in cosmic-ray particle interactions.
• Positron:
• Positron, also called positive electron, positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and constituting the antiparticle of a negative electron.
• The first of the antiparticles to be detected, positrons were discovered by Carl David Anderson in cloud-chamber studies of the composition of cosmic rays (1932).
• The discovery of the positron provided an explanation for a theoretical aspect of electrons predicted by P.A.M. Dirac.
• The Dirac wave equation (1928), which incorporated relativity into the quantum mechanical description for the allowable energy states of the electron, yielded seemingly superfluous negative energy states that had not been observed.
• In 1931 Dirac postulated that these states could be related to a new kind of particle, the antielectron.

The correct answer is Cobalt - 60.

Key Points

• Cobalt - 60 radioisotopes are used in the treatment of blood cancer [leukemia].
• Cobalt - 60:
• Cobalt-60 (60Co) is an artificial radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2713 years.
• It is generated artificially in nuclear reactors.
• Intentional industrial production depends on neutron activation of bulk samples of the monoisotopic and mononuclidic cobalt isotope 59 Co.
• Measurable quantities are also generated as a by-product of typical nuclear power plant operation and may be detected externally when leaks occur.
• In the hindmost case (in the absence of added cobalt) the incidental generator 60Co is largely the result of multiple stages of neutron activation of iron isotopes in the reactor's steel structures via the creation of its 59 Co precursor.
• The easiest case of the latter would result from the activation of 58Fe.
• 60Co pass off beta decay to the stable isotope nickel-60 (60Ni).
• The activated nickel nucleus emits two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV.

Additional Information

• Iodine - 131:
• I-131 is used in medicine to diagnose and treat cancers of the thyroid gland.
• I-131 is produced commercially for medical and industrial uses through nuclear fission.
• It also is a byproduct of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and weapons testing.
• Pure I-131 is a non-metallic, purplish-black crystalline solid. However, because it readily binds with other elements, I-131 usually is found as a compound rather than in its pure form.
• For medical purposes, the I-131 capsules contain small granules of I-131 sodium iodide that are designed to be swallowed by patients.
• Liquid I-131 sodium iodide used to diagnose and treat thyroid disease is a clear liquid.
• Sodium - 24:
• Sodium -24 can also be used in non-medical applications.
• For instance, it is used for leak testing in industrial pipelines.
• Due to the limited penetrating power of the sodium radiation, detectors are only able to detect the radioactive sodium at leak points.
• Sodium 24 is also suited to this application due to its short half-life of just 15 hours.
• Phosphorus - 32:
• Phosphorus-32 (also known as P-32) treatment uses a radioactive form of sodium phosphate.
• Because P-32 is radioactive, it can be used to treat some diseases by injecting it into the body.
• When P-32 is injected into the bloodstream it collects in the bone marrow where it slows down the production of new blood cells.
• This makes it useful for treating diseases where there are too many blood cells in the blood.

The correct answer is Republican Party.

Key Points

• The elected US President Donald Trump was the Presidential Nominee of the Republican Party.
• Republican Party:
• Republican Party, byname Grand Old Party (GOP), in the United States, one of the two major political parties, the other being the Democratic Party.
• During the 19th century, the Republican Party stood against the extension of slavery to the country’s new territories and, ultimately, for slavery’s complete abolition.
• During the 20th and 21st centuries, the party came to be associated with laissez-faire capitalism, low taxes, and conservative social policies.
• The party acquired the acronym GOP, widely understood as “Grand Old Party,” in the 1870s.
• The party’s official logo, the elephant, is derived from a cartoon by Thomas Nast and also dates from the 1870s.

Additional Information

• Democratic Party:
• The Democratic Party has changed significantly during its more than two centuries of existence.
• During the 19th century, the party supported or tolerated slavery, and it opposed civil rights reforms after the American Civil War in order to retain the support of Southern voters.
• By the mid-20th century, it had undergone a dramatic ideological realignment and reinvented itself as a party supporting organized labour, the civil rights of minorities, and progressive reform.
• Since Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal of the 1930s, the party has also tended to favour greater government intervention in the economy and to oppose government intervention in the private noneconomic affairs of citizens.
• The logo of the Democratic Party, the donkey, was popularized by cartoonist Thomas Nast in the 1870s; though widely used, it has never been officially adopted by the party.

The correct answer is the Peace pipeline.

Key Points

• The Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline is also called as Peace pipeline.
• Peace pipeline:
• The Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline, generally termed as the Peace pipeline, or IP Gas is an under-construction 2,775-kilometre (1,724 mi) pipeline to deliver natural gas from Iran to Pakistan.
• The idea was contemplated by a young Pakistani civil engineer Malik Aftab Ahmed Khan (Sitara e Jurat), a graduate of NED University, in mid-1950.
• The article Persian Pipeline also described the method for its safeguard along with the hostile territory by establishing mini battalion-size cantonments along its proposed route through Balochistan/Sindh.
• The project was thought of in 1989 by Rajendra K. Pachauri in partnership with Ali Shams Ardekani and Sarwar Shar, former Deputy Foreign Minister of Iran.
• Pachauri presented the plan to both the Iranian and Indian governments.
• The government of Iran responded positively to the proposal.
• At the 2012 annual conference of the International Association of Energy Economics, Ardekani backed Pachauri's resolution.

The correct answer is 110th.

Key Points

• India’s rank in the 2016 Sustainable Development Goal Index is 110th.
• Sustainable Development Goal Index:
• **The **Sustainable Development Report presents the SDG Index and Dashboards for all UN member states and frames the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in terms of six broad transformations.
• It was prepared by teams of independent experts at the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Bertelsmann Stiftung.
• India's current rank in Sustainable Development Goal Index 2020 is 117th with a point of 61.92.
• Sweden tops the list with a maximum score of 84.72.

Additional Information

• In September 2015 the United Nations General Assembly formally adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at a UN summit meeting held in New York, New York.
• The agenda included 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be met over the next 15 years.
• The goals aimed at eliminating all forms of poverty and reducing inequalities around the world.
• They also focused on mobilizing efforts to combat climate change and to promote environmental protection.
• In opening the summit, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon described the 17 global policy goals as “a to-do list for people and planet.”
• He urged all UN member states to “look beyond national boundaries and short-term interests” and to work together to implement the 2030 Agenda.
• The SDGs officially entered into force on January 1, 2016.

The correct answer is Greenhouse gases emissions mitigation.

Key Points

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change deals with Greenhouse gases emissions mitigation.
• United Nations Framework Convention:
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty addressing climate change, negotiated and signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
• It established a Secretariat headquartered in Bonn and entered into force on 21 March 1994.
• The Kyoto Protocol, which was signed in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, was the first implementation of measures under the UNFCCC until 31 December 2020.
• The protocol was superseded by the Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016.
• As of 2020, the UNFCCC has 197 signatory parties.
• Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP), meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change.
• The UNFCCC seeks the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic human-induced interference with the earth's climate system.
• Such a level should be achieved within a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

The correct answer is Bob Dylan.

Key Points

• The 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature was won by Bob Dylan.
• Nobel Prize:
• The Nobel Prizes regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel.
• It is announced every year for excellence in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Economics, and a distinguished achievement towards humanity – commonly known as the Nobel Peace Prize.

Additional Information

• Nobel Prize winners 2020:
• Physics:
• Andrea M. Ghez
• Roger Penrose
• Reinhard Genzel
• Chemistry:
• Jennifer Doudna
• Emmanuelle Charpentier
• Economics:
• Robert B. Wilson
• Paul Milgrom
• Medicine:
• Michael Houghton
• Charles M. Rice
• Literature:
• Louise Gluck
• Peace:
• World Food Programme

The correct answer is Venezuela.

Key Points

• Venezuela has the largest reserves of oil.
• ​List of countries with largest reserves:

Additional Information

• Oil Reserves:
• According to current estimates, 79.4% of the world's proven oil reserves are located in OPEC Member Countries, with the bulk of OPEC oil reserves in the Middle East, amounting to 64.5% of the OPEC total.
• OPEC Member Countries have made significant additions to their oil reserves in recent years.
• For example, by adopting best practices in the industry, realizing intensive explorations and enhanced recoveries.
• As a result, OPEC's proven oil reserves currently stand at 1,189.80 billion barrels.
• BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy is one of the leading sources of energy market data and information, dating back several decades.
• Another source is the World Oil Review supplied by the Italian oil company ENI SpA.
• Similar to BP's statistical review, ENI's publication provides details about global oil reserves.
• Meanwhile, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a leading authority for U.S. oil reserves with information dating back to 1900.

The correct answer is Antonio Guterres.

Key Points

• The new Secretary-General of the United Nations is Antonio Guterres.
• United Nations:
• United Nations (UN), an international organization established on October 24, 1945.
• The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership.
• Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946.
• Headquartered in New York City, the UN also has regional offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi.
• Its official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
• In addition to maintaining peace and security, other important objectives include developing friendly relations among countries.

Additional Information

• United Nations Economic and Social Council:
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), responsible for the direction and coordination of the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural activities carried out by the UN.
• It is the UN’s largest and most complex subsidiary body.
• ECOSOC was established by the UN Charter (1945), which was amended in 1965 and 1974 to increase the number of members from 18 to 54.
• ECOSOC membership is based on geographic representation: 14 seats are allocated to Africa, 11 to Asia, 6 to eastern Europe, 10 to Latin America and the Caribbean, and 13 to western Europe and other areas.
• Members are elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly.
• Four of the five permanent members of the Security Council have been continuously reelected because they provide funding for most of ECOSOC’s budget, which is the largest of any UN subsidiary body.
• Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote.
• The presidency of ECOSOC changes annually.
• United Nations Security Council:
• United Nations Security Council, United Nations (UN) organ whose primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security.
• The Security Council originally consisted of 11 members—five permanent members (the Republic of China [Taiwan], France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and six nonpermanent members elected by the UN General Assembly for two-year terms.
• An amendment to the UN Charter in 1965 increased council membership to 15, including the original five permanent members and 10 nonpermanent members.
• Among the permanent members, the People’s Republic of China replaced the Republic of China in 1971, and the Russian Federation succeeded the Soviet Union in 1991.
• The nonpermanent members are generally chosen to achieve equitable representation among geographic regions, with five members coming from Africa or Asia, one from eastern Europe, two from Latin America, and two from Western Europe or other areas.
• Five of the 10 nonpermanent members are elected each year by the General Assembly for two-year terms, and five retire each year.
• The presidency is held by each member in rotation for a period of one month.

The correct answer is India.

Key Points

• India has recently joined the Hague Code of Conduct [HCOC], a global initiative to prevent ballistic missile proliferation.
• Hague Code of Conduct:
• The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC) is the result of efforts of the international community to internationally regulate the area of ballistic missiles capable of carrying weapons of mass destruction.
• India joined the Hague Code of Conduct on 1 June 2016.
• Along with the MTCR, the HCOC is the only multilateral transparency and confidence-building instrument concerning the spread of ballistic missiles.
• By subscribing to the HCoC, members voluntarily commit themselves politically to provide pre-launch notifications (PLNs) on ballistic missile and space-launch vehicle launches (SLVs) and test flights.

Additional Information

• The subscribing States also commit themselves to submit an annual declaration (AD) of their country’s policies on ballistic missiles and space-launch vehicles.
• Since the signing and entering into force of the politically binding HCOC in November 2002 in The Hague (Netherlands), the number of signatories has increased from 93 to 143.
• Austria signed the HCOC in 2002.
• As agreed by the conference in The Hague, Austria serves as the Immediate Central Contact (Executive Secretariat) and therefore coordinates the information exchange within the HCOC framework.

The correct answer is Sikkim.

Key Points

• Sikkim has been declared India’s first ‘Open Defecation Free State’.
• Sikkim was declared Open Defection Free on 27th May 2016.
• On October 2, 2019, all the villages in the 36 States and Union Territories of India were declared open defecation-free (ODF).
• The India map in the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) website, which was keeping track of the progress, turned green in its entirety indicating the achievement of the policy’s objective.
• The National Statistical Office (NSO) in November 2019, titled “Drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing conditions in India”, claimed that about 28.7% of rural households across India still lacked access to any form of latrines.
• Moreover, 3.5% of those who have access to latrines, don't use it.

Additional Information

• States and their Chief Minister:

• On the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, India celebrated the end of the five-year Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), the world’s biggest behaviour change programme to eliminate open defecation.
• While the country was commended for having gone from 39 per cent to almost universal toilet coverage in just five years, a lot was remained to be accomplished.
• According to the national statistics, over 100 million household toilets were constructed by the deadline benefitting 500 million people across 630,000 villages, but the government acknowledged that more had to be done.
• Consistent reinvestment in building up and strengthening the rest of the sanitation cycle and reaching last-mile populations remained a priority in the way forward.
• To sustain the gains achieved in the first phase of SBM, the Government of India launched the second phase of the flagship programme to ensure that communities remain clean by preventing faecal waste from flowing into fields and contaminating the surroundings.

The correct answer is Lithuania.

Key Points

• Lithuania is the newest member of the Eurozone.
• Eurozone:
• The eurozone, officially known as the euro area, is a geographic and economic region that consists of all the European Union countries that have fully incorporated the euro as their national currency.
• As of Aug. 2020, the eurozone consists of 19 countries in the European Union (EU): Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
• Approximately 340 million people live in the eurozone area.
• In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty created the EU and paved the way for the formation of a common economic and monetary union consisting of a central banking system, a common currency, and a common economic region, the eurozone.
• European Union nations that decide to participate in the eurozone must meet requirements regarding price stability, sound public finances, the durability of convergence, and exchange rate stability.

Additional Information

• Countries and their Presidents:

The correct answer is Queen Elizabeth II.

• Queen Elizabeth II was not only the Queen of the United Kingdom but also the Queen of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.

Key Points

• She was crowned Queen on 2 June 1953.
• She was the Queen of the United Kingdom as well as 15 other Commonwealth realms.
• Her oath ceremony was the first of its kind ceremony which was broadcasted on Doordarshan.
• The queen has the right to choose the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who was the leader of the party that got the most votes.
• Executive authority lies with the queen but is only exercised by/from the advice of the prime minister and his cabinet.

Additional Information

• United Kingdom:-
• The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-­eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. It is a type of Unitary parliamentary with constitutional monarchy.
• Monarch:- King Charles III (as of Sept 2022)
• Prime Minister:- Rishi Sunak
• Capital:- London.
• Official language:- English.
• Currency Pound sterling(GBP).

The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh.

• India's first cycle Highway was opened in Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• It has a length of 207-kilometer long cycle track and it starts from Etawah and Agra in Uttar Pradesh.
• It was built during the ruling of the Samajwadi Party and was inaugurated by the then chief minister of Uttar Pradesh Akhilesh Yadav.
• It is Asia's first cycle highway.
• The track begins from Etawah wildlife safari Park in Etawah and ends at the eastern gate of Taj Mahal in Agra.
• In between, it has several tourist destinations such as Raja Bhoj Ki Haveli, Naugava ka Quila, and Bateshwarnath Temple.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Gujarat.

• In India, the first textile university will be set up in Surat, Gujarat aiming to develop a complete ecosystem for the textile industry.

Key Points

• The main objective of this university is to provide technical inputs providing all types of support including research and development (R&D) and also enhancing skilled manpower.
• This will serve in many ways like support in R&D, policymaking, skill manpower training, academic requirements of the textile industry, i.e to create a complete ecosystem for the textile industry in Gujarat.
• It will also guide the government in policy-making for the industry.
• The complete funding will be provided by the state government which is estimated to be about Rs 800-900 crore.
• Surat is the commercial and economic center of Southern Gujarat.
• It has a well-established market of diamond and textiles industries and is known as the Silk City of India.
• It is famous for cotton mills and Surat Zari craft and is the biggest center of man-made fibers in India.
• This city has an annual turnover of around 5 billion rupees due to textiles and around 800 cloth wholesalers work in this city.

The correct answer is 6.4% of GDP.

• the fiscal deficit target of India for the financial year 2022-23 is Rs 16.61 lakh crore or 6.4 per cent of the GDP

Key Points

• When expenditure is more than the total annual income of the government, it is called a fiscal deficit.
• It is the difference between the total expenditure of the government and the total earnings except for borrowings.
• The fiscal deficit tells how much money the government needs to meet its expenses.
• A higher fiscal deficit means that the government will need more borrowings.

The correct answer is Thailand.

• Maitree is a bilateral exercise that is conducted between the Indian Army and Royal Thai Army.

Key Points

• It was started for the first time in 2006 in Krabi, Thailand, and is held annually between the troops of these two armies.
• It is also called Indo-Thailand joint exercise.
• The last time it was conducted was in September 2019 in Meghalaya with each Army consisting of 50 soldiers.
• The aim of this exercise is to enhance the defence cooperation between these two countries.
• The exercise aims to share each other experiences during the counter-terrorism operation which have been conducted in the past.
• The location of this exercise is alternate between the two countries every year.
• The training is conducted in urban and jungle scenarios and emphasizes training, planning, and executing a series of well-developed tactical drills.

Additional Information

• Other Bilateral MIlitery Exercise: -

The correct answer is Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

• It is a nationwide program that attempts to bring focus on the promotion of breastfeeding.

Key Points

• This program is working under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• The program is known as ‘MAA’ to signify the support a lactating mother requires from family members and health facilities to breastfeed successfully.
• This is a nationwide program of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in an attempt to bring undiluted focus on the promotion of breastfeeding and provision of counseling services for supporting breastfeeding through health systems.
• Medical officers and staff nurses working in the labor room should ensure that immediately after birth, the child should start breastfeeding within the labor room by placing the baby on the mother's chest.
• The newborn should be shifted from the labor room to the ward only after getting the mother's first milk.
• It also protects the infant from the risk of pneumonia, diarrhea, and malnutrition.
• MAA stands for Mothers’ Absolute Affection.
• The objective of MAA Scheme is as follows:-
• Build an enabling environment for breastfeeding through awareness generation activities, targeting pregnant and lactating mothers, family members, and society in order to promote optimal breastfeeding practices. Breastfeeding to be positioned as an important intervention for child survival and development.
• To incentivize and recognize those health facilities that show high rates of breastfeeding along with processes in place for lactation management.
• Reinforce lactation support services at public health facilities through trained healthcare providers and through skilled community health workers.

The correct answer is ​Masala Bonds.

• Indian companies (both private and government) have got permission from the Government of India and the Reserve Bank for various instruments to raise capital from abroad, one of them is the Masala Bond.

Key Points

• "Masala Bonds are rupee-denominated bonds. It is a debt instrument issued by an Indian entity in foreign markets to raise money, in Indian currency, instead of dollars or local denomination".
• Kerala became the first Indian state to issue Masala Bonds worth Rs. 2,150 crore on the London Stock Exchange in the year 2019.
• Companies raise the capital they need by selling masala bonds abroad.
• It is a corporate bond that is issued in the international market.
• Their minimum maturity period is 3 years. Till April 2016, this period was 5 years.
• It cannot be redeemed before 3 years.
• Before the issuance of Masala Bonds, Indian companies used to issue bonds in dollars for foreign investment, if there were any fluctuations in the value, Indian companies would have to bear the loss, but this is not the case with Masala Bonds.

Additional Information

• Corporate Bond: - A corporate bond is a type of debt security that is issued by a firm and sold to investors.
• The company gets the capital it needs and in return, the investor is paid a pre-established number of interest payments at either a fixed or variable interest rate.
• When the bond expires, or "reaches maturity," the payments cease and the original investment is returned.
• Municipal Bond: - Municipal bonds are debt obligations issued by government entities.
• When you buy a municipal bond, you are loaning money to the issuer in exchange for a set number of interest payments over a predetermined period.
• At the end of that period, the bond reaches its maturity date, and the full amount of your original investment is returned to you.
• Zero-Coupon Bond: - A zero-coupon bond, also known as an accrual bond, is a debt security that does not pay interest but instead trades at a deep discount, rendering a profit at maturity, when the bond is redeemed for its full face value.

The correct answer is Tri-Netra.

• Tri-Netra system is launched by Indian Railway to avoid train accidents.

Key Points

• TRI-NETRA stands for Terrain Imaging for Diesel Drivers Infra-red, Enhanced Optical, and Radar Assisted System.
• TRI-NETRA system shall be made up of a high-resolution optical video camera, high sensitivity infra-red video camera, and additionally a radar-based terrain mapping system.
• it will collect signals up to a distance of 2-3 km and will display the information on a screen fitted inside the locomotive.
• The driver will get sufficient time to apply the brake to avoid any collision.
• The Tri-Netra device will provide a signal of any physical obstruction on railway tracks to prevent train accidents.
• TRI-NETRA is designed to see the terrain ahead of the running locomotive during inclement weather by combining the images captured by the three sub-systems and to create a composite video image which shall be displayed in front of the Loco Pilot on a computer monitor.
• It will be much more effective especially in fog, heavy rain, and nights when drivers have to look outside to judge the condition.