UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 5th Jan 2022 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more of the following hazardous traits: Ignitability.

Key PointsCharacteristics of Hazardous Waste:

The EPA breaks down hazardous wastes into four characteristics:

• Ignitability – something flammable
• Corrosivity – something that can rust or decompose
• Reactivity – something explosive
• Toxicity – something poisonous

Important Points

• Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment.
• Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges.
• They can be by-products of manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides.
• Hazardous wastes are wastes that appear on one of the four hazardous wastes lists or exhibit at least one of the following four characteristics; ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.

Thus, the presence of ignitability, corrosivity, and reactivity makes waste hazardous. So, (B), (C), and (E) only correct options.

In the theory of logic, the term Nyaya also refers to an argument consisting of an enthymeme or sometimes for any syllogism. It professes that there are four independent pramānas (sources of valid knowledge). 

Important Points  Nyaya Syllogism:

There are five main members in the Nyaya Syllogism:

• 1. Pratigya- It refers to the logical statement that needs to be proved.
• 2. Hetu- This refers to the reason for the establishment of the above pratigya or proposition.
• 3. Udaharana- It gives universal acceptance along with an example.
• 4. Upanaya- The application of the universal acceptance to the present proposal.
• 5. Nigamana- The conclusion is finally drawn from the preceding propositions.

Key Points

Nyaya philosophy supports five propositions. These can be discussed based on the light of the statement the hill is fiery because it is smoky.

• Inference for others consists of five constituents.

1. This hill has fire (Pratijnā)
2. Because there is smoke (Hetu)
3. Wherever there is smoke, there is fire (Udāharana)
4. This hill has smoke (Upamāna)
5. Therefore, this hill has fire (Nigamāna)

Hence, the correct steps of the syllogistic argument according to Nya̅ya are (A), (D), (E), (B), (C).

Calculation:

Negative samples from hospital W(A Negative + B Negative) = 150 + 100 = 250

Negative samples from hospital X(A Negative + B Negative) = 50 + 50 = 100

Negative samples from hospital Y(A Negative + B Negative) = 150 + 50 = 200

Negative samples from hospital Z(A Negative + B Negative) = 50 + 150 = 200

∴ Hospital which reported highest negative blood group is W.

Calculation:

Total reported blood group = A Positive + B Positive + A Negative + B Negative

⇒ 900 + 850 + 400 + 400 + 350 = 2500

Total blood samples collected by hospitals = W + X + Y + Z 

⇒ 1000 + 500 + 1000 + 500 = 3000

Required percentage = [Total reported blood group/Total number of blood samples collected] × 100

⇒ (2500/3000) × 100 = 83.33%

∴ Required percentage is 83.33%

Calculation:

Total number of B Positive cases = 350 + 100 + 300 + 100 = 850

Total positive samples = (A Positive + B Positive) = 900 + 850 = 1750

Required percentage = [Total number of B Positive  cases/Total number of blood samples collected] × 100

⇒ (850/1750) × 100 = 48.57%

∴ Required percentage is 48.57%

Calculation:

Total number of A Negative cases = 150 + 50 + 150 + 50 = 400

Total number of blood samples collected = 1000 + 500 + 1000 + 500 = 3000

Required percentage = [Total number of A Negative cases/Total number of blood samples collected] × 100

⇒ (400/3000) × 100 = 13.33%

∴ Required percentage is 13.33%

Calculation:

Number of A-Positive cases = 300 + 150 + 350 + 100 = 900

Number of A-Negative cases = 150+ 50 + 150 + 50 = 400

Required ratio = 900 : 400 = 9 : 4

∴ The ratio of A-positive cases to A-Negative cases is 9 : 4

The history of the University of Calcutta began in 1857; it is the oldest of the modern universities in India.

Key Points Statement I-  Modern Universities in India were established first during the colonial period.

• In the Colonial period of India, many universities had been established.
• It was during the British Colonial period most of the oldest universities were established.
• Initially, the Britishers established two schools in India, A madrasa in Calcutta and a Sanskrit school in Varanasi.
• After that many schools, colleges and universities were established in the country to increase the awareness of the people.
• Three of the oldest universities- the Senate of Serampore College, the University of Calcutta, and the University of Mumbai were established during British rule.

Statement-II-The British government was genuinely interested in expanding the institutions of higher education in India.

• The company wanted some educated Indians who could assist them in the administration of the land.
• Also, they wanted to understand the local customs and laws well.
• For this purpose, Warren Hastings established the Calcutta Madrassa in 1781 for the teaching of Muslim law.
• In 1791, a Sanskrit College was started in Varanasi by Jonathan Duncan for the study of Hindu philosophy and laws.

Hence, the correct answer is a statement I is correct and Statement II is incorrect.

Most of us practice the “golden rule” of communication, meaning we communicate with others the way we want to be communicated with. If we practice the “platinum rule” of communication — communicating with others the way they want to be communicated with — our chances of success increase exponentially.

Key PointsRules to be followed by communicators:

• Be warm and attentive
• People have an instinctive feel for who wants to listen and who doesn't. You may have noticed that most people don't really talk to but at each other.
• To actually listen to someone is a rare and precious gift.
• Do not underestimate its power.
• Showing that the person is being heard
• Communication is a dynamic, interactive process.
• Unless you show that you are listening, people will lose confidence in whatever it is they are saying, think you're not interested, and grind to a halt.
• You'll miss out on all the really critical or juicy bits that people only reveal once they are in their comfort zone.
• Check to understand
• Show that you are on the same wavelength, that you are really 'getting' what is being said and even, often, what is not being said but trying to be said.
• Engage with the material, ask questions, provide feedback, empathize with emotions.
• Being slow to pass judgement
• The best way to stop someone from self-disclosing is to be or even just appear to be passing judgment on them.
• Sometimes it's important to disagree with something or another, and some people might appreciate you for doing so.
• But even then, there are ways of doing it, such as asking a question or making a joke.
• Use silence appropriately
• Conversations that don't use silence are hard work, and endless talk is rarely the best response, a form of attack or defense rather than cooperation.
• Some things are so subtle or important or shocking that the most appropriate response can only be an appreciative or understanding silence.
• Silence also shows acceptance and creates intimacy.

From the above discussion, we can conclude that a good communicator cannot be aloof or take sides. It is important to be heard, understood, and appreciated.

Key Points Narrative Review- narrative Review refers to the research question on a specific area of interest.

It helps conduct a critical and objective analysis of the current knowledge for the study.

Additional Information

Realistic Review- Realist review has emerged as a specific literature review approach that is concerned with explaining the outcomes of complex intervention programs. This method is specifically used for the purpose of understanding the results of the study that is conducted.

Meta Review- Meta review refers to the process where a reviewer has the access to reviews and co reviewers. These reviewers supervise the reviews of the co-reviewers in order to have a complete grasp of the study that is being researched.

Qualitative Review: Qualitative Synthesis is a method through which the findings from qualitative studies are aggregated, integrated, and/or interpreted.

• An opportunity to enhance the “utilization value” and “power” of qualitative research.
• Qualitative work requires reflection on the part of researchers, both before and during the research process, as a way of providing context and understanding for readers.

Hence, the correct answer is narrative Review.

The increasing extension is when each term in a series (except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class of the term preceding it.

Key Points

The presence of the following characteristics makes a series in the increasing order:

• With the increasing extension is the class size gets larger with each successive term.
• As extension increases, each term describes a class with more and more entities in it.
• It implies that the first term is the smallest and the next term gets larger along with the series.
• In an increasing series, the terms follow generally a pattern that helps in decoding the logic behind the numbers present in the series.

Examples:

• An example of an extension is adding a second story to a single-story house.
• An example of an extension is line two on a business line.

From the above discussion, it can be said that only statements A and B support the logic of increasing the order of series.

Hence, Only (A) and (B) is correct about a series of terms said to be in the order of increasing extension.

n other words, the class size gets larger with each term.tHE

A series of terms is in the order of increasing extension when each term in the series(except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class denoted by theterm preceding it.In other words, the class size gets larger with each term

A series of terms is in the order of increasing extension when each term in the series(except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class denoted by theterm preceding it.In other words, the class size gets larger with each termA series of terms is in the order of increasing extension when each term in the series(except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class denoted by theterm preceding it.In other words, the class size gets larger with each termA series of terms is in the order of increasing extension when each term in the series(except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class denoted by theterm preceding it.In other words, the class size gets larger with each termA series of terms is in the order of increasing extension when each term in the series(except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class denoted by theterm preceding it.In other words, the class size gets larger with each ter

The computer performs five basic operations which are input, process, output, storage, and control.

Key PointsStatement I: Operating system is a set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application.

• An operating system (OS) is a program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer.
• The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface.
• In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a command-line interface or a graphical User Interface..

Hence, the statement I is false.

Mistake Points 

• A set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application is called Application software.
• Operating system itself is a system software that lies between applications software and the computer hardware.

Statement II: Hardware represents the physical and tangible parts of the computer.

• Hardware is the most visible part of any information system: the equipment such as computers, scanners, and printers that are used to capture data, transform it and present it to the user as output.
• Physical components that make up your computer are known as Hardware.
• Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card, speakers, and motherboard. By contrast, the software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Hence, statement II is correct.

Therefore, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

An argument is a group of statements. 

Key Points

Statement I:  The evaluation of an argument involves two steps namely evaluating the link between premises and conclusion and evaluating the truth of the premises.

• An argument can be broken down into three major components: premises, inferences, and a conclusion. Another aspect of understanding arguments is to examine the parts.
• Premises are statements of (assumed) fact which are supposed to set forth the reasons and/or evidence for believing a claim.
• **The claim, in turn, is the

Conclusion:

what gets finished at the end of an argument**. When an argument is simple, there are just a couple of premises and a

Conclusion:

Example

1. Doctors earn a lot of money. (premise)
2. I want to earn a lot of money. (premise)
3. I should become a doctor. (conclusion)

​Statement II: Deductive arguments in which the conclusion actually follows from the premises are said to be valid, and those that also have true premises are said to be sound.

Arguments – Types of Reasoning

The two main types of reasoning involved in the discipline of Logic are deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.

• Deductive reasoning is an inferential process that supports a conclusion with certainty.
• Inductive reasoning is an inferential process providing support strong enough to offer high probability (but not absolute certainty) for the conclusion.

Attributes of Deductive Arguments are validity and soundness.

Validity is the attribute of deductive arguments that denotes logical strength.

• Validity is about the strength of the inference, or reasoning, between the premises and the conclusion.
• A deductive argument is valid when all its premises were true, then its conclusion must be true, by necessity.
• To determine if an argument is valid or invalid (not valid):

1. First assume that the premises are true, even if they are not; pretend that they are true.
2. Then ask yourself whether the conclusion would need to be true, assuming/pretending that the premises are true.

Valid arguments may have:

1. True premises, a true conclusion
2. False premises, false conclusion
3. False premises, a true conclusion

Valid arguments can never have:

1. True premises, false conclusion.
2. In a valid deductive argument, if the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

A deductive argument is sound when it is valid, and It has all true premises.

​Therefore, based on the above definitions and examples both the given statements are correct.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981was enacted by the Central Government with the objective of arresting the deterioration of air quality. 

Key Points

Ambient Air Quality Standards in India

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 describes the main functions of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) as follows:

• To advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of the air and the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.
• To plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.
• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Pollution Control Board.
• To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.
• To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data related to air pollution; and
• To lay down and annul standards for the quality of air

The list is in the order of:

Hence, the correct answer is PM10 > SOx > PM2,5 > Pb

Given:

The sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, ................, 4096 is a G.P.

Concept:

Geometric Sequences: A sequence in which every term is obtained by multiplying or dividing a definite number with the preceding number is know as a geometric sequence.

Sequence = a, ar, ar²,.........ar^(n-1)

Here, a = first term, r = common ratio, n = position of term

Let us consider sequence a₁, a₂, a₃,........a_n is a G.P.

• Common ratio(r) = Successive term/Preceding term = a₂/a₁ = .... = a_n/a_(n-1)
• General Term (n^th Term) = an = ar(n-1) ​

Calculation:

As we know that general Term (nth Term) = an = ar(n-1) ​ 

Here, a = 1, r = 2 and a_n = 4096

⇒ an = ar(n-1) ​

⇒ 4096 = 1 × 2^(n-1)

⇒ 2¹² = 2(n-1)                      [If a^m = aⁿ then, m = n]

⇒ 12 = n-1

⇒ n = 13

∴ There are 13 terms in the given sequence

Additional Information

• Sum of n terms of GP = S_n = a(1 – rⁿ)/(1 – r) if r < 1
• Sum of n terms of GP = Sn = a(rⁿ -1)/(r – 1) if r > 1

In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. 

Key PointsThe following table shows the definition and significance of the mentioned types of angles,

Hence, the correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)

A basic speech communication model includes a sender (that is, a speaker), a message, a receiver (that is, an audience), and a channel.

Mistake Points

• In communication, clarification involves offering back to the speaker the essential meaning, as understood by the listener, of what they have just said.
• Thereby checking that the listener's understanding is correct and resolving any areas of confusion or misunderstanding.
• In classroom communication, a teacher plays the role of the sender while students play the role of the receiver.
• After collecting feedback from the receiver, the sender (teacher) will clarify their doubts.

Key PointsElements of classroom speech:

Introduction- 

• The introduction of the speech establishes the first, crucial contact between the speaker and the audience.
• For most classroom speeches, the introduction should last less than a minute.

Description- 

• In the description, the fewer the main points the better.
• For short classroom speeches, under 10 minutes, speeches should not have more than three main points.
• For longer speeches, more than five main points ensure that audiences will have trouble following and remembering the speech.
• In the speech, the main points should be clearly stated and "signposted," marked off as distinct and important to the audience.
• Transitions often serve to signpost new points, as do pauses before an important idea

Conclusion-

• The conclusion should be somewhat shorter than the introduction and accomplishes two purposes: summarize the main ideas and give the speech a sense of closure and completion.
• Good conclusions might refer back to the introduction, offer an analogy or metaphor that captures the main idea, or leave the audience with a question or a challenge of some type. Brief quotations can also make effective conclusions.

Feedback- 

• The final component of the speech process is feedback.
• While some might assume that the speaker is the only one who sends a message during a speech, the reality is that the listeners in the audience are sending a message of their own, called feedback.
• Often this is how the speaker knows if s/he is sending an effective message.

Clarification- 

• Messages can be sent both verbally and non-verbally.
• We can say one thing with our words, but depending on how we say it and the non-verbal cues such as posture and eye contact, we may send an entirely different message to your audience.
• That said, it’s important to consider all aspects of our overall message, from verbal to non-verbal to the meaning and message behind the message, when crafting the speech.

Hence, the correct answer is (A), (B), (E), (C), (D)

Formula Used: 

Divisibility rule for number 21: A number N is divisible by 21 if the difference between the remaining number and 2 times the last digit is 0 or a number divisible by 21

Calculation:

Shortcut Trick 

3108: 310 - (2 × 8) 

⇒ 310 - 16 = 294, a number divisible by 21

∴ The number which is nearest to 3105 and exactly divisible by 21 is 3108 

 Alternate Method

On dividing 3105 by 21, we get, remainder = 18

Now, number to be added to 3105 = 21 - 18 = 3

Hence, required number = 3105 + 3 = 3108

∴ The number which is nearest to 3105 and exactly divisible by 21 is 3108

Invariable concomitance (Vyapti) denotes a correlation between two facts of which one is pervaded and the other which pervades. e.g. Smoke is pervaded by fire and fire pervades smoke.

Key Points

Statement I: The relationship of invariable concomitance (vya̅pti) can be claimed to exist between two things if they are causally related.

• Vyapti is the non-presence of the middle term (hetu) in the locus of the non-existence of the major term (sadhya)
• ​e.g. the hill is full of fire because it is full of smoke. Here, smoke which is the middle term is absent from all regions outside the region of fire (the major term)
• Vyapti, a Sanskrit expression, in Hindu philosophy refers to the state of pervasion.
• It is considered as the logical ground of inference which is one of the means to knowledge.
• No conclusion can be inferred without the knowledge of vyapti.
• Vyapti guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
• It signifies the relation of invariable concomitance between "hetu" and "sadhya" and is of two kinds.

Hence, Statement I is correct.

Statement II: The relationship of invariable concomitance can be claimed to exist between two things if they are related as species-genus.

• Invariable concomitance is the non-presence of the middle term in that locus of the non-existence of the major term which is not the locus of the major term itself.
• e.g., This is occupied by the ape because it is the tree. The tree is the middle term here and occupied by the ape is the major term.

Based on the given examples both statement I and statement II are correct.

A webinar is typically a live interactive event that attendees join on their desktop or mobile device over the internet.

Mistake Points

• A Webinar allows a speaker from the hosting organization to share multimedia content with audiences that can be located anywhere but the speaker can share the same when the admin allows the speaker to share the right.
• This case is not the same for the other participants.

Key Points

Statement I: A Webinar allows a speaker from the hosting organization to share multimedia content with audiences that can be located anywhere.

• A webinar is an online event that is hosted by an organization/company and broadcast to a select group of individuals through their computers via the Internet.
• A webinar is sometimes also referred to as a “webcast”, “online event” or “web seminar”.
• A webinar allows a speaker from the hosting organization/company to share PowerPoint presentations, videos, web pages, or other multimedia content with audiences that can be located anywhere.
• Webinars typically have audio and visual components.
• The visual component of a webinar is shared through a web conferencing tool or Internet browser.
• The audio portion of a webinar is usually broadcast through the audience’s computers (through speakers and media players) or through the telephone.

Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: A Webinar allows speakers and participants to share multimedia content located anywhere.

• A webinar also allows the hosting organization/company to interact with an audience.
• The speaker can share multimedia content located anywhere when the speaker gets permission from the host/ admin or when the admin shares the right with the speaker.
• The participants are unable to share anything during the webinar.

Hence statement II is incorrect. 

Considering the above explanation we can conclude that Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Communication competence is the degree to which a communicator's goals are achieved through effective and appropriate interaction.

Key Points

Assertion (A): Communication competence is related to the power of knowledge in a classroom.

• Communication competence refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts.
• The first part of the definition we will unpack deals with knowledge.
• The cognitive elements of competence include knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are.
• The second part of the definition of communication competence that we will unpack is the ability to use.
• Individual factors affect our ability to do anything.

Reasons (R): Communication competence permits choices of communicating as required in the classroom context.

• The third part of the definition we will unpack is the ability to adapt to various contexts.
• What is competent or not varies based on social and cultural context, which makes it impossible to have only one standard for what counts as communication competence
• Communication competence is related to the power of knowledge in a classroom because communication competence permits choices of communicating as required in the classroom context.

Hence, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

ASCII-encoded data have unique values for 128 alphabetic, numeric, or special extra characters and control codes. 

Key Points

• ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• The most prevalent character encoding system for text data in computers and on the internet is ASCII.
• The ASCII character encoding standard was the first major character encoding standard for data processing.
• It's a standard for character encoding that includes ASCII encodings.
• For fundamental data transfers, ASCII provides a generally accepted and understood character set.

Therefore, In computers, ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Additional Information

• It allows programmers to create user interfaces that are intuitive to both people and computers.
• ASCII encodes a string of data as ASCII characters which may be read and presented by humans as plain text.

Speed is the rate at which an object covers distance.

Key Points

Statement I: To convert a speed given in m/s into a speed in km/h, we multiply with 5/18.

Explanation:

1 m=1/1000 km & 1 sec = 1/3600 hr.

Therefore, 1 m/s = 1/1000 km divided by 1/3600 hr = 3600/1000 km/hr = 18/5 km/hr

multiplying the given no. by 18/5 m/s can be converted to km/h. 

To convert a speed from m/s to km/h, we multiply it by the conversion factor of 3600/1000 or 18/5.

Hence, the statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: To convert a speed given in km/h into a speed in m/s, we multiply with 18/5.

1 km = 1000m

1 h = 3600 s

So 1km /h = 1000/3600 = 5/18

multiplying the given no. by 5/18 km/h can be converted to m/s 

To convert km/h to m/s, we will multiply it by 5/18 (the conversion factor).

When converting km/hr to m/sec, multiply the speed by 1000 and divide the result by 3600. When Converting m/sec to km/hr, divide the speed by 1000 and multiply the result by 3600.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) of India is a statutory body set up by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India in accordance with the UGC Act 1956 and is charged with coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of higher education.

Key Points The UGC`s mandate includes:

• Promoting and coordinating university education.
• Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination, and research in universities.
• Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
• Monitoring developments in the field of collegiate and university education; disbursing grants to the universities and colleges.
• Serving as a vital link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher learning.
• Advising the Central and State governments on the measures necessary for the improvement of university education.

Therefore maintaining discipline in campuses of institutions of higher education is not among the roles played by the UGC.

Validity is one of the important characteristics of scientific research. The term ‘Validity’ implies truth or fidelity. Thus, validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. The word "valid" is derived from the Latin ‘validus’. A Valid measurement is always reliable.

• For determining the validity of a test, the test should be compared to another independent construct or criteria.
• Validity is concerned with generalizability.
• Validity has three important properties:
• It is a relative term.
• It is not a fixed concept or criteria of a test because it is an unending process that requires constant validation.
• It is just a measure concept and not an all-or-none property.

Important Points

Solar cells are also known as photovoltaic cells.

• It converts the energy of light into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect.
• The largest formation of solar cells is called arrays which are found in solar farms.
• Smaller groups of cells are called solar cell panels or solar panels.

Key Points

Polycrystalline silicon: 

• It is also known as multi-crystalline silicon and polysilicon.
• It is a high purity, polycrystalline (grainy or granules kind of material) form of silicon.
• They are grown inside a laboratory.
• It is widely used as a raw material by the solar photovoltaic and electronics industry.
• Silicon is widely used as a semiconductor in photovoltaic cells.
• It is used in conventional crystalline silicon solar cells.
• It helps in better absorption of sunlight and hence contributes to making clearer energy resources.
• It is also the second most abundant material on Earth (after oxygen).
• Silicon is the most common semiconductor used in computer chips also.

Therefore Polycrystalline silicon often used in Photovoltaic cells as semiconductors are many individual crystals with different orientations.

Communication is an integral part of our lives. It is an act of sharing and exchanging ideas, beliefs, feelings, and emotions with the other individual. There are various ways through which one can disseminate information to the other person.

Key Points

• Characteristics of a good communicator:
• A communicator is one who knows his audience well.
• He/she is a good listener.
• Concise in his/her speech. Direct and clear communication is the hallmark of building any good relationship.
• She/he should be confident. This will grow your credibility as a great communicator.
• She/he must be friendly.
• A good communicator is polite and sincere. This will gain him/her respectability from his audience.
• Should have an unbiased attitude.

This is me‘ aspect of communication that reflects the speaker‘s personality

Additional Information

An ego-centric attitude will bring more harm and will not be able to correct and clear the picture to the audience. This will tarnish the image of the communicator. Hence this option is correct.

When individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed or measured such a phenomenon is known as Reactivity.

Key Points

• The degree of change may be negative or positive.
• It is considered a threat to the external validity of the research study.
• Blind experiment designs are used in research to eliminate or reduce such effects on the study.
• External Validity - It occurs when the causal relationship between the variables can be generalizability to other situations, places and time.

Additional Information

 Several threats to external validity are:

• Selection bias
• History
• Experimenter effect
• Hawthorne effect
• Testing effect
• Aptitude-treatment
• Situation effect ​

Important Points

Hence, the correct matching is ​(A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III).

Cooperative learning:

• It can be defined as a group learning process.
• Activities are organized in such a way that students are interacting with their fellow mates and working together to exchange knowledge with each other.
• There is an exchange of information between the learners in the group.
• It is a successful strategy to teach students with different levels of abilities to improve their understanding of subjects.
• They use a variety of learning activities that help in understanding the subject.
• Each learner is responsible for his/her learning but also helps other fellow mates.

Key Points

Five key elements of cooperative learning are:

• Positive Interdependence – This state is created in the small group of learners when they are connected with each other and perceive that they "sink or swim together." Students don't feel overloaded with too much work in groups.
• Individual Accountability – The essence of this principle lies in cooperative learning, which is "students learn together, but perform alone." Students and groups, both at their own levels are achieving their set targets.
• Face-to-Face (Promotive) Interaction – Social interaction between the group members is at the core of cooperative learning.
• Interpersonal and Small Group Social Skills – Discussions are important and healthy interaction with others develops social skills.
• Group Processing – Students or learners should reflect on the process of learning and working with each other.

Important Points

Statement I: There is greater stress laid on the material aspects of Inference by the exponent of Nyaya system.

• A perceptual cognition arises by means of the connection between sense faculty and object, is not dependent on words, is non-deviating, and is determinate.
• A material inference is licensed by the empirical content embodied in the concepts contained in the premises and conclusion.
• Understanding scientific reasoning as material inference has the advantage of combining different aspects of scientific reasoning, such as confirmation, discovery, and explanation.

Statement II: There is greater stress laid on the format aspect of the syllogistic expression in western logic.

• A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
• The Aristotelian syllogism dominated Western philosophical thought for many centuries.
• Syllogism itself is about drawing valid conclusions from assumptions (axioms), rather than about verifying the assumptions.
• However, people over time focused on the logic aspect, forgetting the importance of verifying the assumptions.

Both Statement I and Statement II are true

The correct answer is 'Imported goods'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• When performance goes down, shoddy merchandise is produced, and shoddy Merchandise does not find a ready market because consumers anywhere demand quality.
• They turn to foreign imports and the local producer is caught in the squeeze by lowered sales volume.
• We must produce the quality merchandise people demand, at the right price or the consumer will turn more and more to imported products.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that when the local products are of sub-standard quality, the consumers will prefer Imported goods.

Thus, it is clear that option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Shoddy means made with little care or with poor quality material.
• For eg - The shoddy toy was broken on arrival.

The correct answer is 'Honest Workmanship'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• Better quality means better price.
• Honest efforts, not higher tariffs is the solution to the problem.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the issue of low quality products can be addressed through honest workmanship.

Thus, it is clear that option 1 is the correct answer. 

Additional Information

• Tariff refers to tax that is imposed by the Government on imported and exported goods.

The correct answer is 'Produce quality products and price them properly'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• We have to reverse the philosophy of doing little and collecting much or we will be caught in the pinch of pricing ourselves out of quality products and services.
• The only plan that is going to work over the long haul is an internal change in our philosophy.
• We must produce the quality merchandise people demand, at the right price or the consumer will turn more and more to imported products.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that we can move towards quality products that people demand by producing quality products and pricing them properly.

Thus, it is clear that option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• in a pinch  -  to be in a bad or difficult situation.
• For eg - I was in a pinch when my baggage was lost.

The correct answer is Increased permissiveness.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• Frustrations, nervous breakdowns, broken marriages, alcoholism, and crime rates are directly related to too much time with nothing to do.
• Combine this with the permissiveness that has permeated our culture and the attitude of doing just enough to get by, and the problems are multiplied workers often lose pride in their workmanship and their performance begins to go down
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that too much leisure time will result in increased permissiveness.

Thus, it is clear that option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• permissiveness - unrestricted freedom of behaviour.
• For eg - I cannot tolerate permissiveness in education.

The correct answer is ' Earning an honest day's pay'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage :
• When performance goes down, shoddy merchandise is produced, and shoddy Merchandise does not find a ready market because consumers anywhere demand quality.
• They turn to foreign imports and the local producer is caught in the squeeze by lowered sales volume.
• Every nation must resell the idea of performance and honest effort for an honest day’s pay.
• From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the idea of honest performance is linked to earning an honest day's pay.

Thus, it is clear that option 2 is the right answer.

Learner-centered teaching methods shift the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners.

 Key PointsLearner-centered teaching methods include: 

• Active learning, in which students solve problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or brainstorm during class.
• Cooperative Learning is an instructional method in which students work in small groups to accomplish a common learning goal under the guidance of the teacher.
• Inductive learning, also known as discovery learning, is a process where the learner discovers rules by observing examples. The inductive method of teaching and learning is an umbrella term that includes a range of instructional methods.

All the above methods are learner-centered or student-centered because they impose more responsibility on students for their own learning than the traditional classroom lecture-based deductive approach does.

Additional Information

• Passive learning is defined as “a method of learning or instruction where students receive information from the instructor and internalize it.”
• In basic terms, this means that a student will listen and read the material and reflect internally without further reflection back or reviewing.

Models of teaching refer to different models that help the teachers to hone their teaching skills. This allows the teachers to facilitate the overall learning curve of students. 

Key Points

• David Johnson, Deutsch's student in the study of social psychology, with his brother Roger Johnson, a science educator, and their sister, educator Edye Johnson Holubec, further developed positive interdependence theory as part of their research and work in teacher and professional training.
• The success of one person is dependent on the success of the group; this is referred to as positive interdependence.
• Robert E Salvin suggested a method of structured inquiry, in this method students, investigate a teacher-presented question through a prescribed procedure, and receive explicit step-by-step guidelines at each stage, leading to a predetermined outcome, similar to following a recipe.
• Fannie R. Shaftel has been a contributor to Educational Leadership. She wrote her dissertation on the use of role-playing in teaching. Later, with her husband, she authored Role-Playing for Social Values.
• She also trained many future teachers in the use of role-playing in secondary education.
• Donald Oliver and James Shaver came out with a model of teaching called the Jurisprudential Inquiry Model of teaching. This model is designed to help students learn to think systematically about contemporary issues.

Variable in simple terms is something that varies. A Variable is a concept that is observable and measurable. In an experiment, an extraneous variable is any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study.

Key Points

Some techniques used to control extraneous variables in research are as follows:

• The technique of elimination – Simplest way to control the extraneous variables is to eliminate them from the research design.
• The constancy of condition – When extraneous variables cannot be controlled, they must be held constant throughout the experiment so that its effect is nullified easily. Holding homogenous values like age, gender, intelligence, etc naturally controls the effect of extraneous variables upon dependent variables.
• Randomization – It is a popular technique. In this technique, each member of the population or universe has an equal and independent chance of being selected. It randomly distributes the extraneous effects over the experimental and control conditions.
• Balancing and Counterbalancing: These are other popular measures of controlling extraneous variables in research.
• Matching subjects with random assignments: It is used for assigning subjects to groups to match individual subjects on extraneous variables.

Hence, Randomization, Matching, and Elimination are the correct answers.

After China and the United States, India has the world's third-largest higher education system in terms of students.

Key PointsAssertion (A): There are regional variations in the quality of education provided by the institutions of higher education.

• In higher education, India's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is only 25.2 percent, which is quite low when compared to developed and other major emerging countries.
• While some states have high GER, others lag significantly behind national averages.
• In comparison to the All India average of 28, college density varies from 7 in Bihar to 59 in Telangana.
• The majority of top universities and colleges are centered in metropolitan and urban cities resulting in regional disparities in higher education access.

Thus, Assertion A is correct. 

Reasons (R):  Institutions of higher education cannot be compared as they cater to the needs of different social groups of students.

• Students' caste, ethnicity, class, language, regional, and religious backgrounds all contribute to the diversity of the student body.
• Differences in social status can have a significant impact on first-generation student college transition and achievement.
• Institutions centered in metropolitan and urban cities have vastly different institutions located in semi-urban and rural areas.
• so, different Institutions of higher education cater to the needs of different social groups of students coming from different backgrounds.

Hence Reason R is correct.

Hence,  Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A). 

Additional Information

• India's investment in research and development has been stable at roughly 0.6 percent to 0.7 percent of GDP.
• This is less than what countries like the United States (2.8), China (2.1), Israel (4.3), and Korea spend (4.2).

A mental grouping and classification of events, ideas, or objects that share common properties with each other is known as Concept. Concept enables the people to store information as well as memories in an organized fashion.

Key Points

• Hilda Taba was one of the most influential educationists. She developed a concept development strategy, also known as the "Inductive Model” or the “Concept Development Model (CDM)”.
• Taba’s model of Concept Formation:
• Identifying and enumerating
• Grouping according to common attributes
• Labeling categories
• Interpretation of Data

Hence, (B), (D), (A), (C) is the correct sequence.

Additional Information

• Three inductive thinking skills involved here are:
• Concept formation (concept learning).
• Interpretation of data.
• Application of principles.

Important Points

• The advantage of using qualitative methods is that they generate rich, detailed data that leave the participants' perspectives intact and provide multiple contexts for understanding the phenomenon under study.
• In this way, qualitative research can be used to vividly demonstrate phenomena or to conduct cross-case comparisons and analyses of individuals or groups.
• Design flexibility is the hallmark of qualitative research as it is open to situational changes is true as in qualitative research work a researcher can modify change the structure as per the situations they face in the field.

Therefore, the Reason and assertion are true and are the correct explanation.

Additional Information In Qualitative research- The researcher starts with a tentative idea or question and these questions become more specific with progress in research then, a pattern may emerge in research. Thus, in qualitative research, one starts with observation and ends with a theoretical position or stance. Thus, it is inductive i.e., the researcher moves from specific to theory.

HintThe advantages of Qualitative research are as follows-

1. It provides more content that is useful for practical application.
2. It uses a smaller sample size than other research methods
3. It offers the chance to develop specific insights.
4. It eliminates the potential for bias within the data.
5. It can be an open-ended process.
6. It uses a fluid operational structure instead of rigid guidelines.
7. It focuses on the purpose of a decision instead of the details.

Key PointsIn India's higher education system, universities are divided into four groups based on how they were established. 

The four types of universities are-

• Central Universities: Central universities or union universities in India are established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education in the Ministry of Education.
• State Universities: In India, state universities are run and funded by the state government of each of the states of India.
• Deemed Universities: Deemed university, or "Deemed to be University", is a status of autonomy granted by the Department of Higher Education on the advice of the UGC, under Section 3 of the UGC Act.
• Private Universities: private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies.

Aside from these four, some institutes have been designated as institutes of national importance.

Additional InformationTotal number of Universities in India as on 22.11.2021

Therefore the answer is Central Universities, State Universities, Deemed Universities, and Private Universities.

Key Points

• Adi Shankaracharya is renowned for his in-depth and insightful commentaries on ancient texts.
• The review of the Brahma Sutra that he wrote is famous as Brahmasutrabhasya and is the oldest commentary on Brahma Sutra.
• He also wrote views and commentaries on the 10 principles of Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita.
• He founded four mathas ("monasteries"), which are believed to have helped in the historical development, revival, and propagation of Advaita Vedanta.
• Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian theatrologist and musicologist who wrote the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on ancient Indian dramaturgy and histrionics, especially Sanskrit theatre.
• Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni and "Abhinaya Darpana" by Nandikeshvara are considered to be the original sources of Bharat natyam.
• Bharata’s distinction lies in that he brought out the theory of rasa, which is the basis of the aesthetic experience from art or literature.
• The term ‘rasa’ signifies ‘essence’. And India’s science of aesthetics rests on this ‘essence’.
• It is in the sixth chapter, labeled ‘Rasa Vikalpa’ of the Natyasastra that the theory of rasas is presented.
• Rasas are nine in number.
• But experts are of the opinion that Bharata has enunciated only eight rasas and the ninth, santham, is an interpolation. Sringaram, hasyam, karunam, viram, bhayanakam, bibhalsam, and adbhutam are the eight rasas.
• These eight rasas are identified as the basis for the hundred of emotions humans have.
• Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.
• Sanskrit was the classical literary language of the Indian Hindus and Panini is considered the founder of the language and literature.
• Ramanuja was a Hindu philosopher, from Tamilnadu, theologian, social reformer, and one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism. 
• His philosophical foundations for devotionals were influential to the Bhakti movement.
• Sri Ramanujar's ambition was the welfare of the masses and he made the benefit of Vedanta teaching available to the masses.

Hence, the correct answer is (A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)

Cooperative learning: **It can be defined as a group learning process. **Activities are organized in such a way that students are interacting with their fellow mates and work together to exchange knowledge with each other. 

Important Points 

Five key elements of cooperative learning are:

• Positive Interdependence – This state is created in the small group of learners when they are connected with each other and perceive that they "sink or swim together."
• Individual Accountability – The essence of this principle lies in cooperative learning, which is "students learn together, but perform alone." Students and groups, both at their own levels are achieving their set targets.
• Face-to-Face (Promotive) Interaction – Social interaction between the group members is at the core of cooperative learning.
• Interpersonal and Small Group Social Skills – Discussions are important and healthy interaction with others develops social skills.
• Group Processing – Students or learners should reflect on the process of learning and working with each other.

Key Points Individual Accountability:

• The essence of individual accountability in cooperative learning is "students learn together, but perform alone."
• This ensures that no one can "hitch-hike" on the work of others.
• A lesson's goals must be clear enough that students are able to measure whether
• the group is successful in achieving them, and
• individual members are successful in achieving them as well.

Hence, the principle “Students learn together, but perform alone" is an example of Individual accountability.

Hardness is the property of water on account of which it consumes soap without forming lather freely.

Water is of two types namely-

• Hard water: Water that contains a high amount of dissolved minerals or ions such as calcium, magnesium, etc.
• Soft water: Soft water is surface water that contains a very low concentration of ions or minerals, e.g., Rainwater and distilled water.

The hardness of water is due to the chlorides, sulfates bicarbonates of calcium, and magnesium in it.

Important Points Types of the hardness of water are:

• Temporary hardness
• Permanent hardness

Permanent hardness:

• Permanent hardness is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates.
• It cannot be removed by boiling. That's why it is known as permanent hardness.
• To remove permanent hardness, hard water is treated with washing soda (Na2CO3).

Therefore the answer is the presence of sulfates of calcium and magnesium and the presence of chloride of calcium and magnesium.

Network engineers design and implement network configurations, troubleshoot performance issues, carry out network monitoring and configure security systems such as firewalls.

Key Points

• Network engineers focus on delivering high-availability network infrastructure to sustain the users' online and on-site information technology activities.
• Network engineers often overlap with other roles, such as computer network architects or security systems engineers, and work internally within an organization or as outside consultants.
• A person who designs, implements, and supports local area and wide area networks within an organization.
• Network engineers are high-level technical analysts specializing in networks.

Additional Information

• A programmer is an individual that writes/creates computer software or applications by giving computer-specific programming instructions.
• An Architect is a person who designs buildings and advises in their construction.
• Web Designers create and build websites and web pages by combining any number of visual design elements including text, photos, graphics, animations, and videos.
• A Web Designer could create a brand new website or simply make updates to the design and layout of existing pages.

Thus based on the above definitions Mr. Harsh's job is that of a Networking engineer, that is a combination of a programmer and an architect.

The EPA's origins may be traced back to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference), which was held in Stockholm in June 1972 and attended by India, with the goal of taking suitable steps to improve the human environment. The Act implements the decisions made at the Stockholm Conference.

Important Points

• The Environmental (protection) Act (EPA) was passed in 1986 to ensure environmental protection and enhancement.
• It gives the central government the authority to create authorities tasked with preventing all forms of environmental pollution and addressing specific environmental issues that are unique to different sections of the country.
• The Act is one of the most comprehensive legislations with a pretext to protection and improvement of the environment.

Additional Information

• The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) was held in 1972 to address environmental and sustainable development challenges.
• The UNCHE, also known as the Stockholm Conference, established a link between environmental conservation and long-term development.
• The Stockholm Conference also yielded concrete suggestions on how governments should collaborate to protect the environment.
• Every international conference and treaty on the environment has been shaped by the principles and strategies articulated during the Stockholm Conference.
• Another result of the meeting was the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Environment Day, held annually on 5 June.

Therefore the answer is United Nations Conference on the human environment, Stockholm, 1972.

Solution-Multimedia files are the documents that contain a confirmation of- Text, photograph, video, audio, animation.

Important Points

• The word multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia.
• The word “multi” signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily transferred from one location to another.
• Multimedia is the presentation of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and tools that allow the user to navigate, engage, create, and communicate using a computer.
• Multimedia can be recorded for playback on computers, laptops, smartphones, and other electronic devices, either on-demand or in real-time (streaming).

Additional Information

• A Multimedia Application is an application that uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation, and/or video.
• A multimedia computer combines the basic capabilities of a regular computer with hardware and features that make it ideal for viewing and editing multimedia sources.

Calculation:

Let \(\sqrt {5;\sqrt {5;\sqrt {5;\sqrt {5 \ldots \ldots } } } } = x\)

We can write the given expression as 

\(\sqrt {5;x} = x\)

Squaring both sides

5x = x²

⇒ x² – 5x = 0

⇒ x × (x – 5) = 0

⇒ x = 5 and x = 0

The square root of any positive number cannot be 0.

Therefore, x = 0 will not be considered.

∴ The value of the given expression is 5.

Shortcut Trick

For the expressions of the type \(\sqrt {y;\sqrt {y;\sqrt {y;\sqrt {y \ldots \ldots } } } } :upto : infinity \)

The value of the expression is y

∴ The value of the given expression is 5.