UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 4th Jan 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The square of opposition is a diagram used in categorical logic to depict the logical relationship that exists between particular propositions based on their form.

Key Points Rule of Square of Opposition

Additional Information

Therefore, A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III are correct matching.

The argument of analogy is perceived similarities are utilized as a foundation for inferring a yet-to-be-observed similarity.

Key Points

• To argue by analogy is claiming that because two things are comparable, what is true for one is also true for the other.
• For example, there might be life on Europa because it has an atmosphere that contains oxygen just like the Earth.
• These arguments can be strongly predictive.
• It is an inductive type of argument
• Sometimes analogical reasoning is the only available form of justification for a hypothesis.
• An analogies argument allows us to make demonstrative inferences.
• It is not intended to be mathematically certain.
• An analogical argument is just to persuade people to take an idea seriously.

Therefore, B, C, and E only statements are correct with reference to the argument by analogy.

Additional Information

Evaluating analogical arguments in the following ways:

The Correct answer is: B, C and D only

Key Points

• A. Thermal contraction of ocean water:
• This statement is incorrect.
• Sea level rise is associated with thermal expansion, not thermal contraction.
• When ocean water warms due to global temperature rise, it expands, increasing sea level.
• Thermal contraction would occur if ocean temperatures decreased, which would instead lower sea levels.
• Hence, thermal contraction does not contribute to sea level rise.
• B. Melting of glaciers and small ice caps:
• This statement is correct.
• Glaciers and small ice caps store large quantities of freshwater on land.
• Rising global temperatures cause these glaciers to melt, adding water directly to the oceans.
• This process has been one of the major contributors to sea level rise over the past century.
• C. Thinning of the Greenland ice sheet:
• This statement is correct.
• The Greenland ice sheet has been losing mass due to increased surface melting and ice discharge into the ocean.
• As land-based ice melts and flows into the sea, it directly contributes to rising global sea levels.
• This factor has become increasingly significant in recent decades.
• D. Changes in terrestrial water storage:
• This statement is correct.
• Terrestrial water storage includes groundwater, lakes, reservoirs, and soil moisture.
• Human activities such as excessive groundwater extraction and dam construction alter natural water storage patterns.
• When groundwater is extracted and eventually flows into oceans, it leads to an increase in sea level.

Additional Information

• Major Causes of Sea Level Rise:
• Global sea level rise is primarily driven by thermal expansion of seawater and melting of land-based ice.
• Ice melt from glaciers and ice sheets contributes more significantly than melting sea ice, which does not raise sea level.
• Role of Climate Change:
• Anthropogenic climate change has accelerated ice loss and ocean warming.
• These changes have intensified sea level rise, especially since the mid-20^th century.
• Impacts of Sea Level Rise:
• Rising sea levels increase the risk of coastal flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion.
• Low-lying coastal regions and island nations are particularly vulnerable.

Advaitins is a Hindu sādhanā or spiritual discipline and experience based on textual exegesis.

Key Points

• In both the Pura- Mimamsa and the Uttara Mimamsa (the Advita Vedanat), the concept of arthapatti has been used as a criterion of knowledge.
• Arthapatti is a Sanskrit word that means implication or presumption.
• The process of gaining information from a collection of conditions.
• It's similar to the concept of circumstantial inference in modern reasoning.
• Getting at the information usually necessitates observation of facts and postulation based on such facts.
• For example, observing someone’s weight and eating patterns, and postulating about their dietary habits.

Therefore, Arthapaatti pramanas is an unperceived fact is supposed in order to resolve an apparent contradiction in the presented phenomenon.

Additional Information

• Pramana is a valid means of knowledge. Knowledge can be Valid or Non-Valid, Valid Knowledge is called prama and Non-Valid Knowledge is known as aprama.
• Six pramanas of Indian logic:

Calculation:

Statement A:

Traditional Method:

Let the two integers be a and b.

It is given that the product of two integers is 500 and their difference is 5, so equation will be

⇒ a × b = 500 ............(i)

⇒ a - b = 5 .................(ii)

We know that

(a + b)² = (a - b)² + 4ab

⇒ (a + b)2 = (5)2 + 4 × 500

⇒ (a + b)2 = 25 + 2000

⇒ (a + b)2 = 2025 = 45²

⇒ (a + b) = 45 .............(iii)

On solving equation (i) and (iii) we get,

a = 25 and b = 20

Alternate MethodWe can also find the two integers by assuming such two numbers whose product is 500 and difference is 5.

⇒ 500 = 5 × 100        (100 - 5 ≠ 5)

⇒ 500 = 50 × 10        (50 - 10 ≠ 5)

⇒ 500 = 25 × 20        (25 - 20 = 5)

Hence, the numbers are 25 and 20

Statement A is correct.

Statement B:

By Prime Factorization method, the HCF of 108, 288 and 360 is

⇒ 108 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3

⇒ 288 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

⇒ 360 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5

Here, common prime factors of 108, 288 and 360 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36

Statement B is incorrect.

Statement C:

Least Common Multiple(LCM) = The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their LCM.

Let a and b are two integers, then their LCM is,

LCM(a, b) = (a × b)/HCF of a and b.

Statement C is correct.

∴ Only statement A and C are correct.

Vedic education's fundamental goal was to improve physical, moral, spiritual, and intellectual powers, as well as to obtain salvation.

Key Points Assertion A: The aim of education in ancient India was not just the acquisition of knowledge but preparation for life in this world beyond schooling. 

• The Seven main aims of education in ancient India are mentioned below: 
• Inculcating Religiousness and Piety
• Formation of Character
• The personality of Each was Respected
• Development of Personality
• Emphasis on Social and civic Duties
• Preservation and Spreading Cultural Heritage
• Ensuring Social efficiency and Happiness

Therefore, Assertion A is correct.

Reason R: Ancient Indian education laid emphasis on complete realization and liberation of self.

• Much focus was placed on attention, concentration, and yoga in the realm of salvation.
• The goal was to use these approaches to elevate oneself beyond everything else.
• During their academic careers, students were required to undertake religious rites (vratas), as well as offer regular prayers twice a day, and other activities that aided in instilling a feeling of spirituality.

Hence, the Reason is correct.

Therefore, Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

Additional Information

• Our ancient education began with the Rigveda with the goal of growing students not only in the outer body but also in the inner body.
• In Ancient Schooling where Students were taught ethics such as humility, truthfulness, discipline, self-reliance, and respect.
• Education was largely given in ashrams, gurukuls, temples, and private homes. Students were occasionally taught by temple pujaris.

Given:

5, 16, 51, 158, ?

Calculation:

⇒ 5 × 3 + 1 = 16

⇒ 16 × 3 + 3 = 51

⇒ 51 × 3 + 5 = 158

⇒ 158 × 3 + 7 = 481

∴ The value of ? is 481.

Google Meet is designed to allow individuals to join a virtual meeting with each other from any location with an internet connection.

Go to meet.google.com⇒ Click use a meeting code⇒ Enter code and click continue⇒ Click ASK to join⇒ When someone in the meeting gives you access you will join it.

Key Points

Steps to join the Google meet are mentioned below:

1. Go to google.com/meet or open the app on iOS or Android.
2. To begin a new meeting, click Start new meeting or enter your meeting code.
3. Select the Google account that you'd like to use.
4. Select the option to join the meeting. You'll also be able to invite others to your meeting.

Therefore, D, C, A, B, E is the correct sequence. 

Additional Information

• ​It's designed for businesses and other organizations to utilize.
• A Google Meet organizer can share whatever is on their screen with everyone on the call.
• User can switch off their own audio and video feed at any time, allowing them to participate in their own way.

Generalization is widely recognized as a quality criterion. It is an act of thinking that involves drawing broad inferences from specific observations.

Key Points

Assertion A: Generalisation of a finding is possible only in quantitative studies. 

• Generalization is an important aspect of the scientific method. In an ideal world, you would sample the entire population to test a theory.
• In an environment where evidence for enhancing practice is valued highly, both qualitative and quantitative researchers pay close attention to generalization in connection to knowledge claims.
• Many qualitative research leaders have come to appreciate the need of addressing generalization in order to guarantee that qualitative research findings are recognized as important sources of evidence for practice.

Hence, Assertion A is true.

Reason R: Quantitative studies make use of deductive reasoning.

• Quantitative research is the process of collecting and interpreting numerical data.
• It can be used to look for patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal linkages, and extrapolate results to larger groups.
• Quantitative studies are associated with the deductive approach for theory development.

So, the Reason is true but does not explain the assertion.

Therefore, Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Additional Information

• Quantitative research deals with standardized data gathering and generalizing conclusions.
• Quantitative approaches allow researchers to measure variables and test hypotheses in a systematic way.
• Quantitative research methodologies are used for descriptive, correlational, or experimental research.

Solar ponds are large-scale energy collectors with built-in heat storage that can be used to supply thermal energy.

Key Points

• A saline lake is used as a solar energy collector which acts as a flat plate collector that receives and stores solar energy in the warm.
• A salt-concentration gradient in the water allows solar ponds to perform successfully as solar energy collectors.
• Water that is severely salinated collects in the pond's bottom with concentration decreasing as it approaches the surface which is converted into cold, fresh water on the pond.
• The storage zone is a collection of saline water at the lake's bottom, whereas the freshwater top layer is known as the surface zone.
• Attempts to prevent heat loss from water with the use of salt, whose concentration rises with depth.

Therefore, The main concept behind solar ponds to store solar energy is Fixed salt gradient from surface to bottom in the pond

 

Additional Information

• The use of these ponds has the advantage of having a big thermal mass.
• The efficiency of solar-to-electricity conversion is often less than 2%.
• To keep the appropriate salt concentrations throughout the pond, a lot of freshwaters is needed.

Quality questioning is more than just asking a good question. It is a research-based approach that encourages students to think critically and actively listen.

Important PointsAssertion A: Quality questions promote deep learning.

• The most crucial aspect of the classroom is the relationship between the teacher and the students.
• Questions are critical in assisting learners in acquiring basic skills or better knowledge to solve problems, as well as engaging in higher-order thinking such as appraisal.
• Questions can be asked by both students and teachers, and they are important tools for both teaching and learning.
• Therefore, quality questions asked by the student to the teacher show that the student has clearly understood the topic and the student has clearly understood the topic that promotes deep learning.

Hence, this statement is correct.

Reason R: The quality of questions asked determines a teacher's level of success with a lesson.

• The quality of questions asked by the student determines that the teacher has successfully made the student understand the topic and the student is asking questions that are relevant to the topic taught.
• Quality questioning is more than asking a good question; it is a research-based practice that facilitates high-level thinking and engages students in active listening.

Hence, the reason is also correct, but not an explanation of the assertion.

Therefore, both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 (DMA 2005) was passed by the Indian government to provide effective disaster management and other related problems.

Key Points

• It came into force in January 2006.
• Section 2 (d) of the DM Act define A disaster as a catastrophe, mishap, tragedy, or grave event in any place, emanating from natural or man-made causes.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs is designated as the nodal ministry for overall national disaster management in the Act.
• At the national level, four key entities have been established:
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
• National Executive Committee (NEC)
• National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

​Therefore, Disaster Management Act came into existence in 2005.

Additional Information

• The Act depicts every disaster as a one-time event, utterly ignoring the fact that disasters can often be gradual in nature.
• The Act mandates for the creation of various national level bodies, many of whose functions appear to overlap, making cooperation difficult.

Key Points

• Vocational education is education that prepares people to work as technicians or as tradespeople or artisans in a skilled craft or trade.
• Career and technical education are two terms used to describe vocational education.
• The learning of necessary occupational and technical abilities, as well as their application in solving actual problems, is what vocational education is all about.
• Technical education is another name for vocational education. It is a significant method of providing people with entrepreneurial abilities.
• Vocational training in India historically has been a subject handled by the Ministry of Labour, other central ministries, and various state-level organizations.
• The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship was established by India's new government in November 2014.

The main reason for low enrollment in vocational education courses in India is the wrong perception of vocational education among students and parents.

Additional InformationThe lack of strong academic content, insufficient funding, and bad perceptions regarding vocational education courses are the key causes for the disconnect between the vocational courses and the industry.

Calculation:

The data given below in the table is multiplied by hundred for easy calculation.

 

Number of boys in School A during 2016-2020 = 3830

Number of boys in School B during 2016-2020 = 3390

Required difference = Number of boys in School A - Number of boys in School B

⇒ 3830 - 3390 = 440 

∴The difference between the number of boys in School A and School B during 2016-2020 is 440.

Calculation:

The data given below in the table is multiplied by hundred for easy calculation.

 

Number of girl students in School A = 4050

Number of girl students in School B = 2620

Number of girl students in School C = 2510

Number of girl students in School D = 3030

∴ The lowest number of girl students enrolled during 2016-2020 is in School C.

Calculation:

The data given below in the table is multiplied by hundred for easy calculation.

 

Percentage increase in total student enrollment (both boys and girls) from 2019 to 2020:

In School A

Total students in 2019 = 650 + 1070 = 1720

Total students in 2020 = 950 + 1190 = 2140

Percentage increase from 2019 to 2020 = [(2140 - 1720)/1720] × 100

⇒ (420/1720) × 100 = 24.41%

In School B 

Total students in 2019 = 740 + 650 = 1390

Total students in 2020 = 860 + 690 = 1550

Percentage increase from 2019 to 2020 = [(1550 - 1390)/1390] × 100

⇒ (160/1390) × 100 = 11.51%

In School C

Total students in 2019 = 630 + 430 = 1060

Total students in 2020 = 760 + 540 = 1300

Percentage increase from 2019 to 2020 = [(1300 - 1060)/1060] × 100

⇒ (240/1060) × 100 = 22.64%

In School D

Total students in 2019 = 650 + 680 = 1330

Total students in 2020 = 790 + 760 = 1550

Percentage increase from 2019 to 2020 = [(1550 - 1330)/1330] × 100

⇒ (220/1330) × 100 = 16.54%

∴ The minimum percentage increase in total student enrollment (both boys and girls) from 2019 to 2020 is in School B.

Calculation:

 

Number of girls enrolled during 2016 = 4.7 + 4.2 + 3.5 + 7.7 = 20.1

Number of girls enrolled during 2017 = 5.3 + 3.3 + 5.5 + 4.7 = 18.8

Number of girls enrolled during 2018 = 7.9 + 5.3 + 6.4 + 3.5 = 23.1

Number of girls enrolled during 2019 = 10.7 + 6.5 + 4.3 + 6.8 = 28.3

∴ Year 2017 has the minimum number of girls enrolled during 2016-2019.

Calculation:

The data given below in the table is multiplied by hundred for easy calculation.

 

Number of boys enrolled during 2016-2020 in School A = 3830

Number of boys enrolled during 2016-2020 in School B = 3390

Number of boys enrolled during 2016-2020 in School C = 2980

Number of boys enrolled during 2016-2020 in School D = 3240

∴ School A has the maximum number of boys enrolled during 2016-2020.

Key Points

 Let a be the initial salary.

Given that it is increased by 20%.

Hence, increase in the salary =\(20/100×a=a/5\)

∴  Total salary after the increment \(=a+6/5=6a/5\)

Let x% be the decrease in salary such that it cancels out a 20% increase.

\(6a/5(1-x/100)=a\)

\(1-x/100=5/6\)

\(x=50/3%\)

\(x=16\frac{2}{3}%\)

Hence, the correct answer is \(16\frac{2}{3}%\).

Our trash, or municipal solid waste (MSW), is made up of the things we commonly use and then throw away. These materials range from packaging, food scraps, and grass clippings, to old sofas, computers, tires, and refrigerators. MSW does not include industrial, hazardous, or construction waste.

Key Points

• Municipal solid waste (MSW), is commonly known as trash or garbage.
• Generation rates for MSW vary from city to city and from season to season and have a strong correlation with levels of economic development and activity.

The correct sequence of municipal solid waste in order of their increasing abundance is E, C, D, A, B

Additional InformationWaste can be classified in several ways, but the following list represents a typical classification:

• Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (most can be recycled, although some difficult to compost plant material may be excluded[6])
• Recyclable materials: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, tin cans, aluminum cans, aluminum foil, metals, certain plastics, textiles, clothing, tires, batteries, etc.
• Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris
• Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE):  electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing machines, TVs, computers, screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc.
• Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Pack food and drink cartons, waste plastics such as toys and plastic garden furniture
• Hazardous waste includes most paints, chemicals, tires, batteries, light bulbs, electrical appliances, fluorescent lamps, aerosol spray cans, and fertilizers
• Toxic waste including pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides
• Biomedical waste expired pharmaceutical drugs, etc.

Key Points

 85% of brain development happens prior to 6 years.

• At birth, most neurons in the brain will have been present.
• By age 2, the brain is 80 % of its adult size.
• Each experience excites neural circuits. Neglect impedes brain development.
• Meaningful differences in performance between advantaged and disadvantaged kids show up as early as nine months old.
• Kids in low-income families enter preschool with a listening vocabulary of 3000 words compared to 20,000 words from middle financial gain kids.
• Intervening at an early enough age can raise I.Q.. (At age 3, kids from the most vocabulary-rich families scored approximately 25 pts. higher on I.Q. tests.)

Hence, the correct answer is 85%.

Statistical software is a specialized computer program for analysis in statistics and econometrics.

Important Points

Hence, the correct answer is A, B, D, and E only.

The correct answer is 'Single course of choice'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• You will soon be saying that the hedonist begs the question, for even supposing that man does pursue these ends, the crucial problem of why he thinks one course rather than another likely to produce pleasure, is untouched.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that the main issue when man pursues hedonistic goals is single course of choice.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A hedonist believes that pleasure is the most important thing in one's life and tries to have as much of it as possible.

The correct answer is 'Their inner perception of the world'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that the thoughts of men are decided by their inner perception of the world.

​Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information Pseudo - It refers to a thing or a person not being genuine or  having only the superficial appearance of something else.

The correct answer is 'Successful actions'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• For, if the connection between reality and human response were direct and immediate, rather than indirect and interred indecision and failure would be unknown.
• ​From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that if the connect between reality and human response is direct, it will result in successful actions.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Pursuit of self-interest'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another?
• The desire for security or prestige or domination or what is vaguely called self-realization?
• Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement mastery are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act.
• Form the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that a man's course of action is guided by pursuit of self-interest.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer. 

Additional Information

• acquisition - It refers to the act of purchasing or obtaining something.

The correct answer is 'Seeking smugness in a false world'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• But how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another? The desire for security or prestige or domination or what is vaguely called self-realization?
• Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement mastery are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act.
• But no statement of the end or any description of the tendencies to seek it, can explain the behavior which results.
• The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action. ​
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the gist of the passage is that human behaviour is dictated by seeking smugness in a false world.

Thus, option 3 is the right answer.

Key PointsEffective Communication can face multiple barriers.

Some types of communication barriers are as follows-

• **Organizational Barriers-**The Organizational Barriers refer to the hindrances in the flow of information among the employees that might result in a commercial failure of an organization.
• Physical Barriers-Physical barriers are structural obstructions in both man-made and natural environments that prevent effective communication by preventing messages from being transferred from sender to receiver.
• **Psychological Barriers-**Psychological barriers are due to the emotional character and mental limitations of human beings. These barriers result in absent-mindedness, the fear of expressing one’s ideas to others, excitement, and emotional instability—all accounting for an overwhelming number of communication problems.
• Mechanical Barriers-Mechanical communication barriers are technical sources of interference in the communication process. A mechanical barrier stems from a problem in machinery or instruments used to transmit the message

Important PointsTime is a physical/environmental barrier to communication. Different time zones of the sender and receiver not only cause a problem in communication but there is also a concept of time separation that takes place. Coordination can breakdown over as little as differences in lunchtimes and work hours across teams.

 

Therefore, the correct answer is Time.

Websites delivered to browser on search is an example of the 'Pull Technology' form of communication.

Key Points

• Pull technology is used when we type a URL into the address bar of our browser and the browser sends that request over the Internet to a server.
• Pull technology is used whenever data is transferred from a client to a server in response to a request.
• The World Wide Web's underlying backdrop includes pulling technology.
• Websites do not automatically deliver themselves to web browsers.
• They're only sent when a browser sends a request to the server for a website.
• While certain portions of the website may update automatically once the page has loaded, the client must always begin the request to load the page.
• The protocols POP3 and IMAP, which email clients use to connect to mail servers, are both pull technologies.

Every few minutes, they check in with the server and download any email messages that are awaiting delivery on the mail server. In the same way, social media sites also use Pull technology, especially while streaming online. 

Additional InformationPush technology-

• Push technology is an internet communication system in which a central web server or publisher generates the transaction request.
• Push technology is the polar opposite of pull technology, in which customers or receivers request information delivery.
• This term refers to the pre-programmed news, weather, or other selected information that is updated on a regular basis on a user's desktop interface.
• Web browsing applications make use of push technologies as well.

Hence the websites delivered to the browser on search is a correct example of Pull technology is correct.

A Network Interface Card (NIC) contains a MAC address.

Important Points

• The network interface unit (NIC) is a device (network card) that is connected to each workstation and the server, and it assists the workstation in establishing the crucial network connection.
• The node address is a unique integer that identifies each network interface unit that is attached to a workstation.
• The Terminal Access Point is another name for the NIU (TAP).
• The interface is known by several names depending on the manufacturer.
• The Network Interface Card (NIC) is another name for the NIU.
• Each NIC card is given a unique physical address by the NIC manufacturer, which is known as the Media Access Control address (MAC address).
• A MAC address is a 6-byte address in which each byte is separated by a colon, for example 10:B5:03:63:2E:FC.

Hence, the MAC address is correct.

Important PointsThe following table is showing the important information about the given things,

Therefore, the correct answer is A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2

A massive open online course (MOOC) is a model for delivering learning content online to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on attendance.

Key Points

• MOOCs are free online courses available for anyone to enroll.
• MOOCs provide an affordable and flexible way to learn new skills, advance your career and deliver quality educational experiences at scale.
• The learning content of a MOOC is created by an educational institution - universities such as Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, and other top universities.
• Examples from Europe include the universities of London, Oxford, Munich, and Zurich.T
• The operation of a MOOC (course organization, administration) is coordinated by globally active MOOC platforms (e.g. Coursera and edX)

Additional Information

• Google meet is a video communication service provided by Google.
• It supports Real-time meetings using a browser, one can share video, desktop, and presentations with teammates and customers.
• Jitsi Meet is a free and open-source video-chat tool.
• ​it is easy to use and requires little-to-no onboarding. It's also encrypted and doesn't sell data.
• it doesn't need an account and one doesn't need to download anything to start or join a meeting.
• ​Urkund is a completely automated system against plagiarism (Anti-plagiarism software) and is. being successfully used at universities and colleges all around the world.

Therefore, Coursera is a MOOC platform.

An Act to make provision for the co-ordination and determination of standards in Universities and for that purpose, to establish a University Grants Commission in 1 956

Key PointsUnder section 12 functions of the commission are

• It shall be the general duty of the Commission to take, in consultation with the Universities or other bodies concerned, all such steps as it may think fit for the promotion and coordination of University education and for the determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in Universities.

Additional Information

• Section 14 in the University Grants Commission Act,1956 describes the consequences of the failure of Universities to comply with recommendations of the Commission.
• Section 25 in the University Grants Commission Act,1956 describes the Power to make rules.
• Section 28 in the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 describes the Laying of rules and regulations before Parliament.

Therefore, section 12 of the UGC Act is concerned with the promotion and coordination of university education for the maintenance of standards of teaching examination and research.

Key Points

Hence, the correct answer is A - 4, B - 2, C - 1, D - 3

A repeater is a network device that retransmits a received signal with more power and to an extended geographical or topological network boundary than what would be capable with the original signal.

Key Points

• A repeater is implemented in computer networks to expand the coverage area of the network, repropagate a weak or broken signal, and or service remote nodes.
• Repeaters amplify the received/input signal to a higher frequency domain so that it is reusable, scalable, and available.
• Repeaters were introduced in wired data communication networks due to the limitation of a signal in propagating over a longer distance and now are a common installation in wireless networks for expanding cell size.
• Repeaters are also known as signal boosters.

Hence based on the functions of repeaters statements B and D are correct.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a key indicator of the process performance of wastewater treatment plants. The plant is said to be efficient when BOD decreases.

Key PointsBiochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified temperature.
• In a way, we think that water is the opposite of air, but the common lake or stream does contain small amounts of oxygen, in the form of dissolved oxygen.
• Although the amount of dissolved oxygen is small, up to about ten molecules of oxygen per million of water, it is a crucial component of natural water bodies; the presence of a sufficient concentration of dissolved oxygen is critical to maintaining the aquatic life and aesthetic quality of streams and lakes.
• Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at a certain temperature over a specific time period.

The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen: aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die.

Statement I: The length and breadth of a rectangle are increased by 10% and 20% respectively, then its area increases by 23%.

 Key Points

• Percentage increment in the area of rectangle=l1 + l2  + (l1 x l₂) /100
• Percentage increment in the area of rectangle=10 + 20  + (10x20) /100
• Therefore, percentage increment in the area of rectangle = 30+2 =32%

Hence statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: In 12 hours, the hour hand and the minute hand coincide 11 times.

• The hands of a clock meet once every hour but between 11:00 and 1:00'o clock, they coincide only once.
• Therefore, the hands of a clock meet 11 times in 12 hours.

Therefore, statement II is correct.

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true

The word communication has been derived from the Latin word “communis”, which means common.  Communication, therefore, refers to the sharing of ideas, facts, opinions, information, and understanding.  It is the transfer or transmission of some information and understanding from one person to another

Important PointsEffective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge, and information in such a way that the goal or intention is met to the best of one's ability. In simple terms, it is the sender's presentation of his or her points of view in the most understandable manner for the listener.

• SENDER- The source/sender is the originator of the idea of the message, it may also be known as the sender who may be individual or a group. The source conceives the idea, prepares the messages selects the channel, and decides about the receiver.
• ENCODING- In this step, messages are composed of symbols having a certain meaning for sender and receiver. Encoding is thus a translation of an already conceived idea by the sender into a message appropriate for transmission. The encoding includes the selection of mode of communication and the wording of the message.
• MESSAGE- It refers to the stimulus that the source transmits to the receiver. Messages are composed of symbols having a certain meaning to the source and the receiver.
• CHANNEL-The channel is the means through which the message travels from the source to the receiver. The channel may be mass media such as newspapers, radio, tv, etc, or interpersonal such as telephone, correspondence, etc. Selection of the channel depends upon the message to be conveyed, availability of the channel, cost of the channel, effectiveness of the channel, etc.
• DECODING-Decoding is the reverse of encoding. It means translation of symbols etc, encoded by the sender into an idea for understanding. The receiver decodes the message by changing the symbols into meaning. Understanding the message sent by the sender is the key to the decoding process. If the receiver could not decode the message to make it understandable, misunderstands it, or pretends to misunderstand it whereas he understands it well, the communication is rendered ineffective. This happens because of the perceptual difference between sender and receiver.
• RECEIVER/AUDIENCE - The next step is the receiving of the message by the receiver. The receiver must pay due attention to the message he receives. Any negligence on the part of the receiver may make the communication ineffective and the message is lost. Thus the receiver should be a good listener in the case of an oral message, however listening alone is not sufficient, he should also be willing to understand the message.
• **FEEDBACK-**Feedback refers to any response the receiver offers to the message, this could be communication or behavior.

 Therefore, the correct sequence is Sender → Encode message → Channel → Decode message → Audience → Feedback.

The number of bits in IPv6 addresses is 128 bits.

Key Points

• The Internet Protocol (IP) is a collection of rules for routing and addressing data packets so that they can transit across networks and reach their intended destination.
• Data traveling over the Internet is broken down into smaller units known as packets.
• Each packet has IP information attached to it, which helps routers send packets to the correct location.
• Every device or domain that connects to the Internet is given an IP address, and data arrives where it is needed as packets are routed to the IP address assigned to them.
• Depending on whether transport protocol is used in conjunction with IP, packets are handled differently after they arrive at their destination.
• During the year 1994, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) initiated the development of the Internet Protocol version 6 (better known as IPv6).
• IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits. As a result, compared to IPv4, IPv6 has a much larger address space.

All IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, written as 8 sections of 16 bits each. They are expressed in hexadecimal representation, so the sections range from 0 to FFFF.

Wireless Access Points (WAPs) connect traditional wired networks to wireless clients. These wireless networks provide ease of access to the network for mobile users, increasing productivity while reducing infrastructure costs.

Important PointsStatement I: WAPs are connected to the wired network at fixed locations.

• A WAP is a device that allows different types of wireless network cards to connect without cables, hence wireless, to connect to Local area networks (LANs) and access resources, including the Internet.
• A WAP plugs into a hub or switch and is the device that joins the unwired network to the wired network.
• It is simpler and easier to install WAPs to connect all the computers or devices in your network than to use wires and cables.

Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

Statement II: The WAP receives and transmits data between the two wired LANs

• WAP is used in an infrastructure wireless network design.
• Used in the infrastructure mode, the WAP receives transmissions from wireless devices within a specific range and transmits those signals to the network beyond.
• This network may be a private Ethernet network or the Internet.
• A wireless access point (WAP) is a hardware device or configured node on a local area network (LAN) that allows wireless-capable devices and wired networks to connect through a wireless standard, including Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.

Hence, Both Statement I and Statement II are false

Knowledge is the revelation of the objective world to a subject. Knowledge may be true or false or valid or invalid. 

Statement I: The aim of Naiyayikas in formulating the anumana theory is to obtain praman (right knowledge).

• Like the other systems, Nyaya is both philosophical and religious.
• Its ultimate concern is to bring an end to human suffering, which results from ignorance of reality. Liberation is brought about through the right knowledge.
• The Indian philosophy proposes various methods to verify the validity which may be termed as pramana.
• There are various sources of means of valid knowledge which include perception, inference, comparison, verbal testimony, etc.
• According to Nyaya, knowledge reveals both the subject and the object which are quite distinct from itself.
• Knowledge may be valid or invalid.
• Valid knowledge is called Prama and, is defined as the right apprehension of an object.
• Non – Valid knowledge is known as Aprama.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: The aim of Naiyayikas in formulating the anumana theory is to verify only and only formal validity.

• According to Nyāya Philosophy, the second source of valid knowledge is ‘inference’. It is also known as ‘anumāna’.
• The expression ‘anumāna’ is conjoined of two terms; ‘anu’ and ‘māna’.
• The word ‘anu’ stands for ‘after’ and ‘māna’ means ‘cognition’.
• Anumāna is such knowledge that follows from other knowledge.
• The second of the pramanas, or the five means of knowledge. Inference occupies a central place in the Hindu school of logic (Nyaya).

Hence statement II is incorrect.

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.

Key Points A categorical syllogism is an argument consisting of exactly three categorical propositions (two premises and a conclusion) in which there appear a total of exactly three categorical terms, each of which is used exactly twice.

Existential fallacy

• A formal logical fallacy is committed when a categorical syllogism employs two universal premises (“all”) to arrive at a particular (“some”) conclusion.
• In a valid categorical syllogism, if the two premises are universal, then the conclusion must be universal, as well.
• The reasoning behind this fallacy becomes clear when you use classes without any members, and the conclusion states that there are members of this class -- which is wrong.
• Logical Form:
• All X are Y.
• All Z are X.
• Therefore, some Z are Y.
• Example 
• All household pets are domestic animals.
• No unicorns are domestic animals.
• Therefore, some unicorns are not household pets.

Hence fallacy committed in the argument is the existential fallacy.

Additional Information

• The fallacy of four terms occurs in a categorical syllogism when the syllogism has four terms rather than the requisite three (in a sense, it cannot be a categorical syllogism, to begin with!)  If it takes on this form, it is invalid.
• The fallacy of Illicit Major is a formal fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is undistributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion. This fallacy has the following argument form: All A are B. No C are A.
• Illicit minor is a formal fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is undistributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. This fallacy has the following argument form: All A are B. All A are C. Therefore, all C are B.

Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.

Important Points

Statement I: Operant conditioning was discovered by Thorndike.

B .F. Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike's (1898) law of effect.

• Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences.
• He called this approach operant conditioning. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning was based on the work of Thorndike (1905).
• Edward Thorndike studied learning in animals using a puzzle box to propose the theory known as the 'Law of Effect '.

Statement II: Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov.

• Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov in 1897.
• Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.

Therefore, based on the above information Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Formula Used:

Average of 'n' positive integers is,

1 + 2 + 3 + ..................... + n = (n + 1)/2

Calculation: 

According to the question,

First 100 positive integers = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..................... + 100

Here, n = 100

Average of first 100 positive integers = (n + 1)/2

⇒ (n + 1)/2 = (100 + 1)/2 

⇒ 101/2 = 50.5

∴ The average of first 100 positive integers is 50.5

A lady is reflecting on the causes of the environmental crisis. She is considering and attempting to link varied variables to make sense of the issue. This scenario is an example of Intrapersonal communication.

Important Points Intrapersonal communication-

• Intrapersonal communication refers to how we communicate with our inner selves.
• It takes place in our heads, such as when we are solving a complex problem in our thoughts, when we are pondering what to eat for dinner, or when we are examining our thought process or beliefs.
• Intrapersonal communication can be defined as communication with one's self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory.
• This can be talking to yourself, reading aloud, writing, thinking, meditating, singing, and analyzing for instance.

Additional Information

• Didactics is based on a variety of teaching theories, as well as theory and the actual application of teaching and learning methods in a broader sense. Textbooks, YouTube "do it yourself" (DIY) videos, and "how-to" books are all instances of "didacticism," as its ultimate goal is to instruct and educate the reader.
• Interpersonal Communication-Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas, and feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods. It often includes the face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial expressions, body language, and gestures.
• Mass Communication- Mass communication (or communications) can be defined as the process of creating, sending, receiving, and analyzing messages to large audiences via verbal and written media.

Therefore. the correct answer is Intrapersonal communication.

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language.

Key Points

The four main schools of philosophies are idealism, realism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.

• Critical Realism (CR) is a branch of philosophy that distinguishes between the 'real' world and the 'observable' world. The 'real' can not be observed and exists independent from human perceptions, theories, and constructions.
• Like positivism, critical realists accept there are objective realities and agreements about those realities, but they argue that we cannot rely on positivist reasoning to understand the world.
• As such critical realism is sometimes offered as an example of post-positivist positioning or even post-post-positivism.

Additional Information

• Empiricism is the theory that human knowledge comes predominantly from experiences gathered through the five senses.
• Objectivism holds that there is no greater moral goal than achieving one's happiness. But one cannot achieve happiness by wish or whim.
• Subjectivism states that any of the various theories hold that the only valid standard of judgment is that of the individual. For example, ethical subjectivism holds that individual conscience is the only appropriate standard for moral judgment. noun.

Thus Post-positivism is related to critical realism.

Value Education, as the term is generally used, refers to a wide gamut of learning and activities ranging from tuning in physical health, mental hygiene, rule and manners, appropriate social behavior, civic rights and duties to aesthetic and even non-secular coaching. This idea is concerning the educational method that instills ethical standards to form a lot of civil and democratic societies.

Key PointsStatement I: Value development requires conscious, planned, and deliberate attempts by the school and the teachers.

• Teachers should have a healthy perspective and should possess made values.
• The four pillars of education, specifically learning to live together and learning to be, are related to positive psychology and worth.
• So, it's essential to integrate valuable attitudes ethical values, and social skills into the teaching and learning method in school and to make it a part of the total syllabus.

Hence, this statement is correct.

Statement II: Values needed for sustainable development cannot be taught in a school setting.

• Education for sustainable development is also needed by the youth.
• The two main recommendations of the National seminar on environmental higher education held at New Delhi from Julv30th -31" 1981.
• The environment is indivisible. It has no geographical or ideological frontiers and further it is common to all living organisms-man, animals, and plants.
• There is no purely scientific-technological solution to environmental problems and pollution.
• A human (or moral) dimension is an essential component to all such solutions.
• It was also recommended that environmental education should lead to the development of ecological ethics, i.e. a change in attitude towards man, society, and nature.

Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Therefore, the correct answer is Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

Key Points

• Ethnography is a type of qualitative research that involves immersing yourself in a very specific community or organization to observe their behavior and interactions up shut.
• The word “ethnography” additionally refers to the written report of the research that the ethnographer produces afterward.
• It is a qualitative research technique predicated on the diversity of culture at home (wherever that may be) and abroad.
• Ethnography is the primary method of social and cultural anthropology, however, it's integral to the social sciences and humanities generally, and attracts its ways from social anthropology quarters, together with the natural sciences.

Hence, the correct answer is a research method where the researcher immerses himself/herself in a social setting for an extended period of time for providing an account of a particular culture, society, or community.

The advance Organizer Model is given by David Ausubel who is one of the educational psychologists.

 Key PointsThis theory of meaningful verbal learning deals with three concerns:-

• How knowledge (curriculum content) is organized;
• How the mind works to process new information (learning)
• How a teachers can apply these ideas about curriculum and learning when they present new material to students (instruction). This model is designed to strengthen students’ cognitive structure.

The Advance Organizer Model has three phases of activity.

1. Phase one is the presentation of the advance organizer
2. Phase two is the presentation of the learning task or learning material
3. Phase three is the strengthening of cognitive organization. Phase three tests the relationship of the learning material to existing ideas to bring about an active learning process.

Hence according to the above information statements B, D, and E only are correct.

Key PointsStatement I: Type I Error refers to the decision to reject the null hypothesis when it is incorrect.

• A type 1 error is also known as a false positive and occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population;
• A type I error occurs during hypothesis testing when a null hypothesis is rejected, even though it is accurate and should not be rejected.
• The null hypothesis assumes no cause and effect relationship between the tested item and the stimuli applied during the test.
• A type I error is "false positive" leading to an incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis.

Hence, this statement is not correct.

Statement II: Sampling error occurs due to the violation of the principle of random sampling.

• A sampling error happens when the sample utilized in the study isn't representative of the full population.
• Sampling errors usually occur, and thus, researchers invariably calculate a margin of error during final results as a statistical practice.
• The principle of simple sampling is that each set of things has an identical probability of being chosen.

Hence, this statement is not correct.