UGC NET Paper 2: Geography 5th Jan 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Maps are the representation of various parts of Earth showing the details on a particular scale. Maps can be classified on the basis of scale into four types.

Key Points

• Cadastral Maps are drawn on a very large scale, varying from 16 inches to a mile, to 32 inches to a mile. Most of the cadastral map has a scale between 1: 500  and 1: 2,500. They show all possible details of an area. These are drawn especially to demarcate the boundaries of fields, buildings to register the ownership.
• Topographical Maps are drawn on a large scale which is smaller than that of Cadastral maps. They show principal topographic forms like relief, drainage, towns, village, forests, etc. The scale varies from 1:25000 to 1:50000.
• Wall Maps are also known as classroom maps, as they are used for classroom study. Their scale is smaller than that of the topographical maps but larger than the Globe. The scale for wall maps ranges from 1:100000 to 1:500000.
• Globe is drawn on a very small scale giving general information about the physical, climatic, and economic characteristics of different regions. They have a scale of 1:1000000 or smaller.

Additional Information

• Maps on the basis of purpose can be classified into different types. These are Political Maps, Historical Maps, Economic Maps, Weather and Climatic Maps, Relief Maps, Geological Maps, etc.

Hence the correct sequence of maps from larger to smaller scale is  Cadastral, Topographic, Wall, and Globe.

The term CBD refers to Central Business District. This term was coined by Murphy. As the name suggests it is situated in the center (Heart) of the city. 

Key Points Assertion (A): Prices and demand of real estate increase as distance towards CBD reduces

• Central Business District has a maximum intensity of land use and very high land rentals.
• It has government offices, corporate offices, and headquarters of different organizations and agencies.
• All major transportation routes converge at CBD.
• There is very rapid vertical growth with high rises and skyscrapers.

Hence the given statement is correct.

Reasons (R): Central Business District (CBD) of a city has a high concentration of retail store offices and cultural and recreation activities.

• It is an exclusive commercial area where all the wholesale retail marketing is located.
• Central Business District usually has old and traditional shops having the costliest item, antiques, and finest handicrafts.
• Examples are Jaipur, Rome, and London
• After office hours, when commercial centers seize to function, the CBD becomes a dead zone.

Hence the given statement is also true. 

Therefore Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

The thematic map refers to as a specifically themed map for a particular geographic area. It tends to be about specific topics. It is used to illustrate the relationship between a theme and physical space. In any thematic map, which of the following methods are used to record the presence of phenomenon; its spatial pattern, distribution, and dispersion Dot method mapping.

Key Points

• In Dot mapping, the distribution of objects is shown by putting the dots of uniform size, where each dot represents a definite number or quantity.
• It shows the phenomenon, its distribution, and dispersion.
• Examples are Maps showing the distribution of mineral resources, crops, cattle, etc.
• When data are shown in distribution maps with dots, it is called the dot method.
• In it, all data are first converted into round figures.
• Then a scale is supposed, e.g., if one dot represents 500 hectares, we will divide every figure by 500 and the dots marked there will be as many as the figure thus obtained

Additional Information

• In Isopleth Mapping, the statistical data is shown by the line of equal values known as Isolines.
• Examples are Isohyets showing places receiving equal amounts of rainfall and Isobars showing the distribution of equal pressure over an area.
• In Choropleth Mapping, Differential shading is used for making vertical, horizontal, and slant lines.
• Sometimes Blocks, Circles, and Triangles are also used.
• Examples are Maps showing Forest types, location factors for industries, etc
• In Chorochromatic mapping, Different colors are used to show different objects. For example, the Density of population, Amount, Intensity of rainfall, etc.
• In Choro-Schematic mapping, the Distribution of data is shown by a uniform scheme such as using letters, numbers, shapes, etc. For example, Cotton Distribution may be shown by 'C'.

Hence Dot method Mapping is used to record the presence of a phenomenon, its spatial pattern, distribution, and dispersion.

Urban Area refers to a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized as cities, towns conurbations, and suburbs. 

Important Points

Hence the correct match is  A-I, B-II, C-IV, and D-III.

A Wind Gap is a gap through which a waterway is now dry due to streaming capture once flowed. Wind Gaps often provide routes due to their gently inclined profile. These are suitable for trails, roads, and railroads through mountainous terrain.

Key Points

• A wind gap is a gap through which a waterway once flowed that is now dry as a result of stream capture.
• A water gap is a similar feature, but one in which a waterway still flows. Due to their gently inclined profile, Water and wind gaps often provide routes that are suitable for trails, roads, and railroads through mountainous terrain.
• Wind gaps are most common in areas with fast-flowing rivers and soft bedrock. They are also common in areas that have been glaciated, as the glaciers can erode the bedrock and create gaps that are then filled by rivers.

The phenomenon of a wind gap is associated with:

Headward erosion by a river.

• A wind gap is a geographic feature that occurs when a river or stream changes its course or cuts through a mountain range, leaving a narrow gap or pass between two mountainous areas.
• It is typically formed by the erosive action of a river that gradually erodes the land and cuts through the rock layers, creating a gap.

In the case of a wind gap, the erosion is primarily caused by the river's headward (upward) erosion. The river gradually cuts through the landscape, eroding the resistant rock layers and deepening its channel, thereby creating a passage through the mountain range.

Additional Information

• Glaciofluvial erosion is caused by flowing water from melting glaciers, ice sheets, and ice caps. Glacial Meltwater is usually very rich in sediment, which increases its erosive power. It includes Outwash plains, Kames, Kettles, eskers, and meltwater channels.
• Lateral Erosion by river occurs when the river erodes its bank, i.e. when the river broadens its basin area. Natural Levees and Meanders are some examples.
• Headward Erosion by the river is the erosion at the origin of a stream channel, which causes the origin to move back away from the direction of the streamflow, lengthening the channel. Wind Gap is an example.
• Glacial Planation refers to a large-scale surface that is almost flat except for some residual hills.

Hence Wind Gap is associated with Lateral erosion by water.

A meteorological satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. These satellites can be polar orbiting (covering the entire Earth) or geostationary(hovering over the same spot).  They are used to detect the development and movement of storm systems and cloud patterns. 

Key Points

• TIROS-I refers to Television Infrared Observation Satellite.
• It was the world's first weather satellite.
• It was launched in April 1960.
• TIROS imaged large swaths of the Earth's surface, allowing forecasters and scientists to see directly for the first time the large-scale features of the earth's weather systems.
• It operated for nearly three months.
• By the mid-1960s, the civilian TIROS program launched a series of satellites to provide routine, daily weather observations.
• The program is still in operation today and, in conjunction with other weather satellites, has made space-based weather observations a commonplace of contemporary life.

Additional Information

• TRMM which is Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission was a joint space mission between NASA and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA). It was designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall. It was launched on 27 November 1997 from Tanegashima, Japan.
• MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a satellite-based sensor used for earth and climate measurements. There are two MODIS sensors, one on board the TERRA satellite and the other on the AQUA satellite.
• NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) is an American scientific and regulatory agency that forecasts weather monitors oceanic, and atmospheric conditions, and conducts deep-sea exploration.

Hence TIROS-I was the first meteorological satellite.

Population Growth refers to a change in the size of a population. It can be either positive or negative over time. It is caused exclusively by the operation of fertility, mortality, and migration. 

Key Points All populations change in size with time

• if births exceed deaths, the population grows
• if deaths exceed births, the population shrinks
• only when births equal deaths does the population stay the same

We can write a simple equation to show population growth as:

Change in Population Size = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

Important Points 

• The Natural Balance refers to the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths recorded over a period. When the number of births is greater than that of deaths, it is called Natural increase.
• Dependency Ratio is a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64. It tells about the number of non-working people, compared to the number of those of working age.
• Net migration refers to the difference between the number of immigrants(people coming to a place) and the number of emigrants(people leaving an area) throughout a given period.
• In-Migration is the process of people moving into a new area to live there permanently.
• Out-Migration is the process of people moving out of an area  to move to another area permanently
• Birth Rate refers to the number of individuals born in a population in a given period of time. It is stated as the number of births per 1000 persons in a given year,
• Death Rate is the ratio of the number of deaths per thousand people in a given year.

Hence the correct Demographic equation of population growth is Natural increase and Net Migration.

Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that serves as a global center for Technology and Innovation. It is located in the southern part of the San Francisco Area. It is home to many of the world's largest high-tech companies.

Key Points

• Cheap Labor refers to such labor that costs less money than usual or expected.
• The abundance of Labor leads to Cheap labor. For high-tech works skilled labor is needed that is neither in abundance nor easily available over there.
• As the high tech firms provide such Goods and services that can be provided to any part of the world with ease.
• Hence,  Access to the market is not an important factor.
• In the case of Heavy goods that have transportation costs with them, Access to the market can be an important factor.
• Services that are provided by high-tech firms do not need high-speed transportation because they can be delivered through digital mediums also.
• Agglomeration Economy is a localized economy in which a large number of companies, services, and industries exist in close proximity to one another and benefit from the cost reductions. It gains in efficiency that results from this proximity. In Silicon Valley, Lots of companies are localized especially the high tech companies.

Hence the Agglomeration Economy is the most important factor responsible for the localization of high-tech firms in the Silicon Valley of California.

A Tributary refers to a small stream that feeds into a larger stream or river. The larger, or parent river is called the mainstream. A Tributary does not directly flow into a sea or ocean.

Key Points

• The Yamuna has its origin in Yamunotri Glacier on the western slopes of Banderpooch peak in Uttarakhand.
• The total length of the river is 1,376 Km.
• Some major right-bank tributaries are Chambal, Ken, Betwa, and Tons.
• River Tons is the largest tributary of the river which meets near Dehradun.
• The other  tributaries of Yamuna include Giri, Rishi Ganga, Hanuman Ganga, Assan, and Bata river.
• River Yamuna meets Ganga at Triveni Sangam at Prayagraj.

Additional Information 

• The Tangri River is also called the Dangri River.
• It originates in the Shivalik Hills. It is a tributary of the Ghaggar river.

Hence, The Tangri river is not the tributary of the River Yamuna.

Many of the great thinkers of the different philosophical traditions have written explicitly on many of the key issues of concern to geographers. Some of the important philosophies are Determinism, Possibilism, Probabilism, etc.   

Important Points

Hence the correct match is (A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III) .

Tides refer to the rise and fall of seawater due to the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon. The rise of seawater and its movement towards the coast is called tide and the resultant high water level is known as High Tide. The fall of seawater and its movement towards the sea is called Ebb and the resultant high water level is called Low tide. 

Key Points

• Since the Earth completes its rotation in 24 hours, every place should experience tide after 12 hours but this never happens.
• Each tide is delayed by 26 minutes because the moon also rotates on its axis while revolving around the earth.
• When the tide completes one round, the moon's position is ahead of the tide center by that time because the moon also revolves around the earth.
• This leads to the tide center taking another 52 minutes to come under the moon.
• Thus a particular tide center takes 24 hours 52 minutes to come under the moon.
• Because the Earth rotates through two tidal “bulges” every lunar day, coastal areas experience two high and two low tides every 24 hours and 52 minutes.
• High tides occur 12 hours and 25 minutes apart.
• It takes six hours and 12.5 minutes for the water at the shore to go from high to low, or from low to high.

Hence the total duration of time required to complete the two cycles of high and low tides at any place is more than 24 hours.

AntiCyclones is such a wind system that has the highest air pressure at the center and lowest air pressure at the outer margin. It is surrounded by circular isobars. Winds blow from the center outward in the clockwise direction in Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern hemisphere. These are generally associated with rainless fair weather.

Key Points 

• An anticyclone situated over the UK or near the continent usually brings warm, fine weather.
• In summer over land, days are warm or hot and sunny, nights are clear.
• When anticyclones are over the sea, the weather can vary from fine and sunny to an overcast cloud.
• This cloud may be thick enough to give drizzle and may form low enough to produce fog.
• This happens most often during spring and is least frequent in autumn.
• If the anticyclone extends over both land and sea, clouds and fog can spread across coastal regions, sometimes reaching quite far inland.
• Sometimes, an anticyclone doesn’t move and remains stationary over the UK or nearby for a longer period of time.
• These ‘Blocking Highs’ divert the much smaller depressions away and lead to a longer period of clear weather

Hence Singularities pertaining to the recurrence of anticyclonic weather are associated with Britain.

The correct answer is (B),(C),(A),(D)

Important Points

Most brief but violent disturbances in Earth’s wind systems involve large areas of ascending and descending air, Every thunderstorm also has a downdraft - that is where precipitation - rain and hail - falls from the storm.

At the most basic level, there are two types of thunderstorm winds:

1. Those associated with the Updraft, and
2. Winds associated with the Downdraft

Key Points

• Thunderstorms arise when layers of warm, moist air rise in a large, swift updraft to the cooler region of the atmosphere.
• There is a moisture content in the updraft condense to form towering cumulonimbus cloud and eventually precipitation.
• Downdraft is the large-scale downward movement of air in the lee of large objects, mountains, etc. columns of cooled air then sink earthward striking the ground with strong downdraft and horizontal winds.
• Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity.
• Storm travel is a strong wind moving around the earth, basically, it depends upon a center of low pressure developing with a system of high pressure surrounding it.
• The anvil top is the uppermost flat top of a thunderstorm that forms as the thunderstorm updraft hits the tropopause and spreads out horizontally.

​

Additional Information

• This motion can set up a pattern of convictions wherein heat and moisture are transported upward and cooler and drier air is transported downward.
• Areas of the atmosphere where vertical motion is relatively strong are called cells, and when they carry to the upper troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere) they are called deep cells.​

Earthquakes are vibrations of the Earth caused by ruptures and sudden movements of rock that have been strained beyond their elastic limits. These are movements within the earth caused by natural or man-made stresses. There is a sudden release of energy which causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks, is called the Focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the Epicenter of the earthquake.

Key Points

• There are four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) in India based on seismicity, earthquakes that occurred in the past, and the tectonic setup of the region.
• Previously, earthquake zones were divided into five zones concerning the severity of the earthquakes but the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) grouped the country into four seismic zones by unifying the first two zones.
• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the official agency for publishing seismic hazard maps and codes.
• Zone-V is the area determined by pro seismically of certain major fault systems and is seismically the most active region.
• Earthquake zone V is the most vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country’s most powerful shocks have occurred.
• Earthquakes with magnitudes over 7.0 have occurred in these areas.
• It covers the entire of northeastern India, some parts of Jammu and Kashmir, some parts of Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, some parts of North Bihar and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Additional Information

Zone-IV includes areas where major damage occurs corresponding to intensity VII and higher on the Mercalli scale.

• It covers the remaining parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh, Union Territory of Delhi, Sikkim, northern parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal, parts of Gujarat, and small portions of Maharashtra near the west coast and Rajasthan.

Zone-III includes regions with moderate damage corresponding to intensity VII of the Mercalli scale.

• It comprises Kerala, Goa, Lakshadweep islands, remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and West Bengal, parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.

Zone-II includes areas with minor damage earthquakes corresponding to intensities V to VI of the Mercalli Intensity scale.

• It covers the remaining parts of the country.

Hence Tripura and North Bihar are very high-risk areas for the earthquake.

A Geographic Information system (GIS) refers to a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.  The keyword to this technology is Geography – meaning that some portion of the data is spatial.  The Data is in some way referenced to locations on the earth. It can show many different kinds of data on one map, su

ch as streets, buildings, and vegetation.

Key Points

• There are six components of GIS and each one is incomplete without the other. These include Hardware, Software, Networks, Data, People, and Procedures.
• Data is the most important component of the Geographic Information System. There are two types of data used in GIS which include Spatial data and Aspatial data.
• Spatial Data gives information about the features of geometrical orientation, shape, size, and relative position with respect to other features. These are described by x, and y coordinates.
• Spatial data have attribute information that describes a particular database and this is called “attribute data”. This data type is also called Aspatial or descriptive data through which one understands and/or Qualifies information about various attributes like area, length, number, etc. These are best organized in alphanumeric fields and are mostly tabulated.
• GIS has the ability to integrate multiple data options considering both spatial data with non-spatial data (descriptive information about the spatial data).
• Spatial data can further be divided into (a)Vector Data, and (2) Raster Data.
• Vector data are represented by three elements of GIS referred to as PLA where P-Points, L-Lines, and P/A- Polygons/Area.
• Raster Data is represented through an array of grids with rows arranged in a mesh consisting of column and column matrix.

Hence, All the Statements are correct except Statement(C).

The Growth Pole Theory was developed by french regional economist, Francois Perroux in 1955. In this theory, he explained how the modern process of economic growth deviated from the stationary conception of Equilibrium growth. 

Key Points

• Perroux outlined in the 1950s that economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region but takes place around a specific pole (or cluster).
• This pole is often characterized by core industries around which linked industries develop, mainly through direct and indirect effects.
• Core industries involve a wide variety of sectors such as automotive, aeronautical, agribusiness, electronics, steel, petrochemical, etc.
• Direct effects imply the core industry is purchasing goods and services from its suppliers (upstream linked industries) or providing goods and services to its customers (downstream linked industries).
• Core industries can thus have relationships either as customers or as suppliers for linked industries.
• Indirect effects can involve the demand for goods and services by people employed by the core and linked industries supporting the development and expansion of economic activities such as retail and real estate.
• The expansion of the core industry implies the expansion of output, employment, related investments, as well as new technologies and new industrial sectors.
• Because of scale and agglomeration economies near the growth pole, regional development is unbalanced.
• Transportation, especially transport terminals, plays a significant role in such a process.
• At a later stage, the emergence of secondary growth poles is possible, mainly if a secondary industrial sector emerges with its own linked industries, contributing to the regional economic diversity.

Later Bournville modified it as the Growth Center Theory.

Additional Information

• Gunnar Myrdal gave Cumulative Causation Theory in 1956.
• John Friedmann gave Core Periphery model in 1966.
• Hirschman gave the Trickle-down Theory. I

​Hence J. Bournville examined the regional and geographical implications of the growth pole theory earlier propounded by Perroux.

Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males. The sex ratio is most fundamental as it determines the reproductive potential, marital status, workforce, migration pattern, growth of population, and socio-economic relationship. According to the Census, the Overall Sex ratio of India has 940 females for every 1,000 males. The rural Sex Ratio of India is 947. The Urban Sex Ratio of India is 926.

Key Points

• Kerala with 1084 females for every 1000 males has the highest sex ratio according to the Census of India.
• Haryana has the lowest sex ratio of 877 females per thousand males.
• In the Union Territories of India, Daman and Diu have the lowest female sex ratio with 618 females per 1000 males.
• While Pondicherry has the highest sex ratio in India with 1038 females per 1000 males.

Further information is given by the table:

Hence, The States/U.T. of India which recorded a low sex ratio as per census 2011 data are Sikkim, Haryana, Jammu, and Kashmir, Gujarat.

Waves represent undulations of sea surface having Crest(highest point) and Trough(lowest point) in succession without actual movement of water. Waves are actually the energy, not the water as such, which moves across the ocean surface. 

Key Points 

• Each wave is characterized by Wave Crest, Trough, Wave Height, Wavelength, Wave Period, Wave Velocity, Wave Frequency, and Amplitude.
• Wave Height is the distance from the highest point on the Crest to the lowest point on the Trough.
• Wave Crest is the highest point of a wave.
• A wave Trough is the lowest point of a wave.
• Wavelength is the distance between successive crests or troughs.
• Amplitude is one-half of the Wave Height.

Additional Information

• The wave period is the time period required to complete one cycle of Wavelength.
• Wave Velocity is the rate at which the wave moves through the water. It is measured in Knots.
• Wave Frequency is the number of complete waves (or oscillations) that occur over a given period of time. Usually measured in cycles per second.

Hence, the distance between the trough to the crest of a wave is called Wave height.

Doab is the land between two streams of a river. ‘Doab’ is made up of two words — ‘do’ meaning two and ‘ab’ meaning water. Similarly, ‘Punjab’, is also made up of two words — ‘Punj’ meaning five and ‘ab’ meaning water. The place where two small streams join together and appear in the formation of a big river is called a doab. It separates two rivers.

Key Points

• Doabs of Punjab are divided into various areas which are named according to the name of rivers that form the particular doab.
• Bari Doab - It is the area enclosed between Beas and Ravi rivers. It is part of the Majha region of Punjab. Majhi dialect of Punjabi language is the main spoken language of the area.
• Bist Doab is the area between Beas and Sutlej rivers. This region is also called Jalandhar Doab, after the name of the major city of Jalandhar. This is also called 'Doaba'. The Doabi dialect of the Punjabi language is the main spoken language of this region.
• Rachna Doab is the area between Ravi and Chenab rivers. This region lies in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
• Jech Doab is the area between Jhelum and Chenab rivers. It is named after the combination of these two rivers.
• Sindh Doab is the area between Jhelum and Indus rivers.

Hence the correct statements regarding the 'Doabs of Punjab' are (A) and (B) only.

Culture is a set of ideas, beliefs, norms, and behaviors shared by a common group inhabiting a geographic location. Changes in ideas, norms, and behaviors of a group of people, over time, typically on the scale of decades or centuries are referred to as Cultural Change. Change in culture can be due to numerous reasons.

 Key Points

• Segregation refers to the process when the proportions of population rates of two or more populations are not homogenous throughout a defined space.
• Populations can be of followers of a certain religion, people of different nationalities, ethnic groups, etc.
• In social geography segregation of ethnic groups, social classes, and, genders are often measured by the calculation of indices such as the index of dissimilarity.
• Segregation is an inherent feature of cities and it has been the focus of interest in different scientific fields.
• It can have an ethnic, racial, economic, religious, and gender basis, among others.
• The work defines segregation as the restriction of interaction involving or not involving the physical space.
• In architecture and urban planning studies, urban segregation is commonly approached as separation

Additional Information

• Acculturation refers broadly to the process whereby newcomers come to participate in the normative practices of a cultural community.
• Acculturation refers to the case in which the newcomer is not a member of the cultural community (e.g., an immigrant).
• Change in the cultural community is particularly evident when the newcomer is part of a community of newcomers sharing a common cultural background. Indeed, acculturation is the process by which individuals, families, communities, and societies react to inter-cultural contact, thereby enabling a focus on the individual, the society, or on intermediate levels of social organization.
• Diffusion is a term used to explain the ways cultures spread and intermingle around the world.
• It occurs through the spread of cultural items during times of conflict, migration, and trade. Examples of cultural items include philosophical ideas, inventions, fashions, religious beliefs, technologies, and languages.
• For example, it refers to the spread of American culture into Asia and the spread of Asian fast food in the United States.

The winds blowing almost in the same direction throughout the year are called Permanent winds. These are also called Planetary winds because they involve larger areas of the globe. These winds include Doldrums, trade winds, westerlies, and polar winds.

Key Points

Doldrums: 

• A belt of low pressure, popularly known as the Equatorial trough of low pressure extends along the equator within a zone of 5⁰N and 5⁰S latitudes.
• This belt is called the belt of calm or Doldrums because of light and variable winds.

Horse Latitude:

• Horse Latitude refers to the dynamically induced subtropical high-pressure belt that extends between 30⁰- 35⁰ latitudes in both hemispheres.
• This belt separates two wind systems which are Trade winds and westerlies.
• It is also apparent that the subtropical high-pressure belt is the source for the origin of trade winds and westerlies because winds always blow from high pressure to low pressure.
• Thus, this zone is characterized by weak and variable winds and calm.
• This belt of calm is very popularly known as Horse Latitudes because in ancient times the merchants had to throw away some of the horses being carried in the ships to lessen the weight so that the ships could be sailed through the calm conditions of these latitudes.
• Anticyclones are produced due to subsidence of air currents in the horse latitudes. These anticyclones are known as ‘Subtropical anticyclones'.

Westerlies:

• Westerlies are known as mid-latitude winds.
• These are the permanent winds blowing from the subtropical high-pressure belts to the subpolar low-pressure belts (60⁰-65⁰)in both the hemispheres.
• The general direction of the westerlies is S.W to N.E in the Northern hemisphere and N.W to S.E in the Southern hemisphere.
• The general characteristic features of the westerlies are largely modified due to cyclones and anticyclones associated with them.
• Because of the dominance of land in the northern hemisphere, the westerlies become more complex and complicated and become less effective during summer seasons and more vigorous during the winter season.
• The velocity of the westerlies becomes so great that they are called Roaring Forties at 40⁰S, Furious Fifties at 50⁰S latitude, and shrieking sixties at 60⁰ S latitude.

Northeast trades:

• There is more or less a regular inflow of winds from the subtropical high-pressure belt to the equatorial low-pressure belt.
• These tropical winds have a north-easterly direction in the northern hemisphere while they are south-easterly in the southern hemisphere.
• These winds are called Trade Winds because they helped the sea merchants in sailing their ships as their direction remains more or less constant and regular.
• According to Farrel’s law trade winds are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
• There are such variations in the weather conditions in the different parts of trade winds.

Hence the correct order of winds from the Equator towards the Pole is (C), (A), (B), (D)

Population growth is defined as the change in the number of individuals in a population in an area over time. 

Growth Rate = Birth rate-Death rate+Immigration rate-Emigration. According to the 2011 census, India has a population of 1.21 Billion with a growth rate of 17.64%. 

Key Points

• States having very high population growth rates are Dadra and Nagar Haveli(55.9), Daman and Diu(53.8), Uttar Pradesh(20.23), Maharashtra(15.99), Bihar(25.42), West Bengal(13.84), and Andhra Pradesh(10.98).
• States having low population growth rates are Nagaland(-0.6), Kerala(4.9), Lakshadweep(6.3), and Andaman and Nicobar Islands(6.9).
• The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 2.2 in 2005 to 2.0 in 2022.

The above table is clearly showing the states and UTs like  Bihar, Jammu, Kashmir, Meghalaya, and Mizoram are showing a high population growth rate during 2001-to 2011 as per data given by the census of India. It is more than 20% for all the mentioned states and UTs.

The Correct answer is: D and E only

Key Points

• Annual rainfall is below 50 cm:
• This statement is incorrect.
• Dry monsoon forests typically receive annual rainfall in the range of 50 - 100 cm, not below 50 cm.
• While these forests encounter less rainfall compared to moist deciduous forests, the figure is higher than the 50 cm mentioned.
• The trees have short roots:
• This statement is incorrect.
• Trees in dry monsoon forests actually develop relatively long roots to access deep water sources.
• Conditions remain favourable for plant growth throughout the year:
• This statement is incorrect.
• In dry monsoon forests, plant growth is particularly constrained during the dry season when water availability is limited.
• Thorny shrubs and grasslands are found between the trees:
• This statement is correct.
• The understory is generally composed of thorny bushes and various grasses, typical of the sparse vegetation found in dry monsoon forests.
• Mango, Mahua, Sisam, Keekar etc, are the prominent trees:
• This statement is correct.
• These tree species are indeed characteristic of dry monsoon forests, known for their ability to withstand drier conditions.

Additional Information

• Dry monsoon forests are typically found in areas with moderate to low annual rainfall ranging from 50 to 100 cm.
• These forests experience a distinct dry season during which the majority of the trees shed their leaves to conserve moisture.
• Some common tree species in these forests include teak, sal, and sandalwood, besides mango, mahua, sisam, and keekar.
• The flora is usually adapted to seasonal droughts and high temperatures.
• The presence of thorny bushes and grasses helps prevent soil erosion and provides habitat for a variety of wildlife.
• These forests are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting local biodiversity.

The correct answer is: 3 - (B), (C), (A), (D)

Ocean currents play a crucial role in regulating the global climate and marine ecosystems. They are large-scale flows of water within the ocean, generated by several factors including wind, salinity differences, temperature variations, and the Earth's rotation. The Northern Pacific Ocean hosts several significant oceanic currents that collectively form a complex circulatory pattern.

Key Points

Sequence of Oceanic Currents in the Northern Pacific Ocean:

• North Equatorial Current (B):
• Located just north of the equator.
• Flows westward across the Pacific Ocean.
• Driven primarily by trade winds.
• Kuroshio Current (C):
• Also known as the Japan Current.
• Flows northward from the North Equatorial Current.
• One of the strongest warm ocean currents.
• Significant for its role in moderating climate along the eastern coasts of Asia.
• West Wind Drift (A):
• Known as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Southern Hemisphere, but simply as the West Wind Drift in the North Pacific context.
• Flows eastward, driven by the westerlies.
• Connects the Kuroshio Current to other parts of the ocean circulation.
• California Current (D):
• Flows southward along the western coast of North America.
• Cold oceanic current originating from the West Wind Drift.
• Significant for bringing nutrient-rich waters to the surface, supporting marine life.

Additional Information

Warm and Cold Ocean Currents:

Key PointAssertion(A): Value system is a commonly held set of beliefs. understanding and controls, that unite members of a culture group.

• A value system is a commonly held set of beliefs. understandings and controls, that unite members of a culture group.
• The system of established values, norms, or goals existing in a society.
• Those values serve to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, and moral and immoral.
• In India, you can find different types of foodie vogue, clothes, and dialects and they have some common values: loyalty, spirituality, humility, compassion, honesty, kindness, integrity, and many more.

Hence, the assertion is correct.

Reasons (R): Polytheism adheres to belief in many religious beliefs.

• Polytheism is the belief in many gods.
• Polytheism characterizes virtually all religions other than Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which share a common tradition of monotheism, the belief in one God.
• Polytheism has existed as a practice for thousands of years and can be linked to almost every early civilization on the planet.
• Summarized, polytheism is defined as the belief in multiple deities or gods/goddesses.
• Reasons are also correct but do not explain the assertion.

That is why both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Additional Information

• Animism:  Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Potentially, animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and perhaps even words—as animated and alive.
• Animistic beliefs were first competently surveyed by Sir Edward Burnett Tylor in his work primitive culture (1871).
• To different things and individually correct.

The term Plate tectonics was first used by Tuzo Wilson but the Plate Tectonics theory was first published by W.J Morgan in 1962. It tries to explain the dynamism of the earth's crust and the features of the endogenetic forces. Plate Tectonics theory is based on two principle hypotheses – Arthur Holmes's Convection Current Hypothesis, and the concept of Seafloor Spreading’ of Harry Hess.

Key Points

• A tectonic plate, which is also called a lithospheric plate, is a massive, irregularly-shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.
• A tectonic plate can be a continental plate or an oceanic plate. It depends on which of the two occupies the larger portion of the plate.
• Young Fold Mountain ridges, oceanic trenches, and transform faults surround the major plates.
• The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into seven major plates which are 

1. The Antarctica plate
2. The North American platen
3. The South American plate
4. The Pacific plate
5. The Indo-Australian-New Zealand plate
6. The African plate
7. The Eurasian plate.

• Some important minor plates are (1) Cocos plate (2) Nazca plate (3) Arabian plate (4) Philippine plate (5) Fuji plate
• These tectonic plates are not fixed but constantly move horizontally over the Asthenosphere.
• Sometimes these plates collide, move apart, or slide next to each other which leads to Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions.

Important Points

The movement of the tectonic plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries

Hence, the theory of plate tectonics does not help to explain the origin and location of Ocean Currents and Climatic Zones.

Stop and Go Determinism is also known as Neo-determinism. It was given by Australian Geographer Griffith Taylor in 1920. According to him, that environment presents possibilities in numerous ways and for every choice, a price must be paid**.**

Key Points

• Griffith Taylor argued that the limit of agricultural settlements in Australia has been set by factors of the physical environment such as a distribution of rainfall.
• According to him, Man is able to accelerate, slow, or stop the progress of a country’s region's development.
• But he should not, if he is wise, depart from directions as indicated by the natural environment.
• He compared Man with the Traffic Controller in a large city who alters the rate but not the direction of progress.

Additional Information

Friedrich Ratzel, a great geographer of Germany, was born in 1844,. He was greatly influenced by Darwin's Theory of Origin of Species.

• He made a systematic study of Human Geography.
• He coined the word 'Anthopogeography' after studying tribes, races, and nations.
• He was a strong supporter of the 'Deterministic Approach'.
• His book “ANTHROPOGEOGRAPHY” was completed between 1872 and 1899.
• In 1897, Ratzel wrote, “Political Geography” in which he compared the state to an organism.

Alexander Von Humboldt, along with Carl Ritter is known as the founder of Modern Geography.

• He wrote 'Cosmos'  in 1845 which gave a comprehensive account of the travels and expeditions of Humboldt.
• Humboldt coined the term 'Cosmography' and divided it into Uranography and Geography.
• Humboldt believed in the inductive method and emphasized the empirical method of research.

Jean Brunhes was born in 1869. He was a disciple of Vidal de La blache.

• He elaborated Blache's ideas about regional and human geography.
• His main work “Geographic Humaine: Essai de classification positive was published in 1910.
• In his method of geographical study, he emphasized two principles: (1) Principle of activity (2) Principle of interaction

Hence, Stop and Go determinism was propounded by Griffith Taylor.

The rise of seawater and its movement toward the coast is called Tide. The resultant high water level is known as High tidewater. The fall of seawater and its movement towards the sea is called Ebb and the resultant low water level is called Low tidewater. The difference between high tidewater and low tide water is called the Tidal range. 

Key Points

Hence the correct match is (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)

The temperature of oceanic water is important for marine organisms including plants and animals. The temperature of seawater also affects the climate of coastal lands and plants and animals therein. 

Key Points Assertion (A): At greater ocean depths; water moves extremely slow and maintains a uniform low temperature.

• .With respect to temperature, there are three layers in the oceans from the surface to the bottom.
• The first layer represents the top layer of warm oceanic water and is 500 m thick with temperatures ranging between 20° and 25°C.
• This layer is present within the tropics throughout the year but it develops in mid-latitudes only during summer.
• The Thermocline layer represents the vertical zone of oceanic water below the first layer and is characterized by the rapid rate of decrease of temperature with increasing depth.
• The third layer is very cold and extends up to the deep ocean floor.
• The polar areas have only one layer of cold water from the surface (sea level) to the deep ocean floor.

Hence, the assertion is correct.

Reasons (R): The oceanic surface returns heat and water to the lower atmosphere.

• The major source of the temperature of oceanic water is the Sun.
• The ocean is a significant influence on Earth's weather and climate.
• The ocean covers 70% of the global surface.
• This great reservoir continuously exchanges heat, moisture, and carbon with the atmosphere, driving our weather patterns and influencing the slow, subtle changes in our climate.
• The oceans influence climate by absorbing solar radiation and releasing heat needed to drive the atmospheric circulation, by releasing aerosols that influence cloud cover, by emitting most of the water that falls on the land as rain, by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it for years to millions of years.

Hence, the reason is also correct but does not explain the assertion correctly.

A population refers to a group of individuals of the same group or species living and interbreeding within a given area. Population growth is defined as the change in the number of individuals in a population in an area over time.

Growth rate = Birth rate – Death rate + Immigration rate – Emigration rate

Key Points

• In the year 1798, Malthus, a British economist, proposed a hypothesis of human population growth. Population growth is geometric, i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8,  however food supply for subsistence is arithmetic, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4.
• Malthusian Theory of Population, given by Thomas Robert Malthus, is a theory of arithmetic growth of food supply and of exponential population.
• Malthus believed that positive and preventive checks are necessary to make the right balance between the supply of food and the growth in the population
• Neo Malthusians are those who criticize Malthus's insistence on moral restraints as the preventive check to population growth but accept and support many of his arguments.
• Neo Malthusian term was first used in 1877 by Dr. Samwel Van Houten who was the vice president of the Malthusian League.

Hence, the correct answer is (A), (B), (C) only.

The 15^th official census in India was calculated in the year 2011. According to the Census 2011, Literacy rate refers to the percentage of literate individuals among persons aged seven and above. A person is considered as literate when they can read and write a simple message with understanding at least in any one language. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate. In the censuses prior to 1991, children below five years of age were necessarily treated as illiterate

Key Points

• The Literacy rate in the country is 74.04 percent, 82.14 for males and 65.46 for females.
• Kerala retained its position by being on top with a 93.91% literacy rate.
• Kerala is followed by Lakshadweep (92.28 percent) and Mizoram (91.58 percent).
• Bihar with a literacy rate of 63.82 % ranks last in the country.
• Bihar is preceded by Arunachal Pradesh (66.95 %) and Rajasthan (67.06 %).
• Himachal Pradesh ranks 11^th with a literacy rate of 83.78%.
• Haryana has a literacy  rate of 76.64%
• Odisha has a literacy rate of  73.45%

Hence the correct order of states according to literacy rate in Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Odisha

The correct answer is (B) and (E) only 

Key Points

Ice Core:

• Ice cores are cylinders of ice drilled from ice sheets and glaciers.
• They are essentially frozen time capsules that allow scientists to reconstruct climate far into the past.
• Layers in ice cores correspond to years and seasons, with the youngest ice at the top and the oldest ice at the bottom of the core.

Ice Sheet:

• An ice sheet is a mass of glacial ice of more than 50,000 square kilometers (19,000 square miles).
• Ice sheets contain about 99% of the freshwater on Earth and are sometimes called continental glaciers.
• As ice sheets extend to the coast and over the ocean, they become ice shelves.

Important Points

• Cryogenic is nothing but the quantities that are involved with very low temperatures like ice.
• Among the given options ice sheets and ice chores are examples of cryogenic indicators of climate change because ice and glaciers react to atmospheric changes and give clear signals about alterations in global climate.
• Many Ice Scores have been drilled in Antarctica.

Additional Information

• Scientists also use ice core temperature data to validate climate models that predict Earth’s future climate.
• A climate model is like a laboratory inside a computer, LeGrande said.
• Scientists build all of the existing knowledge about how the atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice work into this special laboratory.
• ​The oldest ice cores, from East Antarctica, provide an 800,000-year-old record of Earth’s climate.
• Each season’s snowfall has slightly different properties than the last.
• These differences create annual layers in the ice that can be used to count the age of the ice, just like rings inside a tree.

Correct Answer: (D), (E) only.

Key PointsThe origins of tourism by the early 21^st century, international tourism had become one of the world's most important economic activities.

• Tourism is the act, and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services.
• As such, tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, beginning in western Europe in the 17^th century, although it has antecedents in Classical antiquity.
• The 747 went into service in the early 1970s, at a time of major societal change.
• It drove exponential growth in air travel, tourism, and connections between people around the world.
• In its first year, a fully-loaded 747 cut the cost of flying a passenger by half.
• Flying became instantly more accessible.​

Important Points

• A decade earlier Boeing’s 707 had ushered in the Jet Age, but with four fuel-thirsty engines and room for fewer than 200 passengers, fares were beyond the budget of most vacationers.
• The 747 introduced economies of scale that, for the first time, allowed millions of people to travel nonstop over great distances.
• It changed global air travel forever.
• Jet Plane succeeds in a new era in international Tourism, and passengers rapidly change their destination. that is why D and E are correct.

Additional Information

• In 1841, young Thomas Cook arranged an 11-mile train journey for a motley group of passengers from Leicester to Loughborough. And it marked the beginning of a chapter in history. He went on to introduce a railway tour of Europe.
• International tourism has grown very fast since the second world war. Today, tourism has become a part of everyday life for most people and is now a major source of employment in developed countries. The growth of the tourist industry after the second world war can be linked with increasing wealth, increased mobility, improvements in accessibility and transport, more leisure time, product development and innovations, improvements in technology, changes in lifestyles and fashion, increased awareness of other places and the need for ‘green’ tourism.

Salinity is defined as the ratio between the weight of the dissolved materials and the weight of the seawater.  It is the total amount of solid material in grams contained in one kilogram of seawater. It is expressed as parts per thousand (o/_oo). The Oceanic Salinity affects the marine organisms, plant community, rate of evaporation, temperature, pressure, waves, and currents. 

 Key Points

Important Points

Gulf of Karabugas:

• The most remarkable natural evaporite basin in the world is the Kara-bogaz Gulf (Karabogazgöl, in the Turkmen language; or Zaliv, “gulf” in Russian), situated in an isolated embayment off the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, in the Turkmen Republic of the USSR (41°N, 53°E).
• Kara-bogaz means “black throat” and is used to refer simply to the entrance channel; in older literature, the gulf is referred to as the Adji-Darya (or “salt water”).
• Evaporation is always so high that the gulf is 4.5 meters below the level of the Caspian

Additional Information

The Great Salt Lake:

• The Great Salt Lake is located in  Utah state of USA.
• It is about 75 miles long and 35 miles wide.
• The Lake is a remnant of a massive Ice age lake- Lake Bonneville.
• It has an average salinity of  (50 - 270o/_oo).
• The high salinity of the lake is due to salts brought in by water flowing into the lake but with no outlet.

The Dead Sea:

• The Dead Sea is also called the Salt Sea. It is bordered by Jordan in the east and Palestine and Israel to the west.
• It has an average salinity of 238(o/_oo).
• It is the place having the lowest elevation on the Earth's surface, 435m below sea level.
• No form of life exists in the Dead sea.

Lake Van:

• Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey.
• It lies in the far east of Turkey, in the provinces of Van and Bitlis. It receives water from many small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains.
• It is one of the world's few endorheic lakes (a lake having no outlet) of size greater than 3,000 square kilometers.
• It is situated at a height of 1,640 m.
• It has an average salinity of (330o/_oo)
• Despite the high altitude and winter, high salinity mainly prevents it from freezing at such times.​

Hence, Gulf of Karabugas is the water body having lowest salinity.

Correct Answer: Stratified Random Sampling.

Key PointsStratified Random Sampling

• Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata.
• The groups or strata are organized based on the shared characteristics or attributes of the members in the group.
• The process of classifying the population into groups is called stratification.
• Stratified sampling is a commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces the sampling error.
• A stratum is a subset of the population that shares at least one common characteristic.
• Examples of strata might be males and females, or managers and non-managers.
• The researchers first identify the relevant Strata and their actual representation in the population.
• Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of a subject from each stratum.

Additional Information

• Cluster sampling: The procedure of selecting clusters and then observing all the elements in the selected clusters is known as cluster sampling
• Random sampling: If the units in the sample are selected using some random mechanism then such a procedure is called random sampling or probability sampling
• Systematic sampling:  In systematic sampling, one unit is selected randomly and subsequent units are selected according to a pre-determined system. Invariably uniform distance is adopted for the preassigned system.

Correct Answer: (D) and (E) only.

Key PointsVorticity: 

• Vorticity is a clockwise or counterclockwise spin in the troposphere.
• This vorticity is caused by troughs and ridges and other embedded waves or height centers(speed and directional wind changes in relation to the vertical axis).
• A wind flow through a vorticity gradient will produce regions of PVA (positivity vorticity Advections) and NVA (Negative Vorticity Advection).
• PVA contributes to rising air.
• In continuum mechanics, vorticity is a pseudovector field that describes the local spinning motion of a continuum near some point (the tendency of something to rotate), as would be seen by an observer located at that point and traveling along with the flow.

Additional Information

• In continuum mechanics, vorticity is a pseudovector field that describes the local spinning motion of a continuum near some point (the tendency of something to rotate), as would be seen by an observer located at that point and traveling along with the flow.​

• Circulation and vorticity are the two primary measures of rotation in a fluid.
• Circulation, which is a scalar integral quantity, is a macroscopic measure of rotation for a finite area of the fluid.
• Vorticity is a vector field, which gives a microscopic measure of the rotation at any point in the fluid.

Correct Answer: (A), (C), and (E) only

Harris, Guelke, Ley, and Samuels related to Human Geography.

Key Points

• Humanistic Geography is a genre of geography born in late 1960.
• According to Ley and Samuels, humanistic geography incorporated a wide range of philosophical approaches within it ranging from idealism, existentialism, and hermeneutics to phenomenology; the connection with pragmatism has already been mentioned before.
• According to Ley and Samuels, humanistic geography was based on three basic precepts

1. anthropocentrism;
2. subjectivity; and
3. the concept of place.

• At the same, it ascribed a central role to human beings and as a people’s geography with human development as its principal objective.​
• As a counter to the postulates of positivism, Leonard Guelke propounded the philosophy of idealism and urged human geographers, especially the historical geographers to probe into what humans, as decision-makers believed in and not why they believed.

Additional Information

• Humanistic Geography (social & cultural geography) problems and Prospects: Edited by David Ley, Marawyn Samuels (1978).
• Others included Humanistic geographers Edmunds Bunkse, Anne Buttimer, James Duncan, Jhon Western, etc.

A fault is a fracture in the crustal rocks wherein the rocks are displaced along a plane known as the fault plane. When the crustal rocks are displaced, due to tensional movement caused by the endogenetic forces, along a plane the resultant structure is called a Fault. 

Key Points

Transform fault:

• At a transform boundary, two plates slip past one another laterally.
• This slippage occurs along great vertical fractures called transform faults.
• Because the plate movement is basically parallel to a transform boundary, these Faults neither create new crust nor destroy old.
• Transform faults are associated with a great deal of seismic activity, commonly producing shallow-focus earthquakes.
• Most transform faults are found along with the mid-ocean ridge system, where they form short offsets in the ridge perpendicular to the spreading axis.
• However, in some places, transform faults extend for great distances, occasionally through the continental lithosphere.
• For example, the most famous fault system in the United States, the San Andreas Fault in California, is a transform fault between the Pacific and North American plates.

Additional Information

Converging fault:

• At a convergent boundary, plates collide and as such are sometimes called “destructive” boundaries because they result in the removal or compression of the surface crust.
• Convergent plate boundaries are responsible for some of the most massive and spectacular earthly landforms: major mountain ranges, volcanoes, and oceanic trenches. The three types of convergent boundaries are Oceanic–Continental Convergence, Oceanic–Oceanic Convergence, and Continental–Continental Convergence.

Spreading fault:

• At a divergent Fault or Spreading Fault,  magma from the asthenosphere wells up in the opening between plates. This upward flow of molten material produces a line of volcanic vents that spill out basaltic lava onto the ocean floor, with the plutonic rock gabbro solidifying deeper below.
• Divergent boundaries are “constructive” because the material is being added to the crustal surface at such locations.

​Subduction Fault:

• Subduction Fault refers to such a fault when one plate gets beneath another plate**.**
• Such subduction zones are the zone of frequently erupting volcanoes.
• Metamorphic rocks often develop in association with subduction zones. The margin of a subducting oceanic plate is subjected to increasing pressure, although relatively modest heating, as it begins to descend—this can lead to the formation of high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks, such as blueschist. In addition, the magma generated in the subduction zone may cause contact metamorphism as it rises through the overlying continental rocks.

Hence The San Andrean Fault is an example of Transform Fault.

The correct answer is (C),(B),(A),(D). 

Key Points

The length of the road included all the national highways, state highways, district roads, rural roads, urban roads, and project roads with a percent share of different types of highways.

• Tamil Nadu 261436 km (2017)
• Karnataka 361041 km (2017)
• Maharashtra 623972 km (2017)
• Gujrat 180927 km (2017)

Additional Information

State/UT-wise, Total & Surfaced Length of Roads in India (excluding JRY Roads) as on 31.03.2017

Agro-industrialization is the growth and development of the industrial sector for wealth creation and inclusive growth, through increased economic integration and productivity in the agriculture sector.

Key Points

• The term agro-industrialization refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops.
• It is typically large-scale and capital intensive.
• Big agricultural farms size.
• Comprehensive use of the heavy machine.
• Widespread use of machinery enables commercial agro-industrialization to operate on this large scale completely mechanized.
• Low labor input per unit of production.
• Need highly qualified managers to manage production to commercialize and grow the agro-based industry.
• High use of chemicals fertilizer and pesticides instead of low use of chemically fertilized and pesticides.​

Hence, less use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is incorrect about agro-industrialization.

Additional Information

• Some examples of agro-based industries in India include Textile, Sugar, Vegetable Oil, Tea, Coffee, and Leather goods industries.
• Agro-based industries are industries that use agricultural products as raw materials. for example, cotton textile, silk and jute textile, tea, coffee, etc are agro-based industries.
• Agro-based industries are depending on agriculture for their raw material and other basic inputs.
• This interdependence should be oriented to suit the need of our country and state.
• Stabilization and growth of agricultural production effects rapid advancement in output and employment in agro-industries.

The correct answers (B) and (C) only.

Key Points

Koppen's classification of climate:

• Köppen’s type E climates are controlled by the polar and arctic air masses of high latitudes (60° N and S and higher).
• These climates are characterized by low temperatures and precipitation and by a surprisingly great diversity of subtypes.
• In contrast, type H climate contains all highland areas not easily categorized by other climate types.
• Although this category was not part of Köppen’s original system, some later climate systems include it as part of Köppen’s climate classification.

Hekistothermal climate according to Candole:

• Hekistothermal cold-tolerant plant of polar regions.
• According to A.L.P De Canndolle's (1874) classic temperature-based scheme of world vegetation zones.
• Hekistothermal Zone (E) Polar climates
• Hekistothermal zone represents such plants that thrive on almost permanently ice-covered arctic and polar areas, say tundra region.
• There are perfect relationships between vegetation and the condition of moisture in the soils.
• The characteristic lithosols of this zone (tundra Biome) support only lichens and mosses.

Additional Information 

• An organism living above or beyond the tree line and frequently in areas of heavy snow.
• A plant with a requirement for a temperature of less than 10ºC in the warmest month typically occurs in regions with a mean annual temperature below 0ºC.

Correct Answer: (B) and (D) only

Terrestrial disasters include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches, subsidence, etc.

Key Points

Seismic waves:

• Seismic waves are waves terrestrial phenomena of energy that travel through Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides, and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. seismic wave, vibration generated by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and propagated within the Earth or along its surface.

Tsunami: 

• A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. tsunami, (Japanese: “harbor wave”) also called seismic sea wave or tidal wave, catastrophic ocean wave, usually caused by a submarine earthquake, an underwater or coastal landslide, or a volcanic eruption.

Hence, seismic activity and tsunami are two types of terrestrial waves.

Additional Information

The collision of meteors with the earth:

• The collision of meteors with the earth is an extra-terrestrial phenomenon.
• When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere, or that of another planet, like Mars, at high speed and burn up, they’re called meteors.
• When a meteoroid survives its trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it’s called a meteorite.

Cold Wave:

• A cold wave is a meteorological phenomenon, sometimes known as a cold snap or deep freeze, and is a weather event involving the cooling of the air, or the invasion of very cold air, over a large area.
• It is marked by a drop in average temperature well below the averages of a region.
• Cold waves can have negative impacts on people, crops, properties, and services.
• They can be preceded or accompanied by significant winter weather events, such as blizzards or ice storms.
• They can feel even colder during periods of high winds.

Correct Answer: Alfred Weber.

Alfred Weber 30 July 1868 – 2 May 1958) was a German economist, geographer, sociologist, and theoretician of a culture whose work was influential in the development of modern economic geography.

Key Points

• Alfred Weber, an eminent German Economist gave a theory on industrial location.
• "Theory of Location of Industries" was published in 1909 in the German language and was translated into English in 1929 and was published by carl Joachim Friedrick.
• Weber's effort was the first systematic approach to the industrial location.
• The basic objective of Weber's theory is to find out the minimum cost location of an industry.
• In this theory, he tried to establish that transport cost plays a pivotal role in the selection of industrial locations.
• Show location patterns according to the weber are two types linear and nonlinear.

Important PointsThe presence of all required conditions favors the implementation of Weber's theory. The location of the industry, as stated by Weber, will be controlled by these factors of separate nature.

These factors are,

• the influence of transport cost
• influence of labor cost
• influence industrial agglomeration or de-glomeration.

The correct answer is: (C) and (E)

Key Points

• Somali current is the cold current of Indian Ocean:
• This statement is correct.
• The Somali current, which flows along the eastern coast of Africa, becomes a cold current due to the influence of the Southwest Monsoon winds during the summer months. The upwelling of cold water from the deeper parts of the ocean lowers the surface temperature.
• The north-Equatorial current of Indian Ocean disappears in the months of August and September:
• This statement is correct.
• During the Southwest Monsoon (June to September), the north-Equatorial current in the Indian Ocean weakens or even disappears due to the reversal of wind direction and the dominance of southwesterly winds.
• North of equator, the formation of ocean currents is not influenced by the changing nature of the monsoon wind system:
• This statement is incorrect.
• The formation and direction of ocean currents north of the equator in the Indian Ocean are significantly influenced by the monsoon wind system, which changes direction seasonally. Therefore, these currents also change their flow pattern accordingly.
• Somali current is the warm current of Indian Ocean:
• This statement is incorrect.
• The Somali current is known as a cold current during the Southwest Monsoon. It can exhibit different thermal characteristics during different seasons, but during the significant monsoon period, it is cold.
• Peru current is a cold current of Indian Ocean:
• This statement is incorrect.
• The Peru Current, also known as the Humboldt Current, is indeed a cold current. However, it is located in the Pacific Ocean along the western coast of South America, not in the Indian Ocean.

Additional Information

• Monsoon Influence on the Indian Ocean Currents:
• The Indian Ocean is unique due to its interaction with the monsoon wind system. The seasonal reversal of monsoon winds significantly impacts ocean currents, particularly in the northern Indian Ocean.
• During the Southwest Monsoon (summer), the winds blow from the southwest, causing upwelling and cooler water temperatures in regions like the Somali coast.
• During the Northeast Monsoon (winter), the winds reverse direction, causing changes in current patterns and, in some cases, turning previously cold currents warm.
• Somali Current Dynamics:
• The Somali Current is part of the monsoon-driven current system and is one of the strongest oceanic currents in the Indian Ocean during the Southwest Monsoon. The current can switch directions and characteristics based on seasonal wind changes.
• Global Ocean Currents:
• Understanding global ocean currents is crucial for grasping climate patterns, marine navigation, and ecosystems. Different oceans have unique current systems influenced by a variety of factors including wind patterns, Earth's rotation, and the geography of ocean basins.

Correct Answer: (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

Key Points

• Culture Hearths are the centers of origin of ancient civilizations which continue to inspire and influence modern societies of the world today. According to historians, there are seven main Culture Hearths of the world. Certain conditions preceded the appearance of the world’s Culture Hearths, all of them having common criteria such as a habitable climatic zone, the proximity of large river basins, and geographical isolation from other regions of the world by mountains, deserts, or seas
• Cultural landscape: Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group. This is the essence of how humans interact with nature. Arithmetic density: The total number of people divided by the total land area. This is what most people think of as density; how many people per area of land.
• A cultural trait is a single identifiable material or non-material element within a culture and is conceivable as an object in itself.
• A cultural realm is a geographical region where cultural traits maintain homogeneity. The cultural traits are supposed to be the product of regional geographical circumstances. It is, thus, regional geography that has become the basis of the delineation of cultural realms in the world.

Additional Information

1. Distinguish between the cultural realm and cultural hearth A cultural realm is an area of geography where cultural characteristics are homogeneous. Cultural Hearth is the center of origin of ancient civilizations that continue to inspire and impact modern societies of the present-day world.

Correct Answer: Aeolian

Key Points

• They are formed by wind erosion through the abrasion process. Yardangs are parallel troughs cut into softer rock running in the direction of the wind, separated by ridges. The direction of the yardangs can indicate the direction of the prevailing wind.
• A yardang is a streamlined protuberance carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semi consolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion by dust and sand and deflation (the removal of loose material by wind turbulence.) Yardangs resemble the 'ridge and furrow' landscape of zeugen. Yardangs become elongated features typically three or more times longer than wide, and when viewed from above, resemble the hull of a boat. Facing the wind is a steep, blunt face that gradually gets lower and narrower toward the lee end.
• Yardangs are formed by wind erosion, typically of an originally flat surface formed from areas of harder and softer material. The soft material is eroded and removed by the wind, and the harder material remains. The resulting pattern of yardangs is, therefore, a combination of the original rock distribution, the fluid mechanics of the airflow, and the resulting pattern of erosion.
• Example Hami basin, Lop Nur, and Junggar basin are where the Yardangs are mainly distributed in Xinjiang, and it is an outstanding example of Yardangs under the temperate continental climate and in the desert of the extremely arid region in central Asia.

​ 

Additional InformationThe two names describe the same landform. Yardangs are formed on vertical hard/soft layers of rock, while zeugen (this is its plural form) are formed on horizontal bands of hard/soft rocks giving them a more mushroom-like shape. The Great Sphinx of Giza has been sculpted in a yardang.

Correct Answer: (A), (D), and (E) only.

Key Points

 Waterfalls on Narmada 

• Mandhar waterfall is situated in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. It is on the Narmada river. Mandhar Falls is a waterfall which is located in Madhya Pradesh nearby to Jindwani, Dharmapuri, and Bandhaniya. It is also nearby Punghat Kalan and Punghat Kalan. The latitude of Mandhar Falls is 22.30241, and the longitude is 76.75009 with the GPS coordinates of 22° 18′ 08.67″ N and 76° 45′ 00.32″ E.
• Dhardi Falls just After the Indira Sagar project and before the river-rich, Omkareshwar, the Narmada jumps from 10 m high to a gorge. This fall is called Dhardi fall. it is a beautiful spot the forest hair at anus during screen the forest are natural lover Paradise as a flower blossom exuberantly, and the tress becomes a house for different varieties of bird who chirp and while enjoying then nectar from fresh fragments flowers.
• Sahastradhara is a beautiful and natural place full of beauty. This place is a major tourist destination of Mandla city. Mandla is a district of Madhya Pradesh. At this place, you will get to see a very beautiful form of the Narmada river. Sahastradhara is a religious and natural place. Here you will get to see very beautiful waterfalls, apart from this here you can see the Sahastrarjan temple which is built in the middle of the Narmada river. You cannot visit this temple during the rainy season because during the rainy season the temple is submerged by the water of the Narmada river. If the water of the Narmada river dries up during summer, you can visit this temple.

Important Points

• If sahasradhara is in the option the code is a mismatch but if the option is Sahastradhara answer will be (A), (D), and (E) only.

Additional Information 

• Dhuandhar Falls

The Dhuandhar Falls are located on the Narmada River in Bhedaghat and are 30 meters high. The Narmada River, making its way through the world-famous Marble Rocks, narrows down and then plunges into a waterfall known as Dhuandhar.

• The Tawa River is a tributary of the Narmada River of Central India.

Originating in the Mahadeo Hills of the Chindwara district, the Tawa flows through Betul, before joining the Narmada in Hoshangabad. The dam, in the Narmada valley, began in 1958 and was completed in 1978.

• Hiran River is a river in Gujarat in western India, whose source is near the Sasa hills in Gir forest. Its drainage basin has a maximum length of 40 km (25 mi). The total catchment area of the basin is 518 km (322 mi). Its major tributaries are the Saraswati River and Ambakhoi stream, and many other unknown branches make this river almost complete near Talala town. Hiran is a major river system that supports a variety of wildlife ecological systems and human settlements.

Correct Answer: (B), (C), (A), (D)

Key Points

• Maharashtra 9%
• Rajasthan 13%
• Madhya Pradesh 21%
• Meghalaya 86%

​ 

Additional Information

Correct Answer: Solar Constant.

Key Points

• The solar constant is the total radiation energy received from the Sun per unit of time per unit of area on a theoretical surface perpendicular to the Sun's rays and at Earth's mean distance from the Sun. It is most accurately measured from satellites where atmospheric effects are absent.
• The solar constant which is denoted by the symbol GSC is a flux density which is the measuring mean of solar electromagnetic radiation. It is the solar irradiance per unit area. It is said to be measured on a surface perpendicular to the rays which is one astronomical unit denoted by AU from the Sun which is roughly the distance from the Sun to the planet. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation and not just visible light. It is said to be measured by satellite as being 1.361 kilowatts per square meter which are written as kW/m2 at the solar minimum which is the time in the 11-year solar cycle when the number of sunspots is minimal) and approximately 0.1% greater roughly 1.362 kW/m2 at solar maximum.
• The time per unit of area on a theoretical surface that is perpendicular to the rays of the Sun and at Earth’s mean distance from the Suns is said to be the most accurate measurement that is measured from satellites where atmospheric effects are absent. The value of the constant is approximately said to be 1.366 kilowatts per square meter.
• The solar constant is the incident ray of solar energy per unit area per second on the earth surface.

Solar constant = Energy / (Unit area x Unit time)

  = ML²T⁻² / (L²T)

  = MT⁻³

​ 

Additional Information

• The “solar constant” is fairly constant, increasing by only 0.2 percent at the peak of each 11-year solar cycle. The sunspots usually block out the light and reduce the emission by a few tenths of a percent but the bright spot, also known as the plagues that are associated with the solar activity, is more extensive and longer-lived. Moreover, as the Sun burns up its hydrogen presence, the solar constant increases by about 10 percent every billion years.

Correct Answer: ​dividing the values of indicators with their mean values.

Researcher bias is a situation that can form when a researcher's perspective influences the results of a study claiming an objective point of view. It can develop during every step of a research process, including the initial planning stage, theory development, data collection, and analysis. When researcher bias occurs, a study's results can show a subjective point of view, which can affect how other professionals use its data to market products, create internal policies and engage with clients. Researchers can introduce bias into studies in varied ways, so they often use multiple tactics throughout the process to reduce this possibility.

Key Points

• To reduce the possibility of a halo effect bias, describe one topic in an interview or survey before moving forward to the next. This strategy can give you more time to understand a responder's point of view, which can help you interpret the data with more objectivity and nuance. You can reflect on the different perspectives a responder might reveal, then use your reflections to create an outline for your note-taking process. It may be helpful to use this outline while devising your interpretations to supplement the simple data.
• Examine assumptions about your hypothesis, which describes a testable assumption about a study's outcomes, to determine how you might show bias in your future analysis. Afterward, you can conduct research to clarify any additional information you require. For example, you may discover you assumed an aspect of the hypothesis is correct before conducting the research. To reduce the possibility of bias systematically, you can create some reflection protocols to share with your team so everyone can operate using the same values and resources.
• Place topics into separate categories and divide the values of indicators by their mean values.
• Summarize answers using the original context, Show responders the results, Share analytical duties with the team, and Review research with outside peers.
• Create a thorough research plan and Evaluate your hypothesis.

Correct Answer: High fertility and high mortality rates.

Key Points

• A Population Pyramid is a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population. It is a graphic profile of the population's residents. Sex is shown on the left/right sides, age on the y-axis, and the percentage of the population on the x-axis. Each grouping (ex: males aged 0-4) is called a cohort.
• A wide base means there are lots of young people, and suggests a high birth rate. A narrow base means a smaller proportion of young people, suggesting a low birth rate. A wide middle, tall pyramid means an aging population, suggesting that there is a long life expectancy.
• There are three main trends in populations that affect the shape of a population pyramid. The first is when there are both high fertility and high mortality rates among younger members. This type of population, known as “expansive,” creates a sharp triangle shape in the graph.
• A sharply tapering pyramid sitting on a broad base, reflecting high fertility and high mortality rates among the younger age groups.

​ 

Additional Information

• The Demographic Transition Model was developed by the American demographer Warren Thompson in 1929. DTM depicts the demographic history of a country. It refers to the transition from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates regime as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

Correct Answer: Pulp and Paper.

Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags.

Key Points

• The category-wise and water body-wise wastewater generation in the state of Uttar Pradesh is depicted in table-5. It is observed from the table that there are 687 industries of grossly polluting status discharging 269 MLD wastewater. Sugar, Pulp, Paper, and chemicals are the major industrial sector that discharged 70% of total wastewater generated in the state. Out of 688 industries, 594 are located in the main stem of the Ganga River.
• It is observed from the table that 96% of the wastewater generated is discharged into the Ramganga riverine system, which ultimately leads to the main stem of River Ganga at Kannauj Upstream (Uttar Pradesh). The pulp and paper industry is the sector that generates 90% of total wastewater.
• ​In pulp and paper industries, air pollution is mainly caused by the production of various volatile sulfur compounds from the sulfite pulping process, odor emission of gaseous components from reduced sulfur such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and particulates of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
• With respect to River Kali-East sugar, distillery and pulp & paper are the major industrial sectors which are discharging into the river. In comparison to the number of industries with respect to Ganga is small (53) but discharges 71.4 MLD wastewater. Pulp & paper is discharging 36.8 MLD wastewater, which is 52% of the total wastewater discharged into the river Kali-East by grossly polluting industries. Next to Pulp & paper is the Sugar industry (15) and discharging 14.8 MLD.

Correct Ans(A) -(II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV).

Key Points

• The Pi index is the ratio between the diameter (d; vertical axis) and length of the network (horizontal axis). A low Pi index is linked with a low level of network development (such as simple corridors) and a high value of Pi is linked with a more extensively developed network (a system of linked cities).

​

• Eta is the average length per link. Adding new nodes will cause a decrease of Eta as the average length per link declines.

​

• The Theta index measures the function of a node, that is the average amount of traffic per intersection. The higher the index is, the greater the load of the network. The measure can also be applied to the number of links (edges).

​

• Network Density Measures the territorial occupation of a transport network in terms of km of links (L) per square kilometers of surface (S).

Correct Answer: (C), and (D) only.

Key Points

• In the classical Sling Psychrometer (wet and dry bulb Hygrometer) evaporation cools the wet bulb more than the dry bulb, and the humidity is obtained as a function of change in temperature.
• The figure illustrates a simple device for determining air humidity, called a sling psychrometer. It contains two thermometers, one of which is covered with a wick saturated with ambient temperature liquid water.
• These two thermometers are called dry bulbs and wet bulbs. When the sling psychrometer is spun rapidly in the air, the evaporation of the water from the wick causes the wet-bulb thermometer to read lower than the dry bulb thermometer.
• After the psychrometer has been spun long enough for the thermometers to reach equilibrium temperatures, the unit is stopped and the two thermometers are quickly read. A psychrometric chart (or table) is then used to convert the dry bulb temperature TDB and the wet-bulb temperature TWB into humidity information. The wet-bulb temperature is approximately equal to the adiabatic saturation temperature, so TWB ≈ T2 = T3 in Eq.
• A sling psychrometer can be used to find relative humidity, which is expressed as a percentage. It is computed by multiplying the amount of moisture in the air at a given temperature, dividing by the maximum amount of moisture the air could contain at that same temperature, and then multiplying the quotient by 100.

Additional Information

• Principle of Psychrometer, Drier air absorbs more moisture from the bulb, which causes it to cool down faster. The temperature does not change as much because the warmer air cannot retain as much water from the bulb. In other words, the more humid the air is, the greater the change in the wet-bulb temperature.

​

Correct Answer: (A), (B), and (C) only.

Key Points

• A country's balance of trade is defined by its net exports (exports minus imports) and is thus influenced by all the factors that affect international trade. These include factor endowments and productivity, trade policy, exchange rates, foreign currency reserves, inflation, and demand.
• Growth of the international trade has been influenced by many factors followed-up by globalization, such as the development of technology, government decisions, institutions' activities, consumer behavior, increasing competition, new trade agreements, etc.
• International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and services that otherwise may not have been available domestically. As a result of international trade, the market is more competitive. This ultimately results in more competitive pricing and brings a cheaper product home to the consumer.
• If any country is economically not stable then various multination companies are not assured to set up a company. India is preferable to Pakistan to set up a company because of economic stability.
• Comparative and locational advantages are a very important component to construct a company and trading with these countries.
• Historically factors and investments are important factors in trading.

Additional Information

• Nature of Global Trade involves the import or export of goods and services between international borders. Each country can produce and export goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage and import goods and services in which it doesn't.

​

Correct Answer: (A) only.

Sea Waves  A moving ridge or swell of water occurring close to the surface of the sea is characterized by oscillating and rising and falling movements, often as a result of the frictional drag of the wind. Ocean waves (swell) are formed by transferring energy from the motion of atmospheric wind to the ocean surface and releasing a certain amount of energy to the shoreline, causing erosion and accretion of coastal landforms on a long-term scale.

Key Points

• The mechanism of the origin of sea waves is commonly believed that waves are generated due to friction on the water surface caused by blowing winds.
• The Height of winds generated by sea waves depends on
• (I) Wind Speed,
• (II) The duration of wind from one direction, and
• (III) The extent of fetch.
• Wave height is an indicator of wave energy.
• The amount of energy in a wave depends on its height and wavelength as well as the distance over which it breaks.
• Wave height is affected by wind speed, wind duration (or how long the wind blows), and fetch, which is the distance over water that the wind blows in a single direction.
• If wind speed is slow, only small waves result, regardless of wind duration or fetch.
• Because deep-water waves do not interact with the ocean bottom as they travel, their speed is independent of the water depth.
• But as waves enter shallow water, interaction with the bottom alters the waves.
• Wave speed decreases, the wavelength shortens, and wave height increases.
• In open seawater, there is no friction which is why wind travels easily and waves height is affected.

Additional Information

• Wave Period: The time it takes for two successive crests (one wavelength) to pass a specified point.
• Wave Frequency - The number of waves that pass a particular point in a given time period.
• There is an inverse relationship between the wavelength and wave frequency.
• Wave velocity is directly related to wavelength.

correct Answer: (B) only

Key Point

• Playa, (Spanish: shore or beach), also called pan, flat, or dry lake, flat-bottom depression found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semiarid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the groundwater system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the erosion of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom and around the edges of the depression. A playa is a dry, vegetation-free, flat area at the lowest part of an undrained desert basin. It is a location where ephemeral lakes form during wet periods and is underlain by stratified clay, silt, sand, and commonly, soluble salts.
• A pinnacle, tower, spire, needle, or natural tower in geology is an individual column of rock, isolated from other rocks or groups of rocks, in the shape of a vertical shaft or spire.
• swallow hole A natural depression or erosional hole in the Earth's surface, also known as a sink, shake hole, sinkhole, swallow hole, swallet, doline, or cenote, is mostly caused by karst processes - the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffusion processes for example in sandstone.

Additional Information

All are depositional landforms.

• A fjord is a long, deep, narrow body of water that reaches far inland. Fjords are often set in a U-shaped valley with steep walls of rock on either side. Fjords are found mainly in Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Canada, Greenland, and the U.S. state of Alaska.
• Drumlins are oval-shaped hills, largely composed of glacial drift, formed beneath a glacier or ice sheet and aligned in the direction of ice flow.
• A levee is a natural wall that blocks water from going where we don't want it to go. Levees may be used to increase available land for habitation or divert a body of water so the fertile soil of a river or sea bed may be used for agriculture. That is Natural levees.
• Cirques are bowl-shaped, amphitheater-like depressions that glaciers carve into mountains and valley sidewalls at high elevations. Often, the glaciers flow up and over the lip of the cirque as gravity drives them downslope.

The correct answer is Humboldt.

Key Points

• The term Permafrost was coined by Humboldt to describe the Siberian peri-glacier land.
• Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer on or under Earth's surface.
• It consists of soil, gravel, and sand, usually bound together by ice. Permafrost usually remains at or below 0°C (32ºF) for at least two years.
• The term Permafrost was first used by S.W. Muller and K. Bryan used "Pergelisol".
• Permafrost is a ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean.
• Most common in the Northern Hemisphere, around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface is underlain by permafrost, including substantial areas of Alaska, Greenland, Canada, and Siberia.
• It can also be located on mountaintops in the Southern Hemisphere and beneath ice-free areas in the Antarctic.

Additional Information

• Humboldt coined also the word cosmography Cosmos and divided it into the Uranography and geography.
• He discovered the cold ocean current named Peru Current.
• It is also known as Humboldt cold current in honor of Humboldt.
• Humboldt proposed for the first time to build the Panama Canal to join the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans.

Correct Answer: D

Key Points

• A negatively skewed distribution is the distribution composed of mostly large observations and a few relatively small observations. For example, a test score on a very easy test of some general education courses will probably follow a negatively skewed distribution. A negatively skewed (also known as left-skewed) distribution is a type of distribution in which more values are concentrated on the right side (tail) of the distribution graph while the left tail of the distribution graph is longer.
• Most of the students will do very well, but a few students may never come to class and will score very poorly, so test scores will be composed of many high scores and a few relatively very low scores.
• In this case, Median should be used instead of mean since it is not influenced by a few relatively very low scores.
• in a negatively skewed distribution mean is less than the median since the mean is influenced by a few relatively very low scores.

Important Points

• In a Positively skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median as the data is more towards the lower side and the mean average of all the values, whereas the median is the middle value of the data

Additional Information

• A positively skewed distribution is the distribution that is composed of mostly small observations and a few relatively or extremely large observations. For example, test scores on a very difficult exam probably follow a positively skewed distribution.
• Because most students probably will Score quite low and only a few students probably will score high. To this date, I still remember my biochemistry mid-term at the University of Calcutta. we have over 120 students with 115 scores of 20- 50 out of a hundred, only less than 5 score 70 to 80. for this skewed distribution, the median is the one to use since it is not influenced by a few relative ne very high scores.

Correct Answer: (D) and (E) only.

Man-centered Geography: Friedrich Ratzel in his book Anthropogeograpy pointed out the concept of man-centered geography that deals with the systematic analysis of the elements of the non-human world.

Key Points

• Vidal's life study of the interrelations of people's activities and their physical environment made him the founder of French human geography.
• He held that the role of people is not passive, since within limits they can modify their environment to advance their own ends.
• In his great work, Géographie Humaine (1910), Brunhes presented the first attempt to coordinate the geographical phenomena resulting from man's activities. It was illustrated with numerous photographs.
• In 1912 the Collège de France created a chair of human geography for him.
• In the early 20^th Century, geographical determinism was popularized in the US by Ratzel's student Ellen Churchill Semple, who proliferated the idea in her publications History and its Geographic Condition in 1903 and in Influences of the Geographic Environment in 1911.
• Davis was an environmentalist and his concept was Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the "geographical cycle."
• This theory is more commonly known as the "cycle of erosion," or more appropriately, the "geomorphic cycle."
• **In the first volume of the Cosmos, Humboldt described physical geography as the study of 'that exists already together; it studies phenomena as arranged in areas in their mutual relation to all other phenomena with which they form a natural whole.**​

Additional Information

• Determinism, in philosophy and science, is the thesis that all events in the universe, including human decisions and actions, are causally inevitable. Determinism entails that, in a situation in which a person makes a certain decision or performs a certain action, it is impossible that they could have made any other decision or performed any other action. In other words, it is never true that people could have decided or acted otherwise than they actually did. A doctrine that considers geographical conditions to be the determining factor in human society or culture: In the 20^th century, geographical determinism was used to try to explain the unevenness of social and cultural development in different parts of the world.

Correct Answer: (A), (C) only.

People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political, or environmental.

Key Points

• People often think of migration as a recent phenomenon.
• However, migration has been a feature of human existence for centuries.
• Humans have always migrated in groups and as individuals to seek freedom from war and conflict, to escape hunger and poverty, to find new economic opportunities and employment, to flee from religious intolerance or political repression, or even to trade and travel to new places.
• A pull factor is a motivating cause that attracts a person to migrate to another region or country. common pull factors included:
• Employment opportunities and Higher income.
• Better working conditions and facilities to Higher living standards.
• Educational opportunities and Better public services.
• Freedom of expression politically and religiously.
• Some Push factor is Lack of jobs or opportunities, the Absence of good educational institutes, Poor medical care, Poverty, Famine, or drought.
• War and political conflicts, Religious or political persecution, Natural disasters, etc.​​

Additional Information

• The historian Robin Cohen (1995) has identified some distinct migration periods or events that have taken place over the last four centuries. Migration within Europe took place during the modern period as religious groups like the Jews and the Huguenots sought to escape persecution and for economic reasons as farmers migrated to find work in newly emerging industries. Seasonal or circular migration, which is the term for people who go to another country and then return home every year, was a routine factor in workers’ lives during the 17^th and 18^th centuries.
• Following the European colonization of North and South America (as well as Australia and New Zealand), there was large-scale migration of people from Europe (for example, the Pilgrim Fathers, who left Plymouth in 1620) who settled permanently in these regions. The European colonization of the Americas began in the 1500s and gathered pace during the 18^th and early 19^th centuries. Different countries in Europe including Britain, Spain, Portugal, Germany, the Netherlands, and France promoted the settlement of their nationals abroad (Tinker, 1995)
• The slave trade was one of the largest mass migrations of labor in human history. The first slave ship sailed from Africa to the West Indies in 1550 to meet the need for intensive field labor in the sugar and tobacco plantations owned by White settlers. It is estimated that over 10 million Africans were forcibly taken from mainly Western Africa to the Americas as slaves, many of whom died during the journey.

The correct answer is 'Kosi - Consequent river'

Key Points

• Kosi - Consequent river:
• The Kosi River is not a consequent river; it is an antecedent river.
• An antecedent river is one that maintains its original course and pattern despite geological changes in the landscape, such as uplifts.
• The Kosi has maintained its pathway through the uplift of mountain ranges.
• Narmada - Rift Valley River:
• The Narmada River flows through a rift valley formed due to the faulting and subsidence of the Earth's crust.
• Rift valley rivers typically exhibit a straight channel profile and steep valley walls.
• This geological setting makes the Narmada a true example of a rift valley river.
• Sutlej - Antecedent River:
• The Sutlej River is one of the oldest rivers and is correctly classified as an antecedent river.
• An antecedent river existed before the uplift of the Himalayas and cut through rising mountains, maintaining its course.
• This characteristic makes Sutlej a classic example of an antecedent river.
• Ghaggar - Endoreic River:
• The Ghaggar River is an endoreic river, meaning it does not reach the sea but ends up in landlocked basins.
• Endoreic rivers are typically found in arid or semi-arid regions where the water evaporates or is absorbed into the ground before reaching any ocean.
• The Ghaggar's waters usually drain into the Thar Desert, making it endorheic.

Additional Information

• Consequent Rivers:
• A consequent river flows in the initial direction of the slope of the land as determined by the topography during initial river formation.
• These rivers follow the natural slope of the terrain and didn't change course due to geological activity after their formation.
• Rift Valley Rivers:
• Rift valley rivers flow through valleys formed by tectonic forces pulling the Earth's crust apart.
• These rivers are typically characterized by a linear course and steep valley walls.
• Antecedent Rivers:
• Antecedent rivers maintain their original path while geological changes such as mountain-building occur around them.
• This resilience to change makes them different from consequent rivers.
• Endoreic Rivers:
• Endoreic or closed basin rivers terminate in inland regions rather than emptying into an ocean or sea.
• These rivers are crucial in arid and semi-arid regions where the water doesn't reach larger water bodies.

Important Points

• The Kosi River, often referred to as the "Sorrow of Bihar," frequently changes its course, which affects millions of people due to floods.
• The Narmada is one of the five holy rivers in India and has significant cultural and economic importance.
• The Sutlej cuts through the Shivalik Hills and the Himalayas, proving its ancient origins predating these mountain ranges.
• Ghaggar-Hakra is believed to be the same as the ancient Saraswati River mentioned in historical Vedic texts.

Correct Answer: Mexico and Guatemala.

Key Points

• The Belize Barrier Reef System is approximately 300km long and straddles the coast of Belize, roughly 300 meters offshore in the north and 40 kilometers in the south.
• It is part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, the second-largest reef system in the world after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.
• The Belize Barrier Reef is a 300-kilometer (190 mi) long section of the 900-kilometer (560 mi) Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, which is continuous from Cancún on the north-eastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula through the Riviera Maya and down to Honduras, making it the second-largest coral reef system in the world.

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Additional Information

• The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (BBRRS), inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996, is comprised of seven protected areas; Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve, Blue Hole Natural Monument, Half Moon Caye Natural Monument, South Water Caye Marine Reserve, Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve, Laughing Bird Caye National Park, and Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve.
• The largest reef complex in the Atlantic-Caribbean region represents the second largest reef system in the world.
• The seven protected areas that constitute the BBRRS comprise 12% of the entire Reef Complex.
• The unique array of reef types within one self-contained area distinguishes the BBRRS from other reef systems.
• The site is one of the most pristine reef ecosystems in the Western Hemisphere and was referred to ‘as the most remarkable reef in the West Indies by Charles Darwin.
• Outside of the reef complex, the property contains three atolls; Turneffe Island, Lighthouse Reef, and Glover’s Reef.
• The Barrier Reef and atolls exhibit some of the best reef growth in the Caribbean.
• The reef complex is comprised of approximately 450 sand and mangrove cayes.

Correct Answer: (A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III).

Key Points

The theory of Growth Pole & Growth Centre has been proposed by French economists with a view to resurrecting the French economy with propulsive growth in a short span of time. Growth Pole was proposed by Francois Perroux in 1955 as a part of economic planning in France, He was concerned with the phenomenon of economic development and with the process of structural change.

Correct Answer: (D), (B), (C), (A).

Important Points

• This layer contains mostly non-woody vegetation, or ground cover, growing in the forest with heights of up to about one and a half meters.
• The herbaceous layer consists of various herbaceous plants (therophytes, geophytes, cryophytes, hemicryptophytes), dwarf shrubs chamaephytes as well as young shrubs or tree seedlings.
• In forests, early flowering plants appear first before the canopy fills out.
• thereafter, the amount of light available to plants is significantly reduced and only those that are suited to such conditions can thrive there.
• By contrast, grassland consists of only moss and herb layers. Sometimes, a shrub layer builds up in grasslands as part of a process of spontaneous reforestation (ecological succession).

Key Points

Dominant trees:

• These crowns extend above the general level of the canopy.
• They receive full light from above and some light from the sides.
• Generally, they have the largest, fullest crowns in the stand.

Codominant trees:

• These crowns make up the general level of the canopy.
• They receive full light from above, but little or no light from the sides.
• Generally, they are shorter than the dominant trees.

Ground Layer:

• One of several possible layers of vegetation in a woodland or forest consists of the bryophytes, lichens, and fungi living in the litter and decomposing organic matter on the forest floor.

Additional Information

• Intermediate trees These crowns occupy a subordinate position in the canopy. They receive some direct light from above, but no direct light from the sides. Crowns are generally narrow and/or one-sided, and shorter than the dominant and codominant trees.
• Suppressed Trees  These crowns are below the general level of the canopy. They received no direct light.  Crowns are generally short, sparse, and narrow.

The correct answer is Fishes.

Key PointsRenewable resource

• A renewable resource is one that can be used repeatedly and does not run out because it is naturally replaced.
• Examples of renewable resources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energy.
• Renewable energy takes various forms, including one of the best-known examples: solar power.
• It is the power that is derived from the sun, whose energy will not be exhausted in our lifetimes.
• Alternatively, a non-renewable energy source like oil takes millions of years to form and once it’s all dug up, we won’t have any more of it for millions of years.
• The demand for renewable resources is increasing as the human population continues to grow.

Renewable resources are:

• Their supply replenishes naturally or can be sustained.
• The sunlight used in solar energy and the wind used to power wind turbines replenishes themselves.
• Timber reserves can be sustained through replanting.
• Energy from renewable resources puts less strain on the limited supply of fossil fuels, which are considered nonrenewable resources.
• Using renewable resources on a large scale is costly, and more research is needed for their use to be cost-effective.

Additional InformationNon-renewable resource

• A non-renewable resource is a natural substance that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed.
• It is a finite resource. Fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal are examples of non-renewable resources.
• Humans constantly draw on the reserves of these substances while the formation of new supplies takes eons.
• A nonrenewable resource is a substance that is being used up more quickly than it can replace itself.
• By definition, the supply of a nonrenewable resource is finite.
• Most fossil fuels, minerals, and metal ores are nonrenewable resources.
• Renewable resources such as solar and wind power and water are unlimited in supply.

​Correct Answer: G.K. Gilbert.

Key Points

• G.K. Gilbert attributed the formation of pediments to lateral erosion by streams.
• Later on S. Paige (1912), Eliot Black-welder (1932), Berkey, Morris, etc. also advocated for lateral erosion by streams as a powerful mechanism of Pediment formation.
• The scientific origins of Gilbert's geomorphic model are explored, and the distinctive character of that model is compared with that rival model of W. M. Davis, with special importance being given to the role of negative feedback Gilbert.
• The early development of Gilbert's ideas (1871, 1875a, 1876) is treated culminating in a detailed analysis of his classic work on the Henry Mountains (1877).
• The inner zone represents the mountain front where down-cutting (vertical erosion) by a stream is the most active. this zone is thus a zone of degradation.
• The outer zone represents the lower segment which extends up to the margin of the intermontane basin (playa).
• In fact, this zone is characterized by deposition to form bajada. This zone, thus, is the zone of aggradation.
• The lateral planation theory of pediment formation was proposed by Gilbert. Pediments are highly evident in dry climates. It is essential to know that it has led to an extremely dry climate mechanism.

Additional Information

• A pediment is a gently sloping erosion surface or plain of low relief formed by running water in an arid or semiarid region at the base of a receding mountain front. A pediment is underlain by bedrock that is typically covered by a thin, discontinuous veneer of soil and alluvium derived from upland areas. Pediments are erosional surfaces. A pediment develops when sheets of running water (sheet floods) wash over it in intense rainfall events. It may be thinly covered with fluvial gravel that has washed over it from the foot of mountains produced by cliff retreat erosion.​

Correct Answer: P. Gould, R. White, and Lynch.

Key Points

• P.Gould, R. White, and Lynch developed the concept of the Mental Map.
• Mental maps are a mix of objective knowledge and subjective perceptions: precise knowledge about the location of geographic features as well as impressions of places, rough estimates of size and location, and a general sense of the connections between places.
• Mental maps are the internal images we create to reflect spatial arrangements and their meanings in our world. They are formed as we get to know more about what's around us, both near and far, small or big. These mental maps help us to navigate around, organize information to recall later, and create meaning.
• Mental maps based on assumptions or conjecture can significantly impact human interaction. Perceptions of where a country or region begins and ends, for example, can influence country-to-country negotiations. The ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel and Russia and Ukraine exemplifies this.

Correct Answer: Rossby

Key Points

• Cold-air-runoff winds that are produced by air the n contact with terrain surfaces are cooled and flow downslope and/or down the valley. This generic term is often used to indicate aggregate downslope (katabatic) and down valley flows, when it is difficult to distinguish between the two.
• This generic term is often used to indicate aggregate downslope (katabatic) and down valley flows, when it is difficult to distinguish between the two. This happens frequently in basins, at the upper end of valleys, in complicated topography where the downslope and down valley directions are not perpendicular, and in simple valleys when the weaker and shallower downslope flows are masked or overwhelmed by the stronger down-valley flow. Over even gently sloping topography, drainage winds also refer to gravity winds that drain cold air into frost hollows, river valleys, and another lower-lying terrain.
• Bora, Mistral, and Santa Ana all are downslope wind but Rossby wind over sky wind.

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Additional Information

• Bora was originally defined as a very strong cold wind that blows from the northeast onto the Adriatic region of Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia.
• The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry downslope winds that originate inland and affect coastal Southern California and northern Baja California. They originate from cool, dry high-pressure air masses in the Great Basin.
• The mistral is a strong, cold, northwesterly wind that blows from southern France into the Gulf of Lion in the northern Mediterranean.

Correct Answer: Friedmann.

Key Points

• This model was developed in 1963 by John Friedmann.

It is a model of the spatial organization of human activity based upon the equal distribution of power in the economy and society

• Milton Friedman was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history, and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy.
• National development is the capacity of the country to raise the standard of living of its residents. It can be achieved by providing individuals with basic livelihood requirements and supplying them with employment, etc. Development is a process that creates growth and brings progress and positive change.
• Spatial organization is the way a group or phenomenon is arranged on the surface of the Earth. Geographers like to split things into functional regions, or areas defined by business and economic activities around a focal point or node.

Correct Answer: South East Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Japan.

Key Points

• Large Buddhist populations live in North Korea, Nepal, India, and South Korea. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million, or 18.2% of its total population. They are mostly followers of the Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions.
• Most of the rest of the world's Buddhists live in East and South Asia, including 13% in Thailand (where 93% of the population is Buddhist) and 9% in Japan (35% Buddhist). Only about 1.4% of the world's Buddhists live in countries outside of Asia. Buddhism in Asia is a matter of both identity and practice.
• The Buddhists in the North-East represent 1.01% of the total population of the region. Within the region, there are state-wise variations in the proportions of people pursuing different religions.
• The majority of the people in Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Nagaland are Christians and there are many people in Arunachal Pradesh who still practice the traditional tribal religion.

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Additional Information​

• Buddhism, a major world religion, was founded in northeastern India and based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha, or Enlightened One. See Buddha.
• Buddhism today is divided into two major branches known to their respective followers as Theravada, the Way of the Elders, and Mahayana, the Great Vehicle. Followers of Mahayana refer to Theravada using the derogatory term Hinayana, the Lesser Vehicle.
• Originating as a monastic movement within the dominant Brahman tradition of the day, Buddhism quickly developed in a distinctive direction. The Buddha not only rejected significant aspects of Hindu philosophy, but also challenged the authority of the priesthood, denied the validity of the Vedic scriptures, and rejected the sacrificial cult based on them. Moreover, he opened his movement to members of all castes, denying that a person's spiritual worth is a matter of birth

Correct Answer: Statement I is false but Statement Ii is true.

Key Points

Statement I: Highest Source of Marine Population is Shipping.

• Eighty percent of pollution to the marine environment comes from the land.
• One of the biggest sources is called nonpoint source pollution, which occurs as a result of runoff.
• Nonpoint source pollution includes many small sources, like septic tanks, cars, trucks, and boats, plus larger sources, such as farms, ranches, and forest areas.
• Millions of motor vehicle engines drop small amounts of oil each day onto roads and parking lots.
• Much of this, too, makes its way to the sea.
• Most ocean pollution begins on land.
• Marine trash encompasses all manufactured products—most of the plastic—that end up in the ocean.
• Littering, storm winds, and poor waste management all contribute to the accumulation of this debris, 80 percent of which comes from sources on land.
• Common types of marine debris include various plastic items like shopping bags and beverage bottles, cigarette butts, bottle caps, food wrappers, and fishing gear.
• Plastic waste is particularly problematic as a pollutant because it is so long-lasting.
• Plastic items can take hundreds of years to decompose.

Hence, the statement I is false.

Statement II: South-East Asia has the highest percentage of endangered coral reefs by marine pollution.

• The heavy reliance on marine resources across Southeast Asia has resulted in the overexploitation and degradation of many coral reefs, particularly those near major population centers.
• The main threats include overfishing, destructive fishing practices, sedimentation, and pollution from land-based sources.
• Human activities now threaten an estimated 88 percent of Southeast Asia’s coral reefs, jeopardizing their biological and economic value to society.
• For 50 percent of these reefs, the level of threat is “high” or “very high.” Only 12 percent of reefs are at low risk.

​Hence, statement II is true.

Therefore, the statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Correct Answer: (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I).

Key Points

Hence, the correct matching is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I).

Correct Answer: ​Development of technology leading to increasing food production.

Key Points

• The Malthusian Theory of Population involves arithmetic food supply growth and exponential population growth.
• This theory was first published in 1798 in Thomas Robert Malthus’s piece, "An Essay on the Principle of Population".
• Malthus believed that the population could be controlled in order to balance the food supply through positive checks and preventative checks.
• These checks led to the Malthusian catastrophe.
• According to Thomas Malthus, populations grow in geometric progression.
• A geometric progression refers to a number sequence in which each term following the first can be found by multiplying the previous one with a common ratio, which is a fixed, non-zero number. For instance, in sequences 2, 6, 18, 54, and 162, the common ratio is 3.
• Malthus also stated that food production increases through arithmetic progression, which is a number sequence with a constant difference between consecutive terms. For example, in sequences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, the constant difference is 2.
• Malthus derived this conclusion from the Law of Diminishing Returns.
• Since the population grows through geometric progression and the food production increases through arithmetic progression, we can conclude that the population will grow more quickly than the food supply. This will result in a food shortage.
• Malthus argued that since the population will be larger than the food supply, many people would then die due to the shortage of food.
• He theorized that this correction would function through Positive (or Natural) Checks and Preventative Checks.
• These checks resulted in the Malthusian catastrophe, bringing the population down to a sustainable level
• Malthus believed the imbalance between population growth and food supply would be corrected by natural forces, such as earthquakes and floods. He also believed the imbalance would be corrected by human actions like wars and famines.

Hence, the statement development of technology leading to increasing food production is not considered by Malthus while stating Malthusian theory of population growth.

Correct Answer: Saul Cohen.

Saul Bernard Cohen was an American human geographer. Cohen graduated from Harvard University just before the faculty closed its Department of Geography. He was President Emeritus of the Queens College and was Professor of Geography at the Hunter College in New York.

Key Point

• Geostrategy is the geographic direction of a state's foreign policy.
• More precisely, geostrategy describes where a state concentrates its efforts by projecting military power and directing diplomatic activity.
• A functionally interrelated part of the Earth's surface combines a number of countries.
• US political geographer Saul B. Cohen identified two such regions in 1973 a 'trade-dependent maritime world' (surrounding the oceans) and a Eurasian continental world centered on the USSR and China. ​
• Soul Cohen wrote geography and politics in a World Divided.
• Cohen divides the world into two geostrategic regions viz, trade-dependent maritime region, which is interior in directions along with 10 geopolitical regions.

Additional Information

• Rudolf Kjellén was a Swedish political scientist and student of Friedrich Ratzel. He first coined the term "geopolitics." His writings would play a decisive role in influencing General Karl Haushofer's geopolitik, and indirectly the future Nazi foreign policy and its use spread throughout Europe in the period between World Wars I and II (1918–39) and came into worldwide use during the latter.
• While geopolitics is ostensibly neutral examining the geographic and political features of different regions, especially the impact of geography on politics geostrategy involves comprehensive planning, assigning means for achieving national goals, or securing assets of military or political significance.

Correct Answer: (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Key Points

Additional Information 

• ​A low-pressure system has lower pressure at its center than in the areas around it. Winds blow towards the low pressure, and the air rises in the atmosphere where they meet. As the air rises, the water vapor within it condenses, forming clouds and often precipitation.
• A  cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and/or squalls.