UGC NET Paper 2: Library & Information Science 11 Jul 2022 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is "Providing access to published works for visually impaired persons".

Key Points

• Marrakesh Treaty 2013-
• The Marrakesh Treaty was adopted on June 27, 2013, and entered into force on September 30, 2016.
• It was administered by "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" providing access to published works for visually impaired persons.
• The treaty allows for copyright exceptions to facilitate the creation of accessible versions of books and other copyrighted works for visually impaired persons.
• India was the first country to ratify the treaty on June 24, 2014.
• It sets a norm for countries ratifying the treaty to have a domestic copyright exception and allow for the import and export of such materials.
• The objective of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty - 
• The primary goal of the Marrakesh Treaty is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print-disabled (VIPs).
• It Permits “Authorized entities” and “Beneficiaries” themselves to make accessible copies without the owner's permission or license.
• It makes provision to permit cross-border sharing of these accessible format works.

The correct answer is "National Knowledge Commission".

Key Points

• National Knowledge Commission (NKC)-
• It was set up in India on June 13, 2005, by the Government of India.
• Its aim was to prepare a blueprint for a reform in education, research Institutes, and intellectual property legislation.
• It recommended that "​A National Mission on Libraries should be set up for a period of three years which should be converted into a permanent Commission".
• National Census of all Libraries' was in the recommendations of NKC.

Additional Information

• Dr. Radhakrishnan -
• Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishnan was the first Vice President of India (1952-1962), and the second President of India (1962-1967).
• The University Education Commission was appointed in 1948 under the chairmanship of Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishnan.
• It was the first commission on education after Independence
• Kothari Education Commission-
• National Education Commission (1964 - 1966) is popularly known as Kothari Commission.
• It was set up on July 14, 1964, under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari the then-chairman of the UGC.
• The commission recommended that 6.25% of the total university budget be spent on the university library.​
• **Prof D.P. Chattopadhayaya Committee-**​
• The National Policy on Library and Information Systems (draft) was appointed by the Department of Culture, Ministry of Human Resource Development in October 1985.
• Professor D.P. Chattopadhyaya was appointed as the chairman of this committee.
• It recommended for "6-10% of the education budget for libraries and central government to provide funds under plan expenditure".

The correct answer is "Semiotics".

Key Points

• Semiotics-
• Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their use of interpretation.
• It is used to inform the receiver of what interpretation he/she should make in regard to the sign tree.

Additional Information

• Bionic-
• The word bionic, coined by Jack E. Steele in August 1958, is a portmanteau from biology and electronics.
• Bionics is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
• It is also referred to as 'biologically inspired engineering'.
• Cybernetics-
• The term cybernetics comes from the ancient Greek word kybernetikos (“good at steering”), referring to the art of the helmsman.
• Norbert Wiener characterized cybernetics as concerned with "control and communication in the animal and the machine" which is considered the best definition of cybernetics.
• The word 'cybernetics' was coined by a research group involving Norbert Wiener and Arturo Rosenblueth in the summer of 1947.
• Almetrics-
• The term altmetrics was proposed in 2010, which is a generalization of article-level metrics.
• Altmetrics uses public APIs across platforms to gather data with open scripts and algorithms.

The correct answer is "M.V. Porat".

Key Points

• Information Economy- 
• An information economy is an economy with an increased emphasis on informational activities and the information industry, where information is valued as a capital good.
• The term was coined by Marc Porat a graduate student at Stanford University, in 1977.

Additional Information 

• M.V. Porat-
• Marc Porat is a tech entrepreneur who authored a pivotal work entitled The Information Economy.
• He is the founder of General Magic, a company that built an early handheld communications device called Magic Link.
• Fritz Machlup-
• Fritz Machlup was an Austrian-American economist
• He was one of the first people to develop the concept of the information society in 1933.
• R.M. Hayes-
• He is an author.
• His most notable books include - Trick Cinematography: The Oscar Special-Effects Movies, 3-D Movies: A History and Filmography of Stereoscopic Cinema (McFarland Classics), The Republic Chapterplays: A Complete Filmography of the Serials Released by Republic Pictures Corporation, 1934-1955, Wide Screen Movies: A History and Filmography of Wide Gauge Filmmaking

The correct answer is "1886".

Key Points

• Berne Convention-
• The Berne Convention also known as the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works was an international assembly held in 1886 in the Swiss city of Bern by ten European countries.
• The goal was to agree on a set of legal principles for the protection of original work.
• The Convention provides authors, musicians, poets, painters, and other creators with the means to control how their works are used, by whom, and on what terms.

The correct answer is "Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz".

Key Points

• Big6 Model-
• The Big 6 is the most widely known and widely used approach to teaching information and technology skills worldwide.
• It is a six-step process developed by Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz that provides support in the activities required to solve information-based problems:
• task definition,
• information-seeking strategies,
• location & access,
• use of information,
• synthesis, and
• evaluation
• Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz-
• Mike and his co-author Bob Berkowitz created the Big6 approach to information literacy.
• He has worked with thousands of students--pre-K through higher education--as well as people in business, government, and communities to improve their information and technology skills.

Additional Information

• S. Serap Kurbanoglu-
• She is the national coordinator and the organizer of the UNESCO “Training the Trainers in Information Literacy” workshop in Ankara in 2008.
• She is involved in numerous national and international information literacy and lifelong learning projects.
• **W. Edwards Deming-**​
• He was an American engineer, statistician, and management consultant best known for his system of thought called the "system of propounding knowledge"
• He is most well-known for his theories of management.- PDCA, Total Quality Management, Quality control.
• D. Torrington and L. Hall-
• ​They developed the Performance Management Sequence Models (PMSM) in 1995.
• The PMSM model emphasizes the point that the performance management process is continuous, rather than static.

The correct answer is "Lord Curzon".

Key Points

• Imperial Library Act 1902-
• The Imperial Library was formed by amalgamating Calcutta Public Library and a number of Secretariat libraries in 1891.
• Lard Curzon the viceroy of India promulgated the imperial library act 1902 which is based on the Registration or book acts of 1867 amalgamating the "Calcutta public library" with the "Imperial library".
• The Government of India changed the name of the Imperial Library to the National Library by the **Imperial Library (change of name) Act, 1948.**​

Additional Information

• Lord Curzon-
• He was a British Conservative statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.
• His statement in 1901 reads, "As long as we rule India we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, we shall drop straightaway to a third-rate power."
• Lord Mount Batten-
• He was a British naval officer, colonial administrator, and close relative of the British royal family.
• He was appointed Viceroy of India In March 1947 and oversaw the Partition of India into India and Pakistan.
• Lord Canning-
• He was a British statesman and Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• He was the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown of Queen Victoria in 1858 after the rebellion was crushed.
• Lord Dalhousie-
• He was a Scottish statesman and colonial administrator in British India who served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.
• He established the foundations of the modern educational system in India by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education.

The correct answer is "Zurkowski".

Key Points

• **Information Literacy-**​
• The concept of Information Literacy was first developed by Paul Zurkowski in 1974.
• It is the ability to access, evaluate, organize, and use the information to learn, problem-solve and make decisions.
• Christine Susan Bruce developed the seven stages of Information Literacy in his journal "Seven Faces of Information Literacy" published in 1997.

Additional Information

• **Zurkowski-**​
• The concept of Information Literacy was first developed by Paul Zurkowski in 1974.
• He was the president of the Software and Information Industry Association at the time.
• John MacFarlane-
• ​John MacFarlane is an American professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.
• He is known for his contributions to open-source software, especially the Pandoc document converter and other "Markdown parsers and verifiers".
• Thomas D. Wilson-​
• Thomas D. Wilson first coined the term "Information Seeking" in his model published in 1981.
• Wilson's model of information-seeking behavior was focused on the human use of Information rather than the use of sources

The correct answer is "Travel Guide".

Key Points

• Fodor's-
• Fodor's is a publisher of English-language travel and tourism information.
• It was founded in 1949 by Eugene Fodor who was a keen traveler.
• Travel Guide-
• A guidebook or travel guide is "a book of information about a place designed for the use of visitors or tourists".
• It contains information about sights, accommodations, restaurants, transportation, and activities.
• For example- Fodor's Essential India​

Additional Information

• ​Yearbook-
• ​The basic purpose of yearbooks is to record annual developments in a geographical area, in a subject discipline, or in an organization.
• The term also refers to a comprehensive book of statistics or facts published annually.
• For Example- Europa Year Book: A World Survey. London: Europa Publications, 1959. Annual. 2 vols.
• Directory
• It lists people or organizations usually arranged alphabetically.
• Some directories are arranged geographically or by subject.
• For example- Directory of Cities and Towns in India/by O.P. Sharma...Delhi Kripa, 1989.
• Handbook-
• A handbook is a type of reference work or other collection of instructions, that is intended to provide a ready reference.
• The term originally applied to a small or portable book containing information useful for its owner.
• For example- Britain: An Official Handbook. London: Statistical Office, 1948. Annual.

The correct answer is "Humanities and Social Sciences periodical database​".

Key Points

• JSTOR-
• JSTOR stands for "Journal Storage" and is a digital library that was founded by William G. Bowen in 1994 in the USA in New York City as a digital library.
• It contains digitized back issues of academic journals, books, and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals in the humanities and social sciences.
• William G. Bowen, who served as the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, established JSTOR in 1994.
• The idea for JSTOR originated as a response to the challenges faced by libraries, particularly research and university libraries, dealing with the growing number of academic journals.
• It provides full-text searches of journals and provides open-access content free of charge.
• JSTOR is licensed mainly to academic institutions, public libraries, research institutions, museums, and schools.
• JSTOR Use-
• JSTOR metadata is available through "CrossRef" and the "Unpaywall dump", which as of 2020 identifies nearly 3 million works hosted by JSTOR.

The correct answer is S R Ranganathan:

Key Points

• The following is the schematic representation of the classification of documents as given by Ranganathan.

• Conventional documents are those which are usually recorded on paper in a natural language by writing, typing, printing, or some near-printing process.

• These include books, periodicals, maps, atlases, etc.

• ​Neo- conventional documents are a new class of micro-documents, such as standards, specifications, patents, data, etc.

• Non-conventional documents are a record in nonconventional size, shape, or material. Audios, visuals, audio-visuals, microforms, etc are included in this category.

• Meta-documents are a record of phenomena made
  

directly, unmediated, by the human mind. They are instrument records of natural and social phenomena made possible by instrument technology, photography, radar, etc.

Additional Information

• C W Hanson:
• ​Hanson divides documents into two categories - primary and secondary.
• ​Dennis Grogan:
• Grogan goes further and categorizes documents as primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Important Points

• The concept of Library Arts collage was introduced by Louis Shores.
• ASTAFS was given by Louis Shores.
• Basic Reference Sources and an introduction to materials and methods were written by Louis shores.

The Correct answer is MSC:

Key Points

• Wireless communication
• ​It is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices
• To provide wireless communication within a particular geographic region, an integrated network of base stations must be deployed to provide sufficient radio coverage to all mobile users. The base station, in turn, must be connected to a central hub called MSC (mobile switching center).

Additional Information

• PSTN:
• ​PSTN stands for the public switched telephone network.
• The PSTN forms the global telecommunication grid which connects conventional telephone centers with MSCs throughout the world.
• PBX:
• Private Branch eXchange, a hardware system that handles routing and switching of calls between a business location and the telephone network
• PABX:
• ​Private automated branch exchange is synonymous with modern-day business telephone systems. It connects external and internal callers to an internal network via a switchboard without the need for manual operation in the middle, unlike its ancestor PMBX.
• The history of wireless communication is discussed below:
• The first telegraph was invented (1600 – 1833)
• The invention of the radio from the telegraph (1867-1896)
• The birth of radio (1897 – 1898)
• Transoceanic Communication (1901 –1909)
• Voice over Radio and the First Television Transmissions (1914 – 1940)
• Commercial Television and the Birth of Mobile Telephony (1946 – 1976)
• Cellular Mobile Telephony and Steps toward Wireless Internet (1979 – 1994)
• The Wireless Data Era (1997 – 2009)
• PCS (1995-2008)

The correct answer is Subjectivity:

Key Points

• The scientific method of Research:
• The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.
• The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment, and finally analyzing the results.
• ​The scientific method of research is based on;
• ​Empirical evidence is the information obtained through observation and documentation of certain behavior and patterns or through an experiment.
• Empirical evidence is a quintessential part of the scientific method of research that is applicable in many disciplines.
• Objective Considerations means that Zenith based its Inclusion/Exclusion decision, Provider Review, or Corrective Action upon one or more objective factors based upon supportable documentation or data.
• The probabilistic forecast/prediction contains the most amount of information about the response as possible (based on a set of predictors),

Additional Information

• Subjectivity:
• It is generally conceptualized as the way research is influenced by the perspectives, values, social experiences, and viewpoints of the researcher.
• Traditional scientific discourse equates subjectivity with personal biases

The correct answer is the Average amount of variation around the mean:

Key Points

• Standard Deviation:
• ​A standard deviation (or σ) is a measure of the variation of the data in relation to the mean.
• A low standard deviation means data are clustered around the mean, and a high standard deviation indicates data are more spread out.
• Standard deviation is calculated by taking the square root of a value derived from comparing data points to a collective mean of a population.
• The square of the standard deviation is called the **variance.**​

Additional Information

• Variance:
• ​Variance is the measure of how notably a collection of data is spread out.
• Mean:
• Mean represents the average of the given collection of data. It is applicable for both continuous and discrete data.
• Median:
• It represents the mid-value of the given set of data when arranged in a particular order.
• Mode:
• The most frequent number occurring in the data set is known as the mode.
• Quartile Deviation:
• ​Quartile Deviation can be defined mathematically as half of the difference between the upper and lower quartile.

The Correct answer is ​(A), (C), and (D) only:

Key Points

• RAID
• ​RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks" or "redundant array of independent disks") is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.
• The term "RAID" was invented by David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and Randy Katz at the University of California, Berkeley in 1987.
• Standard levels of RAID:
• RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 2, RAID 3, RAID 4, RAID 5, RAID 6,
• ​​Nested RAID levels: 
• ​RAID 10 (RAID 1+0), RAID 01 (RAID 0+1, RAID 03 (RAID 0+3, also known as RAID 53 or RAID 5+3), RAID 50 (RAID 5+0)
• Nonstandard RAID levels:
• RAID 7, Adaptive RAID, RAID S (also known as parity RAID), Linux MD RAID 10:

Additional Information

• David Peterson;
• He is noted for his pioneering contributions to reduced instruction set computer (RISC) design, having coined the term RISC, and leading the Berkeley RISC project,
• William Katz:
• ​He is known for the Book**" introduction to reference work"**
• ​Garth A Gibson:
• ​In 2005 he became the 11th awardee of the J.W. Graham Medal, named in honor of Wes Graham
• Randy Katz:
• He led the effort to connect the White House to the Internet in 1994.

The correct answer is 1992:

Key Points

• SMS:
• S​hort Message/Messaging Service, commonly abbreviated as SMS, is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet, and mobile device systems.
• The first SMS message was sent over the Vodafone GSM network in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1992, from Neil Papworth.
• The text of the message was "Merry Christmas.
• According to Matti Makkonen, the Nokia 2010, which was released in January 1994, was the first mobile phone to support composing SMSes easily
• The first commercial deployment of a short message service center (SMSC) was by Aldiscon part of Logica (now part of CGI) with Telia (now TeliaSonera) in Sweden in 1993 followed by Fleet Call (now Nextel) in the US, Telenor in Norway and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK) later in 1993.

The Correct answer is 1977:

Key PointsNote: There is some discrepancy in the question. NICNET was established in 1987 and NIC was established in 1977. However, this is an official PYP so we cannot change the options.

• NICNET:
• ​National Informatics Centre Network is a  satellite-based National Informatic Network.
• It was established by NIC and started functioning in 1987.
• It is sponsored by GOI.
• The network consists of:
• The master earth station is located at CGO Complex, New Delhi. It comprises a 13-meter antenna, a network control center, and a packet switch.
• The micro earth station connects remotely located district computers with the State computer, which, in turn, are connected to the regional headquarters.
• **Geosynchronous Satellite.**NICNET is currently using the INTELSAT-V satellite which mainly functions as a relay station between the master earth station and the micro earth station.
• The various facilities and services of NICNET include:
• Gateway to the Internet by providing Internet connectivity
• Electronic mail service
• USENET bulletin board service
• Telnet facility to login to remote host
• File transfer protocol facility
• Research and Education Network of NIC (RENNIC) service to research, education, and medical institutions.
• General Information Services terminal(GISTNIC) for common public

Additional Information EXISTING DATA NETWORKS IN INDIA

The correct answer is 250:

Key Points

• Abstract: A brief and objective representation of a document or an oral presentation.
• According to the guidelines of ANSI/NISO Z39.14, the recommended length of the abstract is 250 words.
• ANSI/NISO Z39.14-1997 (R2015):
• ​This standard is the second revision of the American National Standard for Writing Abstracts, ANSI Z39.14-1971, which was prepared by Subcommittee 6 of the then American National Standards Committee on Standardization in the Field of Library Work, Documentation, and Related Publishing Practices, Z39 (now NISO).
• The first revision of ANSI Z39.14-1971 was issued as ANSI Z39.14-1979.
• ​The International Standard was developed between 1971 and 1975 by an ad hoc Working Group of ISO/TC 46, headed by the chairman of Z39/Subcommittee 6.
• This standard underwent periodic reviews and was reaffirmed in 1987, 2002, 2010, and most recently in 2015.

Additional Information

• Types of Abstracts:
• ​Informative Abstracts.
• Indicative Abstracts.
• The length of an abstract differs according to the type of document being abstracted and the ways the abstract is to be used. If length is not specified the following lengths are usually adequate:

The correct answer is the Ministry of Culture, GOI.

Key Points

• RRRLF is a Central Autonomous Organization established and fully financed by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• Established in 1972 and its headquarter is in Kolkata.
• The nodal organization of the Government of India to support public library services and systems and promote the public library movement in the country.

Ministry of Culture:

• The Ministry of Culture is the Indian government ministry charged with the preservation and promotion of the art and culture of India.
• Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• It is the division of the Ministry of Education, GOI.

The correct answer is Management and Information System.

Key Points

• The full form of MIS is Management Information System.
• It is an information system used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization.
• The goal of using a management information system is to increase the value and profits of the business.

The correct answer is the Penetration pricing strategy.

Key PointsPenetration pricing strategy

• The firm prices its product lower than others in the competition is called the Penetration pricing strategy.
• Marketers use penetration pricing to gain market share by offering their goods and services at prices lower than those of the competitors.  ​
• It is basically to set a low price to enter a competitive market and raise it later.
• At first, this lower price strategy may result in losses for the company but it is expected that after achieving a stronger market penetration one can raise prices to a more profitable level.

Additional InformationSkimming pricing strategy

• Companies use price skimming when they are introducing innovative new products that have no competition.
• They charge a high price at first, then lower it over time.

Geographic pricing strategy

• A geographical pricing strategy is a practice of adjusting the price of a product or service depending on the geographical location of the buyer.
• The adjusted price often reflects the costs of shipping, local taxes, market competition, or willingness to pay.
• Geographical pricing helps improve profit margins, maximize revenue, and increase sales in low-cost markets.

Product line pricing 

• Product line pricing involves the separation of goods and services into cost categories.
• It is used in order to create various perceived quality levels in the minds of consumers.
• The product line pricing is where you have different tiers of your product that are priced differently essentially, you pay more for more features.

The correct answer is McClelland:

Key Points

• David McClelland:
• David McClelland has developed an Achievement Motivation Theory.
• This theory is also widely recognized as Need Achievement Theory, Need Theory, and Three Needs Theory.
• David McClelland gave a model of motivation which is based on three types of needs, namely, achievement, power, and affiliation. They are as follows:
• Need for achievement (n-Ach): a drive to excel, advance and grow;
• Need for power (n-Pow): A drive to influence others and situations;
• Need for affiliation (n-Aft): A drive for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

Additional Information

• Clayton P. Alderfer:
• ​Clayton P. Alderfer developed the EGR theory (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth).
• This theory was published originally in the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.
• ​Frederick Herzberg:
• ​In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioral scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory.
• ​Douglas McGregor:
• ​In his book, ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’, McGregor’s Theory of Motivation explained Theory X and Theory Y.
• Theory X stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while Theory Y stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man at work.

The correct answer is ​e-G 4.0:

Key Points

• e-Granthalaya is a Digital Platform developed by the National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.
• Version 4.0 of e Granthalaya was the first version which is a Cloud Ready Application to facilitate web-based data entry with a Centralized Database.
• e-Granthalaya was started as an in-house project at 'The Karnataka State Centre of NIC in 2002 for the automation of public libraries in the Karnataka state.

Additional Information

• NIC: ​The National Informatics Centre (NIC) under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology was established in the year 1976.
• eGyanKosh: A National Digital Repository to store, index, preserve, distribute and share the digital learning resources developed by the Open and Distance Learning Institutions in the country.
• e-PG Pathshala is an initiative of the MHRD under its National Mission on Education through ICT (NME-ICT) being executed by the UGC.

The correct answer is RDF/XML:

Key Points

• ​​RDF:
• RDF stands for **Resource Description Framework.**​
• RDF is a framework for describing resources on the web.
• The first version of RDF was published in 1998, final W3C recommendation was released on 10. February 2004.
• RDF documents are written in XML. The XML language used by RDF is called RDF/XML.
• RDF is a part of the W3C's Semantic Web Activity.
• RDF uses Web identifiers (URIs) to identify resources and describes resources with properties and property values.
• The combination of a Resource, a Property, and a Property value forms a Statement (known as the subject, predicate, and object of a Statement).
• The main elements of RDF are:
• The root element.
• The Description Element.
• The RDF Abstract syntax is a set of triples called an RDF graph

The Correct answer is (C), (D), and (E) only:

Key Points

• Extension Services:
• In L M Harrods's The Librarian's Glossary, the term extension work is defined as 'activities which are undertaken with the object of reaching groups of people who might otherwise be unaware. of the library, by different extension activities.
• ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science 1983 defines It as “the provision by a library of materials and services (including advisory services) to individuals and organizations outside its regular service area, especially in an area in which library service is not otherwise available.
• Some of the main forms of extension services are as
  

follows

• Reading Circle, Study Circle;
• Story Hour
• Book Fair and Exhibition
• Library Orientation / Library Tour.
• Translation of Manuscript
• Shaping Friends of the Library Group.
• Perusing to Illiterates
• Festivity of Festival and Events and Arranging Cultural Programs.
• Mobile Service.
• Publicity/ Propagenda

Additional Information

• Inter Library Loan:
• ​As defined by the Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States "Interlibrary loan is the process by which a library requests material from, or supplies material to, another library.
• Photocopying:
• Photocopying is a form of making copies of required items from books, journals, newspapers or pamphlets, and the like.
• A photocopying service uses the latest color photocopying technology to reproduce documents with deep, rich colors and sharp type.

The correct answer is "(A), (B), and (C) only".

Key Points

• Web Scale Discovery Services-
• Web Scale Discovery Services are tools capable of searching quickly and seamlessly across a vast range of local and remote content and providing relevancy-ranked results in a type of intuitive interface.
• Web-scale discovery services enable single search box queries that reveal content from various sources.

Additional Information

• Traits of Web-Scale Discovery Services-
• Content- 
• These Services harvest content from local and remotely hosted repositories and create a vastly comprehensive centralized index - to the article level.
• Content is enabled through the harvesting of local library resources, combined with brokered agreements with publishers and aggregators allowing access to their metadata and full-text content for indexing purposes.
• Discovery-
• ​These services have a single
  

search box providing a Google-like search

experience (as well as advanced searching

capabilities).

• Delivery- 
• These services provide quick
  

results ranked by relevancy in a modern interface offering functionality and design cues intuitive to and expected by today’s users.

• Flexibility-
• These services are agnostic to underlying systems, whether hosted by the library or hosted remotely by content providers.
• These services are open compared to traditional library systems and allow libraries greater latitude to customize the services and make the service it's own.

The correct answer is NLM:

Key Points

• MEDLINE is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's (NLM) premier bibliographic database.
• MEDLINE is the primary component of PubMed, part of the Entrez series of databases provided by the NLM National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
• MEDLINE was started in 1971.
• MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval.

Additional Information

• NISCAIR:
• ​The National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), located in New Delhi, India, was an information science institute in India founded in 2002 by the merger of NISCOM and INSDOC.
• In 2021, the institute was merged with NIScPR. It operated under the umbrella of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• AIIMS:
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences is governed by the AIIMS Act, 1956, and operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• ICMR:
• Indian Council of Medical Research, the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world.
• In 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA). It was redesignated the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 1949/
• ​NLM
• ​The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is a leader in biomedical informatics and computational health data science research, and the world’s largest biomedical library.
• The National Library of Medicine was established in 1836.

The correct answer is the Bibliographic framework:

Key Points

• BIBFRAME;
• The bibliographic framework is a model for bibliographic description.
• BIBFRAME was designed to replace MARC standards.
• Library of congress released in Nov. 2012 BIBFRAME.
• Version 2.0 was released in 2016.
• The national library of Sweden was the first to introduce a full transition to BIBFRAME in 2018.
• BIBFRAME is expressed in RDF and based on three categories of abstraction (work, instance, item), with three additional classes (agent, subject, event) that relate to the core categories.
• The BIBFRAME model includes a serial entity for journals, magazines, and other periodicals.
• Ex Libris published a roadmap to implement BIBFRAME in its library systems, which includes a **MARC-to-BIBFRAME transformation.**​

Additional Information

• Resource Description and Access:
• ​Resource Description and Access (RDA) is a standard for descriptive cataloging initially released in June 2010, providing instructions and guidelines on formulating bibliographic data.
• RDA is the successor to Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition (AACR2).
• RDA emerged from the International Conference on the Principles & Future Development of AACR held in Toronto in 1997.

The correct answer is Bolman and Deal:

Key Points

• Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal introduced the four-Framework model of leadership in 1984.
• The four frames in the Four-Frame Model are as follows:
• The structural frame: The structural frame is a task-oriented frame. It focuses on strategy, setting goals that can be measured, clarifying tasks, etc.
• The human resource frame: The human resources frame focuses on providing employees with power and the opportunity to do their job well while addressing needs such as personal growth, human contact, and job satisfaction.
• The political frame: The political frame addresses the problem of different and often hidden agendas people may have under one organization.
• The symbolic frame: The symbolic frame is focused on inspiring people by providing the organization with a direction that’s distinctive and significant to its members.

Additional Information

• The Tannenbaum-Schmidt Leadership Continuum:
• ​In 1958, contingency theorists Robert Tannenbaum and Warren Schmidt identified a continuum of seven distinct leadership styles, which they published in the Harvard Business Review
• The model highlights seven leadership styles that occur across the continuum:
• Tells,Sells, Suggests, Consults, Joins, Delegates, Abdicates
• ​William James Reddin 3D Theory:
• R​eddin's research published in his 1983 Ph.D. thesis, Managerial Effectiveness and Style: Individual or Situation indicated that the notion of a single ideal management style was not sound nor useful.
• Reddin wrote in his book that explains his theories and models, called Managerial Effectiveness published in 1984.
• ​Blake and Mouton's Leadership Model (Managerial Grid):
• The managerial grid, also known as the management grid, was proposed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton and is a behavioral leadership model.

The correct answer is 7**.**

Key PointsASCII

• ASCII is a 7-bit code.
• It uses seven bits to represent a letter or a punctuation mark.
• It stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
• It is a standard data-encoding format for electronic communication between computers.
• ASCII assigns standard numeric values to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and other characters used in computers.
• The code was first published as a standard in 1967.

The correct answer is Purposive Sampling.

Key PointsDeliberate sampling

• It is a non-probability sampling procedure.
• It is also called purposive sampling or deliberate sampling or judgment sampling.
• The researcher selects the sample based on his/her judgment.
• The researcher believes that the selected sample elements are representative of the population.

Additional InformationRandom Sampling

• It is the basic sampling procedure where each unit in the population gets an equal chance of being included in the sample.
• It is chance sampling or probability sampling.

Systematic Sampling

• In this case, one selects the units in a fixed interval.
• The most practical way of sampling is to select every 15th name on a list, every 10th house on one side of a street, and so on.
• In such a design the selection process starts by picking some random point in the list and then every nth element is selected until the desired number is secured.

Quota Sampling

• In this procedure, the population is divided into groups based on some characteristics such as gender, age, education, religion, income group, etc.
• A quota of units from each group is determined and the actual selection of items for the sample is done through the researcher’s judgment.

The Correct answer is (B) and (D) only:

Key Points

• The National Intellectual Property Rights Policy of India:
• ​The government recently released the National IPR policy to promote the IP regime. The policy will encourage creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship in India. It will check the theft of one person’s innovation by another. This is India’s first IPR policy.
• Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce Government of India, has been appointed as the nodal department to coordinate, guide and oversee the implementation and future development of IPRs in India.
• The National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy was adopted in May 2016.
• The ‘Cell for IPR Promotion & Management (CIPAM)’, setup under the aegis of DIPP, is to be the single point of reference for the implementation of the objectives of the National IPR Policy.

Additional Information

• Success under the new IPR policy:
• ​India’s rank in the Global Innovation Index (GII) issued by WIPO has improved from 81st in 2015 to 52nd place in 2019.
• Patent filings have increased by nearly 7% in  2018-19.
• Trademark filings have increased by nearly 28% in 2018-19.

The correct answer is option 2- (A), (B), (C) only.

Key Points 

• The core collection of the web of science includes:
• Science Citation Index Expanded
• Social Sciences Citation Index
• Arts and Humanities Citation Index

Science Citation Index Expanded 

• It is a multidisciplinary index to the journal literature of the sciences.
• It fully covers over 8,300 major journals across 150 scientific disciplines.
• It includes all cited references captured from indexed articles.

Social Sciences Citation Index

• It is a multidisciplinary index to the journal literature of the social sciences.
• It fully covers over 2,900 journals across 50 social sciences disciplines.
• It also indexes individually selected, relevant items from over 3,500 of the world's leading scientific and technical journals.

Arts and Humanities Citation Index

• It is a multidisciplinary index to the journal literature of the arts and humanities.
• It fully covers over 1,600 of the world's leading arts and humanities journals.
• It also indexes individually selected, relevant items from over 6,000 major science and social science journals.

Additional Information

• The Web of Science Core Collection consists of ten indexes containing information gathered from thousands of scholarly journals, books, book series, reports, conferences, and more.

Web of Science

• The Web of Science is a paid-access platform that provides access to multiple databases that provide reference and citation data from academic journals, conference proceedings, and other documents in various academic disciplines.
• It was previously known as the Web of Knowledge.
• Launched in 1997 and is currently owned by Clarivate.

The Correct answer is Encyclopedia Britannica:

Key Points

• Encyclopedia Britannica:
• Its first edition was published in 1768-1771 in 3 volumes, a second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes and was published in 1929, and has been revised with reorganization till 1973.
• Britannica in 1985 was printed with a two-volume index, leading to an increase in its volumes. The new set of 32 volumes also re-numbered its volumes as follows;
• Propedia: 1 volume; Propaedia acts as a guide to the Encyclopaedia,
• Macropaedia.: Micropaedia: 12 volumes: Micropaedia works as a detailed index to the Macropaedia and provides brief information with each entry
• Macropaedia: 17 volumes, Macropaedia contains lengthy articles on different topics, and is meant for serious readers.
• Index: 2 volumes.
• The last print version was its 2010 edition.
• Britannica Junior was first published in 1934 in 12 volumes.

Additional Information

• Encyclopedia Americana:
• ​There have been three separate works using the title Encyclopedia Americana.
• The first began publishing in 1829-33 by the German exile Francis Lieber.
• A separate Encyclopedia Americana was published by J.M. Stoddart between 1883 and 1889.
• In 1902, a new version in 16 volumes was published under the title Encyclopedia Americana, under the editorial supervision of Scientific American magazine.
• Encyclopedia Americana online became first available in 1996.
• ​Encyclopedia Indica;
• ​it is written by Jagdish Saran Sharma;
• It was first published in 1981.
• ​The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology:
• It was originally published in 1960:
• The most recent edition in print is the eleventh edition, copyright 2012 comprising twenty volumes.

The correct answer is 74:

Key Points

The Notation in CC 7th ed. comprises 74 digits which have been divided into six species.

Additional Information

• **Colon Classification:**​
• The first edition of CC was published in 1933  with Three parts by the Madras Library Association.
• It was compiled by Dr. Ranganathan.
• The second edition of Colon Classification was published in 1939 with four parts.
• Main classes  Spiritual Experience and Mysticism were added in 2nd ed. Also, octave principles were added.
• The third edition of Colon Classification 'appeared in 1950 fourth in 1952 Fifth in 1957, the Sixth in 1960, and the Seventh ed. in 1987.
• The four major devices used in CC are:
• Chronological device
• Geographical device
• Subject device
• Alphabetical device
• The method for mapping the universe of subjects in CC is Faceted.
• 6th ed . of CC is a Freely faceted classification scheme.
• In CC double inverted comma indicates a Common isolate.
• The asterisk indicates agglomeration and interpolation.

The Correct answer is Philosophical model:

Key Points

• Models Based on Theories and Tools​
• L​inguistic Model:
• In ​linguistic model for information retrieval, study the information retrieval from the point of view of the properties of language. Information retrieval is provided by features of natural language as well as artificial languag.
• Psychological Model:
• ​The psycholinguistic approaches to information retrieval led to the study of formation of concepts in human mind the way in which the human thinking process arranges the ideas, its presentation at the time of enquiry, and the type of retrieval cues it demands while searching has led to a cognitive research linked with computer communication processes.
• Fuzzy Logic Model:
• ​The term 'fuzzy' is used to imply the results from the minimal standards or controls on the creators of the text items..
• Fuzzy logic supports values: true and false as well as other values in between.
• .The conceptual fuzzy logic was introduced by Professor Lotfi A Zadeah.
• Fuzzy retrieval provide the capability to locate spellings of words that are similar to the entered search term.

Additional Information

• Other models of information retrieval Based on Theories and Tools:
• Boolean Retrieval Model:
• Set Theoretic Model
• Vector Space .Model
• Probabilistic Retrieval Model
• Linguistic Model
• Mathematical Model
• Economic Model
• Hypertext Linkage Model,
• Models Based on Input/Output:
• Data Retrieval Model
• Information Retrieval Model
• Knowledge Retrieval Model.

The correct answer is Controlled vocabulary.

Key Points

• AGROVOC is a multilingual controlled vocabulary.
• It covers all areas of interest of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), including food, nutrition, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and the environment.
• AGROVOC stands for Agriculture Vocabulary.
• It was first published in the early eighties by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• A multilingual (English, Spanish, and French) collection of index terms to be used in cataloging agricultural publications.

The Correct answer is Digitally Accurate Response Tracking (DART).

Key Points

• The Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) is a project scheduling tool used to create a project schedule network diagram.
• Precedence diagrams serve as a link between manual planning systems like Gantt charts and computer-based systems such as critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT).
• However, in contemporary organizations, they are not frequently utilized as control tools.
• **A widely used precedence diagram is Digitally Accurate Response Tracking (DART), primarily applied in disaster management programs.**​

Additional Information

• There are four Precedence Diagram Methods (PDM):
• Finish-Start: Activities cannot begin until their preceding activities are completed. This is the most commonly used dependency.
• Start-Start: Activities have a defined relationship based on their start times.
• Finish-Finish: Activities have a defined relationship based on their end dates.
• Start-Finish: There is a defined relationship between the start of one activity and the end date of a succeeding activity. This type of dependency is seldom used.

Important Points

• Control charts:

• A control chart is a graphical representation of the collected information.

• It indicates whether a process is in control or out of control.

• It determines process variability and detects unusual variations taking place in a process.

• It ensures the product quality level.

• It provides information about the selection and setting of tolerance limits.

• Gantt Charts.

• Gantt charts are mainly used to allocate resources to activities.

• The resources allocated to activities include staff, hardware, and software. Gantt charts are useful for resource planning.

• A Gantt chart is a special type of bar chart where each bar represents an activity.

• This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis and time intervals on the horizontal axis.

The correct answer is 128:

Key Points

• IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6):
• ​IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a set of specifications from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that is essentially an upgrade of IP version 4 (IPv4), a category of IP addresses in IPv4-based routing.
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (16 bytes), including 64 bits for the network number and 64 bits for the host number.
• The specification (RFC8200) for IPv6 was published in **2017.**​

Additional Information

• Internet Protocol (IP):
• ​The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.
• **IPv4:**The fourth version of IP (IPv4 for short) was introduced in 1983.
• ​IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space​
• IP address:
• ​An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device or domain that connects to the Internet.

The correct answer is ICMP.

Key Points

• The ping command operates within an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
• ​Ping (Packet InterNet Groper) is a utility that sends a signal to another computer over a network and then receives a reply from the computer that was pinged and sends it back to the first computer.
• With the ping command,one can quickly determine whether a machine has internet access and can communicate with other computers or network devices.
• ICMP is a fundamental component of any IP network.
• It is used for error handling in the network layer.
• It is primarily used on network devices such as routers.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• It is a communications protocol that facilitates the exchange of messages between computing devices in a network.
• In a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP), it is sometimes referred to as UDP/IP.
• UDP enables process-to-process communication.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol.
• It lies between the Application and Network Layers which are used in providing reliable delivery services.
• It is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the exchange of messages between different devices over a network.
• TCP supports host-to-host communication.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address.
• It dynamically translates Internet addresses into the unique hardware addresses on local area networks.

The Correct answer is Netnography:

Key Points

• Netnography:
• It is a specific approach to conducting ethnography on the internet. It is a qualitative, interpretive research methodology that adapts traditional ethnographic techniques to the study of social media.
• The term netnography is a portmanteau combining "Internet" or "network" with "ethnography".
• Netnography was originally developed in 1995 by marketing professor Robert Kozinets.
• Networked community:
• It is actually physical communities that are supported by an online network. In networked community, online interaction through communication technologies is considered to be a means of sustaining local community life.
• Meta-ethnography
• It is a method that allows synthesizing qualitative studies in order to achieve a new conceptual understanding of a particular phenomenon.
• Online Assessment:
• Online assessment is the process of conducting a test online to gauge the participants’ learning and mastery over a particular subject.
• An online assessment may be administered with a specific intent, such as ascertaining a candidate’s skills, knowledge, or learning abilities.

Additional Information

• ETHNOGRAPHY:

• ​The method is also known as ‘ethnomethodology’ or ‘methodology of people’.

• Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.

• The term ethnography is from the Greek.

• Gerhard Friedrich Müller developed the concept of ethnography.

• Forms of Ethnography:

• Autoethnography.

• Digital ethnography

• Multispecies ethnography.

• Relational ethnography

The correct answer is ​Public Library:

 Key Points

• Public Library:
• A public library (also called a circulating library) is a library that is accessible by the public and is generally funded from public sources (such as tax money) and Established under a clear mandate of law.
• Community information services are provided by Public Libraries.​
• ​Academic Library:
• The academic library is the library that is attached to academic institutions like schools, colleges, and universities.
• Academic libraries support research by providing research collections, services, data literacy training, and research data management.
• ​Government Libraries:
• They are ​to supply relevant literature to the administrators and policymakers in government that they need for taking decisions and necessary action.
• Corporate Library:
• ​A corporate library is a special library serving the staff at a corporation.
• Corporate libraries may act as an agent for fulfilling certain needs in the business, patent, personnel, and safety areas of the corporation.

Additional Information

• Community Information Service(CIS)
• ​Library Association provided a comprehensive definition of Community Information Services. It defines “Community Information Services are those, which assist individuals and groups with daily problem solving and with participation in the democratic process.
• ​ Library Association in the UK set up a Community Information Project (CIP) in 1977.

The correct answer is 2008.

Key Points

• HMIS was launched in October 2008.
• A digital initiative under the National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) was launched by Ms. Preeti Sudan Secretary, Health and Family Welfare in five states of India.
• Chandigarh
• Karnataka
• Punjab
• Tripura
• Uttar Pradesh
• A health management information system (HMIS) is a system whereby health data are recorded, stored, retrieved, and processed to improve decision-making.
• HMIS is a web-based management information system.
• This online portal provides information on health indicators in India.

The Correct answer ​(A) and (C) only:

Key Points

• The term information is used with different meanings by different groups and in different contexts (Langefors, 1993) and there is no well-defined definition of the terms ‘data’ and ‘information’ (Checkland & Howell, 1998).
• information life cycle: The stages through which information passes, typically characterized as creation or collection, processing, dissemination, use, storage, and disposition, including destruction and deletion.
• According to Goodman Information, the life cycle includes the Design and creation of records,  Circulation, Access, Loan, and Use.

​

Additional Information

• ​POSMAD Model;
• English (1999) formulated a five-phase information life cycle model of plan, acquire, maintain, dispose, and apply, adapted from a generalized resource management model
• McGilvray (2008) later extended the model by adding a “store and share” phase and naming it the POSMAD life cycle model, an acronym for
• Plan for information
• Obtain the information.
• Store and Share the information
• Maintain and manage the information
• Apply the information to accomplish your goals
• Dispose of the information as it is no longer needed

The Correct answer is (A) and (B) only.

Key Points 

• Whitaker's Almanac.
• Whitaker's is a UK reference book published annually.
• Whitaker's Almanac is a well-known reference book that provides a wide range of factual information, including historical and statistical data about countries, governments, and various topics. It is a valuable source of facts and figures.
• It was initially released by J Whitaker & Sons from 1868 to 1997, followed by The Stationery Office until 2003, and later by A & C Black
• In 2011, A & C Black became a wholly owned subsidiary of Bloomsbury Publishing.
• In 2020, Rebellion Publishing acquired the publication.
• The 153rd edition was published on 15 April 2021. However, it was announced in mid-2022 that there would be no 2022 edition.
• The Statesman's Yearbook,
• The Statesman's Yearbook, published annually since 1864, is a one-volume reference book that offers information on countries worldwide.
• The Statesman's Year Book is an annual publication that offers comprehensive information about countries, including their governments, demographics, and various statistics.
• It is widely recognized as a reliable source of facts and data about nations around the world.
• It is published by Palgrave Macmillan.
• In 1866, Steinberg noted that the words originally used by Martin in the preface of the first issue of the Statesman's Year-Book still remained relevant even after a century.
• The current edition of this valuable resource is "The Statesman's Yearbook: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World, 2018," which is the 154th edition published by Palgrave Macmillan.

Additional Information

• The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, New York
• ​The Columbia Gazetteer of the World is a comprehensive reference with over 170,000 entries covering geographical places and features.
• It serves as an authoritative A to Z encyclopedia for geographic information.
• Initially published in 1998, this reference work has been continually updated with new entries and extensive revisions to account for recent administrative changes in countries worldwide.
• It also features fresh maps, population data, and an expanded glossary of geographical and geological terms.
• Current Biography, New York:
• Current Biography is a monthly American magazine released by the H. W. Wilson Company in New York City.
• It is published every month except December and features profiles of prominent individuals in various fields, including politicians, athletes, business leaders, and entertainers.

The Correct answer is the size of the data:

Key Points

• Big Data:
• ​Big Data is the field of analyzing and extracting information from extremely large data sets.
• Characteristics of Big Data:
• Velocity: Velocity refers to the speed of data processing. It consists of the rate of change, activity bursts, and the linking of incoming data sets.
• Volume: Volume refers to the amount of data that you have. We measure the volume of our data in Gigabytes, Zettabytes (ZB), and Yottabytes (YB)
• Value: Value refers to the benefits that your organization derives from the data.
• Variety; Variety refers to the different types of big data
• Veracity: Veracity refers to the accuracy of your data.
• Validity: How valid and relevant is the data to be used for the intended purpose?
• Volatility: Big data is constantly changing. The data you gathered from a source a day ago might be different from what you found today. This is called variability of data, and it affects your data homogenization.
• visualization: Visualization refers to showing your big data-generated insights through visual representations such as charts and graphs.

Additional Information

• Main Components of Big Data:
• Ingestion: Ingestion refers to the process of gathering and preparing the data.
• Storage: Once you have gathered the necessary data, you’d need to store it.
• Analysis: In this phase of your big data process, you’d analyze the data to generate valuable insights for your organization.
• Consumption: This is the final phase of a big data process. Once you have analyzed the data and have found the insights, you have to share them with others

The Correct answer is Down the Memory Lane:

Key Points

• Down the Memory Lane:
• ​The National Library of India initiated in the late 1990s a digitization program, known as 'Down the Memory Lane, to digitize rare books, manuscripts, and other resources from its collection.
• Dware Dware Gyan Sampada;
• **​Mobile Digital Library (Dware Dware Gyan Sampada)**is a product from C-DAC-ERDC Noida.
• For spreading and promoting literacy among the common citizens, Internet-enabled Mobile
  

Digital Library was brought to use.

• ​The Information for All Programme (IFAP)
• ​The Information for All Programme (IFAP) is a unique program of  UNESCO.
• It was Created by UNESCO Member States in 2001.
• The 12th session of the Intergovernmental Council for the Information for All Programme (IFAP) will take place in a hybrid format at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, in Salle XI, on 21 and 22 June 2023.
• ​Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan;
• Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan is the mission started by the Government of India on 13th May 2020, towards making India Self-reliant.
• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has been actively pursuing the Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.

Additional Information

• . OTHER DIGITAL LIBRARY INITIATIVES IN INDIA 
• ​Archives of Indian Labour: The Archives of Indian Labour was set up in July 1998 as a collaborative project of V.V. Giri National Labour Institute and the Association of Indian Labour Historians.
• Digital Library of art Masterpieces: HP Labs, (Hewlett Packard’s) announced a pilot project with the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) to digitize part of the art collection in the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA).
• The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has set up the Indian National Digital
  

Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium on the recommendation made by the Expert Group.

• Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA), established a Digital Library, known as “Kalasampada”, (Digital Library Resource for Indian Cultural Heritage).

The correct answer is option 1-(A), (B), (D) only.

Key Points

• The products/services of INFLIBNET:
• IndCat​
• ​IndCat is a free online Union Catalogue of Books, Theses and Serials of major university/institute libraries in India.
• The IndCat contains bibliographic information, location and holdings of Books, Theses and Serials.
• Shodh Shuddhi
• ​The Union Ministry of Education launched the Plagiarism Detention Software (PDS) Shodh Shuddhi on September 21, 2019.
• This service is being implemented by Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET).
• Vidyamitra
• ​Vidya-Mitra is an online learning portal for all the e-content projects developed under the NME-ICT (National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology) Ministry of Education.

Additional Information 

• INFLIBNET Centre
• Information and Library Network Centre was initiated by the University Grants Commission in March 1991.
• Its headquarter is in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• A library network is a network of two or more interconnected libraries.
• The Library Network is a major medium of resource sharing.

The correct answer is "(A) and (B) only".

Key Points

• Expert Systems-
• An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.
• It uses knowledge and reasoning techniques to solve problems that would normally require human expertise and generally belongs to the broader discipline of Artificial Intelligence (Al).
• An expert system can address problems in the cataloging sections, circulation activities, indexing activities, information retrieval, reference services, and other purposes.
• Expert system in Reference and Information Retrieval-
• An expert system developed in the area of information retrieval is objected to performing the job of information specialists who assists users in selecting the right vocabulary, and terms for a database search.
• The expert system was designed to mimic the behavior of the reference librarian.
• For example- Plexus, Pointer, etc.
• Plexus-
• Plexus is an expert system developed to be used in reference and retrieval services and demonstrates how intermediary systems can more actively assist users.
• It has been designed such that if the initial search strategy should yield unsatisfactory results, the system can provide active topic refinement assistance.
• Pointer-
• In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address.
• They are primarily used for constructing references. It references a location in memory which are fundamental to passing data between different parts of a program.

Additional Information

• HAMLET-
• It stands for "Hierarchical Agent-Based Machine LEarning PlaTform".
• It is a hierarchical multi-agent system to facilitate the research and democratization of machine learning entities distributed geographically or locally.
• Pandora-
• It is an open-source versatile agent-based modeling platform for social simulation designed to deal with the varied needs of modelers.
• It has full Geographical Information System support, to cope with simulations in which spatial coordinates are relevant, both in terms of agent interactions and environment.

The Correct answer is (A), (B), and (C) only.

Key Points

• Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, was available in print from 1907 to 2009.
• Before the era of computer databases, extensive indexes like CA served as the primary means to access scientific literature.
• Utilizing them effectively demanded a dedicated skill set acquired through learning and practice.
• The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) periodically publishes Collective Indexes (CIs), and as of the 14th CI in 2002, they cover specific time periods.
• The library holds all Collective Indexes up to this point, and they are categorized as follows:
• Author Index, covering the years 1907-2001.
• Subject Index, spanning from 1907 to 1971 (inclusive of chemical substance names up to 1971).
• Chemical Substance Index, covering the years 1972-2001 and encompassing all CA Index Names used during the corresponding index period.
• General Subject Index, spanning from 1972 to 2001 and comprising all subject and compound-class terms that are not systematic CA Index Names.
• Formula Index, spanning from 1920 to 2001.
• Patent Index, covering the years 1907-2001.
• Chemical Abstracts ceased print publication on January 1, 2010.

The Correct answer is ​(B), (C), (D) only;

Key Points

• PRECIS:

• ​PRECIS (Preserved Context Index System) came into existence in 1968 and was developed by Derek Austin.

• Schema of Role Operators in PRECIS:

• Primary Operators​

• | Environment of core
  concepts | 0 | Location | | --- | --- | --- | | Core concepts | 1 2 3 | Key System
  Things when action is not present.
  A thing towards which an action
  is directed, e.g. object of
  transitive action, performer of
  intransitive action Action; Effect of action Performer of transitive action
  (Agent, Instrument); Intake;
  Factor | | Extra-core concept | 4 5 6 | Viewpoint-as-form Selected Instance: study region,
  study example, sample population Form of the document; Target user |

• **Secondary Operations:**​

Additional Information

• PRECIS was introduced in BNB in 1971.
• COMPASS was developed and introduced in 1990 to replace PRECIS
• The syntax of PRECIS is based on the role operators, codes, and logical rules which act as instructions to the computer.
• Role Operator: Role operators consist of a set of alpha-numeric notations that specifies the grammatical role or the function of the indexed term and regulates the order of terms in the input string.
• Codes: The use of codes in the string brings expressiveness to the resulting index entries. Three types of codes are there: Primary, Secondary,  and Typographic codes.
• Input String: A set of terms arranged according to the role operators which act as instructions to the computer for generating index entries.

The Correct answer is (A) and (B) only:

Key Points

• PPBS:
• ​Planning Programming and Budgeting System is a sophisticated and revised version of program budgeting referred to as the, which combines the best of program budgeting and performance budgeting.
• It is the scientific approach of budgeting in which objectives to be accomplished are defined before the resources are allocated to carry out the activities/programs.
• PPBS does not assume an organizational structure
• PPBS was introduced for the first time in the US Department of Defense, by Robert McNamara in the 1960s.
• It was fully implemented in the Department of Defence by **1961.**​

Additional Information

• Performance Budgeting:
• ​Performance budgeting, also called program budgeting is a special tool of development administration.
• The central points of performance budgeting are: (1) the amount of work done is measured, and (2) the quality (or the results) of that work is measured.
• Programme Budget:
• ​A program budget usually sets forth the library’s proposed expenditures as they are related to each function.
• Zero-Based Budgeting:
• ZBB was developed by Peter a Pyhrr and was first introduced in 1970.
• Zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base" and every function within the organization is analyzed for its needs and costs.
• Formula Budgets:
• The formula budget describes a situation in which the distribution of funds to various organizations performing a similar or a parallel function is based on some formula.
• Lump Sum Budget:
• In this approach, the authorities provide adequate funds to the parent body of the library, and out of which the parent body fixes a certain amount for the library.

The Correct answer is ​(A), (C), (E) only;

Key Points

• TQM:
• ​Total Quality Management is a management approach that originated in the 1950s and has steadily become more popular since the early 1980s.
• Principal Objectives
• Continuous improvement
• Customer focus
• Continuous and relentless cost reduction and quality improvement
• Total participation
• Prevention and zero defects.
• Its concept was developed in Japan.
• It was promulgated by Edward Deming and Joseph M Juran.
• TQM focuses more on employees and Customers.
• TQM can be applied in libraries by applying ISO.

Additional Information

• Stages Of TQM;
• ​Plan: The first step in the TQM process is recognizing that a problem exists.
• Do: Once the possible solution is identified, trial runs must be performed.
• Check: The same statistical techniques used to help you analyze the problem will also serve to check the effects.
• Act: standardization and control: When all trials have been completed, the new process will need to be standardized in order to consolidate the gain and ensure that the process improvement is maintained.
• In 1961, **Armand Feigenbaun’**sTotal Quality Control became the first work that started many Total Quality Management theories.
• In 1954, Abraham Maslow created a pyramid of self-actualization needs.
• Philip B. Crosby’s promotion of zero defects paved the way for quality improvement in many companies.
• Quality standards such as the ISO 9000 series and quality award programs such as the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award specify principles and
  

processes that comprise TQM.

The Correct answer is (C), (D), and (E) only:

Key Points

• BIOSIS:
• BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing.
• It is part of the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge suite.
• BIOSIS Products and Databases:
• ​Biological Abstracts (BA)
• Biological Abstracts/RRM**:** Biological AbstractsIRRM (Reports, Reviews, Meetings) is a complementary product to the BA.
• Abstracts of Entomology:
• Zoological Record (ZR):
• Abstracts of Mycology.
• BIOSIS Serial Sources.
• BIOSIS Previews

Additional Information

• Content that was originally integrated from the BIOSIS Company before the merger in 2004 is now part of the Web of Knowledge.
• BIOSIS Previews indexes data from 1926 to the present.
• CAS -Chemical Abstracts Service: Established in 1907, the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is a non-profit organization of the American Chemical Society (ACS), located in Columbus, Ohio.
• MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information and was established in 1964 as MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System).
• INSPEC started in 1967, is presently published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), United Kingdom.

The Correct answer is (A), (C), (E) only:

Key Points

• Notation:
• ​Notation is a system of short-hand symbols to denote subjects and their subdivisions by ordinal digits.
• A digit is an element of notational systems. These digits have only ordinal value i.e., show only order. These digits are not cardinal or
  

quantitative.

• ​Qualities and Usefulness of good Notation.
• ​Notation should reflect order: The Notation must indicate the order which means the symbols used to represent the topic should indicate the position of that topic in the hierarchy of its main class or division.
• Hospitality: The most important quality without which the ‘Notation’ is valueless for the purpose of an efficient library classification is its hospitality.
• Mnemonic: By ‘Mnemonic’ we mean a notation that has always the same significance whenever it appears in the classification. Mnemonics in notation are aids to memory.
• Notation should use the synthetic information: Flexibility of notation is impracticable without synthesis in notation and synthesis is a fetcher which all schemes use to a lesser or greater.
• Notation should have flexibility:
• Notation should be as brief as fetchable.

​

Additional Information

• Canons of Notation
• Canon of Homonyms and Synonyms
• Canon of Relativity and Uniformity
• Canon of Hierarchy
• Canon of Mixed Notation
• Canon of Faceted Notation
• Canon of Co-extensiveness
• The notation in CC comprises of 74 symbols and characters ( 60 semantic and 14 indicators).

The correct answer is ​(A), (B), (E) only

Key Points

• John W. Creswell states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue"
• The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research  as "studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
• Objectives of Research:
• Academic Objectives: To gain knowledge of a phenomenon or to attain new insights into it.
• Utilitarian objectives: The main objective is usually to have an understanding of the company culture, social life, social environment, problem solving processes etc and thereby achieve a higher measure of control over human behavior in the organization and social context.
• It contributes greatly in testing a hypothesis or a casual relationship between variables to discover the cause and effect impacts.
• Research can be useful for representing precisely the features of a specific individual, situation or a group in the organization and results in organization redesign, and design of strategies of improvement.
• Research enables you to figure out the rate at which a particular thing happens or with which it is related to something else.

Additional Information

• The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking".
• The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
• Forms of research:
• ​Original research  also called primary research,
• Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity.
• Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research'.
• Historical research.
• Documentary research.

The Correct answer is (A), (B), (D) only:

Key Points

• Hypothesis;
• ​A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
• A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
• The word hypothesis consists of two words: Hypo + thesis = Hypothesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification and ‘Thesis’ means statement about
  

solution of a problem.

• Charisteristic of hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• it should be consistent and must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• Hypothesis must be very simple
• It should be empirically testable, whether it is right or wrong.

Additional Information

• Types of Hypothesis;
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis.

Note: This is the Modified question. The original Question was dropped from the official UGC NET paper.

The Correct answer is (D), (A), (B), (C);

Key Points

• FORTRAN;
• Fortran (FORMula TRANslator) was created in 1954, and its commercial release was in 1957.
• Developers are John Backus and IBM.
• Software for NASA probes voyager-1 (space probe) and voyager-2 (space probe) was initially written in FORTRAN 5.
• COBOL:
• ​It stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language
• In 1959, a group of programmers devised COBOL.
• Programs written in COBOL could run on more than one manufacturer’s computer.
• C:
• ​It is a general-purpose, procedural programming language and the most popular programming language now.
• C came into being in the years 1969-1973, in parallel with the early development of the Unix operating system**; the most creative period occurred in 1972.**
• All the code that was previously written in assembly language gets replaced by the C language like operating system, kernel, and many other applications.
• JAVA:
• Java was created at Sun Microsystems, Inc., where James Gosling led a team of researchers in an effort to create a new language that would allow consumer electronic devices to communicate with each other.
• Java was first released in **1995.**​

Additional Information

The Correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II):

Key Points

• Introduction to reference work is a famous book written by William A Katz Originally published in1969
• Abstracting and Indexing is written by Jennifer Rowley and was first published in 1988.
• Science and Technology: An Introduction to literature was written by Danis Grogan and Originally published in 1970.
• Reference Service is the famous Book of Dr. S R Ranganathan published in 1940.

Additional Information

• **William Katz:**​
• William Katz (June 2, 1927 – October 25, 2019) was an American teacher, historian, and author of 40 books on African-American history, including a number of titles for young adult readers.
• He rightly said 'if the users can't come to the library let the library go to the users'
• S R Ranganathan:​
• ​He is known as the Father of library science in India.
• His most notable and essential contribution to the library field is His Five Laws of Library Science and Colon Classification.
• His Birthday ie 12 August is celebrated as National Librarian day across all of India.
• Danis Grogan:
• He was born on October 7, 1930, in Bolton, Lancashire, England.
• He categorized information sources into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.

The correct answer is "Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)".

Key Points

• IPR allows the creators or owners of IP to benefit from their work or from their investment in a creation by giving them control over how their property is used.
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)-
• It includes patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, plant variety right, and geographical indications.
• Objectives of IPR-
• It helps in protecting the ownership and originality of the individuals’ creations.
• It provides recognition to the concerned person or authority.
• It allows owners of intellectual property to have financial benefits from the property they have created.
• It can also offer some economic aid to the holder of the right, through the monopoly of their creations.
• Creators are provided financial incentives for the creation of and also incur the cost of investment in intellectual property.

The correct answer is "Relevancy of information".

• Major Problems with non-library services like Google and Twitter:
• Their search results often leave the people wanting more which means it provides a huge amount of content not relevant to the search queries of the people.
• people want search engines that return information relevant to their search queries in order to minimize their need to evaluate the content.

Additional Information

• Google-
• Google is an American multinational technology company founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
• It indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators.

The correct answer is "".

Key Points

• According to the paragraph, "Library catalogs have long been the point of discovery and delivery of content".
• "Library Catalog" is the oldest discovery tool that can serve information seekers better and can improve delivery and provide more links to online content.

​ 

Additional Information

• Accession Register-
• Accession Register is a book that is used to maintain all the records acquired against payment, exchange, or as gifts in the library.
• It constitutes a permanent record of the library.
• ​Index-
• ​It provides access to any of the bibliographical entries of the catalog through author, title, or subject.
• An Index is always arranged alphabetically.
• Library Catalogue -
• It gives bibliographical information about the documents such as author, title, edition, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication in each entry in order to describe and identify the document; and
• It contains entries prepared for all the documents according to rules prescribed in a catalog code and organized in a systematic order.

The correct answer is "Fourth Law of library science".

Key Points

• The central idea in the paragraph points out the traits of an information seeker who wants to find information quickly and conveniently, and they expect the interface to be familiar to them.
• The Fourth law of library science-
• ​The fourth law “Save the Time of the Reader” lays emphasis on the importance of the time of the user.
• The law has the following implications-
• Open Access System -  It saves the time of users by removing the trial and error method of book selection.
• Charging System (loan of books) - Adopting modern charging systems like barcode systems, Radio Frequency Identification systems reduces the time in the issue and return process.

Additional Information

• The second law of library science-
• The second law “Every reader his/her book” stands for the mandatory provision of library service to each person according to her/his need stated in a different manner.
• The law also put an obligation on the reader.
• The First law of library science-
• The first law "Books are for use" promotes the objective of books being put to maximum use.
• The law has the following implications- Library location, **Library Building, and Furniture. **​
• The Third law of library science-
• ​The third law of library science “Every Book its Reader” is oriented toward the book.
• The law has the following implications- **Open Access, and **Shelf-Rectification.
• ​The Fifth law of library science-
• ​The fifth law "A Library is a Growing Organism" compares a library to a growing organism.
• It advocates the Weeding of Books.

The correct answer is "On-line solutions".

Key Points

• A century ago, library Services were focused on architecture, physical workflow design, and urban planning.
• Today, patrons operate in a world dominated by online information sources that libraries were not focussed on centuries ago.
• Planning the physical environment is still important, but more often than not, it serves as the backdrop for patrons who want to find information quickly and conveniently.

The correct answer is "Content access".

Key Points

• Challange for Information seekers-
• According to the paragraph content access is the major challenge for today's information seekers.
• Information seekrs may be better served in terms of content access by online library catalogs that improve delivery and provide more links to more online content.
• Services like Google help people discover content more quickly and conveniently but users faced with sifting through a lot of content.

The correct answer (A), (B), (E) only:

Key Points

• ​Statistical package
• ​It is basically a collection of software routines with a common interface that has been designed to simplify the job of performing statistical analysis and related tasks such as data management.
• Microsoft Excel:
• ​Microsoft Excel was initially released for the Apple Mac in 1984.
• Microsoft Excel for Data Analysts is one of the top tools and its built-in Pivot Table is unarguably one of the best and most popular analytical tools one could ask for.
• SPSS
• Statistical Package for the Social Sciences also known as IBM SPSS Statistics is a software package used for the analysis of statistical data.
• SPSS was first developed in 1968
• R:
• ​R is a free statistical software package that is widely used across both human behavior research and other fields and is used for **data analysis.**​

Additional Information

• Microsoft Access:
• ​Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the relational Access Database Engine (ACE) with a graphical user interface and software-development tool
• ​Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Database Engine (formerly Jet Database Engine).
• Mendeley
• ​It is a reference manager software founded in 2007 by Ph.D. students Paul Foeckler, Victor Henning, and Jan Reichelt and acquired by Elsevier in 2013.

The correct answer is "(B) and (D) only".

Key Points

• Koha-
• Koha is a full-featured open-source integrated library system licensed under the GNU General Public License.
• It was created in 1999 by Katipo Communications for the Horowhenua Library Trust in New Zealand, and installed for the first time in January 2000.​
• Liblime-
• Liblime is a web-based and cloud-hosted open development Library Services Platform.
• It provides implementation and development services around the open-source Integrated library system Koha.
• It was founded in 2005 by Joshua Ferraro, as part of Metavore Inc. and later purchased by Progressive Technology Federal Systems, Inc. (PTFS) in 2010.
• ​Informatics-
• ​Informatics is an early pioneer in the business of e-Information in India that was incorporated in 1980.
• It creates and delivers high-quality information products and services for local and global markets.
• Its services include - Information Products, Library Management solutions, Publishing, and Content Management Services
• The Library Management Solution includes -
• ​Koha – Library Management System,
• FedGate – Discovery Solution,
• RemotLog – Remote Access Solution,
• RFID Solution,
• Journal Subscription Services

Additional Information

• Duraspace-
• DuraSpace was a not-for-profit organization founded in 2009 with the merger of Fedora Commons organization and the DSpace Foundation.
• DuraSpace merged with LYRASIS, in 2019 to become a division of the organization.
• It creates innovative, interoperable technologies and open standards and protocols for preserving digital scholarship and culture.
• Amazon-
• It is an American multinational technology company focusing on e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.
• It was founded by Jeff Bezos on July 5, 1994, in Washington.

The correct answer is "(B) and (C) only".

Key Points

• Content Management System (CMS)-
• A content management system (CMS) is a software package that provides some level of automation for the tasks required to effectively manage content.
• A CMS allows editors to create new content, edit existing content, perform editorial processes on content, and ultimately make that content available to other people to consume it.
• CMS is comprised of many parts. The editing interface,  repository, publishing mechanisms, etc.
• For example- WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, etc.
• Characteristics of CMS-
• The most important features of CMS are that a dynamic website can be created without any programming and design knowledge.
• A CMS has an inbuilt Media Management System which is used to manage images, music, documents, etc., and can be used with text content

The correct answer is "(C), (D), (B), (A)".

Key Points

• Ei-Compendex-
• The name "Compendex" stands for COMPuterized ENgineering inDEX that covers scientific literature pertaining to engineering materials
• It is an engineering bibliographic database published by Elsevier.
• It started in 1884 under the name Engineering Index (Ei) and its first electronic bulletin was issued in 1967.
• BIOSIS-
• BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing.
• The Society of American Bacteriologists and the Botanical Society of America, 1926 merge their two publications, Abstracts of Bacteriology and Botanical Abstracts, for creating Biological Abstracts.
• In 1964, the company's name was changed to BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS).
• Medline-
• MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) is a bibliographic database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
• It was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and was the first large-scale, computer-based, retrospective search service available to the general public.
• It is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez system.
• AGRIS- 
• It stands for "International System for Agriculture Science and Technology (AGRIS)".
• It was started in 1974 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations.
• Its main aim is "to build an information, system in the field of agriculture science and technology and related subjects".

The Correct answer is (C), (D), (E), (B), (A);

Key Points

• SDI;
• ​Hans Peter Luhn advanced the idea of selective dissemination of information (SDI) in 1958.
• Components of SDI:
• ​User profile: It contains a file describing the subject field of the researcher by indicating proper indexing terms as keywords. A user profile includes the name, address, and keyword/s that
  

represent the interest of the user.

• Document profile/database; It is a bibliographical record of the documents related to the user’s information needs and areas of interest.
• Matching user profile with document profile: It consists of matching the user’s profile (UP) with the document profile (DP), i.e., the contents of the DP with those of UP with the help of a computer.
• Notification: It is based on the match between the user’s interest profile and the document profile. In the first instance, the individual user receives notifications from the system.
• Feedback: Along with the document, a feedback card will also be sent. The
  

user is supposed to fill in the card and send it back to the agency providing the

service.

• Modification: In case, the user indicates through the feedback form that the output is not useful, the SDI provider takes action to modify the profile on the basis of the results provided by the user.

Additional Information

• The mechanized SDI system based on Luhn’s design was first implemented in 1959 at the Advanced Systems Development Division of IBM.
• Current Awareness Services (CAS):
• ​Ranganathan defined CAS as a ‘documentation periodical, listing the documents appearing during the period covered, and without being, selected to suit the requirements of a particular the reader or of a specific topic under investigation.
• The following types of CAS are prevalent in the world.
• Title announcement service
• Announcement of research in progress
• Selective dissemination of information service
• Advance information about forthcoming conferences
• Newspaper clipping service:

The Correct answer is (B), (A), (D), (C), and (E):

Key Points

• STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS:
• ​Identification of research area: refers to the sense of awareness of a prevalent social problem, a social phenomenon, or a concept that is worth studying – as it requires to be investigated to understand it.
• Identify the Problem: The research problem may be something the agency identifies as a problem, some knowledge or information that is needed by the agency, or the desire to identify a recreation trend nationally.
• Research Design: Research design refers to the overall strategy utilized to carry out research that defines a succinct and logical plan to tackle established research question(s) through the collection, interpretation, analysis, and discussion of data.
• Collect Data: Once the instrumentation plan is completed, the actual study begins with the collection of data. The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer the research question.
• Analyze the Data: The researcher finally has data to analyze so that the research question can be answered.

Additional Information

• John W. Creswell states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue"
• The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research as "studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
• The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking".
• The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
• Forms of research:
• ​Original research  also called primary research,
• Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity.
  

Artistic research is also seen as 'practice-based research'.

• Historical research.
• Documentary research.

Note: The options have been modified as the original question was dropped from the official UGC NET paper.

The Correct answer is (D), (A), (C), (B):

Key Points

• **Encyclopedia Americana:**​
• There have been three separate works using the title Encyclopedia Americana.
• The first began publishing in 1829-33 by the German exile Francis Lieber.
• A separate Encyclopedia Americana was published by J.M. Stoddart between 1883 and 1889.
• In 1902, a new version in 16 volumes was published under the title Encyclopedia Americana, under the editorial supervision of Scientific American magazine.
• Index Medicus (IM)
• It is a curated subset of MEDLINE, which is a bibliographic database of life science and biomedical science information, principally scientific journal articles.
• index Medicus publication began in 1879 and continued monthly through 1926, with a hiatus between 1899 and 1902
• In 1927 the American Medical Association began publishing it
• From 1960 to 2004 the printed edition was published by the National Library of Medicine under the name Index Medicus/Cumulated Index Medicus (IM/CIM).
• An abridged version was published from 1970 to 1997 as the Abridged Index Medicus.
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India:
• ​The Imperial Gazetteer of India was a gazetteer of the British Indian Empire and is now a historical reference work. It was first published in 1881
• 1908, 1909, and 1931 "New Editions" have four encyclopedic volumes covering the geography, history, economics, and administration of India;
• A second edition, augmented to fourteen volumes, was issued in the years 1885–87
• A parallel series of publications known as the Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series were prepared.
• The Oxford English Dictionary:
• ​OED is widely regarded as the accepted authority in the English language.
• OED was Originally published on 30 March 1989.

The Correct answer is (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III):

Key Points

• In 1983, the International Standards Organization (ISO) developed a model called Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) which is a standard reference model for communication between two end users in a network.
• Layers in the OSI Model:
• ​Layer 1: T**he Physical Layer:**The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the
  

transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium and is concerned with the speed of  transmission of data.

• **Layer 2: The data-link layer:**The data link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another over the physical layer, allowing layers above it to assume virtually error-free transmission over the link
• **Layer 3: The Network Layer:**The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination host
  

on a different network.

• The network layer performs network routing function.and is concerned with orderly exchange of data between computers connected on LAN.
• Layer 4: The Transport Layer :​The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers.
• **Layer 5: The Session Layer:**The session Layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions (different from connections) between applications as they interact on different hosts on a network.
• **Layer 6: The Presentation Layer;**The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts.
• This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network.
• **Layer 7: The Application Layer:**The application layer is closest to the end user, which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application.
• The functions of Application Layer are: Directory services, Electronic messaging (such as mail) , Remote file access , etc

The Correct answer is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II):

Key Points

• Historical analysis
• It is a method of examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the past. It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can be applied to all artifacts.
• The methods and techniques applied in historical research are; source criticism, time series analysis, Content analysis, recording of notes,  the use of comparative methods, and counterfactual analysis
• ​Documentary analysis:
• ​Documentary analysis (document analysis) is a type of qualitative research in which documents are reviewed by the analyst to assess an appraisal theme.
• Dissecting documents involves coding content into subjects, the statistical compilation and format of documents, manipulation of Coanalysisylisis, etc.
• Non-participant Observation
• It involves observing participants without actively participating.
• This method is used to understand a phenomenon by entering the community or social system involved while staying separate from the activities being observed.
• Observational behavioral scales and the use of scorecards are some techniques used in it.
• Participant observation:
• It is one type of data collection method by practitioner-scholars typically used in qualitative research and ethnography.
• The concept of "participant observation" was first coined in 1924 by Eduard C. Lindeman
• interacting with people and recording the information in audio-visual format is one of the techniques used in participating Observation.

The correct answer is "Statement I is true but statement II is false".

Key Points

The correct answer is "Both Statement I and Statement II are correct".

Key Points

• Performance Measurement-
• Performance Measurement is the monitoring and reviewing of program accomplishments and progress toward pre-established goals.
• It helps us to decide how well the information system, service, or resource is operating and also acts as an accountability factor to the stakeholders.
• Performance Measure-
• It is a part of the strategic planning process and is used as an essential feedback mechanism to support decision-making in libraries and information centers.
• It is continuous and provides quantitative information about products, services, and the processes that produce them.
• Performance measures serve as tools to understand, manage and improve the effectiveness of an organization.

The Correct answer is ​(A), (B), (C) only:

Key Points

• ISO - 2709:
• ​ISO 2709 is an ISO standard for bibliographic descriptions, titled Information and documentation Format for information exchange.
• It is maintained by the Technical Committee for Information and Documentation
• ISO-2709 describes a generalized structure specially designed for communication between the data processing systems and not intended for use as a processing format within systems.
• Z39.50:
• Z39.50 is an international standard client-server, application layer communications protocol for searching and retrieving information from a database over a TCP/IP computer network,
• It is developed and maintained by the Library of Congress.
• Work on the Z39.50 protocol began in the 1970s and led to successive versions in 1988, 1992, 1995, and 2003.
• The successors to Z39.50 are the twin protocols SRU/SRW
• ​Z39.71
• The ANSI/NISO Z39.71 holdings display standard is a combination of two things: the conceptual holdings elements (officially called Data Areas), and nine principles for recording the holdings elements (officially called th**e Principles).**​

Additional Information

• CPM:
• CPM  was developed by Du Pont and the emphasis was on the trade-off between the cost of the project and its overall completion time.
• PEST:
• ​PEST Analysis (political, economic, social, and technological) is a management method whereby an organization can assess major external factors that influence its operation in order to become more competitive in the market.

The correct answer is "(D), (C), (A), (B)".

Key Points

• Manipur Public Libraries Act-
• The act was enacted in 1988.
• It makes provision for the constitution of a State Library Committee, to advise the State Government on all matters arising under this Act.
• It makes provision for No library cess.
• Haryana Public Libraries Act-
• The act was formed in the year 1989.
• It makes provision for the constitution of the State Library Authority.
• It makes provision for the levy of library cess in the form of a surcharge on property tax and house.
• Mizoram Public Libraries Act-
• The act was enacted on March 10, 1993.
• It makes provision for the constitution of a State Library Committee, to advise the State Government on all matters arising under this Act.
• It makes provision for No library cess.
• Goa Public Library Act-
• This act was brought on November 26, 1994.
• It makes provision for the constitution of a state Library Authority.
• It makes provision for the constitution of a Library Directorate to control and direct the Public Library System in the state.

The correct answer is (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I):

Key Points

• Wilbur Schramm & Osgood Model of Communication (1954):
• ​Wilbur Schramm and Charles Osgood developed a Circular Model to show how communication works between two or a few persons in 1954.
• The circular model is devoted to two actors who reciprocate in identical functions throughout encoding, decoding, and interpreting.

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• ​Harold Lasswell’s Model of Communication (1948):

• ​Harold Lasswell, author of Structure and Function of Communication in Society developed a model of communication in 1948.

• His model includes:

• Who

• Says What

• In Which Channel

• To Whom

• With what effect

• Lasswell’s 5 Ws model considers message flow in a multicultural society with multiple audiences.

• Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication (1949):

• ​The first major model for communication came in 1949 by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.

• George Gerbner’s Model of Communication (1956):

• ​ In 1956, Gerbner attempted the general purpose of communication models stressing the dynamic nature of communication and also factors affecting the reliability of communication.