UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 5th Jan 2022 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

Calculation:

Total Positive cases = Positive cases of City 1 + City 2 + City 3 + City 4 = 300

Total positive test in city 4 = 10 + 5 + 5 + 15 = 35

Required percentage = (Total positive test in city 4 / Total Positive Cases) × 100

= (35/300) × 100 = 11.67% ≈ 12%

Hence, the correct answer is 12%.

Calculation:

Positive cases in City 1 = 30 + 15 + 35 + 10 = 90

Positive cases in City 3 = 15 + 5 + 15 + 5 = 40

Required ratio = 90 : 40

= 9 : 4

Hence, the correct answer is 9 : 4.

Calculation:

Number of positive cases in city 1 = 30 + 35 + 15 + 10 = 90

Number of positive cases in city 2 = 15 + 10 + 5 + 5 = 35

Number of positive cases in city 3 = 35 + 30 + 15 + 5 = 85

Number of positive cases in city 4 = 10 + 10 + 5 + 15 = 40

Hence, highest number of positive cases in city 1.

Concept:

To find total number of negative cases,

Total negative cases = Total tests - Total Positive cases

Percentage negative cases = (Total negative cases/Total Test) × 100

Calculation:

Total tests in Hospital A to D = 100 + 50 + 100 + 50 = 300

Total negative cases in Hospital A = 100 - (30 + 35 + 15 + 10) = 10

Total negative cases in Hospital B = 50 - (15 + 10 + 5 + 5) = 15

Total negative cases in Hospital C = 100 - (35 + 30 + 15 + 5) = 15

Total negative cases in Hospital D = 50 - (10 + 10 + 5 + 15) = 10

∴ Total Negative cased in Hospital A to D = 50

Percentage negative cases = (Total negative cases/Total Test) × 100

⇒ (50/300) × 100 ≈ 16.67%

Important Points

Hence, the correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

Important Points

Hence, the correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Calculation:

Number of positive cases of Hospital A = 30 + 35 + 15 + 10 = 90

Number of positive cases of Hospital B = 15 + 10 + 5 + 5 = 35

Number of positive cases of Hospital C = 35 + 30 + 15 + 5 = 85

Number of positive cases of Hospital D = 10 + 10 + 5 + 15 = 40

Hence, Hospital A reported maximum number of positive cases.

Important Points

Let us study the statements one by one.

Statement I- Communication is viewed as one of the social factors that influence society including educational institutions.

• Education is not solely concerned with the basic academic concepts that a student learns in the classroom.
• Societies also educate their children, outside of the school system, in matters of everyday practical living.
• For the purpose of disseminating knowledge, communication is one of the key factors. It is excellent communication that influences society.
• Educational institutions are viewed as a key part of the whole process, where students while communicating with learners and peers themselves start to imbibe new and different cultures.

So, the statement I is correct.

Statement II- Communication does not help develop, maintain and change the cultural settings of any society for that matter.

• Being able to communicate is vital to being an effective educator.
• Communication not only conveys information, but it encourages effort, modifies attitudes, and stimulates thinking.
• Without it, stereotypes develop, messages become distorted, and learning is stifled.
• Communication is the process of understanding and sharing information where listening plays an important role.
• It is a continuous process that prepares the speaker to proceed in a clear and concise manner.
• Interpersonal communication is sharing meaning between oneself and at least one other person.

So, statement II is incorrect.

Hence, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

According to Nyaya philosophy, the term anumana literally means after knowledge i.e., the knowledge that follows other knowledge. The basis of the inference is invariable concomitance. 

Key Points

Statement I: Vyāpti (relation of Universal concomitance) expresses the relation between two individual objects only.

• The invariable relation between the hetu and the sadya is called Vyapti.
• It is considered as the logical ground of inference which is one of the means to knowledge.
• No conclusion can be inferred without the knowledge of vyapti.
• Vyapti guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
• Vyapti guarantees the truth of conclusion. It signifies the relation of invariable concomitance between "hetu" and "sadhya" and is of two kinds.

Hence, the statement I is true.

Statement II: Vyāpti expresses the relation between the classes of individuals.

• Vyapti is a universal statement that expresses the "niyata sahacharya" or relation of constant concomitance between hetu or the middle term and sadhya or the major term.
• It implies the "sahacara" i.e. the knowledge of invariable relation of causality or co-existence between sadhya and hetu in all the three instances of time, which is possible when the "anupadhik sambandha" i.e. the relation of unconditionality between the two is known.
• Vyapti between terms of unequal extension is called "asamavyavyapti" or "visamavyapti", and vyapti between equal extensions is called "samavyapti"

The above explanation indicates that the word "Vyapti" is actually used to show the relation between two individual objects.

Hence, statement II is incorrect.

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Key PointsStatement I- ​Hardware represents the physical and tangible parts of the computer.

• Computer hardware, usually simply called hardware when a computing context is concerned, is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.
• Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical objects that are tangible.

Hence, the statement I is correct.

Statement II- Operating system is tailor-made software according to the user's requirements.

• Customized software (also known as bespoke software or tailor-made software) is software that is specially developed for some specific organization or other users.
• As such, it can be contrasted with the use of software packages developed for the mass market, such as commercial off-the-shelf software, or existing free software.
• Generally, there are four types of customized software: general-purpose software, entertainment software, special-purpose software, professional software.
• The Operating system is also known as system software and it acts as a platform for interaction between the hardware and the user.
• The OS paves the way for the application software to run on the system.

Hence, statement II is incorrect.

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Key Points

Statement I- The purpose of doing research is to make a fundamental contribution to knowledge.

• Research is a method that is sometimes divided into pure (or basic) and applied research in order to make a distinction between research that is carried out to further our knowledge and that which seeks to apply pre-existing knowledge to real-world problems.
• Our focus here is applied research for decision-making for public policy. In this context, the purpose of research is 'problem-solving'.
• The major focus is on problem-solving in the specified field of research as well as contributing to the field of knowledge.

Hence, the statement I is correct.

Statement II-  Indian higher education institutions are making fundamental contributions in very large areas of knowledge by publishing a number of research articles.

• The higher education system in India has grown in a remarkable way, particularly in the post-independence period, to become one of the largest systems of its kind in the world.
• The higher educational institutions in India are making a lot of contributions to the knowledge base by publishing a large number of research articles.
• The institution also has people with close contacts with key research users - from innovation and enterprise teams, impact officers, public engagement with research, school liaison teams, international offices, and corporate communications teams -each brings unique relationships with the world beyond academia that can be harnessed for effective communication of research.
• This also contributes to the overall performance of the research in a particular country.

​Hence statement II is correct.

Hence, both Statement I and Statement II are correct 

Confusion PointsOption 2 is given as the correct answer as per the official answer key provided by UGC. But, option 1 has been taken as correct after the analysis of the statements.

Dance and Larson's definitions of communication: In 1976, Dance and Larson defined communication from the viewpoint of three dimensions. These three dimensions were:

1. Level of Observation
2. Intentionality
3. Normative Judgement

Key Points

Level of Observation-

• This includes communication as defined as " eliciting response through verbal symbols".
• It implies that all the observations are a part of the communication.
• So, when a person nods to a question, it simply means that the process of communication is done.

Intentionality-

• The next dimension that was included by Dance was intentionality.
• This dimension includes the intention for which the whole process of communication takes place.
• There are situations in which a source transmits a message to the receiver with a conscious effort to alter the receiver's behavior.
• So, when the process of communication specifically takes place with the objective of changing behavior.

Normative Judgement-

• This focuses on whether the definition of communication requires an indication of success or accuracy.
• Here, it was concluded that communication is said to be complete only when the receiver has understood the information as the sender wanted it to be understood.

Hence, the correct answer is (B), (D), (E) only

In a nutshell, communication channels are mediums through which you can send a message to its intended audience. For example, phone calls, text messages, emails, video, radio, and social media are all types of communication channels.

Key Points

The speech as a channel of communication:

• In the above example, when the student greets the teacher with "Good Morning", the student is using his speech as the channel of communication.
• The process of communication includes sender, channel, message, receiver, and feedback.
• In a face-to-face, in-person speaking situation, the channel will be primarily audio using sound and visual using light waves.
• This is an example of face-to-face communication, where both the sender and receiver are facing each other directly, so the speech itself becomes the channel in this case. In a remote situation tools like video conferencing can be used to communicate in a speaking situation.

Hence, the channel of communication is speech.

Verbal communication is the use of words to convey a message. Some forms of verbal communication are written and oral communication.

Key Points (B) Semi-structured Interviews- Semi-structured interviews are an effective method for data collection when the researcher wants:

1. to collect qualitative, open-ended data;
2. to explore participant thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about a particular topic; and
3. to delve deeply into personal and sometimes sensitive issues.

(C) Narrative Interviews- 

• The narrative interviews are characterized as unstructured tools, in-depth with specific features, which emerge from the life stories of both the respondent and cross-examined the situational context.
• This type of interview aims to encourage and stimulate the interviewee subject (informant) to tell the interviewer something about some important event of his/her life and the social context.

(D) Focus Groups- 

• Focus group discussion is frequently used as a qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding of social issues.
• The method aims to obtain data from a purposely selected group of individuals rather than from a statistically representative sample of a broader population.

Traffic signals and body languages are types of non-verbal communication methods. 

Hence, the correct answer is (B), (C), (D) only

Concept used:

SI = P × R × T/100

Interest = Amount - Principal

Calculation:

Interest =  Rs.10000 - 5000 = Rs.5000

Now,

5000 = 5000 × R × 8 / 100

R = 12.5%

Hence, the correct answer is 12.5%.

The correct answer is to Appeal to people.

Key Points Appeal to people fallacy:

• The fallacy of appeal to appeal to the people consists of arguing that a claim is true because a lot of people believe it, or that a claim is false because a lot of people do not believe it.
• Whether or not an idea is true is rarely a matter of how many people believe it.
• This type of fallacy believes that certain thinking is true only because most people believe it to be true.
• There is no fact of scientific judgment to support the idea, but the acceptance lies in the fact that most people believe it to be true.
• In the above example, the person says that the Golden pear brand phone looks good in the hand because all the Bollywood stars are carrying it these days.
• It means that the person believes the phone to be good not being supported by a fact but only because Bollywood is carrying it nowadays.

Hence, the fallacy mentioned in the argument is Appeal to people.

An adult learner or, more commonly, a mature student, is a person who is older and is involved in forms of learning. Adult learners fall in a specific criterion of being experienced and do not always have a high school diploma. Many of the adult learners go back to school to finish a degree or earn a new one.

Key Points

• There are 6 main characteristics of adult learners according to Malcolm Knowles (1980) who was one of the pioneers in this field.
• Adult learning is self-directed/autonomous
• Adult learning utilizes knowledge & life experiences
• Adult learning is goal-oriented
• Adult learning is relevancy-oriented
• Adult learning highlights the practicality
• Adult learning encourages collaboration
• Adult learners have matured learners who typically prefer a sense of control and self-direction.
• They like options and choices in their learning environment.
• Adult learners can act rationally and can make a balanced choice in their life.
• Adult learners are sure of their identity and they generally follow contemporary values of society.

So except C and E, all others are characteristics of adult learners.

The level of teaching which demands the use of higher-order thinking skills is Reflective level teaching.

Key Points

The reflective level is also known as the introspective level. Reflecting on something means giving careful thought to something over a period of time. Teaching at the reflective level enables the students to solve the real problems of life.

Additional Information

• Teaching at the memory level is considered to be the lowest level of teaching. At this level, the thinking ability does not play any role. students only cram the facts, information, formulas, and laws that are taught to them.
• Understanding level teaching is a more deliberate teaching method in which students interact with concepts and, as the name implies, comprehend the content.
• Creative level of teaching: Creative teaching focuses both on the methods a teacher uses to deliver learning and the overall effect those methods have on students and the outcomes produced.

Key Points

International Solar Alliance (ISA):

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of 121 countries initiated, most of them being the sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
• The ISA is headquartered in Gurugram, India.
• The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
• In January 2016, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, and the then French President François Hollande jointly laid the foundation stone of the ISA Headquarters in Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, India.
• India, with the support of France, has invited nations to facilitate infrastructure for the implementation of solar projects.
• The alliance has committed one trillion dollars as an investment, and it is committed to making the costs of solar power more affordable for remote and inaccessible communities.
• Most of the countries participating are from the northern hemisphere.

Therefore, (B), (D), and (E) are only correct.

Additional Information

• There are three objectives behind the International Solar Alliance.
• Firstly, to force down prices by driving demand;
• secondly, to bring standardization in solar technologies, and
• thirdly, to foster research and development.
• ISA is a pragmatic and interesting initiative by India towards bringing affordable solar energy to all and towards a global effort to fight climate change.
• It could defend people against the ravages of climate change while giving them safe and clean energy.

Key Points 

Therefore, the correct option is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

"A good quality education provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being.

Key Points 

• A symposium is a discussion method in which different viewpoints on a single aspect of a topic is discussed. Symposium provides a broad understanding of a topic or problem. The listener is provided with an opportunity to make decisions about a problem.
• Collaboration of research with the leading universities provides a huge amount of opportunities for students and staff alike. Along with research opportunities and cultural awareness, institutions can offer international experiences, including study abroad programs and staff exchanges.
• The term e-resource refers to all the products which a library provides through a computer network. The electronic resources are also known as online information resources covering bibliographic databases, electronic reference books, search engines for full textbooks, and digital collections of data.
• Privatising the universities and creating a system of strong punishment for those faculty who do not do research will not going to improve the quality of education.

So the correct option is (A), (B), (E) only.

Key Points

• Aquatic weeds are unwanted and undesirable vegetation that reproduce and grow in water. If left unchecked may choke the water body posing a serious menace to pisciculture.
• They provide breeding grounds and harbour predatory insects.
• Limit living space for fish
• Reduce water movement, thereby limiting oxygen circulation in water.
• Some weeds release toxic gases that cause fish death and add foul smell to the water.
• Many shallow, nutrient-rich ponds, domestic sewage, lakes, and drainage ditches provide ideal conditions for abundant aquatic weed growth.
• Nutrient-rich water like domestic sewage contains excessive phosphorus and nitrogen that can cause aquatic weeds and algae to grow excessively.
• In nutrient-rich water, weeds and algae can become out of balance with other plants and animals. They quickly absorb nutrient-rich water and use it to produce more weeds and algae.
• Water hyacinth is a free-floating and flowering invasive aquatic weed that blocks waterways and limits boat traffic, recreation, flood control and wildlife use
• Salvinia is a floating aquatic fern/weed that thrives in slow-moving, nutrient-rich, warm, freshwater.
• Duckweeds are tiny, free-floating, aquatic green weeds commonly found in lentic or slowly moving water bodies.

So from the above explanation, we can say that Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points

• The sum of the terms of a sequence is called a series
• “Intension” indicates the internal content of a term or concept that constitutes its formal definition.
• An intensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying necessary and sufficient conditions for when the term should be used.
• The increasing intension is when each term in the series (except the first) connotes more attributes than the one preceding it.
• Each term in the series after the first is more specific than the one preceding it.
• Example of increasing intension is : animal, mammal, feline, tiger.

Therefore statement A and B are correct.

Additional Information

• An extensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the term in question.
• Increasing extension is when each term in a series (except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class of the term preceding it. In other words, the class size gets larger with each successive term.

Key PointsStatement I: In Nyaya philosophy, the subject matter of logic is mainly thought and its verbal formulation is only a matter of contingency.

• Nyaya, (“Rule” or “Method”) is one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy, important for its analysis of logic and epistemology.
• The major contribution of the Nyaya system is its working out in profound detail the means of knowledge known as inference.
• In philosophy and logic, contingency is the status of propositions that are neither true under every possible valuation nor false under every possible valuation.
• A contingent proposition is neither necessarily true nor necessarily false.

Therefore, in Nyaya philosophy, the subject matter of logic is mainly thought and its verbal formulation is only a matter of contingency is true.

Statement II: Verbal formulation of an argument in Nyāya tradition is only for leading the other to the conclusion in question.

• Nyaya philosophy is the system of Indian formal logic and epistemology, of using the dialectical method for self-construction.
• The dialectical method means discussion, verbal formulation of an argument, and reasoning by dialogue as a method of intellectual investigation.
• It is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation.
• We can say that the Verbal formulation of an argument in the Nyāya tradition is only for leading the other to the conclusion in question.

**Hence, **Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

Match:

Hence, the correct answer is ​(A) - (I), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (III).

E-waste or Electronic waste is any electrical or electronic equipment that’s been discarded. E-waste is electronic products that are unwanted, not working, and nearing or at the end of their “useful life.”E-waste is particularly dangerous due to toxic chemicals that naturally leach from the metals inside when buried. Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants.

Key Points

So, the correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

 Key Points

1. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) was established in the year of 1969 by the Government of India to promote research in social sciences in the country.
2. Department of Science & Technology (DST) was established in May 1971, with the objective of promoting new areas of Science & Technology and playing the role of a nodal department for organizing, coordinating, and promoting S&T activities in the country.
3. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. In 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. After independence, it was redesignated the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 1949, with a considerably expanded scope of functions.
4. Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR) was established in March 1977 under the Department of Higher Education and Ministry of Human Resource Development as an Apex Level Body under the societies registration Act 1860. However, the council formally became active in July 1981.

Hence, the correct matching is (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I)

CAE stands for Computer-Aided Engineering.

Important Points

• A CAE engineer uses CAE tools and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software, for the simulation, validation, and optimization of products and manufacturing tools.
• This can occur at the design stage to aid with decision-making as well as for later product or process optimization.
• Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the practice of applying computer-assisted math-based analysis and simulation techniques to the product development process.

Hence, CAE is the abbreviation for computer-aided engineering, which is the analysis of the designed visualization.

In geometry, a regular polygon is a polygon that is equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and equilateral (all sides have the same length).

​ Key Points

• An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides have the same length and is also equiangular; that is, all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°.
• A square is a regular quadrilateral, which means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles (90-degree angles, π/2 radian angles, or right angles).
• It can also be defined as a rectangle in which two adjacent sides have equal length.
• An isosceles triangle is that the triangle must have two sides of equal length.
• These two sides are called the legs of the triangle and the unequal side is called the base.
• The isosceles triangle theorem further states that the angles opposite to each of the equal sides must also be equal.

Therefore according to the above definitions, both statements I and II are correct.

A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning. Logical fallacies are flawed, deceptive, or false arguments that can be proven wrong with reasoning.

There are two main types of fallacies:

1. A formal fallacy is an argument with a premise and conclusion that doesn't hold up to scrutiny.
2. An informal fallacy is an error in the form, content, or context of the argument

Key PointsTypes of logical fallacies:

Appeal to unqualified Authority:

• Appeal to authority is the misuse of an authority's opinion to support an argument. While an authority's opinion can represent evidence and data, it becomes a fallacy if their expertise or authority is overstated, illegitimate, or irrelevant to the topic.
• The above statement can be an example of an Appeal to unqualified authority.

"The great cricketer Sudhir says that Medisulpha soaps are good for health. We, therefore, must believe that it must be true indeed." this is an example of the appeal to an unqualified Authority fallacy.

Additional Information

Strawman Argument:

• A straw man argument attacks a different subject rather than the topic being discussed
• The straw man argument is appropriately named after a harmless, lifeless scarecrow. Instead of contending with the actual argument, they attack the equivalent of a lifeless bundle of straw — an easily defeated puppet that the opponent was never arguing for in the first place.

Appeal to ignorance

• It argues that a proposition must be true because it has not been proven false or there is no evidence against it.
• An appeal to ignorance doesn't prove anything. Instead, it removes the need for proof from the person making a claim.

​Slippery slope

• A slippery slope argument assumes that a certain course of action will necessarily lead to a chain of future events. The slippery slope fallacy takes a benign premise or starting point and suggests that it will lead to unlikely or ridiculous outcomes with no supporting evidence.

Calculation:

If a number is divisible by 12, 18, 30. Then it should be a multiple of LCM of 12, 15 and 18.

Now,

LCM of 12, 15 and 18 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5=180.

The smallest 5-digits number is 10000.

Now, divide it by 180.

We get a quotient 55 remainder is 100.

If we add 80 to it then it will be completely divided by 180 with a quotient 56.

Therefore,

180 × 56 = 10080

Hence, the smallest 5-digits number divisible by 12, 15, and 18 is 10080.

Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of natural science, technology, and social science.

Key Points

• Research funding is an essential part of conducting research. To be able to secure a research grant is a matter of prestige for a researcher and it also helps in the advancement of a career.
• Research in the field of sciences requires more funds than that in the field of social sciences and humanities.
• Scientists do research on the physical aspects of the world whereas social scientists conduct research to analyze the social behavior of human beings. So, not much specialized technical equipment is required in social science research.
• Scientific research requires labs, technical equipment, etc.
• Research in a laboratory is an expensive business, with high costs driven by the requirement for specialized equipment and reagents.
• Because of this research in science requires more funding than social science.
• Only in economically rich countries research in sciences of high quality is possible as rich countries can spend a huge amount of money on scientific research.

Therefore Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)

Higher education, or education at any institute above the high school level, is often sought after as a means to obtain these goals. Colleges, universities, and technical schools are institutions of higher education where students can enroll in diploma, associate degree, or 4- or 5-year degree programs.

 Key Points

Operations and success of higher education institutions depend on many factors, some of which they control and others they do not.

Factors that positively affect the institutes of higher education:

• Institutional factors may influence the quality of the infrastructure and the program variety. 
• ​The technology used at institutions also impacts education.
• ​Faculty is arguably one of the biggest institutional factors that influence higher education.
• Selecting a Very competent faculty would be positive for the educational institute.
• Teachers' competency is important for the process of student 'well development' in ensuring quality learning, especially for students in vocational colleges.
• Socio-Economic Factors include funding and selection criterion of the students.  
• Academic institutions, with few exceptions, constantly face financial challenges.
• Uniform representation of the students from all demography is an inclusive character of higher education.

Therefore, Using uniform criteria to select the institutions so that charges of partiality can be avoided can adversely affect the inclusive character of the institutions of higher education.

Confusion Points

• Inclusion in education refers to all students being able to access and gain equal opportunities for education and learning.
• It means all children in the same classrooms, in the same schools.
• It's the duty of the government to provide equality of status and opportunity in India.
• Reservation is one of the tools against social oppression and injustice against certain classes.
• Otherwise known as affirmative action, reservation helps in uplifting backward classes.
• This is also applicable for fees and other charges in the institute.

In statistical hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

​Power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is false.

Key Points The concept of Power:

• Power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is false.
• Power is the probability of making a correct decision (to reject the null hypothesis) when the null hypothesis is false.
• Power is the probability that a test of significance will pick up on an effect that is present.
• Power is the probability that a test of significance will detect a deviation from the null hypothesis, should such a deviation exist.
• Power is the probability of avoiding a Type II error.

Simply put, Power is the probability of not making a Type II error, according to Neil Weiss in Introductory Statistics.

Additional Information

• Demarcations are the marking of the limits or boundaries.
• Normative data is data from a reference population that establishes a baseline distribution for a score or measurement, and against which the score or measurement can be compared.
• A critical region, also known as the rejection region, is a set of values for the test statistic for which the null hypothesis is rejected. i.e. if the observed test statistic is in the critical region then we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

Concept:

If a piece of work is done in x number of days, then the work done in one day = 1/x

Calculation:

Gopal's 1 day's work = 1/3

Ravi's 1 day's work = 1/4

Gopal's : Ravi's = \(\frac{1}{3} : \frac{1}{4}\)

making denominator same, we get

Gopal's : Ravi's work \(=\frac{4}{12} : \frac{3}{12}\) = 4 : 3

Ravi's share = (3/7) × 3500 = 1500

Hence, the correct answer is Rs. 1500.

Key Points

• Active listening refers to a pattern of listening that keeps you engaged with your conversation partner in a positive way.
• It is the process of listening attentively while someone else speaks, paraphrasing and reflecting back on what is said, and with holding judgment and advice.

Important Points 

The listening process involves five stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating, remembering, and responding.

An effective listener must hear and identify the speech sounds directed toward them, understand the message of those sounds, critically evaluate or assess that message, remember what’s been said, and respond (either verbally or nonverbally) to information they’ve received.

Stages of active listening:

1. The Receiving Stage is the first stage of the listening process, which involves hearing and attending.

• Hearing is the physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the eardrum.

2. The Understanding Stage is the second stage during which the listener determines the context and meanings of the words that are heard through a process called decoding.

• Understanding or comprehension occurs when the listener’s determination of the context and meanings of the words matches the speaker’s message.

3. The Evaluating Stage is the third stage of the listening process during which the listener assesses the information they received, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

• Evaluating allows the listener to form an opinion of what they heard and, if necessary, to begin developing a response.

4. The Remembering Stage is the fourth stage that occurs as the listener categorizes and retains the information he or she has gathered from the speaker for future access.

• If the listener has been attending, understanding, and evaluating, chances are the result will be stored memory— allowing the listener to record information about people, objects, and events for later recall. This happens both during and after the speaker’s delivery.

5. The Responding Stage is the fifth stage of the listening process in which the listener provides verbal and/or nonverbal reactions based on short- or long-term memory.

Therefore the correct sequence of stages of active listening is (D), (A), (E), (B), (C)

Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms – a process called fission. This generates heat to produce steam, which is used by a turbine generator to generate electricity. Because nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. 

 Key Points

• The first commercial nuclear power stations started operation in the 1950s.
• Nuclear energy now provides about 10% of the world's electricity from about 440 power reactors.
• Nuclear is the world's second-largest source of low-carbon power (28% of the total in 2019).
• Over 50 countries utilize nuclear energy in about 220 research reactors.

Nuclear power in India

• India has a largely indigenous nuclear power program.
• The Indian government is committed to growing its nuclear power capacity as part of its massive infrastructure development program.
• Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear plants and materials, which hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009.
• Due to earlier trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.
• Since 2010, a fundamental incompatibility between India’s civil liability law and international conventions limits foreign technology provision.

In 2020, about 3.3 percent of the total power generated in India was derived from nuclear energy. The amount of nuclear electricity generated across India was about 40.4 billion kilowatt-hours that year.

SWAYAM is a Sanskrit acronym that stands for "Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds". It is an Indian Massive open online course platform.

 Key Points

Statement I: The 4 quadrants of SWAYAM are (1) Video lectures (2) specially prepared reading materials that can be downloaded (3) online discussion forums for clarifying doubts (4) Time to time assessment by experts.

• Swayam is done through a platform that facilitates hosting of all the courses, taught in classrooms from Class 9 till post-graduation to be accessed by anyone, anywhere at any time.
• All the courses are interactive, prepared by the best teachers in the country, and are available, free of cost to any learner.
• More than 1,000 specially chosen faculty and teachers from across the country have participated in preparing these courses.

The courses hosted on SWAYAM are in 4 quadrants –

1. Video lectures
2. Specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded/printed.
3. Self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes.
4. An online discussion forum for clearing doubts.

Steps have been taken to enrich the learning experience by using audio-video and multi-media and state-of-the-art pedagogy/technology. Time to time assessment by experts is not one of the quadrants on SWAYAM

Hence, the statement I is false.

Statement II: Swayam Prabha is a group of 34 DTH channels devoted to telecasting high-quality educational programs on a 24 × 7 basis.

• The SWAYAM PRABHA is a group of 34 DTH channels devoted to telecasting high-quality educational programs on a 24X7 basis using the GSAT-15 satellite.
• Every day, there will be new content for at least 4 hours which would be repeated 5 more times a day, allowing the students to choose the time of their convenience.
• The channels are uplinked from BISAG-N, Gandhinagar. The contents are provided by NPTEL, IITs, UGC, CEC, IGNOU. The INFLIBNET Centre maintains the web portal.
• The DTH Channels shall cover the following:
• Higher Education
• School education (9-12 levels)
• Curriculum-based courses

Hence, statement II is true.

Therefore, according to the above discussion Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Evaluation is an integral part of any teaching and learning program. Formative evaluation gives feedback to students as well as teachers.

Key PointsFormative evaluation:

• The formative evaluation provides the teacher feedback regarding the efficiency of the teaching methods so that the teaching can be improved.
• The main purpose of formative evaluation is improvement in learning.
• Formative evaluation is done continuously throughout the course period.
• It can be done by means of unit tests which can be given after teaching each unit, informal class tests, assignments, and other classroom activities.
• Unlike summative evaluation which is formal in nature, formative evaluation is informal and can be undertaken by using multiple techniques like observation, oral tests, written tests, etc.

Additional Information

There are three other important types of evaluation,

Therefore based on the above definitions the type of evaluation that gives feedback to students as well as teachers is formative evaluation.

Learning is the basic concern of a teacher. Any one of several internal, external, or a variety of unknown factors can influence learning.

Key Points

Hence the correct match is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)

Presentation software is generally used for creating slideshows that display information. The few commonly used presentation software are Google Slides, Microsoft Powerpoint, Powtoon, etc. Microsoft Powerpoint is the most widely used application for creating a computer-based presentation or slide show

Important Points

• The Footers option is used to write the information that appears at the bottom of all slides.
• This information typically includes the name of the presenters, their affiliation, and the presentation title, slide number, and date, any phrase or other information can be added as well.
• It can be accessed from the Header & Footer button under the INSERT tab.

Hence, the correct answer is Footer.

Additional Information                                                                                                                                           

• The headers option is used to include information that appears at the top of all slides. it can be accessed from the Header & Footer button under the INSERT tab.
• The bullets option is used to add bulleting to the important points.
• A bullet point is a dot, a small circle, diamond, or other symbol that is found before the text in order to enter key points or phrases. It is the perfect left-aligned way to present the content in a clear and concise way

Important PointsDatabase:

• Database refers to a collection of logically related information organized so that it can be easily accessible, managed, and updated.
• Databases are generally accessed electronically from a computer system and are usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS)

Hence, statement I is true.

Assembly language:

• Assembly language is a type of low-level computer programming language which allows the designer to program in terms of the machine instructions that a specific processor can perform.
• Since binary machine-code instructions are difficult to understand directly, assembly-language programs are expressed in a symbolic notation.
• There is a one-to-one correspondence between each assembly-language instruction and a machine-code instruction.

 The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false. 

Additional InformationBroadly the computer language can be classified into three categories assembly language, machine language, and high-level language

• machine language is one of the basic low-level languages that only a computer understands and is written in binary code or machine and is basically comprised of only two digits – 1 and 0.
• The high-level language allows the programmer to write programs for all types of computers and systems in the form of simple English or mathematical expressions.. Every instruction in a high-level language is converted to machine language for the computer to comprehend.

Important Points

Systematic reviews :

• Bryman cites Tranfield et al's (2003) defines systematic review as a "replicable, scientific and transparent process".
• A systematic literature review (SLR) identifies, selects, and critically appraises research in order to answer a clearly formulated question.
• Systematic reviews are at risk for bias from a number of sources hence the process obliges the researcher to be more comprehensive and thorough.

Hence, the statement I is correct.

A transparent review:

• Transparent peer review shows the complete peer review process from initial review to a final decision when both authors and reviewers opt-in.
• This means that alongside the published article, readers can see a full peer review history, including reviewer reports, editor decision letters, and the authors' responses.

Hence, statement II is also correct.

Therefore, Both Statements I and Statement II are true.

Additional Information The other common types of literature reviews are.

• Narrative or traditional literature reviews
• Critically Appraised Topic (CAT)
• Scoping reviews
• Annotated bibliographies

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world. 

Key PointsConvergent validity: 

• Convergent validity, for human cognition, especially within sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures that theoretically should be related, are in fact related.
• Convergent validity, along with discriminant validity, is a subtype of construct validity.
• Convergent validity can be established if two similar constructs correspond with one another, while discriminant validity applies to two dissimilar constructs that are easily differentiated.

The Correct Answer is Convergent validity.

Additional Information  The most important classification of types of validity is that prepared by a Joint Committee of American Psychological Association, the American Educational Research Association, and the National Council on measurements used in education. There are three types of validity:

• Content validity
• Content validity is the representativeness of sampling adequacy of the content
• Criterion validity (Predictive validity and Concurrent validity): The two types of criterion validities are predictive validity and concurrent validity.
• Predictive validity concerns a future criterion that is correlated with the relevant measure
• Concurrent criterion is assessed by correlating a measure and the criterion at the same point in time.
• Construct validity
• Both content and criterion validities have limited usefulness for assessing the validity of empirical measures of theoretical concepts employed in extension and development studies. In this context, construct validity must be investigated whenever no criterion or universe of content is accepted as entirely adequate to define the quality to be measured

Blockchain technology is a technology that leads to a chain of blocks, containing digital data stored in a public database.

Key Points

Blockchain technology:

• A blockchain collects information together in groups, known as blocks, that hold sets of information
• It is a distributed database existing on multiple computers at the same time, which constantly grows as new sets of recordings or blocks are added to it
• Blocks have certain storage capacities and, when filled, are closed and linked to the previously filled block, forming a chain of data known as the blockchain.
• All new information that follows that freshly added block is compiled into a newly formed block that will then also be added to the chain once filled the data is secured**.**

Hence the purpose of BlockChain is to secure data.

Additional Information 

Blockchain technology History:

• The first prototype of a blockchain was launched in the 1990s by computer scientist Stuart Haber and physicist W. Scott Stornetta.
• It was popularized by a person using the name Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin,
• The goal of blockchain is to allow digital information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited.
• In this way, a blockchain is a foundation for immutable ledgers, or records of transactions that cannot be altered, deleted, or destroyed. This is why blockchains are also known as distributed ledger technology (DLT)

The correct answer is 'Benefits of giving up destructive habits'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• Let us look at what you can do to eliminate a destructive habit, whether it is obesity, habitually being late, profanity, smoking, having a short temper or alcoholism.
• The ex-smoker talks about the exciting taste of the food and the clean smell of the air, clothes, and furniture, among others.
• They talk about the newfound self-respect and satisfaction from whipping a habit that would have taken from two to ten years of their lives and a lot of living out of their lives.
• From the above-mentioned excerpt, it is evident that the passage is about the benefits of giving up destructive habits.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Prevalence means the fact or condition of being prevalent or commonness.
• For eg.- The prevalence of obesity in adults is the talk of the town,

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage: 
• ​If someone else "talks you into it" the chances are strong you will perhaps start but the effort will be short-lived.
• Remember, you generally don't reach someone else's goal.
• Many times you end up further behind than you would have been had you not attempted to quit a habit that you were not ready to give up.
• From the above-mentioned excerpt, it is evident that the impact of someone else motivating a person to move away from a bad habit is transient.

Hence the correct answer is Transient.

The correct answer is 'In control of his own life'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• So first and most importantly, decide you no longer are going to be a slave to any destructive habit.
• Decide you want to have control of your life, that you want to be free, and that you want to do things with your life instead of having things done to your life.
• From the above-mentioned statement, it is evident that a person who decides to leave a bad habit is in control of his life.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Destructive means causing great and irreparable damage.
• For eg.- The destructive power of weapons was discussed in the meeting today.

The correct answer is 'Self-resolve'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• ​So first and most importantly, decide you no longer are going to be a slave to any destructive habit.
• From the above-mentioned excerpt, it is evident that the elimination of destructive habits depends upon self-resolve.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Elimination means the complete removal or destruction of something.
• ​For eg.- The elimination of extreme poverty is a key objective.

The correct answer is '(A) and (C) only'.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
• They talk about the newfound self-respect and satisfaction from whipping a habit that would have taken from two to ten years of their lives and a lot of living out of their lives.
• From the above-mentioned statement, we can gather that fending off bad habits will earn a person self-respect and satisfaction.
• Hence, option 1 i.e. '(A) and (C) only' is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• To fend off means to defend oneself from a blow, attack, or attacker.
• For eg.- Meredith tried frantically to fend him off.