UGC NET Paper 2: English: 1st Oct 2020 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Ernest Gowers.

Important Points

The Complete Plain Words, titled simply Plain Words in its 2014 revision, is a style guide written by Sir Ernest Gowers, published in 1954.

• It has never been out of print.
• It comprises expanded and revised versions of two pamphlets that he wrote at the request of HM Treasury, Plain Words (1948) and ABC of Plain Words (1951).
• The aim of the book is to help officials in their use of English as a tool of their trade.
• To keep the work relevant for readers in subsequent decades it has been revised by Sir Bruce Fraser in 1973, by Sidney Greenbaum and Janet Whitcut in 1986, and by the original author's great-granddaughter Rebecca Gowers in 2014.

Thus, it is clear that Ernest Gowers is the author of The Complete Plain Words.

Additional Information

Sir Ernest Gowers, a senior civil servant, was among those who wished to see officialese replaced by normal English.

• The result of Gowers's work was Plain Words, a 94-page booklet.
• It was judged successful by the civil service, and the Treasury considered that it should be made publicly available.

The correct answer is Deborah Tannen.

Deborah Tannen coined the term 'Genderlect' to describe the way that the conversation of men and women are not right and wrong, superior and inferior -- they are just different. 

• A useful way of viewing this that she uses is that they are as different cultures.
• Thus, as a Japanese and French person conversing would take account of each other's different cultural styles, so also should men and women understand and take account of the very real differences of the other.
• Genderlect theory proposes that there are separate languages based on gender.
• The core of this theory explains how different sets of linguistic features used by males and females develop through the gender acculturation process.

Thus, Deborah Tannen has coined the term, 'genderlect'.

The correct answer is "phatic communication."

Key Points

• The sentence "Nice day again, isn't it?" is an example of phatic communication.
• A phatic expression is a discourse that primarily has interpersonal interactions in mind.
• Phatic communication, also called small talk, refers to the verbal and nonverbal patterns individuals use to interact with one another.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A phatic expression serves denotational purposes and primarily cultural purposes, such as social greetings that signify a readiness to follow local customs rather than seeking or giving details of underlying value.

The correct answer is "Arbitrariness."

Key Points

• Arbitrariness allows an individual to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.
• Being decided by chance, whim, or instinct and not by obligation, logic, or any reason defines arbitrariness.
• It describes a decision that was taken without precise guidelines or constraints.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A tight connection exists between teleology, the study of purpose, and arbitrary behavior. It also links to ethics, which is a judgment philosophy.

The correct answer is "Narrative, representative, allusive."

Key Points

• In "Advancement of Learning," Francis Bacon divides poetry into three divisions: narrative, representative, and allusive.
• Bacon divides 'poetry' into three major categories based on attributes: the first is "narrative poetry," which are historical verses concerned with historical sources and extracts that utilize narrative aspects of poetry. They are simple to remember and cover topics such as battle, lord, etc.
• The second one is representative poetry, which is a visual history. As it enacts natural events and actions and resembles a narrative because it deals with the past.
• Allegorical poetry, which is the third type, has enormous potential. The poet communicates himself with a specific goal; he has contrivances and talent, and there are literary debates.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Bacon appears to elevate poetry beyond history and philosophy. He seemed to be saying that poetry brings history to life, despite the reality that history is simply facts.

The correct answer is “A Retrospect”.

• Pound’s “A Retrospect”, is a collection of his essays on poetry.
• It was first published in 1918.
• It includes “A Few Don’ts” which has its changed title as “A Few Don’ts by an Imagiste” and “Prolegomena”.
• In his essay, “A Retrospect” Pound presents his beliefs about what makes good poetry.
• In the essay, Pound explains the “rules” of imagism.
• Pound defines “image” as “an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Nissim Ezekiel.

Key Points 

• An Area of Darkness is a book written by V. S. Naipaul in 1964.
• It is a travelogue detailing Naipaul's trip through India in the early sixties.
• It was the first of Naipaul's acclaimed Indian trilogy that includes India: A Wounded Civilization (1977) and India: A Million Mutinies Now (1980).
• The narration is anecdotal and descriptive.
• A deeply pessimistic work, An Area of Darkness conveys the acute sense of disillusionment that the author experiences on his first visit to his ancestral land. T
• The book was immediately banned in India for its "negative portrayal of India and its people".
• Nissim Ezekiel wrote the 1984 essay "Naipaul's India and Mine" as a reply to Naipaul's An Area of Darkness.

The correct answer is "The Library of Babel."

Key Points

• "The Library of Babel" by Jorge Luis Borges has its epigraph from "The Anatomy of Melancholy."
• The book "Anatomy of Melancholy" was first released in Britain in 1621.
• The epigraph of the short story "The Library of Babel" starts, "By this art, you may contemplate the variation of the 23 letters."
• This epigraph is significant because it foreshadows the unpredictable variety of letters found in library books.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• A brief quotation frequently used to introduce a book's or chapter's substance or topics is known as an "epigraph."

The correct answer is "He kisses the Grand Inquisitor on his lips."

Key Points

• In Brothers Karamazov, Christ responds to the Grand Inquisitor's accusations by kissing him on the lips.
• The Grand Inquisitor says that ruling over all of Earth's kingdoms will assure their redemption.
• The section concludes with Christ kissing the Inquisitor on his "bloodless, old lips" after remaining altogether silent. The Inquisitor frees Christ but orders him not to reappear.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• "The Grand Inquisitor" is a narrative within a story featured in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1880 novel.

The correct answer is "Rudyard Kipling's "Wireless."

Key Points

• In the short story "Wireless," the narrator witnesses a consumptive young man named Mr. Shaynor recreate "The Eve of St. Agnes" in a trance."
• The narrator (Kipling) in the story is on short-wave radio research with a pharmacist friend, where he is trying to reach another fanatic several miles away. Both mates are spending the night restlessly, conjuring up one of the most magnificent cocktails from the ingredients available.
• The narrator successfully drugged Mr. Shaynor, the pharmacist's helper, who is ailing from final-stage ingestion.
• As Shaynor falls into a trance, he begins composing poems for a young lady he saw in a toilet-paper advertisement. To the narrator's astonishment, he proceeds to construct a Keats poem; instead of simply putting the lines together, he is immersed in the pain and agony of production, even, in Kipling's judgment, excelling in Keats' work, "The Eve of St. Agnes."

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Kipling regards Shaynor as appearing to have connected with Keats through the favorable radio environment and the verses he writes.

The correct answer is Great Expectations.

Important Points

Mr Pumblechook, foolish, pompous, and servile, illustrates the worst of Britain's commercial classes in Charles Dickens's -'Great Expectations'. 

• Charles Dickens is justly famous for his vivid secondary characters and for their names, which are often deliciously absurd, like that of Mr Pumblechook.
• The name alone tells us that we aren't expected to respect Mr Pumblechook, or even to take him very seriously.
• Mr Pumblechook is introduced to us as 'a large hard-breathing middle-aged slow man' (Chapter 4).
• He's the uncle of gentle Joe Gargery, Pip's brother-in-law and father figure.

Additional Information

Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel.

• It depicts the education of an orphan nicknamed Pip (the book is a bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story).
• It is Dickens's second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person.

The correct answer is Lowood school.

• Jane Eyre is Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel released by 20^th Century Fox.
• Orphaned, unloved, and unwanted ten-year-old Jane Eyre lives with her cruel, selfish, uncaring maternal aunt via marriage, Mrs Reed of Gateshead Hall.
• Jane is ecstatic when Mrs Reed, eager to be rid of her, arranges for Jane to be sent to Lowood Institution.
• It is a charity boarding school for young girls, run by the disciplinarian Mr Brocklehurst.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Hailsham school is mentioned in the novel 'Never Let Me Go'. It is a 2005 dystopian science fiction novel by British author Kazuo Ishiguro.
• Greyfriars School is a fictional English public school used as a setting in the long-running series of stories by the writer Charles Hamilton, who wrote under the pen-name of Frank Richards.

The correct answer is "William Wilson."

Key Points

• "William Wilson" by Edgar Allan Poe has a narrator with a rival with the same name and an uncanny physical resemblance.
• Poe's unsettling narrative, influenced by his time spent in the London neighborhoods, portrays the story of William Wilson and his doppelgänger.
• The boys have similar appearance and movement, so when one returns from school, the other follows.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• This narrator recalls the story's developments from his deathbed.
• He remembers his upbringing except for one youngster who, though unrelated, had the same first name and Christian family name as him and started school the same day as that narrator did.

The correct answer is "The brutal god in whom Caliban believes ."

Key Points

• The titular Setebos in Robert Browning's "Caliban upon Setebos" refers to "the brutal god in whom Caliban believes ."
• Caliban on Setebos is a poem by British poet Robert Browning, published in his 1864 collection Dramatis Personae.
• The poem is about Caliban, a figure from Shakespeare's play "The Tempest," and his thoughts on Setebos, the terrible deity in whom he and his dead mother, Sycorax, believe.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The poem opens with a little prologue but immediately transitions to Caliban's monologue, wherein he considers his god:
• ['Will sprawl, now that the heat of day is best,

Flat on his belly in the pit's much mire,

With elbows wide, fists clenched to prop his chin.

...

And talks to his own self, howe'er he please,

Touching that other, whom his dam called God.]

The correct answer is "MCMXIV".

Important Points

"MCMXIV" (1914) is a poem written by English poet Philip Larkin.

• It was first published in the book The Whitsun Weddings in 1964.
• The poem, a single sentence spread over four stanzas.
• It begins by describing what is seemingly a photograph of volunteers lining up to enlist and goes on to reflect on the momentous changes in England that would result from the First World War.
• This poem ends with the line, 'Never such innocence again'.

Additional Information

It is important to note before beginning this piece that the title, ‘MCMXIV’ is the year 1914 spelt out in Roman numerals.

• By choosing the write the title in Roman numerals rather than in numbers Larkin is referencing the grand nature of what has been lost, and how pivotal that year was.
• It also alludes to inscriptions on memorials or tombs which are often done in numerals.

The correct answer is "A letter addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh was appended to the 1590 edition of the poem."

Key Points

• Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene had a letter addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh attached to the appendix of the 1590 edition of the poem.
• Spenser seeks to explain the "general idea and meaning" of his lavishly detailed epic in the letter to his neighbor Sir Walter Ralegh.
• Edmund Spenser wrote the English epic poem The Faerie Queene in two editions:  books I-III were first released in 1590, followed by books IV-VI in 1596.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The Faerie Queene is famous for its length: at almost 36,000 lines and 4,000 stanzas, and is among the longest poems in English.

The correct answer is "Virgil."

Key Points

• Milton was influenced by Virgil and his work when he composed the first edition (1667) of Paradise Lost, which increased from 10 books to 12 books in the second edition (1674).
• John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost was composed in blank verse in the 17^th century (1608–1674).
• The first edition, published in 1667, consisted of ten books and nearly 10,000 lines of verse. A second edition was published in 1674, divided into twelve volumes similar to Virgil's Aeneid, with minor changes.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Among the most remarkable connections is between Virgil's Aeneid and Milton's Paradise Lost, which is highlighted through Aeneas, the protagonist of The Aeneid, and Satan, a prominent figure in Paradise Lost.
• In Virgil's poetry, Aeneas is the protagonist, whereas Satan is God's adversary in Milton's epic poem.

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii).

Key Points

• Heteroglossia is a term Mikhail Bakhtin used to describe both the multiplicity of different ways of speaking and the nature of the relations between different languages.
• Heterotopia is a concept elaborated by philosopher Michel Foucault to describe certain cultural, institutional, and discursive spaces that are somehow 'other': disturbing, intense, incompatible, contradictory, or transforming.
• Jean – Francois Lyotard's term Grand Narrative for the totalizing narratives or metadiscourses of modernity that have provided ideologies with a legitimating philosophy of history.
• Marxist theory, interpellation is associated in particular with the work of French philosopher Louis Althusser. Interpellation is the process by which we encounter a culture's or ideology's values and internalize them.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii).

Key Points

• 'A Study of Poetry' is a critical essay by Matthew Arnold. In this essay, Arnold criticizes the art of poetry as well as the art of criticism
• L. C. Knights’ “Restoration Comedy: the Reality and the Myth” – appears to be argumentative in nature for it is well-equipped with arguments, reasons, and justifications.
• 'Poetry for Poetry’s Sake' was an inaugural lecture given at Oxford University by the English literary scholar Andrew Cecil Bradley
• 'The Sense of the Past' is written by Lionel Trilling.  In this context, Trilling recollects ‘the revolt’ of the New Critics against the application of scientific knowledge to the study of literature.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii).

Key Points

• G. N. Devy's After Amnesia was first published in 1992. After Amnesia Is An Original Analysis Of Literary Criticism In India.
• The Indianization of English: the English language in India Braj B. Kachru published in 1983.
• Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India, by Gauri Viswanathan (1989). Gauri Viswanathan provides a fascinating account of the ideological motivations behind the introduction of English literary education in British India.
• Colonial Transactions: English Literature And India by Harish Trivedi (1995). A study of the literary exchanges between England and India through the colonial and post-colonial periods.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii).

Key Points

• The English word caste derives from the Spanish and Portuguese 'casta', which, means race, lineage, tribe, or breed.
• "Beef" is a Middle English word derived from Old French buef "ox;
• The blunder comes from the Old Norse word blundra, meaning to “shut one's eyes.”
• Flak came into English as an abbreviation for the German word Fliegerabwehrkanone, meaning 'aircraft-defense gun.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (a) - (i), (b) - (iv), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii).

Key Points

• Noam Chomsky differentiates competence, which is an idealized capacity, from performance being the production of actual utterances.
• Signifier and signified are two words that are commonly used in semiotics. The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure was one of the founders of semiotics
• Roman Jakobson in his essay, "The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles"1956, describes the couple as representing the possibilities of linguistic selection (metaphor) and combination (metonymy).
• Louis Hjelmslev’s Prolegomena to a Theory of Language is his best-known work – language is both a sign system and a process of realization, he describes the Content/Expression concept.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii).

Key Points

• Memoirs is an autobiography by Pablo Neruda written in 1974.
• A Sort of Life is the first volume of autobiography by British novelist Graham Greene, first published in 1971.
• Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, (1949) was the first volume of Doris Lessing's autobiography.
• Speak, Memory is an autobiographical memoir by writer Vladimir Nabokov. The book includes individual essays published between 1936 and 1951.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii).

Key Points

• Dolly Varden (Miss Dolly) is a fictional character in the novel, Barnaby Rudge this is a historical novel by Charles Dickens.
• Little Dorrit is a novel by Charles Dickens, originally published in serial form between 1855 and 1857. Mrs. Flintwinch is Mrs. Clennam's servant and becomes a partner in Clennam & Co, in this novel.
• Nicholas Nickleby is a novel by Charles Dickens originally published as a serial from 1838 to 1839. Miss La Creevy: The Nicklebys' landlady.
• Our Mutual Friend, written in 1864–1865, is the last novel completed by Charles Dickens. Mrs. Henrietta Boffin is Noddy Boffin's wife and a very motherly woman in this novel.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i).

Key Points

• 'The Retreat’ is one of Henry Vaughan’s best-known metaphysical poems. The Retreat’ glorifies the stage of infancy as the purest state of a man’s life.
• "A Valediction: Of Weeping" is a poem by the English Metaphysical poet John Donne. In it, he uses memorable images to speak about a relationship and its two partners.
• 'The Garden’ is a poem by Andrew Marvell, he illustrates the calm and pleasant beauty of a garden.
• "The Collar" is a poem by Welsh poet George Herbert published in 1633. The poem depicts a man who is experiencing a loss of faith and feelings of anger over the commitment he has made to God.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is The normal fate of a human being all his life.

Key Points

• Above lines have been taken from When I Am Alone poem by Siegfried Sassoon.
• The poet has explained that being alone is the normal fate of a human being all his life.
• There is nothing strange in being alone.
• Siegfried Sassoon is best remembered for his angry and compassionate poems about World War I, which brought him public and critical acclaim.

          Thus, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is growing up in an unexpected way.

Key Points

• The poet has explained the state of being alone.
• He also says that when a person is alone, he grows up in an unexpected way.
• It has been mentioned in this line - I thought how strange we grow when we're alone.

          Hence, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (B) and (C) Only.

Key Points

• In the poem,  the meaning of 'Alone' for thinking beings show the quietude and calmness of self.
• Being alone, a person lives his life and understand it.
• Being alone is a common thing.

          Hence, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Love. 

Key Points

• Socrates divides divine madness into four each with their own god: “prophecy was inspired by Apollo, the mystic madness by Dionysus, the poetic by the Muses and the madness of love, inspired by Aphrodite and Eros.
• Divine madness, also known as theia mania and crazy wisdom, refers to unconventional, outrageous, unexpected, or unpredictable behavior linked to religious or spiritual pursuits.
• One of the higher form is poetry and the other is love.

           Hence, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (C) and (A) Only.

Key Points

• Rossetti's poetic work is wide in manner and subject. He was a talented experimenter, and his heightened rhythms and refrains influenced other mid- and late-century poetry.
• His writing style shows an incidental defect of poetic quality.
• Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti generally known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English poet, illustrator, painter, and translator

           Thus, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Hermia. 

Key Points

• Above lines have been taken from  A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare.
• The play is set in Athens, and consists of several subplots that revolve around the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. One subplot involves a conflict among four Athenian lovers.
• Above lines are spoken by Hermia.
• She asks the Duke, as politely as possible, what the worst-case scenario would be if she refuses to marry Demetrius.

          Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Theseus.

Key Points

• These lines are addressed to Theseus by Hermia.
• Theseus (who is also Athens's resident Judge Judy) says that if Hermia refuses to marry Demetrius, she has only two other options: 1) become a nun or 2) be put to death.

          Therefore, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Helena. 

Key Points

• Helena is a young woman in Athens.
• She is in love with Demetrius but he is not in love with her. Instead, he loves her best friend Hermia.

          Hence, 'option 2'  is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Metaphor. 

Key Points

• A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another.
• Here, classrooms are directly compared to vessels.
• In these lines, visiting the school, Gradgrind tests a pair of students by asking them to define a horse.

          Therefore, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (B) and (C) Only.

Key Points

• The words emotion and imagination are having same meaning to Fancy.
• While all these words mean "to form an idea of," fancy suggests an imagining often unrestrained by reality but spurred by desires.
• Words like reason and fact are opposite to the word fancy.

           Therefore, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Place of publication**".** 

Key Points*.*

• The basic format for citation is author's name, the title of the source, the title of the container, any other authors who contributed, the version number, the publisher's name, the publication date, and the location.
• The ''Place of publication" has now been excluded when making an entry for a book in the 8^th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
• .Thus the new version shows the ways in which how digital publication has changed the way sources are documented.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The source information aids the readers in identifying the item's source.
• A source can be a part of bigger work or series, with one or more containers, or it might be a self-contained composition.

The correct answer is "Metaphor is alien to the similarity disorder and metonymy to the continuity disorder."

Key Points

• Roman Jakobson describes the functioning of metaphor and metonymy in poetic works in "The Metaphor and Metonymic Poles."
• Contiguity disorder refers to a deficiency in speech output caused by a decline in the ability to integrate.
• Jakobson points out the fact that the two disorders are analogous to the two modes of speech.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• According to Jakobson, metaphor is incompatible with the likeness disorder, and metonymy is incompatible with the contiguity disorder.

The correct answer is "visible and intelligible."

Key Points

• Plato defines reality as visible and intelligible in his theory of "reality."
• Plato contrasts between an intelligible or actual world and a sense of the real, physical world.
• According to Plato, it is through our senses that we observe and comprehend the material reality in which we exist.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• In Plato's theory of reality, Animism refers to the sensitive universe, which is made up of sensations experienced through specific entities and senses.
• Animism is the initial type of understanding through the senses or realism. The intangible world refers to the state of ideas, that is, ideology or fiction.

The correct answer is "Erasmus".

Key Points

• Poor or subpar poets are labelled as "poetasters". In particular, poetaster implies unjustified claims to artistic significance.
• Erasmus first used the term in Latin in 1521.
• Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus was a Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is regarded as one of the finest northern Renaissance thinkers. He was an important figure in classical study. He was a Catholic priest who wrote in pure Latin.
• Ben Jonson used it for the first time in English in his 1600 play Cynthia's Revels, and he later used it as the title of his 1601 play Poetaster.
• The "poetaster" character in that play is a parody of John Marston, a competitor of Jonson in the Poetomachia or War of the Theatres.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Important Points

• Ben Jonson's late Elizabethan satirical play Poetaster was performed for the first time in 1601.
• The play was a part of the debate between Jonson and his adversaries John Marston and Thomas Dekker during the so-called Poetomachia or War of the Theatres, which took place between 1599 and 1601.
• Ovid is the main character in the drama.
• Scholars and commentators generally concur that Jonson himself is represented by the character of Horace in Poetaster, while Crispinus, who spouts a pretentious and bombastic vocabulary, is Marston, and Demetrius Fannius is Dekker.
• Some commentators have sought to link some characters in the play to historical and literary figures of the time, such as George Chapman and Shakespeare.

Additional Information

• During the reign of Augustus, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, better known as Horace in the English-speaking world, was the most prominent Roman lyric poet. Horace wrote incisive iambic poetry and exquisite hexameter verses (satires and epistles).
• Pindar was a Theban lyric poet who lived from 518 BC to 438 BC. Pindar was the first Greek poet to ponder the nature of poetry and the role of the poet. Like other Archaic Age poets, he had a great knowledge of life's vicissitudes, but he also articulated a strong faith in what humanity can achieve through the aid of the Gods.
• Plato was a Greek philosopher who was born in Athens during the Classical period of Greek history. He established the Platonist school of philosophy and the Academy, Europe's first institution of higher learning.

The correct answer is "Benedict Anderson."

Key Points

• Benedict Anderson drew attention to the role of print languages in enabling the rise and spread of nationalism.
• Benedict Anderson, an Irish political scientist, claimed that language aided in the formation of the nation-state, nationalism, and modern human civilization.
• Anderson coined the phrase "print capitalism" to express his theory in his 1983 work "Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism."

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Anderson finds that the concept of "nation-ness" became a major factor in many elements of modern thinking as he developed his theories.

National Education Commissions were set up by the government to deal with issues and problems faced in the education sector and to improve the quality of our education system.

Key Points

Indian Education Commission (1964-1966):

• It is popularly known as Kothari Commission, was an ad hoc commission set up by the Government of India to examine all aspects of the educational sector in India, to evolve a general pattern of education, and to advise guidelines and policies for the development of education in India.
• It was formed on 14 July 1964 under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, then chairman of the University Grants Commission.
• It proposed the Three-language Formula till class 10. The Three-language Formula states that the first, second, and third languages in school will be:
• First language  -The first language which should be taught in school should be the mother tongue o regional language.
• Second language - Any modern language or English, in Hindi-speaking states.
• Third language- English or any modern Indian language that is not being taught as the second language, in Hindi-speaking states.
• This commission has made a clear distinction between the teaching of English as a skill and the teaching of English literature as it has divided the content of the language at different levels in accordance with the age and interest of students.

Thus, it is clear that the Indian Education Commission (1964-1966) has made a distinction between the teaching of English as a skill and the teaching of English literature.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is Sand.

Important Points

Second Act of Waiting for Godot:

• Suddenly and without warning, as in the first act, Pozzo and Lucky come back on stage.
• Their arrival puts an end to Vladimir and Estragon's games.
• Things have changed significantly for Pozzo and Lucky.
• The long rope which bound them together is now much shorter, binding them closer together and suggesting that however much man might consider himself to be different from others, ultimately he is drawn or bound closer and closer.
• Furthermore, Pozzo and Lucky are physically changed: Pozzo is blind and Lucky is dumb (i.e., mute).
• But the entire scene is played without the audience's knowledge that Lucky is now dumb.
• As they enter, staggering under their load, Lucky now carries suitcases filled with sand (a symbol of burden and of time).
• With the arrival of Pozzo and Lucky, Vladimir and Estragon think that help ("reinforcements") have arrived from Godot.
• But they soon realize that it is just Pozzo and Lucky.

Thus, it is clear that Lucky caries Sand in the suitcase.

Additional Information

Samuel Beckett was an Irish playwright most famously known for the play 'Waiting for Godot.' 

• The plot of Waiting for Godot boils down to this: two men pass the time aimlessly while waiting for someone who never comes.
• That doesn't sound like much action, but it is a fine example of the Theatre of the Absurd movement, which took place mostly in the 1950s and 1960s.
• It is defined as drama using the abandonment of conventional dramatic form to portray the futility of human struggle in a senseless world.
• In other words, these plays are about the meaningless, confusing, and ridiculous plight of human being.
• Waiting for Godot demonstrates these themes well.

The correct answer is "The 'quartos' appeared during his lifetime and the Folio edition appeared posthumously."

Key Points

• Before the publication of the First Folio in 1623, nineteen plays of William Shakespeare were first published in quarto, eighteen of them before his death in 1616.
• The Two Noble Kinsmen, a play co-written with John Fletcher, was first published in 1634, and The Taming of the Shrew, first released in the First Folio, was afterwards reissued in quarto.
• Folios are enormous, tall books, while quartos are nearly half their size.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Pericles (1609) and The Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) were both published independently before being incorporated into folio volumes. However, The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York, the first edition of Henry VI, Part 3, was printed in octavo format in 1594.

The correct answer is "(B) and (C) only."

Key Points

• Signs magazine focuses on women's issues in culture and society, such as abortion and women's health justice.
• Chrysalis: A Magazine of Women's Culture was a popular and widely read feminist publication from 1977 to 1980.
• Kirsten Grimstad and Susan Rennie were the founders of the self-published magazine.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Grimstad and Rennie's creative work on self-help guidebooks sparked the chrysalis.

The correct answer is "(C) and (D)."

Key Points

• According to Barthes, a "writerly text" is self-conscious; it draws more attention to it as an artistic production.
• Barthes argues that a "writerly text" is also valuable because it stimulates creative activity, transforming the reader from a consumer into a creator of the text.
• Most texts, according to Barthes, are "readerly," and thus must be "writerly."As "readerly" texts are provided in the standard traditional method.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Roland Gérard Barthes was a literary thinker, writer, philosopher, critic, and semiotician who lived in France. His study involved the analysis of various sign systems in a text.

The correct answer is "(C) and (D) Only."

Key Points

• This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color is a feminist collection edited by Cherrie Moraga and Gloria E. Anzaldua that was published by Persephone Press in 1981.
• The book shows the lives of women of color and stresses the aspects of crossover amongst their numerous identities, questioning white feminists who assert unity predicated on sisterhood.
• Writings in the collection argue for the importance of race-related frames of reference in feminism.

Therefore**, Option 2** is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The work laid the foundation for third-wave feminism and is one of the most widely mentioned books in feminist theory.

The correct answer is " (B)  and (D) Only."

Key Points

• Creole begins as Pidgin and eventually the first language of a speech community:
• Pidgins are simplified languages that develop as a means of communication between speakers of different native languages.
• When a Pidgin becomes nativized—that is, it starts being spoken as a first language by a community—it transforms into a Creole.
• Creoles retain simplifications of the original languages but develop more complexity and structure than Pidgins.
• Pidgin and Creole evolve successively out of a situation where speakers of mutually unintelligible languages develop a shared language for communication (often based on one of those languages):
• Pidgins arise in situations where speakers of different languages need a common language for communication, often for trade or work.
• They evolve from a simplified form (Pidgin) into a more complex form (Creole) when they become the first language of a community.
• The development is usually based on one dominant language but includes elements from various languages involved.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Statement (A) is incorrect, as Pidgin precedes Creole, not the other way around.
• Option 3: Statement (C) is incorrect; Creoles are indeed formed based on grammatical rules and are not free from them.
• Option 4: Statement (A) and (C) are both incorrect.

The correct answer is "(A) and (D) Only."

Key Points

• The sentence "You do not know how good oysters taste" has the adjective "good" in it, highlighting its use.
• Hence, the given sentence in the question, "You do not know that oysters taste good as the food," is the admissible meaning.
• The sentence, "You do not know how the good oysters taste when they eat," is another permissible meaning for the given sentence in the question.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• An adjective is a word in linguistics that primarily qualifies a noun or characterizes its reference. Its semantic purpose is to alter the information provided by the noun.

The correct answer is (B) and (D) Only.

Important Points 

Virginia Woolf: Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20^th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device. 

• A sketch of the Past: "A Sketch of the Past" is an autobiographical essay written by Virginia Woolf in 1939. It was written as a break from writing her biography of 'Roger Fry', English artist and critic, and fellow member of the Bloomsbury Group. It was later edited and posthumously published by Leonard Woolf and now can be found in Moments of Being, a collection of her autobiographical writing.

• It is a series of memories of Woolf’s childhood, related when the author is nearly sixty. She begins by worrying over the format of these memoirs, then throwing up her hands to begin with “the first memory.” The form ends up being a sort of journal, with dated entries and a few comments on current events (the coming war).

• The work proceeds to study characters: Woolf’s mother, father, and a few siblings.

• Am I a Snob: "Am I a Snob?" is the third of three sections of Moments of Being that Virginia Woolf wrote to be read before the Bloomsbury Memoir Group of writers who lived in London, England.  "Am I a Snob?" an autobiographical writing is related to "Old Bloomsbury," because it discusses the social and intellectual circle that Woolf moved in. However, while "Old Bloomsbury" focuses on the intellectual independence of Woolf's circle, "Am I a Snob?" focuses on the group's excesses and shortcomings. 

• ​Woolf suggests that her own expressions of snobbery are tempered by her independence and reclusiveness. Woolf also calls herself a "a social festivity snob." She enjoys appearing fashionable at social events but also will avoid going out if it would mean having to buy new clothes because she hates shopping for them.

• Woolf closes "Am I a Snob?" by telling the story of a woman named Sibyl Colefax (1874–1950) who Woolf writes was "pleased" by the scene of Bennett and Woolf running into each other at the party.

The works included in Virginia Woolf's "Moments of Being" (Moments of Being refers to the collection of Virginia Woolf's autobiographical writing):

• Reminiscences (1908)
• A Sketch of the Past (1939)
• Memoir Club Contributions
• 22 Hyde Park Gate (1921)
• Old Bloomsbury (1922)
• Am I a Snob? (1936)

Thus, it can be concluded that A Sketch of the Past and Am I a Snob? are part of Virginia Woolf's collection of autobiographical essays.

The correct answer is "(B) and (D) Only".

Key Points

• Seamus Heaney's bog poems ostensibly represent his human protest against violence.
• Heaney uses the link between the past and the present, compressed in the image of the bog and the bodies, to explore the darker aspects of the human experience from betrayal to death.
• Heaney published his first bog poem, "The Tollund Man", in his 1972 collection Wintering Out. Where he described his childhood memories of the bog.
• "Punishment" is a poem published in his collection North in 1975. North seeks images and symbols of the past to **convey the violence and political conflicts of the end of the twentieth century.**​

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Seamus Heaney's other poems:
• ​"Personal Helicon” was published in Heaney’s first major collection, Death of a Naturalist, in 1966.
• 'The Early Purges' by Seamus Heaney focuses on the traumas of childhood, and how impressionable we are when we are young.

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• A Defence of Rhyme written by Samuel Daniel, answering Thomas Campion’s Observations in the Art of English Poesie, a critical essay, was published in 1603.
• Samuel Johnson's Life of Cowley appeared in the 'Lives of the Poets series and was published in 3 volumes between 1779 and 1781.
• The Preface to Lyrical Ballads is an essay, composed by William Wordsworth and published in 1800.
• "The Frontiers of Criticism" is a lecture given by T. S. Eliot at the University of Minnesota in 1956. It was reprinted in On Poetry and Poets, a collection of Eliot's critical essays, in 1957.

The correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (B), (A), (C), (D).

Key Points

• The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through to 1921. It was published in 1925.
• The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian is the 1951 autobiography of Indian writer Nirad C. Chaudhuri. It was written when he was around 50, it records his life from his birth in 1897. It was published in 1951.
• Nayantara Sahgal is an Indian writer who writes in English. She is a member of the Nehru–Gandhi family, the second of the three daughters born to Jawaharlal Nehru's sister, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. "Prison and Chocolate Cake' is her autobiography and was published in 1954.
• My Story is an autobiographical book written by Indian author and poet Kamala Das. It was published in 1973.

          Therefore, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (B), (D), (A), (C).

Key Points

• Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes and published in 1651.
• The Life of Samuel Johnson by James Boswell is a biography of English writer Dr. Samuel Johnson. It was published in 1791.
• Past and Present is a book by the Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle. It was published in April 1843 in England and the following month in the United States.
• Unto This Last is an essay critical of economics by John Ruskin, first published between August and December 1860.

           Therefore, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (C), (A), (B), (D).

Key Points

• Volpone is a comedy play by English playwright Ben Jonson first produced in 1605–1606, drawing on elements of city comedy and beast fable. It was published in 1606.
• The Tempest is a play by English playwright William Shakespeare. It was probably written in 1610–1611, and thought to be one of the last plays that Shakespeare wrote alone. It was published in 1611.
• All for Love; or, the World Well Lost, is a 1677 heroic drama by John Dryden which is now his best-known and most performed play. It is dedicated to Earl of Danby. It was published in 1677.
• The School for Scandal is a comedy of manners written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It was first performed in London at Drury Lane Theatre on 8 May 1777.

          Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• While it's correct that no piece of research is entirely novel and is built on previous knowledge (A), and the reliability of progress in knowledge depends on the honesty of researchers (R), the two statements are not directly related.
• The novelty of research doesn't depend on the honesty of researchers but on the accumulation and progression of knowledge over time.
• Therefore, while both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation for A.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• It is correct that Students are encouraged to think and analyse the historical and ontological status of the texts they read, and how best to read them.
• English today is not only the language we teach but also the subject that enables its learners to become subtle and tough minded readers.
• It is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication.

          Therefore, 'option1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true.

Key Points

• The Education Commission recommended promoting regional languages, Sanskrit as well as international languages, preferably English.
• It is true that English is still largely the language of administration and jurisprudence in India.
• Statement I is incorrect but statement II is true.

           Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Particular instances".

Key Points

• The inductive method differs from the deductive method in concluding particular instances.
• Deductive reasoning uses broad assumptions to conclude, whereas inductive reasoning starts with solid evidence and draws general conclusions.
• Inductive reasoning is the process of viewing premises as a means of giving concrete evidence for the validity of a claim.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The result of an inductive argument is almost inevitable, while the accuracy of such a conclusion is likely dependent on the evidence presented.

The correct answer is: "A comparison in metaphor is usually implicit whereas in simile it is explicit."

Key Points

• Similes demonstrate explicit analogies, whereas metaphors demonstrate implicit parallels.
• The main difference between a simile and a metaphor is that similes use linking words such as "like," "as," "than," "so," and "so on," whereas metaphors simply express the similarity without using any linking words.
• Simile is a literary method that compares implausible things and activities, while metaphor is yet another literary style that applies a string of words to an item or activity that it is not directly appropriate to.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Similes and metaphors serve a single purpose: they demonstrate the resemblance of two things through comparison. They are typically used to emphasize an attribute or trait.

The correct answer is "Production, circulation, distribution, consumption, reproduction."

Key Points

• According to Stuart Hall's essay "Encoding, Decoding," the words "Production, circulation, distribution, consumption, reproduction" correctly state the stages of communication.
• Stuart Hall demonstrates various ways for the listener to comprehend a given message.
• According to him, there are four stages in a communication process: the creation of the message, its dissemination, application, and reproduction.

 Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Stuart Hall is famously renowned as the father of communication and cultural studies. He had a ground-breaking role in formulating theories concerning the production and dissemination of communications, especially concerning television.

The correct answer is "Charles Grant."

Key Points

• Charles Grant held that "the people of Hindustan" are "a race of men lamentably degenerate and base, retaining but a feeble sense of moral obligation."
• The statement highlights that Grant believed that only English people could effectively build governance based on British principles, structures, and practices.
• Other than Grant, there were other Britishers, like Cornwall, who stated that "Every Hindustani native is corrupt."

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Indians were purposefully kept out of the top ranks of the services. At the time, these operations were critical in establishing and consolidating British control in India.

The correct answer is "The Education Commission (1948)."

Key Points

• The Education Commission (1948) believed that the "use of English divides the people into two nations, the few who govern and the many who are governed."
• Gandhi's apprehension was confirmed by the 1949 Report of the University Education Committee.
• According to the report, the use of English picks out people into those who cannot speak the other's language and are mutually hostile to each other.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• In November 1948, the Indian government established the University Education Commission, headed by Dr. Radhakrishnan.

The correct answer is "Cornelius and Valdes."

Key Points

• Cornelius and Valdes instructed Faustus in the dark arts.
• Faustus knew the two magicians already, who were extremely willing to offer him their help.
• They offered Faustus book recommendations and training in the fundamentals of devil summoning, thus contributing to his decline from grace.
• The two magicians, therefore, played a part in Faustus' downfall.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The two characters only appear in Act I of the play, when they are teaching Faustus the dark arts.

The correct answer is "Act IV."

Key Points

• When discussing the terms of their marriage, Mirabell and Millamont engage in a wittiness contest in Act IV of the play "The Way of the World."
• This moment, known as the proviso scene, sheds vital light on the connection between Mirabell and Millamont.
• Both characters' language reveals their worries and apprehensions about their impending union.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• William Congreve, an English writer, is the author of the play The Way of the World.
• It debuted in the London theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields at the beginning of the 18^th century.

The correct answer is "(B) and (C) only."

Key Points

• The eighth edition of the MLA Handbook suggests a set of universal standards that can be applied to any source, chronologically, as follows: author, the source's title, container title, other contributors, version, number, publisher, publication date, and location.
• The citations must contain the author's name, as well as the title of the source and container.
• While citing a work, adequate quotes should include edition and volume numbers for works that are part of a series, multi-volume book, or periodical.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Additionally, the title of the book is italicized, in contrast to its sub-part or any chapter's title, which is written in quotation.

The correct answer is "(A) and (D) only."

Key Points

• MLA International Bibliography and Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature are the two working bibliographies that are particularly useful to a literacy researcher.
• The Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature is a guidebook arranged by article topic for newly published papers in periodicals and academic articles.
• The MLA Handbook (9^th edition, 2021), formerly known as the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 1977-2009, sets out a framework for citing sources in academic articles.

Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature is an alphabetical directory of popular periodicals arranged by theme.

The correct answer is "(B) and (D) only."

Key Points

• Shelley's A Defense of Poetry was a response to Thomas Love Peacock's criticism of poetry, but the bigger context was presented by Plato's attack on poetry and Sidney's 'Apology' for that as well.
• Poetry, according to Shelley, is imitation and reflects reality.
• The argument that men imitated natural objects in the earliest days of civilization, studying the pattern and flow of these elements, and poetry arose from this urge, highlighting that the poet must be able to use both rationality and creativity.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Shelley's would not be the first significant defense of poetry as an art form; in English literature, the most renowned forerunner is Sir Philip Sidney's 1580s 'An Apology for Poetry.'

The correct answer is "(A) and (C) Only."

Key Points

• Escape from Earth: Voyages through Time is a fascinating, informative text that will appeal to any space geek, science buff, or history buff.
• The English Ghost is a collection of ghost stories from the past. Ackroyd provides some intriguing facts regarding how ghosts are recognized and perceived.
• The English Ghost is a rich collection of humorous and terrifying encounters; these accounts are full of unsettling details.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The book compares the instance of the wailing infant who frightened Wordworth's nephew at Cambridge to that of the contemporary hobo on Blue Bell Hill.

The correct answer is "(A) and (B) Only."

Key Points

• A Tale of Two Cities is a work of historical fiction written by Charles Dickens and published in 1859.
• It is based in London and Paris before and throughout the French Revolution.
• On the Origin of Species, written by Charles Darwin, was published on November 24, 1859, and is regarded as the cornerstone of evolutionary biology.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• On the Origin of Species is also known as "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" or "The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life."

The correct answer is (B) and (C) Only.

Key Points

• The Forsyte Saga is a sequence of three novels linked by two interludes by John Galsworthy.
• The three novels are:
• The Man of Property (1906): In The Man of Property, Galsworthy attacks the Forsytes through the character of Soames Forsyte, a solicitor who considers his wife Irene as a mere form of property.
• In Chancery (1920): In Chancery concerns the love between Irene and Young Jolyon Forsyte, Soames’s cousin.
• To Let (1921), with two interludes, ‘Indian Summer of a Forsyte’, (1918), and Awakening (1920), appeared together in 1922 as The Forsyte Saga, tracing the fortunes of three generations of the Forsyte family.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (iii), (d) - (ii).

Key Points

• The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, was founded on July 6, 1917, to commemorate the name and the work of Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, the foremost pioneer of scientific Orientology in India.
• The Indian Institute of Advanced Study (IIAS) is a research institute based in Shimla, India. It was set up by the Ministry of Education, Government of India in 1964 and it started functioning on 20 October 1965.
• The National Library of India is a library located in Belvedere Estate, Alipore, Kolkata, India. It is India's largest library by volume and public record. The National Library is under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• The Nehru Memorial Museum & Library (NMML) is a museum and library in New Delhi, India. This institution is under the Indian Ministry of Culture and was founded in 1964 after the death of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (B), (D), (A), (C).

Key Points

• A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue’, (Proposals for Perfecting the English Language) (1712) By Jonathan Swift
• An American Dictionary of the English Language, (1828), a two-volume dictionary by the American lexicographer Noah Webster.
• A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926), by Henry Watson Fowler, is a style guide to British English usage, pronunciation, and writing.
• Usage and Abusage published in 1942, is a classic work by noted British lexicographer Eric Partridge.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is (D), (B), (C), (A).

Key Points

• Heat and Dust is a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala which won the Booker Prize in 1975. It was published in 1975.
• A Tiger for Malgudi is a 1983 novel by R. K. Narayan told by a tiger in the first person.
• A Suitable Boy is a novel by Vikram Seth, published in 1993.
• The White Tiger is a novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga. It was published in 2008 and won the 40^th Booker Prize the same year.

          Thus, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Stanley Fish."

Key Points

• Stanley Fish developed the notion of "interpretive communities."
• "Interpretive communities" is a philosophical construct derived from reader-response criticism.
• According to Fish's theory, a text has no significance except in a range of cultural beliefs about what the symbols signify and how they're perceived.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Fish says that we perceive texts as personalities since everyone everywhere is involved with an interpretive community that provides us with a certain manner of understanding the text.

The correct answer is "Philip Sidney."

Key Points

• Philip Sidney refutes Plato's charge that poets are liars by arguing that the poet "nothing affirms, and therefore never lieth."
• Sidney made this claim in his work "Defence of Poesie."
• Plato famously expelled poets from his ideal society, claiming that they invented and spread lies.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• It is necessary to return to The Republic to fully comprehend Sidney's response to Plato's argument, where  Plato presents the allegory of the cave in this founding text of Western philosophy: and imagines humanity as a collection of captives in a cave.

The correct answer is (A) and (C) Only.

Key Points

• T. S Eliot was a Modern British poet and critic who is famously known for his revolutionary work The Wasteland.
• He published "Tradition and Individual Talent" in 1919 in The Egoist and later again in his literary criticism collection The Sacred Wood.
• In the essay, Eliot is expressing his view that poetry is not just the expression of the poet's personality rather it is his expression of the past.
• He believed that Tradition is historical timelessness and simultaneously contains s sense of present temporality.
• Eliot mentioned in the essay "Great variety is possible in the process of transmutation of emotion: the murder of Agamemnon, or the agony of Othello, gives an artistic effect apparently closer to a possible original than the scenes from Dante."
• His statement means that the intensity of an artistic expression was quite closer to the emotion of the actual spectator of the murder of Agamemnon and the protagonist of Othello than the scenes from Dante.

Therefore, from all the points given above, we can conclude that The two plays mentioned in Eliot's essay are (A) Agamemnon and (C) Othello.

Additional Information

• Antigone is the daughter of King Odeipus of Thebes. It is a tragedy written before 441 by Sophocles.
• The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr Faustus was published by Christopher Marlow in 1604. Dr Faustus sold his soul to Lucifer in exchange for a servant and unlimited power.

The correct answer is "(A) and (C) Only."

Key Points

• The conviction in individuality as a path to truth lies at the heart of "Self-Reliance."
• Individualism is defined by Emerson in "Self-Reliance" as "deep and unwavering confidence in oneself and one's spirit."
• He claims that accepting this idea of individuality can alter society, but not by launching a broad popular movement.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance" is an excellent self-help reference, intending to promote transcendentalism while helping readers realize the value of themselves and their self-righteous beliefs.

The correct answer is (B) and (C) Only.

Key Points

• The New York Trilogy is a series of novels by American writer Paul Auster.
• These are experimental detective stories published sequentially as City of Glass (1985), Ghosts (1986), and The Locked Room (1986), it has since been collected into a single volume.
• City of Glass (1985), is a story about a crime novelist who becomes entangled in a mystery that causes him to assume various identities.
• Ghosts (1986), is a story about a private eye known as Blue investigating a man named Black for a client named White.
• The Locked Room (1986), is the story of an author who, while researching the life of a missing writer for a biography, gradually assumes the identity of that writer.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Other works by Paul Auster.
• The Book of Illusions (2002) traces a writer’s immersion in the oeuvre of an obscure silent film star as he copes with his grief at the deaths of his wife and children in a plane crash.
• Winter Journal is an autobiographical work published in 2012.

The correct answer is (A) and (C) Only.

Key Points

• Tiresias the blind prophet of Thebes appears in Oedipus the King and Antigone. In both plays, he represents the same force.
• Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King, is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles. Oedipus summons the blind prophet Tiresias for his help.
• Antigone is an Athenian tragedy written by Sophocles. The play is one of a triad of tragedies known as the three Theban plays, following Oedipus Rex and Oedipus at Colonus.
• Tiresias also appears in Sophocles' Antigone. The gods express their disapproval of Creon's decision through Tiresias, who tells Creon 'the city is sick through your fault.'

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is (A) and (D) Only.

Key Points

• 'Look Back in Anger', is a three-act play by John Osborne, published in 1957. The play explores the relationship between intelligent but disaffected Jimmy Porter, (an angry young man) and his wife, Alison.
• Déjàvu is a stage play by John Osborne published in 1992. The play is a sequel to Osborne's first successful play, Look Back in Anger (1956).

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Loot is a two-act play by the English playwright Joe Orton. The play is a dark farce that satirizes the Roman Catholic Church.
• Funeral Games is a 50-minute television play by Joe Orton in 1968.

The correct answer is (D), (B), (A), (C).

Key Points

• The Edinburgh Review, or The Critical Journal, Scottish magazine was published from 1802 to 1929 and contributed to the development of the modern periodical and to modern standards of literary criticism.
• The Quarterly Review was a literary and political periodical founded in March 1809 by London publishing house John Murray. It ceased publication in 1967.
• The London Magazine was founded in 1732 but  was revived in 1820 by a new editor, John Scott. The Magazine went on to publish work by the leaders of a rising generation of English romantics.
• The Spectator is a weekly British magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs. It was first published in July 1828.

          Hence, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is (B), (D), (A), (C).

Key Points

• Gitanjali is a collection of poems by the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. It was originally published in 1910.
• First published in 1943, "The Sceptred Flute Songs of India" contains the complete poetical works of Indian poet and activist Sarojini Naidu.
• Jejuri is a series of poems written by Indian poet Arun Kolatkar. It was originally published in 1976.
• The Unfinished Man written by Nissim Ezekiel was published in 1965.

           Therefore, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true.

Key Points

• Culture is a noun. Cultural is an adjective and probably the better word to use.
• It is impossible to divide the world into exclusive cultural blocks.

           Therefore, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is, "The culture industries engender passivity and conformity among their mass audiences."

Key Points

• The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory viewed the culture industries as causing passivity and conformity among mass audiences.
• Theodor Adorno 1903-1969 and Max Horkheimer 1895-1973, two critical theorists, first used the term "culture industry" in the Dialectic of Enlightenment 1947 chapter titled "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception."
• They suggested that popular culture is similar to a factory that produces standardized cultural goods—movies, radio shows, magazines, etc.—that are used to try to influence and control society.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• In 1929, the Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt founded a school of sociological practice and critical thought known as the Frankfurt School.

The correct answer is "George Bernard Shaw."

Key Points

• The Dark Lady of the Sonnets, written by George Bernard Shaw in the year 1910, is a short comedy wherein William Shakespeare appears, on his way to visit the "Dark Lady".
• Shakespeare, in the play, unintentionally finds Queen Elizabeth I and tries to persuade the queen to establish a national theatre.
• The play was composed as part of a 1916 attempt to establish a "Shakespeare National Theatre."

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The setting for the play is a midsummer night on a terrace of Whitehall Palace, facing the river Thames.
• The Palace clock is striking eleven and tolling four quarters.

The correct answer is "(A) and (D) Only."

Key Points

• Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema":
• Introduced the concept of the "male gaze," which has been fundamental in feminist film theory and cultural studies.
• Analyzed how visual media and cinema align viewers with a masculine perspective, objectifying women.
• Helped in exploring the role of gender dynamics in media representation, sparking significant discourse in cultural studies.
• Stuart Hall, "Encoding/decoding":
• Proposed a model of communication that breaks from traditional linear perspectives, emphasizing how media messages are produced and interpreted.
• Introduced the ideas of dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings, crucial for understanding audience reception in cultural studies.
• Highlighted the active role of audiences in interpreting media, reshaping thoughts about the power and influence of media in society.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Viktor Shklovsky's "Art as Technique" is significant in literary theory but not particularly in cultural studies.
• Option 2: Neither Viktor Shklovsky's nor Sigmund Freud's works are specifically foundational in cultural studies.
• Option 4: Sigmund Freud's "The Uncanny" is more relevant to psychoanalytic theory rather than cultural studies directly.

The correct answer is "(A) and (B) Only."

Key Points

• The term "pistol" is used to characterize many guns in the Old West, and the word comes from Czech.
• The word "pistole" was derived from the German word "pitala," which originally meant "tube" or "pipe."
• The term "robot" was originally used in Karel Apek's play R.U.R. in 1920, borrowed from Czech.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Czech, sometimes known as Bohemian, is a West Slavic language of the Czech-Slovak group that is transcribed in Latin script and is widely spoken by about ten million people in the Czech Republic.

The correct answer is (B) and (C) only.

Key Points

• The Horse’s Mouth is a comic novel by Joyce Cary, published in 1944.
• It was the third volume of a trilogy, which also included Herself Surprised (1941) and To Be a Pilgrim (1942), and was a best seller.
• The Horse's Mouth follows the adventures of Gulley Jimson, an artist who would exploit his friends and acquaintances to earn money.
• To Be a Pilgrim, the second novel in a trilogy was published in 1942. The novel is told in the voice of Tom Wilcher, an old man who is out of touch with the values of his era.
• Herself Surprised, the first novel of the trilogy published in 1941. Narrated by its protagonist, Sara Monday a woman at once dissolute and devout, passionate and sly.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

​ Additional Information

• Aissa Saved is Joyce Cary's first novel, which appeared in 1932. This novel narrates the story of an African girl.
• As with many traditional Scottish songs, there are several versions of the lyrics to Charlie is my darling. This version was written by Robert Burns and takes a more playful tone than others.