UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 1st Oct 2020 Shift 2 (Previous Year Paper)

Assessment: It is the process to find out the relative position of a student in the group.

Percentile: 

• A percentile is a point below which a given percentage of the cases occur.
• A percentile is a point, measured along the scale of the plotted variable, below which a given percentage of the measures occur.
• A percentile rank is a number used to designate any one of the given number (frequency)
• The formula Percentile Rank = [(M + (0.5 * R)) / Y] x 100
• Where, M = Number of Ranks below x  R = Number of Ranks equals x  Y = Total Number of Ranks

Linear Programming:

• The founder of this programming is B.F. Skinner.
• It is based on the theory of operant conditioning. It tells that “A Certain direction can be given to human behavior”,
• For this purpose, activities are needed to divide into small parts and make their analysis.

Linear programming is based on five fundamental principles-

1. Principles of a small step.
2. Principle of Active responding.
3. Principle of immediate confirmation.
4. Principle of self-pacing.
5. Principle of student testing.

The assumption behind the linear programming is that student learns better if the content is presented in small units, student response if immediately confirmed, results in better learning, student’s error create hindrance in learning.

Branching programming:

• Norman C. Crowder is the proponent of branching programming.
• It is based on the configuration theory of learning.
• It is a stimulus centered approach
• The principles of branching programming are as follows,
• Principle of exposition
• Principle of diagnosis
• Principle of remediation

Therefore, ​B and C only are the correct answers.

Programmed Instructional material :

• It is a technique of self-instruction, one can learn by himself or herself
• The instruction could be computer-assisted or printed format
• The main focus is to develop materials that maximize learning foster understanding and reinforcement to the learner.
• The subject matter is presented in three logical steps, 

1. Preparatory phase
2. Development phase
3. Evaluation and revision phase

• The significant characteristics of Programmed Instructional material are
• Active responding
• Immediate feedback
• Individual difference is taken care
• Continuous evaluation
• Immediate confirmation
• Self-pacing
• According to Edger Dale, "Programmed learning is a systematic step by step self-instruction program aimed to ensure the learning of the stated behavior."
• Programmed instructional technology is based on three types of programming, Linear programming, Branching programming, and Mathetics.

Levels of teaching:

• Learner’s psychology is the main proponent of teaching
• The ultimate goal of teaching is the all-round personality development of the learner
• To follow the stages of development of a learner a teacher tries to achieve the desired educational objective
• To keep all the things stated above, a teacher teaches students at three levels, memory level, understanding level, and reflective level.
• According to Morris L. Bigge, "Teaching-learning situations may be classified on a continuum which ranges from thoughtful to thoughtless operations."

Understanding Level of Teaching:

• Morrison is the proponent of this level
• It is a thoughtful level
• Comparatively higher level
• It focuses on the mastery of the subject
• Memory + Insight is the main thing
• It is basically devoted to helping students in seeing relationships and tool use of a fact.
• It is aimed at the conceptualization of ideas and facts

Therefore, B and D are correct options.

• At the initial level of teaching, the teacher takes the initiative in organizing subject matter, structuring the various units, and in controlling the practice taken up by students.
• In the reflective level of teaching, it is directed at problem raising and problem-solving in a collaborative manner.
• At the autonomous level of teaching, the purpose is to promote autonomy in the learning process through self-regulation.

The view that teaching-learning situations may be characterized to fall on a continuum ranging from memory level to reflective level was advanced by Morris L. Bigge.

Levels of teaching:

• Learner’s psychology is the main proponent of teaching
• The ultimate goal of teaching is the all-round personality development of the learner
• To follow the stages of development of a learner a teacher tries to achieve the desired educational objective
• To keep all the things stated above, a teacher teaches students at three levels, memory level, understanding level, and reflective level.
• According to Morris L. Bigge, "Teaching-learning situations may be classified on a continuum which ranges from thoughtful to thoughtless operations."

• Kurt Lewin: Three-step model of psychological change (unfreezing-changing-refreezing)
• Stephen M. Corey:, he is known for 'Action research'
• B. F. Skinner: Reinforcement Theory, 1938

The administrative and Academic Reform Committee of the UGC recommended the choice-based credit system in higher education.

The choice-based credit system in higher education:

• This system provides choice for students to select from the prescribed courses (core, elective or minor, or soft skill courses)
• It is a learner-centric approach
• Here credit is just a unit to measure the coursework
• The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity, efficiency, and excellence to the Higher Education System of country
• That includes innovation and improvements in curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and evaluation systems, besides governance and other matters.
• There are three types of credit courses,

1. Core course
2. Elective course
3. Foundation course

• Semester: A set of 15-18 weeks of academic work equivalent to 90 actual teaching days.

• Credit Point: It is the product of grade point and the number of credits for a course.

• Credit: A unit by which the course work is measured. It determines the number of hours of instruction required per week. One credit is equivalent to one hour of teaching (lecture or tutorial) or two hours of practical work/field work per week.

• Grade Point: It is a numerical weight allotted to each letter grade on a 10-point scale

• Letter Grade: It is an index of the performance of students in a said course. Grades are denoted by letters O, A+, A, B+, B, C, P, and F.

• Justice Verma Commission on Teacher Education, 1966: quality enhancement of teacher education

• Ramamurti Committee on Higher Education,1986: NEP review committee under the chairmanship of Achariya Ramamurti.

• Chattopadhyay Committee on Teacher Education, (1983-85), teachers education and training.

According to the table, 

The number of students who secured marks more than 50 in Physics = 1 + 4 + 85

⇒ 90

The number of students who secured marks more than 40 in Mathematics = 199 + 6

⇒ 205

The ratio of the total number of candidates who scored more than 50 marks in Physics to those who scored more than 40 marks in Mathematics = 90 ∶ 205

⇒ 18 ∶ 41

∴ The required ratio is 18 ∶ 41

Given:

The qualifying criteria = 40% of marks 

Calculations:

In Mathematics,

Securing over 40% means range will be: [81-100] 71-80] [61-70] [51-60] [41-50]

The number of candidates who qualified in mathematics = 199 + 6 

⇒ 205

Now in table, Total marks of computer science = 50

40% of 50 = 20

So now,

the Securing over 40% means range will be: [81-100] 71-80] 61-70] [51-60] [41-50] [31-40] [21-30]

The number of students who qualified in Computer science = 10140 + 2145 + 220

⇒ 12505

The ratio of the number of candidates who qualify in Mathematics compared to those who qualify in Computer science = 205 ∶ 12505

⇒ 1 ∶ 61

∴ The required ratio = 1 ∶ 61

Given:

The qualifying criteria for the subject of Computer science  = 60% of marks

Calculations:

In the table, Total marks of computer science = 50

60% of 50 = 30

The Securing over 60% means range will be: [81-100] 71-80] 61-70] [51-60] [41-50] [31-40]

The number of students who qualified in Computer science = 2145 + 220

⇒ 2365

The number of students appeared for examination in Computer Science = 220 + 2145 + 10140 + 11858 + 2637

⇒ 27000

 The percentage of qualified candidates in the subject of computer science = 60% above marks secured/ total number of appeared × 100

⇒ (2365/27000) × 100 = 8.759%

 The approximate percentage of qualified candidates in the subject of computer science =  8.76%

∴ The required percentage = 8.76%

Given:

The qualifying criteria for the Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics  = 60% of marks

Calculations:

The marks secured more than 60% in Physics = 4 +1

⇒ 5

The marks secured more than 60% in Chemistry = 875 +  5 + 2

⇒ 882

The marks secured more than 60% in Mathematics = 0

∴ The number of students who have qualified in all three subjects = 0

According to table,

The number of students appeared for examination in Physics = 1 + 4 + 85 + 730 + 4205 + 10885 + 9170 + 1970 

⇒ 27050

 The number of students appeared for examination in Chemistry = 2 + 5 +  875 + 3350+ 6775 + 7778 + 5065 + 1800 + 1350

⇒ 27000

The number of students appeared for examination in Mathematics = 6 + 199 + 3400 + 15045 + 6975 + 1375

⇒ 27000

The number of students appeared for examination in Computer Science = 220 + 2145 + 10140 + 11858 + 2637

⇒ 27000

∴ The number of students appeared in examination is 27000

We will not add all the number of students because the same student is attempting physics, chemistry, maths and computer science

Evolution: it is a systematic process through which one can determine the extent of the achievement of the instructional objective. It is a comprehensive process and continuous in nature.

Summative evaluation:

• It is done at the end of the program
• To make a decision
• It’s a kind of achievement test
• The process is sometimes normative, sometimes criterion-based
• The methods are basically oral reports, projects, term papers, teacher-made achievement tests, etc.
• It is used for assigning a grade and final judgment
• Feedback is also given after the evaluation

Skewness:

• Skewness is a measure of symmetry.
• For the normal distribution, skewness is zero.
• If the curve shifted left or right is will be considered positively or negatively skewed respectively.
• Galton's formula of skewness, (Q₁ + Q₃ - 2Q₂) / (Q₃ - Q₁)

Positive Skewness:

• A positively skewed distribution is the distribution that is composed of mostly small observations and a few relatively or extreme large observations.
• For example, test scores on a very difficult exam probably follow a positively skewed distribution.
• This is because most students will score quite low and only a few students will score high.
• For example: if we have over 120 students, over 115 scored 20-50 out of 100, only less than 5 scored 70-80.
• For this skewed distribution, the median is the one to use since it is not influenced by a few relatively very high scores.
• In a positively skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median, since the mean is influenced by a few relatively very large scores.

Negative Skewness:

• A negatively skewed distribution is the distribution composed of mostly large observations and a few relatively small observations.
• For example, test scores on a very easy test of some general education courses will probably follow a negatively skewed distribution.
• Most students will do very well, but a few students may never come to class and will score very poorly, so test scores will be composed of many high scores and a few relatively very low scores.
• In this case, the median should be used instead of the mean since it is not influenced by a few relatively very low scores.
• In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean is less than the median, since the mean is influenced by a few relatively very low scores.

Thus, a positively skewed score distribution means that the test is difficult for students.

Difficulty Level:

• Cheang & Hasni (1998) defined difficulty index as the ratio of the number of students that can answer the questions correctly to the total number of the students who sit for the exams.
• The formula is, Difficulty index = B / J, where, B = Number of students that answer the questions correctly and J = Total number of the students who sit for the exams.
• For subjective tests, Difficulty index = Average score / Range of full marks
• If the value comes more than 0.8, it will be considered too easy. If the index value is less than 0.5, it is hard in nature.

Variable in research is anything that a researcher wants to measure in his/her research study. There are three types of variables,

1. Independent variable: The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
2. Dependent variable: The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
3. Extraneous variables: anything that varies in the context of a study other than the independent and dependent variables. It is also called the participant variable. For example, noise, writing ability, ill-health in communication.

• A college teacher intends to find out as to what extent student involvement in learning of boys and girls from rural/urban areas is attributable to the socio-economic status of the family from which they hail.
• This project aims to find out socio-economic status as a factor in learning.
• So it is clear about the project that student involvement in learning depends on the socio-economic status of the family.
• The active involvement in learning changes dew respect of the family status of the student.
• The socio-economic status of the family does not change with the learning and involvement of students from the rural area.
• So, Student involvement in learning is a dependent variable while the socio-economic status of the family is independent.

Hypothesis:

• “A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome.”
• According to Goode and Hatt, a hypothesis is “a proposition which can be put to test to determine its validity”.
• A research hypothesis is a tentative statement postulating a relationship between factual and conceptual elements of the variables.

In research, there are two types of hypothesis, the research hypothesis, and the null hypothesis

1. Research Hypothesis:

• A research hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single independent variable and a single dependent variable or between more than one variable.
• A research hypothesis is a tentative statement postulating a relationship between factual and conceptual elements of the variables
• A research hypothesis must be stated in a testable form for its proper evaluation and it should indicate a relationship between variables in clear, concise, and understandable language.
• It could be directional or nondirectional.

2. Null hypothesis:

• It states that there is no relationship between the variables or the variables do not affect each other.
• It is accepted only when a researcher fails to prove the research hypothesis.
• A researcher sets up a 'Null hypothesis' so that the deduced consequences of a research hypothesis may be directly tested
• For example, there is no relationship between deforestation and global warming.

T-test:

• It is used used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups, which may be related to certain features.
• It is a parametric test. Standard deviation is an important element here.
• A t-test is used as a hypothesis testing tool.
• The t-test takes a sample from each of the two sets and establishes the problem statement by assuming a null hypothesis that the two means are equal.
• If a research scholar finds through statistical analysis that the value of 't' is significant, that means the null hypothesis qualifies to be rejected.
• Therefore the research hypothesis should be accepted.

So, A and B are correct options here.

Sampling:

• Sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
• Statisticians attempt for the samples to represent the population in question.
• There are two types of sampling, probability sampling, and non-probability sampling.
• It is a subset drawn from a larger set to represent it.

The characteristics of a 'good sample' in research:

• Goal-oriented: oriented to the research objective and fit to the survey and data collection process
• A true representative of the universe: Representative of population characteristics
• Proportion: it is not as large as the universe but large enough to understand the population characteristics
• Practical: simple and follow the field condition
• Accuracy and precision: it is valid from every perspective
• The sample design should be such that it results in a small sampling error
• It should be viable in the context of budgetary constraints of the research study
• In a good sampling, the systematic bias can be controlled. There should be freedom from bias.
• The sample must be such that the results of the sample study would be applicable, in general, to the universe at a reasonable level of confidence.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Reframing in communication:

• Reframing means to frame (something) again and often in a different way
• It is solving problems by looking at the problem with a new outlook.
• Reframing involves changing your perspective on a given situation to give it a more positive or beneficial meaning to you.
• Reframing can be used to help remove limiting beliefs, to help appreciate positive moments that you might otherwise miss, or for any other negative thought, you would like to change.
• Not only in communication but it is very popular in therapy.
• Reframing helps a person to more constructively move on from a situation in which you or the other person feels stuck or confused.

Therefore, the employment of new metaphors is a good example of the reframing process.

The correct solution is "Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect".

Statement I: In research, formulation of policies for admission tests/screening cannot neglect the constitutional of equity.

Explanation: 

• The Constitution comes to guaranteeing or advocating equality is the 14^th Amendment's declaration that the states must provide all people equal treatment under the law.
• Therefore it is important to include all the deserving candidates while formulating the policies for admission tests/screenings.
• Hence statement I is correct.

Statement II: While awarding research degrees the minorities quota has to be protected in the interest of the equity.

Explanation:

• Minority quota is not considered while awarding degrees because the degrees are awarded to the candidates who complete the full-fledged courses in the recognized universities.
• Hence, statement II is not correct.

Hence, It is true that in research, the formulation of policies for admission tests/screening cannot neglect constitutional equity. But statement II does not hold true that while awarding research degrees the minorities quota has to be protected in the interest of the equity.

History of Mass communication:

• Mass communication has been defined as "the process by which a person, group of people or organization creates a message and transmits it through some type of medium to a large, anonymous, heterogeneous audience.
• The evolution of mass media is an elongated, marked with milestones journey that is still being continued. The evolution of mass media occurred due to the need to pass on a message.
• The earliest form of information for the masses was inscribed on stones, caves, and pillars, there always has been necessary to pass on important information through generations along with spreading it to the masses.

Key Points

• The history of mass communication stretches from prehistoric forms of art and writing, through basic printing technology from around 800AD;
• The invention of Gutenberg’s printing press in 1455
• The first weekly printed newspaper in Antwerp in 1605
• The invention of the Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
• The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Alva Edison in 1877
• The world's earliest surviving motion-picture film, showing actual consecutive action is called Roundhay Garden Scene. It's a short film directed by French inventor Louis Le Prince in 1888.
• The invention of the radio by Marconi in 1895
• Television by John Logie Baird in 1925;
• And finally, to the internet (the World Wide Web) by Tim Berners Lee in 1990.

Conclusion:

Mass media and its evolution came into being as one of the direst necessities of mankind that were to stay informed and connected in a way that was beyond the capability of humane physical senses. Modern mass communication bloomed with the printing press and it has not stopped since. According to the timeline, the first newspaper was invented, then film, the radio, television, and finally the internet. Hence, option (2) is correct

Given:

The salary of Hamid was reduced = 10%

Calculations:

Let the initial salary of Hamid be '1000'

Hamid salary after a reduction of 10% = 1000 - 10% of 100

⇒ 1000 - (10/100) × 100 = 900

Difference between initial salary and reduced salary = 1000 - 900

⇒ 100

To get 100,

The percentage increase = 900 × 11(1/9) /100 + 900

⇒ 100 + 900 = 100

∴ The required increment is \(11 \frac{1}{9}\) % 

Alternate Method

 Here, r = 10% 

Formulae used:

Required percent increase = \((\frac{r}{100 - r} \times 100)\)%

⇒ 10/(100 - 10) × 100 = 100/9

⇒ \(11 \frac{1}{9}\)%

∴ The required increment is \(11 \frac{1}{9}\) %

The correct solution is "C, D, and E only".

Key Points

Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavour to communicate across cultures.

• Culture is a way of thinking and living whereby one picks up a set of attitudes, values, norms, and beliefs that are taught and reinforced by other members in the group. This set of basic assumptions and solutions to the problems of the world is a shared system that is passed on from generation to generation to ensure survival.
• A culture consists of unwritten and written principles and laws that guide how an individual interacts with the outside world. Members of a culture can be identified by the fact that they share some similarities. They may be united by religion, geography, by race, or ethnicity.
• Our cultural understanding of the world and everything in it ultimately affects our style of communication as we start picking up ways of one’s culture at around the same time we start learning to communicate. Culture influences the words we speak and our behaviour.
• Cross-cultural communication can also refer to the attempts that are made to exchange, negotiate and mediate cultural differences by means of language, gestures, and body language. It is how people belonging to different cultures communicate with each other.
• Cross-cultural communication has been influenced by a variety of academic disciplines. It is necessary in order to avoid misunderstandings that can lead to conflicts between individuals or groups. Cross-cultural communication creates a feeling of trust and enables cooperation. The focus is on providing the right response rather than providing the right message.
• Cross-cultural communication will be more effective and easier if both the speakers have knowledge of the turn-taking system being used in the conversation (For example One person should not monopolize the conversation or only one person should talk at a time).

Therefore, the correct answer becomes "Option 4".

The correct solution is "Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true".

Key Points

Statement I: Cross communication promotes teamwork in the classroom.

Explanation:

• Cross-cultural communication thus refers to the communication between people who have differences in any one of the following: styles of working, age, nationality, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.
• Cross-cultural communication can also refer to the attempts that are made to exchange, negotiate and mediate cultural differences by means of language, gestures, and body language. It is how people belonging to different cultures communicate with each other.
• Cross-communication sometimes creates differences of opinion and thus results in conflicts.

Therefore, Cross communication does not always promote teamwork in the classroom.

Statement II: Exactness of communication in a cross-cultural setting is flexible and responsive

• By acquiring cross-cultural communication skills, you'll be able to express yourself with confidence and understand how to be patient with other people who aren't from a similar background.
• It'll also provide a great opportunity to meet fellow students from other cultures and discuss your differences.
• Thus, the exactness of communication in a cross-cultural setting is flexible and responsive

Given:

6/11, 4/9, 3/8, 2/5, 5/13

Calculations:

LCM of the given fractions = 28080/51480, 22880/51480, 19305/51480, 20592/51480, 19800/51480

Now, we can arrange in descending order 

28080/51480  > 22880/51480 >  20592/51480 >  19800/51480 > 19305/51480

∴ A > B > D > E > C

Alternate Method

6/11 = 0.545

4/9 = 0.44

3/8 = 0.375

2/5 = 0.4

5/13 = 0.38

When we write in descending order, (highest value to lowest value) 

6/11 > 4/9 > 2/5 > 5/13 > 3/8

∴ The correct descending order is 6/11 > 4/9 > 2/5 > 5/13 > 3/8

The correct solution is "A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II"

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person, or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message, and a recipient. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location.

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

Time = 2 : 15

Angle =

 = |\(\frac{{60; \times ;hour - ;11; \times ;minute}}{2}\)|

And another angle = (360 - \(θ )^\circ \)

 ∴ θ = |\(\frac{{60; \times ;2 - ;11; \times ;15}}{2}\)|

=  |\(\frac{{120 - ;165}}{2}\)|

= (\(\frac{{45}}{2}\))

= 22.5° 

And another angle = (360 - \(\theta )^\circ \) = (360 - \(22.5)^\circ \) = 337.5

Hence, ‘22 1/2°’ is the correct answer.

A's father has five sons.

Four are: M, O, Q, and S.

Fifth son is A himself.

Hence, "A" is the correct answer.

Day before yesterday = 13^th day of the month

Today is 15^th day of the month.

3^rd day of the last month with 31 days = Tuesday

1^st day of last month = Sunday 

31^st day of the last month = Tuesday

1^st day of this month is Wednesday

15^th day of this month is Wednesday.

Hence, "Wednesday" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is C, A, B, D.

Additional Information

• Computers do all calculations using a code made of just two numbers; 0 and 1. This system is called binary code.
• Bits and bytes are the basic building blocks of memory. "Bit" stands for binary digit.
• A bit is a one or a zero, on or off, which is how all computer information is stored. A byte is made up of eight bits.
• A nibble (also spelled 'nybble') is 4 bit, half of a byte.

The correct solution is "Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct".

Printed output from a computer system is called "Hard Copy"

Key Points

A hard copy is a printed document file. A soft copy is a non-printed document file. Soft** copy** requires an electronic interface like computers or mobiles etc to read and display. Examples of hard copy include teleprinter pages, continuous printed tapes, computer printouts, and radio photo prints.

A soft copy is a document saved on a computer. It is the electronic version of a document, which can be opened and edited using a software program.

Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into a large number of small parts called cells.

Memory is primarily of three types −

• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory

Cache memory is a very high-speed semiconductor memory that can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. Cache memory is faster than main memory. It consumes less access time as compared to main memory. It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time. It stores data for temporary use.

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor devices. These memories are not as fast as registers. It is divided into two subcategories: RAM and ROM.

RAM-

• It is also called read-write memory or the main memory or the primary memory.
• The programs and data that the CPU requires during the execution of a program are stored in this memory.
• It is a volatile memory as the data lost when the power is turned off.

ROM-

• Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program essential to boot the computer.
• It is not volatile.
• Always retains its data.
• Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
• Used in calculators and peripheral devices.

**Secondary Memory-**This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead, they are accessed via input-output routines. For example Disk, CD- ROM, DVD, etc.

Given:

Statement I: The mean is the numerical average and is found by adding up all the values and dividing the sum by the number of values

Statement II: The mean of the following wages is 16000

12000, 10000, 23000, 15000

Calculations:

Mean = Average 

⇒ Average = sum of numbers/number of terms

Statement I is true

Statement II :

Mean of wages = (12000 + 10000 + 23000 + 15000)/4

⇒ 60000/4 = 15000

Statement II is false

∴ Statement I is correct and statement II is false

January 1, 2007 → Monday

So, January 1, 2008 will be a day beyond Monday i.e, Tuesday as 2007 is an ordinary year.

Hence, Tuesday is the correct answer.

The logic is:

O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, N, ____

Hence, T is the correct answer.

1) The owl's locomotion are flying and walking.

Similarly;

Snakes typically swim, climb or crawl by bending their spine.

2. Bell sounds like a chime.

Similarly;

Thunder sounds like Roar.

3. Knife is used for cutting.

Similarly,

Sword is for Slaughter.

4. Farmer work is related to cropping.

Similarly;

Dairy farmer work is related to Milk.

Hence, "A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I" is the correct answer.

Statement I: If A, B and C are standing on a circle looking at the centre and B is just left of A, then C is just right of B.

C is just left of B. 

Statement I is false.

Statement II: If X, Y and Z are standing in a circle looking at the centre and X is just right of Y, then Z is just right of X

Z is just right of X.

Statement II is True.

Hence, Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Wifi (Wireless Fidelity)

• A system used is the same thing as saying WLAN which stands for "Wireless Local Area Network for connecting computers and other electronic equipment to the internet without using wires.

2G

• Second generation
• The technology launched in the 1990s and made it possible to make digital phone calls and send texts

3G

• Third generation
• Electronic devices to access the internet wirelessly.
• "with 3G allowing us to spend much bigger files to handsets, video content is the big area that's poised for take-off".

4G:

• 'The fourth-generation'
• It  refers to a mobile network technology that enables 4 G-compatible phones to connect to the internet faster than ever before. It follows on from 3G.

Scanner:

• A scanner is an input device that scans documents such as photographs and pages of text. This creates an electronic version of the document that can be viewed and edited on a computer.
• Wireless:  Radiofrequency bands are used in place of telephone or cable networks.
• Mobile: The cell phone and smartphone providers offer plans with Internet access.
• Hotspots: It offers Internet access over a wireless local area network (WLAN) by way of a router that then connects to an Internet service provider.
• Hotspots utilize Wi-Fi technology, which allows electronic devices to connect to the Internet or exchange data wirelessly through radio waves.
• Dial-Up: It requires linking the phone line to a computer to access the Internet
• Broadband: It is provided through cable or telephone companies. One of the fastest options available, broadband Internet uses multiple data channels to send large quantities of information.
• DSL: (Digital Subscriber Line), uses an existing two-wire copper telephone line connected to one's home to delivered service at the same time as landline telephone service.
• Cable: This is a form of broadband access.
• Satellite: In certain areas where a broadband connection is not yet offered, at that time a satellite Internet option may be available.
• **ISDN: (Integrated Services Digital Network)**allows users to send data, voice, and video content over digital telephone lines or standard telephone wires.

Hence, we may conclude that 'Scanner' is not used to avail internet connectivity.

There are different components in the computer system. they all have their own working mechanisms. some component takes input, some process the data and some give output. all these components combine and make our work easier, comfortable, and convenient.

For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically perform both input and output operations.

Hence, we may conclude that the right answer be like: -

The correct solution is "Phishing".

Phishing is acquiring the personal and sensitive information of a person through official-looking emails. Users of online banking and e-commerce websites are more prone to this attack.

Key Points

Malware is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network. A wide variety of malware types exist, including computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, rogue software, wiper, and scareware.

Different types of malicious software are:

• Computer virus- A computer virus is malicious software that self-replicates and attaches itself to other files/programs. It is capable of executing secretly when the host program/file is activated. The different types of Computer viruses are Memory-Resident Virus, Program File Virus, Boot Sector Virus. etc.
• Worm- A worm is malicious software which similar to that of a computer virus is a self-replicating program, however, in the case of worms, it automatically executes itself. Worms spread over a network and are capable of launching a cumbersome and destructive attack within a short period.
• Trojan horses- Unlike a computer virus or a worm – the Trojan horse is a non-replicating program that appears legitimate. After gaining the trust, it secretly performs malicious and illicit activities when executed. Hackers make use of Trojan horses to steal a user’s password information, destroy data or programs on the hard disk. It is hard to detect.
• Spyware- Spyware secretly records information about a user and forwards it to third parties. The information gathered may cover files accessed on the computer, a user’s online activities, or even the user’s keystrokes.
• Rootkit- A rootkit is malicious software that alters the regular functionality of an OS on a computer in a stealthy manner. The altering helps the hacker to take full control of the system and the hacker acts as the system administrator on the victim’s system. Almost all the rootkits are designed to hide their existence.
• Phishing is the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information or data, such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, or other sensitive details, by impersonating oneself as a trustworthy entity in digital communication.
• Spoofing is the act of disguising a communication from an unknown source as being from a known, trusted source. Spoofing can apply to emails, phone calls, and websites, or can be more technical, such as a computer spoofing an IP address, Address Resolution Protocol (A R P), or Domain Name System (D N S) server.
• Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent Web sites without their knowledge or consent. Pharming has been called "phishing without a lure."

Climate change is a reality and the rise in temperature is a wakeup call for everyone to leave behind the prejudices about the scientific realities of climate change. Various initiatives have been launched and international agreements have been signed for the said purpose.

The Paris Agreement:

• The Paris Agreement on Climate Change shows the strong commitment of the international community to address the issue of Climate Change.
• On 12^th December 2015, parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future.
• The Paris Agreement, for the first time, brings all nations together to combat climate change with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so.
• Its central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• To put the world on a least-cost pathway to limiting global warming to 2°C above the preindustrial level, global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 with reference to 2017, require a reduction to the extent of 25%.
• To reach these goals, appropriate financial aid, a new technology framework and an enhanced capacity-building framework will be put in place, thus supporting action by developing countries and the most vulnerable countries.

Therefore, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct solution is "A, D, C, B".

Key Points

• Carbon is the element of life.
• The human body structure is based on it, and other animals and plant biomass such as leaves and wood consist predominantly of carbon (C).
• Plants on land and algae in the ocean assimilate it in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere or water, and transform it through photosynthesis into energy-rich molecules such as sugars and starches.
• Carbon constantly changes its state through the metabolism of organisms and by natural chemical processes.
• Carbon can be stored in and exchanges between particulate and dissolved inorganic and organic forms and exchanged with the atmosphere as CO₂.
• The oceans store much more carbon than the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere (plants and animals).
• Even more carbon, how­ever, is stored in the lithosphere, i.e. the rocks on the planet, including limestones (calcium carbonate, CaCO₃) and sediments.

Therefore the descending order becomes as:

• Sediments
• Dissolved inorganic matter.
• Dissolved organic matter
• Living organisms

The correct solution is "A is not correct but R is correct".

Key Points

• New EPA rules are phasing out Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) due to their high global warming potential.
• When CFCs were banned two decades ago, the phase-out sparked concern about refrigerant cost, availability, and performance.
• That first generation of alternative refrigerants included HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), which had no ozone depletion potential.
• But HFCs are potent greenhouse gases with high global warming potential (GWP) and long lifetimes.
• Now, they too face international replacement by either hydro-fluoro olefins (HFOs) or “natural” refrigerants under the October 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
• HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) were part of the solution when CFCs were being phased out.

HFCs are not ozone-depleting substances but they have high global warming potentials. In the Kigali amendment, the phasing out of HFCs was taken into consideration for maintaining the temperature of the earth. 

Hence, A is not correct but R is correct

Mistake Points

• Cl atoms are the main culprit for the destruction of the zone layer by forming a free radical.
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) have no chlorine content, so their Ozone-depleting Potential (ODP) is essentially zero.

The correct solution is "A,B,C and E only".

Key Points

Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry. Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snow melt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers.

Flood mitigation involves the management and control of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of flood walls and flood gates, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. It also involves the management of people, through measures such as evacuation and dry/wet proofing properties. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities. The costs of protection rise as more people and property are protected.

Key Points

Flood mitigation measures:

• Infrastructure, including dams, levees, bridges and culverts-When considering structural solutions, it is important to understand the effectiveness of individual measures in terms of flood mitigation impact. For example, some works may reduce flooding to a large area by centimetres which provides minimal benefit to a large number of homeowners that are least affected by flooding and almost no benefit to those homeowners that are worst affected.
• Maintenance of existing infrastructure- Ongoing maintenance to existing creeks and storm water drainage systems is vital to maintain the hydraulic performance of drains. Developing and reviewing a regular maintenance schedule for flood prone areas can provide significant benefit during seasonal rains. While targeted clearing of creek systems does not always help reduce the impact of large flood events, it does help reduce the impact of smaller, more frequent floods.
• Individual flood proofing measures- Where the inundation of flood water is relatively low (nominally less than 700mm), it may be possible to keep flood waters out of homes by installing solid fences, raising windows, sealing doors with ‘stop boards’ and limiting sewage contamination through reflux or backflow valves.
• Trees reduce flood risk from the top to bottom. Lots of raindrops that land on leaves evaporate straight into the air- so less water reaches the ground. And, leaves intercept rainfall, slowing the rate that water flows into rivers and reducing the risk it'll burst its banks. Trees are a great way to combat flooding.

Therefore, D option i.e. Removing tress and debris from the flood plain has been eliminated from the answer.

The correct solution is "Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct".

Key Points

Deemed university, or deemed-to-be-university, is an accreditation granted to higher educational institutions in India, conferring the status of a university. It is granted by the Department of Higher Education.Institutions that are 'deemed-to-be-university' enjoy the academic status and privileges of a university."

The status of a deemed university allows full autonomy in courses, syllabus, admissions and fees^. The University Grants Commission list dated 23 June 2008 lists 130 deemed universities.

• A Deemed University is, quite simply, an institution which provides high standards in a specific area of study and, because of this, is deemed to be a university by the Central Government upon the advice of the University Grants Commission. This status helps such institutions to enjoy the same benefits and privileges that are available to any other university in the country.
• There should be at least 5 Post Graduate Departments which have been in existence for at least 3 years and have research programs. It should have academic and physical infrastructure as prescribed by the commission and /or the relevant statutory bodies. It should have a built up area of at least 30 square.

An institution applying to be declared as an institution deemed to be university shall have to meet the following stipulations:

• Has been in existence for at least fifteen years( except in case of institutions seeking declaration as an institution deemed to be university under the 'de novo' category)
• Has acquired the characteristics of a university as demonstrated by the diversity of its programs of study, proven contribution to innovations in teaching
• Has well established broad based and viable undergraduate ,post graduate , and research programs in several disciplines with firm inter disciplinary orientation and linkages.

Vidwan

• It is the database of profiles of scientists/ researchers and other faculty members who are involved in academic institutions and other R & D organizations.
• It provides information like an expert’s background, contact, address, experience, scholarly publications, skills and accomplishments, researcher identity, etc.
• The database is developed by Information and Library Network center (INFLIBNET) with financial support from the National Mission on Education through ICT (NME-ICT).

Its objectives are :

• ​Quickly and conveniently provide information about the expert to peers, prospective collaborators, funding agencies policymakers, and research scholars in the country.
• Identify peer reviewers for articles and research proposals.
• Discover prospective collaborators for on-going research projects.
• Establish communication directly with experts who possess the expertise needed by users.
• To create information exchanges and networking opportunities among scientists.

The correct answer is B and D only. 

Key Points

• From the passage 'To be swayed by emotions can surely be a problem, but otherwise, emotions are such a wealth within us that they are rightly called a source of human energy, information and influence. When we understand them well and handle them wisely, they can help us mend fences or move mountains' indicates that human emotions are the energy sources and if we know how to use them we can do the impossible.
• Hence statements B and D are correct.
• Statement A and C are out of the context (passage)

The correct answer is A rich and joyous life.

Key Points

• From the passage 'To put in efforts towards understanding our own and others' emotions leads to an enhancement of our Emotional Quotient (EQ). By broadening our outlook, we can discard false judgments and this leads to the rise of healthy emotions within us' indicates that human emotions can lead us to enjoy a rich and joyous life by ignoring things that worry us, like false judgment.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• Option 1 is out of the context (Passage).
• Option 3 is opposite to the view that is put by the author. Judgments are caused by not understanding the emotions.
• Option 4 is the result of not understanding the emotion, empathy (a type of emotional growth). Practicing empathy will help us relate with others and understand clearly.

The correct answer is Better handlers of negativity.

Key Points

• From the passage 'To put in efforts towards understanding our own and others' emotions leads to an enhancement of our Emotional Quotient (EQ). By broadening our outlook, we can discard false judgments and this leads to the rise of healthy emotions within us. Just to be aware of the factors that activate particular emotions that arise in us, paves the way to a better handling of these forces at work' indicates that assessing the emotional factors clearly will lead to better handling of negative things.
• Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• Option 1 and 2 are opposite to the view that is put by the author. Understanding emotional factors will only help in overcoming 'aggressiveness' and 'rigidity of judicious'.
• Option 4 is out of the context as the author doesn't mention the assessment of emotional factors on passive righteousness.

The correct answer is Handles negative emotions effectively.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Just to be aware of the factors that activate particular emotions that arise in us, paves the way to a better handling of these forces at work. We need to train ourselves to be rightly assertive in the face of injustice or some unfair treatment meted out to us. This means that we rise above all passivity that is inaction and at the same time avoid aggressive behaviour that could be harsh or violent' indicates that by practicing emotions effectively we can handle negative emotions.
• Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.
• Option 2, 3 and 4 are opposite to the view that is put by the author. Emotion maturity will help to manage negative emotions, negative emotions are responsible for 'making life look darker than what it is' and 'may give rise to aggressive behavior against injustice'

The correct answer is Relate with others emotionally.

Key Points

• From the passage, *'*Developing empathy is another aspect of emotional growth, where we "emotionally read" others and thus relate with them very accurately rather than in some imagined way'  indicates whenever we practice empathy we actually try to connect with others emotionally, helps in accurately understanding the others.
• Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• Option 1, 3 and 4 are not related to emotion, empathy. Empathy helps us relate with them very accurately rather than in some imagined way.

National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF):

• It organizes qualifications according to a series of levels of knowledge, skills and aptitude.
• It is a quality assurance framework in the sense that these levels are defined in terms of learning outcomes which the learner must possess regardless of whether they were acquired through formal, non-formal or informal learning.
• It is a nationally integrated education and competency-based skill framework that will provide for multiple pathways, horizontal as well as vertical, thus linking one level of learning to another higher level (such as both within vocational education and vocational training and among vocational education, vocational training, general education and technical education).
• This will enable an individual to acquire desired competency levels and transmit it to the job market and at an appropriate time, return for acquiring additional skills to further upgrade their competencies.

The key elements of NSQF include:

1. national principles for recognising skill proficiency and competencies at different levels leading to international equivalency
2. multiple entries and exit between vocational education, skill training, general education, technical education and job markets
3. progression pathways defined within skill qualification framework
4. opportunities to promote lifelong learning and skill development
5. partnership with industry/employers
6. a transparent, accountable and credible mechanism for skill development across various sectors
7. increased potential for recognition of prior learning

According to the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF), level 8 competency is equivalent to Masters programmes.

Kothari Commission (1964-66) is also known as Indian/National Education Commission.

In 1964, the Kothari Commission had recommended a 6 % allocation of GDP, a policy recommendation endorsed by the National Policy of Education, two decades later in 1986.

It was was set-up:

• under the chairmanship of 'Daulat Singh Kothari'.
• to examine all aspects of educational sectors in India.
• to produce appropriate strategies and guidelines for the upliftment of education.
• The policy recommended by the Kothari Commission relating language is Three-Language Formula.

Important Points

The Three-Language Formula as stated in the 1968 Policy is:-

• The First language: It has to be studied must be the mother tongue or the regional language.
• The Second language: In Hindi speaking States, the second language will be English or some other modern Indian language. In non-Hindi speaking States, the second language will be Hindi or English.
• The Third language: The third language is taught at a later stage in school, and that too for a shorter time, as it is needed only in limited context i.e. in a social situation where neither first nor second language could help the child to communicate.

Hence, it could be concluded that the policy recommended by the Kothari Commission relating language is Three-Language Formula.

Additional Information

Other Major recommendations of Kothari Commission(1964-66):

• Common schools system to ensure the equalization of educational opportunities for all children.
• 10+2+3 structure of education. (10years of General Education + 2years of Higher Education + 3 years of degree)
• Neighbourhood school (Every school has to admit each and every child within its prescribed locality irrespective of their caste, religion, and community)

• There were leading centres of Education in the form of Universities in Ancient India which even attracted worldwide students due to its excellent Teaching methodologies and renowned faculties.
• Ancient Universities were mostly spread across the Northern India which received royal patronage from the kingdoms in which they were situated.

Takshasila 

• It was credited to be the world's first University situated at the ancient site of Taxila (modern-day Punjab province of Pakistan).
• It flourished from 600 BC-500AD.
• Subjects taught were grammar,philosophy,medicine,politics,warfare,astronomy,commerce,music,vedas.
• More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied here.
• The age eligibility criterion was set at 16 years after students had completed their basic education in their local institutions.
• Renowned Teachers of this University includes Kautilya, Panini, Jivak and Vishnu Sharma.
• Arthashastra (the text on administration and statecraft) by Kautilya was written here.
• India's first emperor Chandragupta was a student of Takshila University.