UGC NET Paper 2: Political Science 9th Oct 2020 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Fundamental rights.

Key Points

• According to the passage, 'They are fundamental because they are the rights against the state'.
• The rights claimed against the state are considered as Fundamental rights.

The correct answer is Race.

Key Points

• According to the passage, Dworkin argued that the concept of right against the government becomes most useful particularly when the society is divided on racial lines into majority and minority.
• The idea of right against the government becomes very useful when the society is divided into majority and minority on the basis of Race.

The correct answer is permitted.

Key Points

• According to the passage, "therefore, they are strong rights. He asserts that these rights should be permitted.
• Strong rights need to be permitted.

The correct answer is the Right to liberty.

Key Points

• According to the passage, "Right to liberty for example becomes a weak right against right to equality, a strong right."
• Right to liberty is a weak right.

The rights that can be curtailed to achieve common welfare may be called as Weak rights.

Gaia hypothesis is named after the ancient Greek goddess of the Earth. 

Key Points

• The Gaia hypothesis asserts that Earth's biological systems operate as one enormous single organism.
• The concept was developed by James E. Lovelock, who first proposed it in the early 1970s.
• The traditional view of ecology as a biological reaction to a variety of physical situations is different from this new perspective on global ecology and evolution.

Thus, The theory that 'the Earth is best understood as a living entity that acts to maintain its own existence is known as the Gaia hypothesis.

According to Heywood, Constitutionalism is the practice of limited government brought about by the existence of a  constitution.

Key Points

• A written constitution is one that has been painstakingly and methodically recorded and is contained in a single document.
• An unwritten constitution is one in which the contents and laws of the document are documented despite not being included in a single book and do not have a written form.
• The name of countries have no written constitution:
• United Kingdom
• New Zealand
• Israel

Thus, New Zealand has no written constitution.

The correct answer is 'Republic'.

Key Points

• Niccolò Machiavelli, an Italian Renaissance political philosopher, is often associated with pragmatic and sometimes ruthless political strategies, as outlined in his famous work The Prince.
• However, when it comes to his ideal form of government, Machiavelli's views are more complex and are best understood through his other major work, Discourses on Livy, where he expresses a clear preference for a republic.
• In The Prince, Machiavelli provides advice to rulers on maintaining power, often endorsing tactics suited to monarchical and authoritarian rule.
• This can sometimes create a perception that he favored monarchies. However, his work Discourses on Livy, which discusses the history of the Roman Republic, reveals his admiration for republican values and the stability of mixed governance.

Aristotle and Hegel did not believe in women's equality. 

Key Points

• Aristotle in his book Politics, "The relation of male to female is by nature a relation of superior to inferior and ruler to ruled."
• Aristotle felt that the husband should exercise political control over the wife and that women should be subordinate to men.
• He believed that women differed from men in a number of ways including being more impulsive, empathetic, whiny, and deceitful.
• Hegel's account of the woman's role as guardian of the sacred claims of the family in the Phenomenology of Spirit.
• According to this interpretation of Hegel, women are by nature destined to play the passive role of embodiment and upholder of family values.

Thus, Aristotle and Hegel did not believe in women's equality.

In his seminal work, "The Considerations of Representative Government (1861) J. S. Mill elaborate on the various political idea. 

Key Points

• John Stuart Mill outlined his ideal system of governance which he founded on
• Institutions of self-government
• Protection for minorities
• Proportional representation
• Mill claimed that the only way to determine the ideal form of government is to look into which one best serves the needs of the state.
• According to Mill, a good government carries out two tasks.
• ​To best advance the interests of the citizens, it must make use of their innate talents and abilities
• It must enhance these citizens' moral, intellectual, and civic virtues.

Thus, In "The Considerations on Representative Government", J. S. Mill did not elaborate upon political economy.

In books II, III, and VIII of his "Politics," Aristotle described his ideal state.

Key Points

• Some of the characteristics of the Ideal State are mentioned below: 
• In his ideal society, the law is supreme.
• It is a moral institution that seeks to improve citizens' moral character in order to foster a good and joyful existence for everybody.
• Private property use but shared ownership.
• The division of labour in Aristotle's ideal society
• A city-state of medium size was the best state.
• It should be self-sufficient and free of any hostile intentions toward other nations.
• There should be six classes: priests, administrators, a warlike class, farmers, and artisans. Only those four have citizenship rights.
• Sabine's observation that the "ideal state is always Plato's second-best"
• It serves as the finest example of how Platonism and Aristotelian idealism differ from one another.

Thus, G.H. Sabine said this Aristotle's "ideal state is always Plato's second-best".

Kautilya, often referred to as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was a renowned great scholar who was instrumental in the 4^th century B.C. 

Key Points

• According to Kautilya, the function of the State are mentioned below: 
• To promote the moral and material happiness and welfare of his people
• To enable them to pursue freely their independent efforts in life
• To maintain unity and solidarity
• To promote agriculture, industry and arts
• To reward virtue
• To regulate the means of livelihood, especially of the labourers and artisans
• To encourage education and help students.

Thus, the Empire building only is not the function of the State, according to Kautilya.

Agganasutta is collection of he 27^th sutta in the Digha Nikaya.

Key Points

• Aggana stands for Origin where as Sutta means dialogue.
• This deals with the Origin of life, Caste system and State.
• The sutta tells the story of the Buddha giving two brahmans named Bharadvaja and Vasettha.
• Due to the two brahmans' desire to join the Sangha, their own caste has ridiculed and denigrated them.
• The Buddha argues that anyone from any of the four varnas can become a monk and attain the state of Arahant.

Thus, 'Agganasutta' is related to Buddhist Philosophy.

Periyar is most known for starting the Self Respect Movement to restore the identity and dignity of Tamils. 

Key Points

• He was born on September 28, 1879, in Erode, Tamil Nadu.
• he disobeyed all caste norms and his parents frequently chastised him for it.
• Periyar began his political career as a Congressman.
• He disagreed with Gandhi on whether Brahmin and non-Brahmin students at Gurukkulam at separate dining areas.
• Periyar left the party in 1925 after failing to persuade Congress to adopt his viewpoint.
• He founded the Dravidar Kazhagam political party and envisioned Dravida Nadu as the Dravida homeland (DK)

Therefore, Indian National Congress was joined by E. V Ramasami Periyar.

Nuclear deterrence is a country's potential deployment of its nuclear weapons in retaliation will dissuade an opponent from attacking.

Key Points

• The following are some of the key components of India's nuclear doctrine:
• ​Developing and keeping up a reliable minimum deterrence
• A nuclear no first use policy, whereby nuclear weapons would only be used in response to a nuclear strike on Indian soil or on Indian forces anywhere
• A first strike will be followed by "massive" nuclear retaliation intended to cause "unacceptable devastation."
• Along with the ideas of "No First Use" and "Non-Use" against nuclear weapon nations, the concept of "credible minimum deterrence" is employed.
• It is obvious that India does not want to use its nuclear weapons to threaten other countries but rather as a defensive deterrent.

Thus, The concept of 'credible minimum deterrent' relates to Nuclear types of weapons.

The term non-alignment is used to describe the foreign policy of states that chose to pursue an autonomous path in international affairs. 

Key Points

• After the Cold War, there is also disagreement on the configuration's nature.
• This phenomenon known as the New Northern Concert of Powers has emerged.
• Because there is no longer room for manoeuvring or non-aligned movement in this global context, practising non-alignment becomes challenging.
• Its application is very necessary if the South's developing nations are to avoid being completely overrun by the North.
• A.P. Rana in his book The Imperatives of Non-Alignment: A Conceptual Study of India's Foreign Policy Strategy in the Nehru Period given the concept of the New Northern Concert of Power'.

Thus, the idea of the New Northern Concert of Power' (NNCP) to analyse the relevance of non-aligned movement in the post-cold war era by A. P. Rana.

Loksabha is more effective than Rajyasabha in practice. 

Key Points

• Rajyasabha has some powers that make them appear more effective than Loksabha which are mentioned below: 
• It is a permanent house, thus even if the Lok Sabha is dissolved due to an emergency or an election, the ability to pass laws will remain in its hands until the next session of the Lok Sabha.
• According to article 249 of our constitution, the Rajya Sabha has the authority to declare a state's issues to be of national concern if a resolution approving them receives the support of two-thirds of the chamber.
• According to our constitution's article 312, the Rajya Sabha has the authority to establish or terminate an all-India service by passing a resolution with a 2/3rds majority.

Thus, the creation of a new All India Service subject, Rajya Sabha has got more power than Lok sabha.

Judicial activism refers to the judiciary's proactive role in safeguarding people's rights and defending the nation's legal and constitutional framework. 

Key Points

• This requires occasionally encroaching into the executive's domains.
• Judicial activism is intensified by judicial overreach.
• It focuses on the inaction of the executive and legislative branches.
• It creates a more responsive and pro-people judiciary.
• It helps to defend the spirit of the Constitution by providing a broader meaning for numerous sections of it, including Articles 14, 19, 21, and 32.
• Encourages transparency and accountability in government.

Thus, Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is associated with judicial activism.

Panchayati Raj is a kind of local government where each community is in charge of its own affairs. 

Key Points

• Panchayat raj was promoted by Mahatma Gandhi as the basis of India's political structure.
• The Gandhi-envisioned Panchayati Raj system was the system that was formalized in India in 1992.
• Ambedkar reacted angrily when the Bombay Legislative Council discussed giving Panchayats more authority through a Village Panchayats Bill.
• He argued that "Can it be expected to have the right notions even to discharge bare justice? A population that is hidebound by caste; a population that is infected by ancient prejudices; a population that flouts equality of status and is dominated by notions of gradations in life; a population that thinks that some are high and some are low."
• He further said that "I disagree with that statement, sir, and I contend that it is improper to demand that we cede to these panchayat control over our lives, liberties, and property."

Thus, B. R. Ambedkar was strongly opposed to the idea of the Panchayati Raj system in India.

According to Popper, Scientific determinism is a doctrine that if we were given a sufficiently precise description of events, together with all the laws of nature, any events could be rationally predicted, with any desired degree of precision.

Key Points

• For Marx base is much more important than the Superstructure.
• The superstructure constitutes as dominant beliefs and values of a society, Civil Society, Religion etc.
• The prevailing ideologies of a period are those of the ruling class and serve the interests of that class, as memorably put by Marx.
• Karl Marx based on his historical analysis predicated the end of capitalism.
• Gramsci is known as the Superstructure theorist who points out the role of the Superstructure to maintain the hegemony of Capitalism.
• Gramsci elevated the impact of ideas above Marxism's economic determinism rather than submitting the superstructure of ideas to the power of the economic basis.
• Gramsci described it as a form of intellectual and moral leadership overseen by organizations and political and cultural figures he referred to as organic and traditional intellectuals as well as opposing viewpoints.
• He advocated capturing political and intellectual struggles.

Thus, Antonio Gramsci rejected 'scientific determinism' and advocated political and intellectual struggle.

Perspective planning is a blueprint for long-term growth's goals and objectives.

Key Points

• The perspective plan is broken down into several smaller plans in order to accomplish a number of objectives and aims.
• A perspective plan describes a country's twenty-year long-term objectives.
• In 1950, upon India's independence, the government established the Planning Commission.
• The country's five-year plans would be developed and put into action by this commission.
• A perspective plan is the name of this long-term strategy.
• The perspective plan is meant to be built upon the five-year plans.

Thus, Perspective Planning indicates the nature of planning in India in Contemporary times.

On January 1, 2015, the Planning Commission was replaced by a new organization called Niti Aayyog. 

Key Points

• Niti Aayyog stands for NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA.
• Its role is to continuously promote cooperative federalism through planned support initiatives and processes with the States, realizing that powerful States lead to powerful nations.
• Administrative Position of Niti Aayyog: 
• ​Chairperson: Prime Minister
• Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by the Prime Minister
• Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. Governors of Union Territories.
• Regional Council: To address specific regional issues, Comprising Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors Chaired by Prime Minister or his nominee.
• Narendra Modi is the first chairman of NITI Aayog in India.

Thus, Narendra Modi is the first chairman of NITI Aayog in India.

An incremental model of public policy as an alternative to the conventional rational model of decision-making.

Key Points

• **It was given by Charles E. Lindblom in his essay Science of Muddling Through,1959 deals with the process of formulating policy.
• He criticised Herbert Simon's model of decision-making.
• Lindblom disputes the notion that making decisions simply involves setting objectives, choosing options, and weighing options.
• Lindblom claims that rational decision-making is not workable for complicated policy concerns.
• When making decisions, the incremental approach (branch technique) calls for "continually building out from the current situation, step-by-step and by little degree.

Thus, Charles E. Lindblom has presented the incremental model of public policy.

Representative democracy elects individuals to represent a group of people.

Key Points

• Nearly all contemporary Western-style democracies, such as the United Kingdom, India, France, and the United States operate as some sort of representative democracy.
• The conduct of elected officials in representative democracies is referred to as models of representation.
• The basic categories are: 
• Delegate
• Trustee
• Politico
• Mandate model
• Resemblance model

Thus, Consensus is not a theory or model of representation.

In his book Republic, Plato discusses five different forms of government: tyranny, oligarchy, democracy, and ideologies.

Key Points

• Aristotle's political classification and analysis are characterized by the idea that no type of government can be constant over time.
• Aristotle study a systematic and widely acknowledged classification of Constitutions based on an analysis of 158 Constitutions.
• Six constitutions were offered by Aristotle: three excellent ones, represented by a monarchy, aristocracy, and politics in the hands of few, a few, and many, and three bad ones, represented by tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy in the hands of few, a few, and many.
• The Greek system of classification of regimes, the degenerative form of rule by many is known as anarchic democracy (mob rule).

Thus, According to the Greek system of classification of regimes, the degenerative form of rule by many is known as Anarchic democracy (mob rule).

Cultural nationalism is nationalism in which a shared culture and language are used to identify the nation rather than ideas of common ancestry or race.

Key Points

• Johann Gottfried was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic who lived from 25 August 1744 to 18 December 1803.
• Johann Gottfried was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic who lived from 25 August 1744 to 18 December 1803.
• The father of Cultural Nationalism Johann Gottfried Herder emphasized the idea of a country as an organic entity distinguished by a distinctive language and culture.

Thus, Johann Gottfried Herder is often portrayed as the 'father' of cultural nationalism.

The term democratization has been used to refer to discourse, a demand, a set of institutional changes, an exercise in power politics, a type of elite dominance and a political system.

Key Points

• Some of the causes of the Democratic Shift in the context of Democratisation are mentioned below: 
• Economic development and modernization
• Equality and inclusive institutions
• Political Culture
• Social capital and civil society
• Waves of democracy
• Death or ouster of dictator
• Loss of popularity and legitimacy by military regimes
• Promotion, and foreign influence and intervention

Thus, Media is NOT a cause of Democratic Shift in the context of Democratisation.

Ann Tickner criticized Hans Morgenthau's incomplete interpretation of the experiences drawn from the lives of men.

Key Points

• She makes an effort to reword the six political realism tenets in a feminist context.
• She has the opinion that there is something about international relations that makes it unwelcoming and unattractive to women.
• Tickner suggested looking into the reason why people think that politics is a man's realm.
• Even though more women are overcoming entry barriers, they rarely reach the highest positions, and when they do, they describe themselves as "a mouse in a man's universe,"
• According to Tickner, the lack of women in positions of leadership in international relations is due to both discrimination and "a process of self-selection which begins with the way in which we view ourselves."

Thus, J. Ann Tickner reformulated Hans Morgenthau's 'six principles of political realism' from a feminist perspective.

Francis Fukuyama is best known for his conviction that the victory of liberal democracy at the end of the Cold War. 

Key Points

• He was famous for his thesis The End of History and the Last Man in 1992.
• Francis Fukuyama's humanity has reached "not just... the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: That is, the end-point of mankind's ideological evolution and the unification of the world."
• Fukuyama draws on the ideas and philosophies of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
• He further argued that "The combination of liberal democracy and the market had drawn a finishing line in the history of political and social development".

So, 'The combination of liberal democracy and the market had drawn a finishing line in the history of political and social development' statement made by Francis Fukuyama.

European Union is a political and economic group of 27 members. 

Key Points

• The Maastricht Treaty, of 1992 established the EU.
• Seven major institutions make up the European Union:
• European Central Bank​
• European Central Council
• European Parliament
• European Council
• Council of the European Union
• European Commission
• European Court of Auditors
• The European Commission is the executive-bureaucratic arm of the European Union.

Thus, the European Commission is the executive-bureaucratic arm of the European Union.

Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism are both terms that are different analytically but constitute similarities. 

Key Points

• While authoritarianism wants the blind deference of its population to authority.
• Totalitarianism seeks to achieve this through imposing complete control over the lives of its citizens.
• One of the characteristics of authoritarian regimes is a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally accountable to the public.
• They tend to rely on passive mass acceptance rather than active popular backing and will permit social and economic organizations that are not under government control.
• Authoritarian regimes may be institutionalised and legitimate.

Thus, A, B and C Only are correct options.

The state is seen as natural by Aristotle.

Confusion Points

• The statement "Polis is man writ large" suggests that the nature and qualities of the citizens collectively shape and determine the character and functioning of the city-state or polis
• According to Aristotle authority of the State is moral and the State is natural.
• Since the family could not satisfy the ever-increasing needs of the people, they had to come out of their limited circle and thought of creating the State.
• The families combined together to make the State and made it a perfect association.
• He believed that the State was an individual writ large because the individual could think of perfection only in a State.

Key Points

• He asserts that the condition is essential for all humans.
• Like Plato, he sees society as being equally important to a decent life and makes no distinction between the state and society.
• A good existence is dependent upon the State.
• Aristotle's view on the nature of the State (Latin: Polis) 
• Polis should be large enough to guarantee self sufficiency and small enough to ensure good government.
• The Polis was natural and prior to the individual, not chronologically but teleologically.
• Polis is the highest and most comprehensive of Human Associations.

Thus, A, B and C Only are correct options.

The word governance comes from the Greek verb to steer.

Key Points

• The term governance refers to a specific level of governance connected to a particular type of organization.
• It was a specific field of governance connected to a specific type of activity or outcome.
• Its specific model of governance is frequently derived as an empirical or normative concept.
• Competitive democracies and Participatory democracies; change oriented democracy and democratic administration are associated with the notion of governance.

Therefore, (A), (B), (C) and (D)  are the correct option.

The word governance comes from the Greek verb to steer, kubemao.

Key Points

• Governance is the process that directs state affairs.
• The onset of the globalization process served to reinforce the idea once more.
• The market has become a more important role in development, changing both the state-centric approach and what governance means.
• The relationship between institutions engaged in collective action is one in which power dependency is present.
• It acknowledges that there are overlapping roles and duties while addressing social and economic challenges.

Thus, (A), (B) and (C) only are correct answer.

Accountability refers to the procedures and standards that hold decision-makers accountable to the decision-maker. 

Key Points

• Its necessity and significance in governance and the operation of the government.
• Acccountability terms is referred to as the software of the state.
• Accountability measures are attracting the attention of the international financial institutions and donors in particular.
• Accountability institutions play a significant role in this environment and are at the heart of any successful governance process.

Thus, Acccountability terms is referred to as the software of the state.

According to the Liberal theory of State, the state is a necessary evil.

Key Points

• It violates people's right to personal freedom, making it evil.
• The State is also seen as "essential" due to human nature's tendency toward egoism and selfishness.
• It is essential to put an end to people's antisocial behaviour in society.
• Thomas Paine said that "Society in every state is a blessing, but government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil, in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer or are exposed to the same miseries by a government, which we might expect in a country without government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer".

Thus, Thomas Paine regarded the state as a 'necessary evil'.

Postmodernism is an intellectual position or method of discourse that dates back to the 17^th century against the  Enlightenment. 

Key Points

• It was a method of literary criticism and debate that discussed the nature of literary texts, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading.
• Postmodernism denies the existence of objectively rational knowledge.
• Scholars of Post-Modernism: Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Jean-François Lyotard, Richard Rorty, Jean Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson, Douglas Kellner.

Thus, Herbert Marcuse is NOT a post-modern thinker.

Key Points

Thus, (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II) are correct matching.

Key Points

Therefore,(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III) are correct matching.

Key Points 

Therefore, (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III) are coorect matching.

The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has been referring to Paraiyars as Adi Dravida (or Adi Dravidar) since 1914.

Key Points 

Therefore, (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I) is correct matching.

Key Points 

Therefore, (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I) are the correct answer.

Six freedoms guaranteed by Article 19's right to freedom are the freedom of speech and expression.

Key Points

• Article 19(1) provides that all citizens shall have the right​
• To freedom of speech and expression;
• To assemble peaceably and without arms;
• To form associations or unions;
• To move freely throughout the territory of India
• To reside and settle in any part of the territory of India;
• To practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business.

Thus, the Freedoms mentioned in Article 19 of the constitution in the order of their appearance assemble peaceably and without arms⇒ Form Associations or unions⇒ Move freely throughout the territory of India⇒ Assemble peaceably and without arms.

The purpose of the parliamentary committees is to investigate and address a wide range of issues that the legislature cannot directly address owing to their magnitude. 

Key Points

• Public Accounts Committee
• It was mentioned in the Government of India Act 1919 then the Public Accounts Committee was established in 1921.
• Estimates Committee
• **It was established on the recommendations of  Finance Minister John Mathai in 1950.**​
• Committee on Public Undertakings
• It was established in 1964 on the recommendation of the Krishna Menon Committee.
• Departmental Standing Committee
• After government **departments began establishing their own standing committees from 1989 onward.**​

Thus, Public Accounts Committee⇒  Estimates Committee⇒ Committee on Public Undertakings⇒ Departmental Standing Committee are Parliamentary Committees in order of their formation

Social democracy is adopted by post-communist state. 

Key Points 

Statement I: Social democracy combines elements of liberalism and socialism to reconcile freedom and equality.

• It as a policy regime that promotes economic and social interventions to advance social justice within the context of a liberal-democratic polity and a mixed economy that is capitalist-oriented.
• Social democracy is a political philosophy that initially favored a smooth transition from capitalism to socialism through the use of established democratic procedures.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: Social democratic regimes use the system of neo corporatism wherein policy-making involves the state, labour and the businesses.

• ​Neo-corporatism is a Social democratic form of corporatism which favors economic tripartism.
• It involves strong labour unions, employers' associations and governments.

So, Statement II is correct. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

The correct answer is 'Both Statement I and Statement II are true'.

Key Points 

Statement I: Every constitution has a philosophy of its own.

• American constitution imbibes the philosophy based on john locke, rossow.
• The philosophy of the constitution is laid out in the Objective Resolution moved by Nehru.
• Every constitution has a philosophy of its own.

So, Statement I is correct.

Statement II: For the philosophy underlying Indian Constitution, we must look back into the historic Objective Resolution moved by Pandit Nehru.

• On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru put out the Objective Resolution to the Constitution of India it outlined the fundamental values of the document.
• The philosophy of the constitution is laid out in the Objective Resolution.
• On January 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly approved the Resolution.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Chester Bernard in his book Functions of the Executive deals with organization.

Key PointsStatement I: Chester Bernard defined organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons.

• Chester Bernard defined an organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons based on his significant management and administrative experience,
• According to Chester Barnard, Organizations are systems of intentionally coordinated activity of two or more individuals.
• Barnard believes that because organization involves the interaction of various dynamic internal and exterior, subjective and objective, phenomena and forces.

So, Statement I is correct

Statement II: Chester Bernard supported the viewpoint that man is mainly motivated by economic incentives.

• He suggested persuasion and concrete incentives as two strategies for getting subordinates to collaborate.
• Barnard places far more emphasis on persuasion than on economic rewards.

Thus, Statement II is incorrect

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

The correct answer is Great hopes during an election campaign. 

Key Points

• According to the passage, "But the phenomenon of representation reflects an emotional roller-coaster - great hopes during an election campaign".
• Great hopes during an election campaign are reflected in the phenomenon of representation

The correct answer is Office of a representative. 

Key Points

• According to the passage, "The office of a representative results from elections".
• The office of representative results from elections.

The correct answer is political orders depend on the deliberative powers of citizens.

Key Points

• According to the passage, it contradicts the 'Athenian and Aristotelian understanding of democracies as political orders that depend on the deliberative and decisive power of citizens acting with authoritative power.
• Athenian and Aristotelian understanding of democracies means Political orders depending on the deliberative powers of citizens.

The correct answer is Legislative compromise.

Key Points

• According to the passage, the necessary activity of legislative compromise takes place above the heads and behind the backs of the people.
• Legislative compromise takes place above the heads and behind the backs of the people.

The correct answer is they made the decisions that led to the compromise.

Key Points

• According to the passage, Representatives may feel proud of what they accomplished, because they made the decisions that led to the compromise.
• representatives felt proud of what they accomplished because they made the decisions that led to the compromise

Hindu nationalism was essentially the core of the Hindutva doctrine.

Key Points

• V. D. Savarkar was the first well-known proponent of the Hindu nationalist doctrine
• In 1924, he published a book titled "Hindutva" to outline the fundamental ideas behind Hindu nationalism.
• Dr. Hedgewar created the R.S.S. Savarkar and the R.S.S. promoted Hindu nationalism.
• Hindutva is a political philosophy that seeks to establish a Hindu nation in India.
• This is the fundamental distinction between Hinduism and Hindutva.
• The political objective of Hindutva is distinct from that of Hinduism.

Thus, V. D. Savarkar has given originally the idea of 'Hindu Rashtra.

On July 20, 2020, the new Consumer Protection Act, 2019 went into effect. 

Key Points

• Important Clauses of the Consumer Protection Act are mentioned below: 
• ​It defined the Consumer
• The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) is created under the Consumer Protection Act of 2019
• It provides for the E-filing of complaints
• It recognizes mediation as an alternate disputes resolution mechanism
• It excludes anyone who purchases a good or service with the intention of reselling it or using it for a business.
• It covers all types of transactions, including those made offline and online using technology, teleshopping, multi-level marketing, and direct selling

Thus, It ignores mediation as an alternate disputes resolution mechanism about the 'Consumer Protection Act 2019' is NOT true.

Antonio Gramsci coined the hegemony.

Key Points

• Gramsci's idea of hegemony developed out of his attempts to comprehend how the capitalist state managed to survive in the most developed Western nations.
• Gramsci was concerned in elucidating how specific institutional forms and material relations of production came to dominate and saw the dominant mode of rule as class rule.
• Hegemony refers to the capacity of bourgeoisie to displace rival views and become, in effect, the common sense of the age.
• Hegemony is a term that is frequently used to refer to the relatively dominant position of a certain set of ideas and their tendency to become intuitive and commonsensical.
• The actor, organization, class, or state that exercises hegemonic authority or that is in charge of the spread of hegemonic ideas is referred to by the linked term hegemon.

Thus, 'Hegemony' refers to the capacity of the bourgeoisie to displace rival views and become, in effect, the common sense of the age.

G. A. Cohen makes an effort to put the pieces of his long intellectual journey from Marxism to political philosophy together in relation to the notion of socialism. 

Key Points

• It starts with his theory of the unequal distribution of freedom under capitalism and moves on to his criticism of libertarian property rights.
• It ends with his denial of the cheap fraternity promoted by liberal egalitarianism.
• Deep inegalitarian structure of John Rawl's theory.
• The exegetical claim of the paper is that Cohen's political philosophy is best understood in the context of his lifetime commitment to democracy.

Therefore, A and C Only are the correct options.

UN peacekeeping aids nations in negotiating the perilous transition from war to peace.

Key Points

• India has taken part in 49 peacekeeping missions so far.
• List of countries in which India participated in the peacekeeping operations.
• Korea
• Lebanon​
• Congo
• Gaza strip
• Sudan and South Sudan
• Golan Heights
• Cyprus
• Ivory Coast
• Haiti
• Liberia

Thus, A, B, C and D all are the correct options.

Fred W. Riggs, J.M. Caus, Robert A. Dahl, and Robert A. Merton pioneered the ecological approach to the study of public administration. 

Key Points

• Fred W. Riggs established the ecological concept based on his studies in Thailand, the Philippines, and India.
• Riggs examined the connections between the administration and the political, social, technological, economic, and communication variables from a broad viewpoint in his study of the administrative systems of evolving countries.
• The characteristics of prismatic model of F. W. Riggs are 
• Heterogeneity
• Formalism
• Overlapping
• Nepotism
• Poly-normative
• Poly-communal
• Bazaar canteen system
• Authority and Control

Thus, (A), (B) and (C) only are the correct options.

Key Points

Therefore, (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II) are correct matching.

Mearsheimer’s theory as presented in the earlier writings (1990, 1995) and his specific writings on the topic of the rise of China (2005, 2006a, 2010) will be assessed.

Key Points

Therefore, (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV) are correct matching.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) seeks to hold offenders accountable for their crimes and contribute to their prevention through international criminal justice.

Key Points

• ICC is the first permanent international criminal court and is governed by a treaty The Rome Statute.
• ICC seeks to hold offenders accountable for their crimes and contribute to their prevention through international criminal justice.
• It looks into cases of the most serious crimes of concern to the world community, including genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression, and brings cases to trial when necessary.
• ICC is located in the Hague, Netherlands

Therefore, (A) and (B) only are the correct answer.

In July 1944, the Idea for the IMF emerged a UN meeting took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.

Key Points

• In order to prevent a recurrence of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s, the IMF has supported the system of floating exchange rates since the Bretton Woods system collapsed.
• The IMF implemented a system of convertible currencies with fixed exchange rates and substituted gold as the official reserve with the U.S. dollar.
• The value of currencies in relation to one another is determined by market forces because countries are free to choose their exchange system.
• Critics see IMF as the political arm of neoliberal globalization.

Thus, (B) and (C) only are the correct answer.

Key Points 

Therefore, (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I) are correct matching.

An environmental movement is a sort of social movement that includes a wide range of people organizations, and coalitions that act to change environmental laws and practices.

Key Points 

Therefore, (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I) is correct matching.

The Correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Governance is the process of interactions between an organized society's rules, norms, power, or language and a social system. 

Key Points

Assertion (A): The idea of 'governance' gained in prominence by connoting a plurality of rules in place of the states' monopoly.

• The term governance is being used in its current, larger connotation to refer to the operations of a variety of governmental and commercial institutions.
• A network, a market, or a state's government will carry out the Governance.
• The idea of governance gained in prominence by connoting a plurality of rules.

Thus, Assertion (A) is true.

Reasons (R): The idea of governance owes its origin to the World Bank.

• It wasn't until the 1990s that it began to gain widespread acceptance after being re-minted by economists and political scientists.
• The idea of governance owes its origin to the World Bank.
• It was propagated by organizations like the UN, the IMF, and the World Bank.

 So,  (R) is true. 

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Article 1 deals with the name and territory of India.

Key PointsStatement I: India has deliberately been christened as a 'Union of states' instead of a 'federation of states' by the Constitution.

• Article 1 of the Indian Constitution refers to the nation as a "Union of States."
• Dr B. R. Ambedkar says that the Union of States has gained favour over the Federation of States.

So, Statement I is correct.

Statement II: The word 'Union' does indicate a particular type of federation that Constitution makers envisaged for India.

• The federation was an indestructible entity, not the outcome of a state-to-state arrangement.
• Dr B. R. Ambedkar says that the Union of States has gained favour over the Federation of States for the following two reasons:
• As the American Federation, the Indian Federation is not the outcome of an agreement between the states.
• The states do not have the authority to leave the federation.

So, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Roy in jail re-examination and re-formulation of Marxism to which he had been a subscriber since 1919.

Key Points

Statement I: M. N. Roy considered the economic interpretation of history propounded by Marx as misconceived and imperfect.

• Roy was a traditional Marxist until he developed and articulated his own concept of New Humanism.
• Roy rejects historical materialism and advocates a humanist interpretation of history.
• M. N. Roy aruged that the economic interpretation of history propounded by Marx as misconceived and imperfect.

So, Statement I is correct. 

Statement II: M. N. Roy argued that the real form of social and economic process is not determined merely by types of material resources.

• Roy acknowledges the autonomy of the mental realm and grants the human will a significant role as a deciding element in history.
• M. N. Roy argued that the real form of social and economic process is not determined merely by types of material resources.
• He gives an important place to human will as a determining factor in history, and he recognizes the autonomy of the mental world.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Weber classified the authority into traditional authority, charismatic authority, and Rational-legal authority. 

Key Points

• According to Weber, traditional authority derives from the idea of patriarchal mastery in the family unit and is based on custom, tradition, or established norms.
• The patriarch has no practical means of enforcing adherence the other members of the family respect the norm of inheritance and follow it.
• Another type of traditional authority is the divine right of monarchs.
• Traditional power is also used in patrimonial government which enlarges the leader's home to the point.

Thus, The concept of 'traditional' authority involves the use of authority by virtue of their inherited status by persons.

jus ad Bellum is occasionally seen as a component of the laws of war. 

Key Points

• Jus ad Bellum is a set of standards that should be used to evaluate whether starting a war is legal.
• The term "laws of war" can also be understood to refer to jus in Bello which asks whether a war is being waged in a just manner.
• Principles of jus ad Bellum (just recourse to war) are mentioned below: 
• Proper authority and public declaration
• Just cause
• Probability of success

Thus, humanity is not a principle of jus ad bellum (just recourse to war).

Dependency Theory strives to understand international politics by focusing on economic inequality. 

Key Points

• It Shows the economic disparity between the developed and undeveloped world.
• Dependency Theory was developed as an alternative to the modernization and development theories put forth and defended by Western and Marxist scientists.
• It includes a harsh critique of both Marxist and structuralist theories.
• The dependency theory starts by examining the effects of colonialism on the political and socio-economic structures of the indigenous peoples.
• It then analyzes the traits of the new socioeconomic structure and attempts to trace its development in relation to both internal shifts and developments in the global capitalist system.

Thus, A and C Only are the correct option.

Ziauddin Barani was a Muslim political philosopher who lived in the Delhi Sultanate.

Key Points

• He is best known for writing the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shah and Fatwa-i-Jahandari.
• Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahis a work on medieval India spans the time from Ghiyas ud din Tughluq to the first six years of Firoz Shah Tughluq's reign.
• It outlines the political goals that a Muslim ruler should uphold in order to gain the respect of his subjects and religious merit.
• It is referred to as "nasihat" (advice for Muslim kings). Hence statement 2 is not correct.

Thus, 'Fatwa-i-Jahandari' of Ziauddin Barani is related with advice to all the kings.

According to the constitution, India, or Bharat, is a "Union of States".

Key Points

• It has taken a long time for India's democracy to mature into a fully developed and completely evolved form.
• The Features of the Indian political system are 
• Parliamentary form of government.
• Panchayat System
• Federal with strong Union.
• The indestructibility of the union
• Independence of Supreme Court

Thus, (B) and (D) only are the correct options.

According to Urvashi Butalia, rather than being a source of weakness, the movement's lack of a single unified movement may instead be one of its strengths.

Key Points

• In 1917, Sarojini Naidu founded the Women's Indian Association (WIA) with Annie Besant.
• The WIA's primary goal was to grant women the right to vote.
• She joined the global movement for women's suffrage and headed a women's voting rights delegation to London to advocate for equal rights for women.
• All India Women's Conference was established in 1927 by Margaret Cousins.

Thus, (C) and (D) only are correct options. 

Confusion Points

• The core issues and societal objectives of the Arya Samaj centre on gender equality, complete justice and fairness between men and women.
• Tilak's 'Ganesh Utsavas' were mainly aimed at drawing men and women into the national movement.
• All India Women's Conference was established in 1927 by Margaret Cousins.

India's structural-functional structure of government was built on the principles and ideals of colonialism.

Key Points

• In the early post-independence period, Indian State was forced to build new administrative structures and functions.
• The structural and functional development of the State heavily influences its function.
• The Indian State is the same way.
• The Indian State is based on humanism, universal morality, and democratic ideals as a conceptual entity.
• It has changed throughout time under the guidance of a charismatic core leadership that, for a protracted starting period, embodied one party domination.
• W. H. Morris Jones and Rajni Kothari uses structural-functional approach to study nature of Indian State.

Thus, (A) and (B) only are the correct answer.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, whose patriotism was marked by 'sacrifice, scholastic fervour and militancy.

Key Points Assertion (A): Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education and Passive Resistance were the means of protest used by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

• Tilak supported the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement after the Partition of Bengal and wished to confront British imperialism by passive resistance and a boycott of British goods.
• They founded the Deccan Education Society in 1884 to develop a new educational system that emphasized Indian culture while teaching young Indians nationalist ideas.

So, Assertion (A) is correct.

Reasons (R): Boycott was accepted to be an effective weapon by Tilak.

• He disagreed with its moderate stance, particularly with regard to the struggle for self-government.

He was at the time one of the most prominent radicals.

• He accepted that Boycott is an effective weapon.

Thus, Reasons (R) is correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

oligarchy is Greek word means rule of few. 

Key Points 

Statement I: Oligarchy is a government dominated by the few.

• Oligarchy is a government that is dominated by a small group of people.
• In other words, it is a system of governance where a select few individuals control everything.
• The Italian political scientist Gaetano Mosca likewise insisted that a “ruling class” always constituted the effective oligarchic control.

So, Statement I is correct.

Statement II: Robert Mckenzie formulated the iron law of oligarchy.

• Vilfredo Pareto elaborated the idea in his doctrine of the “elite.”
• The phrase "iron rule of oligarchy," coined by German sociologist Robert Michels.
• He used describe the purportedly inevitable propensity of political parties and labor unions to become bureaucratized, centralized, and conservative.

Thus, Statement II is true. 

Therefore, Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.

Federalism refers to the constitutionally mandated division of powers between two or more levels of government, one at the national level and the other at the provincial, state, or local level.

Key Points

• In a federal system, as opposed to a unitary one, sovereignty is constitutionally divided between two territorial levels, allowing each level to act alone in specific circumstances.
• India has a federal system of government, but it leans more toward a unitary one.
• In holding together a federation multiple constituent parts share authority in order to accommodate the diversity of the whole.
• Powers are typically skewed in favour of the central authority here.
• Example: Belgium, Spain, and India.
• According to Prof. K.C. Wheare, India is viewed as a semi-federal state or a quasi-federal state.
• Sir Ivor Jennings believed India to be a “federation with strong centralising tendencies”

Thus, it reflects the spirit of 'coming together' federation is false about Indian federalism.

An informal group of Congress leaders in charge of the party's structure was a syndicate.

Key Points

• Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India was dismissed from the Congress party on November 12, 1969.
• Gandhi founded a competing group that became known as Congress (R).
• The Indian National Congress (Organisation) as the Syndicate.
• The INC(O) was led by K Kamaraj and then by Morarji Desai.
• Bihar's Bhola Paswan Shastri, Karnataka's Veerendra Patil, Gujarat's Hitendra K. Desai, and M. N. Nijalingappa all served as leaders of the INC(O).

Thus, Y. V. Chauvhan was not a member of the 'Syndicate' group of the Congress party.

Conservatism is the tendency to favour the historically inherited over the ideal and abstract. 

Key Points

• Conservatives favour institutions and behaviours that have developed gradually and show continuity and stability.
• It views society's organic or the idea that society is a living organism made up of intricately connected, interdependent members rather than merely a loose collection of individuals.
• The key figure of 'Conservatism are mentioned below: 
• Edmund Burke
• Thomas Hobbes
• Michael Oakshott
• Friedrich Von Hayek
• Alexis de Tocqueville
• David Hume

Thus, T. H. Green is NOT a key figure of Conservatism.

Jayaprakash Narayan led the opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, whose overthrow he had called for as a Total revolution.

Key Points

• He received the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.
• Rambriksh Benipuri wrote biography of Jayaprakash Narayan.
• Jaya Prakash Narayan formed Congress Socialist Party (CSP) and Praja Socialist Party (PSP).
• Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was established with Jay Prakash Narayan serving as general secretary and Acharya Narendra Deva serving as president.
• Praja Socialist Party (PSP)  was created when the Jayaprakash Narayan-led Socialist Party and the J. B. Kripalani-led Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party amalgamated.

Thus, A and C Only are the correct options.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was an Indian politician who advocated the Hindu nationalist political ideology known as Hindutva. 

Key Points

• Savarkar was a pragmatic adherent of Hindu philosophy despite being an atheist.
• He was a prominent member of the Hindu Mahasabha.
• He and his brother established the Abhinav Bharat Society, a covert organization.
• The Indian War of Independence is a 1909 edition of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's Indian nationalist narrative of the 1857 uprising.
• It presents the Indian Rebellion of 1857 as a unified and national movement of India as a country against British rule
• The book was considered to be extremely provocative at the time, and the Marathi edition was already outlawed in British India.

Thus, V. D. Savarkar's said the 1857 revolt was the First War of Independence.

Globalization is the process of swiftly integrating nations and events through increased international investment and commerce. 

Key Points

Statement I: Globalisation has helped in the deepening of democracy in India.

• Those who support globalization contend that it will advance and prepare the way for international peace, human security, and economic prosperity.
• There are many who dispute these assertions and contend that human freedom and identity, not globalization, pose the greatest threat to democracy.

So, Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II: Globalisation has deeply impacted Indian society.

• Satellite television has a sizable market, even in remote places.
• India's entertainment industry now has access to a worldwide market.
• The internationalization of the market has led to an increase in the number of women receiving the equal chances they rightfully deserve.

Thus, Statement II is true

Therefore, Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true.

Foreign policy is a country's government that can conduct its contacts with the outside world in a variety of formats, including bilateral, regional, and multilateral or global. 

Key Points 

Statement I: A country's foreign policy is the product of its history.

• Foreign policy is forever influenced by history.
• Government officials intentionally or unintentionally draw on their experience of the past to handle the difficulties that are present.
• India's foreign policy is a result of the country's history, geographical situation, and wants and ambitions of its populace as distilled through its democratic institutions.

Thus, Statement I is correct

Statement II: The core values of the Indian national movement constituted the building blocks of Indian foreign policy.

• Indian national movement constituted the building blocks of Indian foreign policy.
• The impact of the Indian national movement is following 
• ​In adopting the Panchsheel and Non-Alignment philosophies, India's foreign policy made compassion, empathy for other people, and respect for sovereignty its guiding principles.
• India has avoided joining military alliances like NATO.
• Article 51 of the Constitution, India has encouraged international peace.

So, Statement II is correct.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

W H Morris Jones has written the Government and Politics of India.

Key Points

• The word movement alludes to the independence movement which was largely centred on the Indian National Congress's fight to overthrow the British Raj.
• After 1947, movement refers to the informal political pressure groups that emerge from social and economic divisions, such as caste, as well as the political forces that are at play both inside and beyond the Congress Party.
• The term mediating framework refers to the institutional constraints that the Constitution, the legislative system and the court place on governance and movement.
• The main point that needs to be emphasized is the Indian polity's achievement in acquiring discernible change and form over a relatively short period of time.
• He said that stability is not in the sense of a stationary state but in the sense of regulated movement.

Thus, W. H. Morris-Jones characterized the Indian polity as being stable not in the sense of a stationary unresponsive state but in terms of a 'regulated movement'.

Alienation is characterized as alienated labour. 

Key Points

• The alienated labour in Karl Marx's Manuscripts refers to forced and involuntary labour in which the worker finds no purpose, no pleasure or contentment, no needs fulfilment, no independence or power and no mental growth or physical development.
• This is a state in which a person feels isolated, humiliated, unworthy, and insignificant.
• Marx identified four different types of alienation as being related to the capitalist mode of production:
• Alienation of the worker from the products of his labour
• Alienation experienced during the course of production or labour
• Alienation from the nature of our species or human existence
• Alienation of man from man or society

Thus, A, B, C and D Only are the correct options.

Civil society organizations are entities created by individuals in the social realm that are not affiliated with the government or the market and are non-profit and voluntary. 

Key Points

• India Against Corruption is a Civil anti-corruption movement that gained prominence in 2011 and 2012.
• It was anti-corruption demonstrations over the implementation of the Jan Lokpal bill.
• Bachpan Bachao Andolan is a children's rights organization.
• The Mazdoor Kisan Sangram Samiti was a large-scale organization in Bihar
• The majority of MKSS's supporters were Dalits.

Thus, (A), (B) and (D) only are correct options. 

Additional Information

• Vigyan Prasar is the government of India programme to serve India’s science popularization agenda.

Key Points

• Panchasheel
• The Sino-Indian Agreement of 1954 included a reference to the Panchsheel, or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
• Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
• ​In August 1971, India and the Soviet Union signed the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Collaboration, which outlined mutual strategic cooperation.
• Look East policy
• It was started in 1991 and represented a strategic change in India's outlook on the globe.
• Gujaral doctrine
• ​The Gujral Doctrine was advocated by the late I.K. Gujralwhe when he served as the H.D. Deve Gowda administration's Union Minister of External Affairs from 1996–1997.

Therefore, the Panchasheel⇒ Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship⇒ Gujaral doctrine⇒ Look East policy is foundational elements of Indian foreign policy in order of their appearance.

Karl Heinrich Marx was a socialist revolutionary, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and critic of political economics.

Key Points

• The works of Karl Marx
• Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, 1843
• Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, 1844
• Theses on Feuerbach, 1845
• The German Ideology, 1845
• The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, 1852
• The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847
• Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859
• Capital (Das Kapital), 1867
• Critique of the Gotha Program, 1891

Thus, The works of Karl Marx in ascending order are The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts⇒ The Communist Manifesto⇒ The capital (Das Capital)⇒ The Critique of the Gotha Programme.

Scientific management theory given by F.W. Taylor. 

Key Points

• The factors did contribute to the evolution of the scientific management theory are mentioned below: 
• ​Crisis of Management in Industries
• Demand for efficient science of management
• For increasing efficiency with consequent economization of time and resource
• Bring harmony between the worker-management
• based on science, not rule-of-thumb-based decisions by the management

Thus, proper job design and economic incentives for workers are the factors that did not contribute to the evolution of the scientific management theory.

The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 has been replaced as of July 20 with the Consumer Protection Act of 2019.

Key Points

• Consumer Protection Bill 2019 was passed by the Indian Parliament on 6^th August 2019 and come into force on July 20.
• The President approved the Consumer Protection Bill, 2019 in August 2019.
• The statute specifies six consumer rights, including the following six: 
• Right to Safety.
• Right to be Informed.
• Right to Choose.
• Right to be heard.
• Right to seek Redressal.
• Right to Consumer Education.

​Thus, 'Consumer Protection Bill 2019' was passed by the Indian Parliament on  6^th August 2019 .

Ronald Dworkin's seminal writings on What Is Equality?. 

Key Points

• It marked the beginning of a political philosophy movement known as luck egalitarianism.
• Individuals are accountable for how they use their fair shares and what occurs to them as a result once a fair distribution of resources, liberties, and opportunities has been established and is maintained in the proper ways.
• According to this perspective, justice might protect the right to pursue happiness but not the right to any level of fulfilment in that quest.
• Ronald Dworkin's argued in his book that "luck or chance (though some liberals believe that all aspects of luck, including natural ability, should be irrelevant to distributive justice, a position called luck egalitarianism".

Thus, 'All aspects of luck, including natural ability, should be irrelevant to distributive justice' - This statement refers to the concept of luck egalitarianism.

Consociationalism is a method of democratic power-sharing. 

Key Points

• It is the idea that cooperation between subcultures at the elite level can counteract the destabilizing consequences of severe societal divisions.
• Characteristics of consociationalism are Grand coalition, segmental autonomy, proportionality, and minority veto.
• Consensus democracy is a more recent outgrowth of consociationalism that is institutionally rather than behaviorally defined and that also applies to nations without significant social divisions.
• Countries such as Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands practised consociationalism' as a power-sharing mechanism.

Thus, Germany is the country where consociationalism' as a power-sharing mechanism is not practised.