UGC NET Paper 2: English 1st Oct 2020 Shift 1 (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Diacritics.

Key Points

• Diacritic is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1971 at Cornell University and published by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Articles serve to review recent literature in the field of literary criticism, and have covered topics in gender studies, political theory, psychoanalysis, queer theory, and other areas.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• Salmagundi is a US quarterly periodical, founded in 1965 and published since 1969 at Skidmore College..
• Callaloo, the premier journal of literature, art, and culture of the African Diaspora.
• Grand Street was an American magazine founded as a quarterly by Ben Sonnenberg in 1981.

The correct answer is general truths.

Key Points

• Deductive reasoning starts with the assertion of a general rule and proceeds from there to a guaranteed specific conclusion.
• Inductive reasoning begins with observations that are specific and limited in scope and proceeds to a generalized conclusion that is likely, but not certain, in light of accumulated evidence.
• Deductive reasoning moves from a generalized statement to a valid conclusion, whereas Inductive reasoning moves from a specific observation to a generalization.
• Deductive reasoning uses a top-down approach, whereas inductive reasoning uses a bottom-up approach.
• In deductive reasoning, the conclusions are certain, whereas, in Inductive reasoning, the conclusions are probabilistic.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is La langue is the system of a language.

Key Points

• Langue (language) is the language system shared by a speech community and according to Saussure the genuine topic of linguistics.
• Langue represents a system of rules, usages, meanings and structures that are products of the human ability to create language and are shared by members of a specific speech community.
• Where as parole (speech) signifies the act of speaking in actual situations by an individual.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is Apprehension of reality is a construct.

Key Points

• The concept of "self" as a singular and coherent entity is a fictional construct, and an individual comprises conflicting tensions and knowledge claims (e.g. gender, class, profession, etc).
• The interpretation of the meaning of a text is therefore dependent on a reader's own personal concept of self.
• This self-perception plays a critical role in one's interpretation of meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is Hans Robert Jauss.

Key Points

• ​Reception theory is a version of reader response literary theory that emphasizes each particular reader's reception or interpretation in making meaning from a literary text.
• Hans Robert Jauss's Rezeptionsgeschichte (history of reception) illustrated the evolution of the reception of texts and the evolving paradigms of literary criticism that they were a part of.
• The new social values in West Germany advocated individualism and questioned status quo institutions and their authority. This facilitated the establishment of the University of Constance, which served as the prototype for the democratization of German universities and the introduction of Jauss's reception theory.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is John Donne, Henry Vaughan, and Andrew Marvell.

Key Point

• Metaphysical poetry involves the use of wit, elaborate metaphors and metaphysical conceit.
• Metaphysical poets believed that the physical and spiritual universe is connected.
• John Donne is the most famous metaphysical poet known for his works such as Sun Rising, The Flea, The Ecstasy, Canonization among others.
• Henry Vaughan was a metaphysical poet and physician. He was also the first poet to use slant rhyme or half-rhyme. He was majorly influenced by Hebert and one of his famous works is Silex Scintillans.
• Andrew Marvell, also called The Puritan of Metaphysical poetry, is known for his poem To His Coy Mistress.

Therefore, John Donne, Henry Vaughan, and Andrew Marvell are all metaphysical poets.

Additional Information Let's look at other poets from the options given above:

The correct answer is Samuel Johnson.

Key Points

• The Lives of the Poets,1783 is Samuel Johnson's greatest critical work. In this, he mentions 52 poets beginning with Cowley.
• Johnson portrait of Milton the man are far from being just and sympathetic.
• Dr. Johnson believes that “it is however by the music of meter that poetry has been discriminated in all languages” and ''blank verse, which seems to be verse only to the eye” was deplorable both in theory and practice .
• Regarding Paradise Lost, he commented about rhyme as a necessary adjunct of true poetry. Blank verse, on the other hand, ''has neither the easiness of prose, nor the melody of numbers” and soon tires the reader.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is Ronald Robertson.

Important Points Glocalization is the adaptation of global and international products, into the local contexts they're used and sold in.

• The term was coined in the Harvard Business Review, in 1980, by sociologist Roland Robertson, who wrote that glocalization meant "the simultaneity—the co-presence—of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies."
• Glocalization is a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization."
• The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market.

​Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Valentin Voloshinov.

Key Points

• Valentin Nikolaevich Voloshinov  was a Russian Soviet linguist, whose work has been influential in the field of literary theory and Marxist theory of ideology.
• Voloshinov's Marxism and the Philosophy of Language attempts to incorporate the field of linguistics into Marxism.
• For Voloshinov, words are dynamic social signs, which take different meanings for different social classes in different historical contexts.
• In Voloshinov's view, the meaning of verbal signs is the arena of continuous class struggle: a ruling class will try to narrow the meaning of social signs, making them "uni-accentual", but the clash of various class-interests in times of social unrest will make clear the "multi-accentuality" of words.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is The ways in which people show what they mean other than by the words they use

Key Points

• Paralanguage is the study of nonverbal cues of voice.
• Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch, and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues.
• Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning.
• Speech signals arrive at a listener's ears with acoustic properties that may allow listeners to identify the location of the speaker.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is A and D only.

Key Points

• William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is one of the most popular, well-known plays in the world.
• The iconic "To be or not to be" soliloquy, is spoken by Hamlet.
• The soliloquy is essentially all about life and death: "To be or not to be" means "To live or not to live".
• Hamlet discusses how painful and miserable human life is, and how death (specifically suicide) would be preferable, would it not be for the fearful uncertainty of what comes after death.
• It is a soliloquy because Hamlet does not express his thoughts to other characters. Rather he discusses what he thinks at that critical juncture with his inner self.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is Noam Chomsky.

Key Points

• Noam Chomsky is an American public intellectual: a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics",
• Chomsky differentiates competence, which is an idealized capacity, from performance being the production of actual utterances.
• According to him, competence is the ideal speaker and listener's knowledge of his or her language and it is the 'mental reality that is responsible for all those aspects of language use that can be characterized as 'linguistic'.
• Chomsky dismissed criticisms of delimiting the study of performance in favor of the study of underlying competence, as unwarranted and completely misdirected.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

• Noah Webster was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education".
• Steven Arthur Pinker is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, popular science author and public intellectual.
• Roman Osipovich Jakobson was a Russian-American linguist and literary theorist.

The correct answer is religious, philosophical, and imaginative.

Key Points

• An Apology for Poetry (or The Defence of Poesy) is a work of literary criticism by Elizabethan poet Philip Sidney. Sidney states that there are three general kinds of poetry:
• The first consists of poetry that is religious which imitate the inconceivable excellencies of God, as in the various poetical portions of the Old Testament.
• The imaginative poetry was written by "right poets" who "teach and delight".
• Poetry is superior to philosophy and history because of its ability to present vivid, compelling examples to the reader not simply of what has been or will be, but what should be.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is Semiotics is a study of sign systems.

 Key Points

• Semiotics was defined by one of its founders, the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, as the study of “the life of signs within society.”
• ​​Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the systematic study of sign processes and meaning-making.
• Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something, usually called a meaning, to the sign's interpreter.
• The meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom is a **sign of a particular medical condition.**​

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is Lord Amherst.

Key Points

• Rammohan Roy's historic letter to Lord Amherst in 1823 marked the beginning of modern English education in India.
• Ram Mohan was an ardent advocate of Western education through the medium of English.
• Then in 1821, Mr. H.H. Wilson, a great Orientalist rooted the idea of establishing a Sanskrit college in Calcutta. But Ram Mohan opposed this proposal in the letter, dated 11 December 1823, to Lord Amherst.
• The government was ready to introduce Western education to impose colonial bondage in education, whereas Ram Mohan wanted to accept English education because he desired to modernize Indian society which would result in self-consciousness and ultimately lead to national awakening.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is Prof V. K. Gokak.

Key Points

• EFL university, Hyderabad was founded in 1958 as the Central Institute of English by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister.
• V.K.Gokak was the first Director of the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Hyderabad (now EFL University).
• V.K.Gokak was one of the popular writers in the official language of Karnataka, Kannada. He was also a scholar in English as well as Kannada literature.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is He asserted the value of poetry by focusing om imitation (mimesis) rather than rhetoric.

Key Points

• Aristotle's Poetics is the earliest surviving work of Greek dramatic theory and first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.
• Aristotle divides the art of poetry into verse drama (to include comedy, tragedy, and the satyr play), lyric poetry, and epic.
• The genres all share the function of mimesis, or imitation of life, but differ in three ways that Aristotle describes:
• Differences in music rhythm, harmony, meter and melody.
• Difference of goodness in the characters.
• Difference in how the narrative is presented: telling a story or acting it out.
• By imitation, Aristotle does not mean the sort of mimicry by which Aristophanes, say, finds syllables that approximate the sound of frogs. He is speaking of the imitation of action, and by action he does not mean mere happenings.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is poetic misprision.

Key Points

• Harold Bloom’s Theory of anxiety of influence is a theory applied principally to early nineteenth-century romantic poetry.
• In this Bloom suggest the Six Revisionary Ratios, and Clinamen is one of them.
• Clinamen is poetic misreading or misprision proper.
• The author's composition implies that their predecessor's work was not completely accurate in some way, attempting to provide the “correction” for this mistake.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is Geometry.

Key Points

• Thomas Hobbes is rightly regarded as a monumental figure in the history of philosophy, especially for his masterpiece Leviathan
• Geometry considers the effects of the motions of points, lines, and solids.
• Pure mechanics deals with the motions of three-dimensional bodies in a full space, or plenum.
• Physics deals with the motions of the parts of inanimate bodies insofar as they contribute to observed phenomena.
• Psychology deals with the effects of the internal motions of animate bodies on behaviour.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is Marshall McLuhan.

Key Points

• The medium is the message is  an expression coined by Canadian educator and theorist Marshall McLuhan in his work  Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964.
• It means that the form of a message (print, visual, musical, etc.) determines the ways in which that message will be perceived.
• McLuhan proposes that a communication medium itself, not the messages it carries, should be the primary focus of study. He showed that artifacts such as media affect any society by their characteristics or content.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Raymond Henry Williams was a Welsh academic, novelist, and critic. He was an influential figure within the New Left and in the wider culture.
• Erving Goffman,  Canadian-American sociologist and writer noted for his studies of face-to-face communication and related rituals of social interaction.
• John Fiske (Edmund Fisk Green), was an American philosopher, historian, and writer who popularized European evolution theory in the United States.

The correct answer is Lord Cornwallis.

Key Points

• On 12 September 1786, Charles Cornwallis, took charge as the Governor-General of Fort William (Bengal) and as the Commander-in-Chief of British India.
• Cornwallis's declared goal had been to 'make everything as English as possible in a country which resembles England in nothing.'
• Cornwallis sought to create a propertied class dependent upon and loyal to the British.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is Oscar Wilde, "The Decay of Lying".

Key Points

• The Decay of Lying" delivers the complete text of an essay within a dialogue between two characters, Cyril and Vivian.
• The playful banter between the two men and Vivian's tongue-in-cheek "article" lend a whimsical tone to Wilde's promotion of Romanticism over Realism.
• According to Wilde  - 'As a method Realism is a complete failure, and the two things that every artist should avoid are modernity of form and modernity of subject matter.'

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• The Mark on the Wall is the first published story by Virginia Woolf. It was published in 1917.
• In the essay Why the novel Matters, D. H. Lawrence makes an attempt to make people understand life as a stream of feelings, sensations, beliefs, concepts, and ideas
• Mary Therese McCarthy was an American novelist, critic, and political activist. In her novel 'My Confession' she describes the period in America when people were attracted to Communism and then began to disconnect themselves from it.

The correct answer is Coleridge.

Key Points

• In his essay “My First Acquaintance with Poets(1823), Hazlitt rhapsodizes about his first encounter with Coleridge, who would become a kind of distant mentor, though later there came the requisite falling-out.
• On 14 January 1798, Hazlitt, in what was to prove a turning point in his life, encountered Coleridge as the latter preached at the Unitarian chapel in Shrewsbury.
• Long after they had parted ways, Hazlitt would speak of Coleridge as "the only person I ever knew who answered to the idea of a man of genius".

Therefore, the correct answer is option 1.

Additional Information

• William Wordsworth English poet whose Lyrical Ballads (1798), written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the English Romantic movement.
• Lord Byron, was a British Romantic poet, and satirist whose poetry and personality captured the imagination of Europe.
• Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets. His passionate search for personal love and social justice was gradually channeled from overt actions into poems that rank with the greatest in the English language.

The correct answer is Pale Fire.

Key Points

• Pale Fire, a novel in English by Vladimir Nabokov, was published in 1962. It consists of a long poem and a commentary on it by an insane pedant.
• The 999-line poem in heroic couplets upon which the novel is centered is the masterwork of an academic, John Shade.
• This work is stolen and 'edited for publication' by Shade’s neighbor and colleague Charles Kinbote.
• The novel's unusual structure has attracted much attention, and it is often cited as an important example of metafiction; it has also been called a poioumenon.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• Ragtime is a novel by E. L. Doctorow, published in 1975. It is a work of historical fiction.
• The Inner Side of the Wind, or the Novel of Hero written by Milorad Pavic.
• Peščanik (1972) is a novel written by Yugoslav novelist Danilo Kiš and translated as Hourglass by Ralph Manheim (1990).

The correct answer is Snow White by Donald Barthelme.

Key Points

• Donald Barthelme was an American postmodernist writer known for his experimental short fiction and novels.
• Donald Barthelme's Snow White, published in 1967, is a postmodernist retelling of the Snow White fairytale
• The entire novel is a retelling of the Snow White fairytale that parodies and questions the rigid structure of fairytales.
• The quiz at the end is a form of metafiction because it acknowledges the reader by directly addressing the reader.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• The mantissa is a novel by British author John Fowles published in 1982. It consists entirely of a presumably imaginary dialogue in a writer's head, between himself and an embodiment of the Muse Erato, after he wakes amnesiac in a hospital bed.
• British novelist Graham Swift's Waterland; is a complex tale set in eastern England's low-lying fens region. It is narrated by Tom Crick, a middle-aged history teacher.
• If on a Winter's Night a Traveller by Italo Calvino was published in 1979. This literary work is considered one of his greatest, especially for the nontraditional style and structure that almost spits in the face of traditional novels

The correct answer is 'Ecclesiastical courts​'.

Key Points

• Ivan Karamazov, one of the main characters in Fyodor Dostoevsky's landmark novel "The Brothers Karamazov", is presented as a complex character who struggles with religious and philosophical issues.
• In the book, Ivan develops a fable, "The Grand Inquisitor", in which he criticizes the power structures of the Church, represented by institutions such as the Ecclesiastical courts.
• The Ecclesiastical courts, in the medieval period, represented the authority of the Church in legal matters.
• They functioned separately from the traditional royal courts and often dealt with issues considered to be within the Church's domain, such as heresy and blasphemy.
• Ivan's essay becomes a point of debate because he scrutinizes the Church's authority over people's beliefs and challenges its aggressive tactics to maintain control over its followers.
• Thus, his essay provides a profound critique of the Church's institutional power embodied in structures like the Ecclesiastical courts.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, and journalist.
• His literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19^th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes.
• His most acclaimed novels include Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880).

The correct answer is "The Musgrove Ritual".

Key Points

• The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual is a short story by Arthur Conan Doyle.
• The story was originally published in The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom in May 1893.
• The Musgrave Ritual'' highlights Holmes' skills and intelligence, the close relationship between Holmes and Watson, and stereotypes about social class in nineteenth-century Britain.
• In the story Holmes recollects one of his very first cases in a conversation with Watson, one which contains a mysterious ritual and the disappearance of two of Musgrave's staff members.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• "The Adventure of the Red-Headed League" is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
• It is the second of the twelve stories collected as The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
• It was first published in The Strand Magazine in April 1891.
• The Speckled Band', focuses on the case of Helen Stoner, a woman of thirty who lives with her bullying and domineering stepfather, Sir Grimesby Roylott, at Stoke Moran.
• She is nervous and fearful when she comes to Baker Street to consult Sherlock Holmes, and tells him her back story.
• In ''The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist,'' Holmes and Watson are visited by an attractive young lady named Violet Smith.
• She explains that her father's death left her and her mother financially destitute and that her only other relative, an uncle named Ralph Smith, lives in Africa.

The correct answer is "Bleak House".

Key Points

• Harold Skimpole is a character in Charles Dickens Bleak House.
• Mr. Skimpole is a friend of Mr. Jarndyce’s and a playful, entertaining gentleman of leisure.
• He is not a poor man, but he is always in debt and constantly borrows money from Mr. Jarndyce and from his other acquaintances.
• Mr. Skimpole hates to take things seriously and is totally irresponsible.
• Although he does not care for anyone but himself, his friends and acquaintances are disarmed by his cheerful, charming manner and do not immediately recognize this.
• Mr. Skimpole does not feel that it is his job to help or guide anybody, and he claims that he cannot keep track of his debts or finances because he cannot count or understand money.
• However, he often accepts bribes and avoids his friends as soon as they become poor.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

Important Points 

• Charles Dickens’s ninth and second-longest novel Bleak House was first published in 1852-53.
• Bleak House is notably Dickens’s only novel to feature a female narrator, the heroine Esther Summerson.
• Speaking in the past tense, Esther shares the narration with an omniscient third-person narrator.
• Bleak House depicts a London choked by fog whose inhabitants are caught up in a web of mystery and secrecy, squalor and death.

Additional Information 

• Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens that was first published in 1860.
• Today, this coming-of-age story about a young man named Pip is considered a defining novel of the 19^th century**.**
• Oliver Twist is one of Charles Dickens's best-known stories.
• The story of Oliver Twist is that of an orphan set upon evil and adversity from his first breath.
• Dombey and Son is a novel about pride and ambition.
• Paul Dombey, proud, wealthy, arrogant and frigid, is a man to whom the idea of "Dombey and Son" is paramount.

The correct answer is "Chaman Nahal's Azadi".

 Key Points

• Chaman Nahal has depicted the horrors of partition by focusing on the life of Lala Kanshi Ram of Sialkot.
• The novel highlights the positive as well as the negative side of complex problems.
• Lala Kanshi Ram, the protagonist of Azadi becomes a spokesman for the Hindus who are intensely troubled by the unprecedented political event.
• The greatness of Chaman Nahal lies in his fair and impartial picture of the Hindu-Muslim hatred and love, their emotional and political relationships and the ambivalent relationship between Indian and British people in a very practical and highly structured manner.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• The Apprentice is a novel by  Arun Joshi.
• The protagonist, Ratan Rathor, represents the quintessence of everyman — a contrast to other protagonists in so far as his intellectual level is much lower.
• An unsophisticated youth, jobless, he comes to the city in search of a career; unscrupulous and ready to prostitute himself for professional advancement
• A Handful of Rice is a novel by Kamala Markandaya.
• A Handful of Rice is a sequel of Nectar in a Sieve. But the setting reassembles an expressionistic drama.
• The main elements of the setting in the novel are culture, historical period, geography and character
• Ravi is a protagonist young boy from a rural area of Tamil Nadu who migrated to Madras for a better life standard.
• Fire on the Mountain is a 1977 novel by Anita Desai, an Indian writer.
• Desai has been recognized three times on the Booker Prize shortlist and is a British Guardian Prize winner.
• Fire on the Mountain received the Sahitya Akademi Award.
• The book focuses on an elderly widow’s isolation and loneliness, as it tells the story of Nanda Kaul who lives in Kasauli and leads a solitary existence

The correct answer is "Lord  Byron".

Key Points

• "A Fragment of a Novel" is an unfinished 1819 vampire horror story written by Lord Byron.
• The story also known as "A Fragment" and "The Burial: A Fragment", was one of the first in English to feature a vampire theme.
• The main character is Augustus Darvell. John William Polidori based his novella 'The Vampyre" (1819) originally attributed in print to Lord Byron himself.
• The story was the result of the meeting that Byron had in the summer of 1816 with Percy Bysshe Shelley where a "ghost writing" contest was proposed.
• It was first published under the tile "A Fragment" in 1819, without Byron's permission, in an edition with his narrative poem Mazeppa.
• The story concerns two English travellers in Turkey.
• One of them, known as Augustus Darvell dies and is secretly buried in a disused Muslim cemetery. Before he dies, Darvell makes his companion swear to say nothing about his death.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Mary Shelley is an English novelist whose work has reached all corners of the globe. Author of Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818).
• The most flamboyant and notorious of the major English Romantic poets, Lord Byron, was likewise the most fashionable poet of the early 1800s. Bram Stoker Irish writer best known as the author of the Gothic horror tale Dracula (1897).

The correct answer is "Deceptions".

Key Points

• ‘Deceptions’ by Philip Larkin is a dark poem that tells a chilling tale.
• It focuses on the rape of a young woman and how she, and her attacker, were changed because of the event.
• This is a two-stanza poem that is made up of one set of nine lines and another set of eight.
• The first stanza of ‘Deceptions’ conforms to a pattern of, ABACDCEDE while the second changes to, ABACABAC.
• Deceptions’ has attracted some of the most controversial criticism found anywhere in studies of Larkin’s work: in particular the question of whether the poem privileges the suffering of the rapist whilst letting the victim’s suffering slide into insignificance.

Therefore, Option 1 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• ‘Faith Healing’ by Philip Larkin is a thoughtful poem that depicts a group of women and focuses on their emotional experiences.
• Sad Steps’ was completed by Philip Larkin in April 1968 and was published in his final volume of poetry, High Windows (1974).
• Larkin was in his mid-forties when he wrote ‘Sad Steps’, and the poem analyses and explores the poet’s awareness of middle age, and the loss of his youth.
• 'Wild Oats' is a 1962 poem by English poet and novelist Philip Larkin.
• It is a pessimistic work that explores the difficulty of maintaining a relationship while you are interested in another.

The correct answer is "Strange Fruit".

Key Points

• “Strange Fruit” is one of two poems written by Heaney upon seeing in museum corpses exhumed from the Arrhus boglands in Denmark.
• The other The Tollund Man, is a more masculine commentary on the permanence of cruelty in society.
• Seamus Heaney was clearly disturbed by the violence of the deaths of both these pre-Christian sacrificial deaths.
• He relates their stories to sectarian conflict in the nineteen eighties in Northern Ireland.
• Heaney’s early poems can be seen as fundamentally concerned with childhood, and with the horrors as well as the wonders of nature, drawing the reader into a world full of "the smells/of waterweed, fungus and dank moss", to look into places where ‘there is no reflection’ – poetry which is also an exploration that aims ‘to set the darkness echoing’.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• The Grauballe Man is a bog body that has been preserved for more than two thousand years. It is one of Seamus Heaney’s North collection poems.
• The Grauballe Man is considered to be one of the most well-preserved bodies of all time, it was discovered in the peat bogs in Jutland, Denmark.
• 'Punishment' is one of Seamus Heaney's poems that explores the nature of violence and revenge within society. It was first published in the book North in 1975.
• Bog Queen is a story of decay, describing processes the body has been through until found and excavated. It is different from the other bog poems in that the body speaks: "I lay waiting." There is a sense of restraint here, creating suspense.

The correct answer is "Book 9".

Key Points

• Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17^th-century English poet John Milton.
• After being tempted by Satan Eve eats the fruit of the forbidden tree.
• Eve's first fallen thought is to find Adam and to have him eat the forbidden fruit so that they might be equal.
• She finds him nearby. Adam realizes that if she is to be doomed, then he must follow. He eats the fruit.
• In Book IX Milton explains that their appetite for knowledge has been fulfilled, and their hunger for God has been quenched.
• Angry and confused, they continued to blame each other for committing the sin, while neither will admit fault. Their shameful and tearful argument continues for hours.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Paradise Lost is an epic poem (12 books, totalling more than 10,500 lines) written in blank verse, telling the biblical tale of the Fall of Mankind – the moment when Adam and Eve were tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, and God banished them from the Garden of Eden forever.
• John Milton bases his story on the account of the Fall in Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, promising very early in the poem to ‘justify the ways of God to men’.

The correct answer is "Lord Byron".

Key Points

• ‘Mazeppa’ is a poem by Lord Byron based on a Ukrainian story about a young man who is punished for an illicit relationship by being tied naked to the back of a wild horse.
• In this volume, ‘Mazeppa’ is followed by ‘A Fragment’, Byron’s contribution to the ‘ghost story challenge’ at the Villa Diodati.
• Lord Byron’s suggested one evening at the Villa Diodati in June 1816 that those present – Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, Claire Clairmont (Mary Shelley’s step-sister), and Byron’s personal physician John Polidori – should turn their hands to the writing of ghost stories.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Samuel Taylor Coleridge was one of the most influential and controversial figures of the Romantic period.
• His career as a poet and writer was established after he befriended Wordsworth and together they produced Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
• Percy Bysshe Shelley was born at Field Place, Sussex, in 1792, the son of a well-to-do landowner. At the age of ten, he was sent to Syon House Academy near London.
• William Cowper, 1731-1800, was an eminent poet, hymn writer, and letter writer associated with Olney, England, 1767-1786. 
• Throughout his life he chose to write about normal, everyday events and had a love of the country that often featured in his works.

The correct answer is "Menance is in the air, but it is not pinned down, or explained".

Key Points

• Harold Pinter is known for his magnificent use of language, thus his style of writing was named after him "Pinteresque".
• His use of colloquial language, numerous cliché, unpolished grammar and illogical syntax create dialogues that reflect day-to-day speech.
• 'A comedy of menace' is a play in which the laughter of the audience in some or all situations is immediately followed by a feeling of some impending disaster.
• 'A Pinter Pause' is a radical device that Pinter frequently incorporated into his plays.
• In the Pinter script, an eclipse is denoted by three dots and was used by the playwright to indicate slight hesitation.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Harold Pinter (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) is sometimes associated with the generation of British playwrights who emerged in the 1950s and are known as the Angry Young Men.
• His first plays, with their dingy, working-class settings and surface naturalism, seemed to link Pinter with this group, but only the surface of his plays is naturalistic; most of Pinter's play takes place beneath the surface.
• His closest affinities are with a more centrally important movement, the Theater of the Absurd.

The correct answer is "Icarus".

Key Points

• 'The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus', is an Elizabethan tragedy by Christopher Marlowe, based on German stories about the title character.
• The story's protagonist was compared to the Greek myth of Icarus, a boy whose father, Daedalus, gave him wings made out of feathers and beeswax.
• Dr. Faustus can be categorized as a hero, only he would be a tragic Hero.
• Dr. Faustus has elements of both Christian morality and classical tragedy but deep down the story is a tragedy in Christian terms, because he gives in to temptation and is damned to hell.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Theseus was widely considered the greatest Athenian hero, the king who managed to politically unify Attica under the aegis of Athens.
• Son of either Aegeus, the king of Athens, or Poseidon, the god of the sea, and Aethra, a princess, Theseus was raised by his mother in the palaces of Troezen.
• Icarus was the son of the master craftsman Daedalus. Daedalus was an expert craftsman who lived in ancient Greece. He is best known for his work at the palace of King Minos of Crete.
• Achilles, in Greek mythology, son of the mortal Peleus, king of the Myrmidons, and the Nereid, or sea nymph, Thetis.

The correct answer is "Blind man's buff".

Key Points

• The game of ‘blind man’s buff’ forms the climax of the birthday party.
• Pinter stresses the relationships of characters that are playing games with one another and with the theme of the play.
• The symbolic significance of the game that the characters intend to play is that McCann and his cohort will ‘seek’ Stanley out even if he ‘hides’ in hell.
• In the play, it is not clear whether Stanley is playing a dirty game or Goldberg is playing a loathsome game with a harmless pianist like Stanley.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Harold Pinter (1930-2008) had an extensive career as an activist and as one of the most significant English playwrights of the 20^th century.
• The Birthday Party, his first full-length play, was first performed at the Arts Theatre in Cambridge in 1958, under the direction of Pinter himself.

The correct answer is "Vladimir".

Key Points 

• Vladimir says "Astride of a grave and a difficult birth.  Down in the hole, lingeringly, the grave-digger puts on the forceps. We have time to grow old.  The air is full of our cries."
• ​While the quote still uses the image of life and death being at almost the same time, the fact that the birth is difficult and takes more time, and that the grave-digger must use forceps to bring out the life means that there is more time than the brief gleam referenced by Pozzo.
• The grave-digger acts lingeringly, taking his time.  Vladimir mentions that the air is full of our crying -- that there is time for crying, not instant death.
• He directly states that "we have time to grow old."
• Vladimir believes that there is more to life than just the process of dying: we will struggle to make something of our lives before we die and it will be a difficult life, but it will be a life, not only death.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is "love and intrigue".

Key Points

• "The Way of the World" is a play that premiered in early March 1700 in the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields in London.
• It is widely regarded as one of the best Restoration comedies.
• The setting of the play is London. In many ways, the play can be thought of as a competition between Mirabell and Fainall to deceive the other by means of opposing schemes to gain control of Lady Wishfort and her fortune.
• So the basic theme is jealousy, deceit and intrigue. The title is a flippant expression meaning the way people behave.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• William Congreve was an English dramatist who shaped the English comedy of manners through his brilliant comic dialogue, his satirical portrayal of the war of the sexes, and his ironic scrutiny of the affectations of his age.
• In 1691, he was admitted to the Middle Temple in London to study law. It is likely that, like Young Witwoud in The Way of the World, his interest in law was only a means to take him to London, the centre of all excitement.

The correct answer is  ''B and D only''.

Key Points

• Option B: "A provisional explanation of anything" captures the essence of a research hypothesis.
• It is a tentative explanation or prediction about the relationship between variables that requires testing through research.
• Option D: "A statement which is assumed to be true for the sake of argument" aligns with the purpose of a hypothesis, which is to propose a statement that researchers assume to be true initially, to be tested and potentially validated or refuted through empirical evidence.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Every true experimental design must have this statement at the core of its structure, as the ultimate aim of any experiment.
• The hypothesis is generated via a number of means but is usually the result of a process of inductive reasoning where observations lead to the formation of a theory.
• Scientists then use a large battery of deductive methods to arrive at a hypothesis that is testable, falsifiable and realistic.
• An ideal hypothesis statement is well-phrased, clear, and falsifiable and merely by reading it, one gets an idea of the kind of research design it would inspire.

The correct answer is "B and D only".

Key Points 

• A Room of One's Own has been crucial to the feminist movement and women's literary studies. Part of the purpose of the essay is to encourage women to make their living through writing. But Woolf seems to lack an awareness of her own privilege and how much harder it is for most women to fund their own artistic freedom.
• “The Yellow Wallpaper” demonstrates how Gilman is treated by her husband.
• Being able to have Gilman shed her life “experience with mental illness” helps generate an idea of what it was like in the 1900s as a woman who needed help, assurance, attention, and interaction.
• Nothing could have overpowered this short story because it is such a strengthening experience for another woman.

Additional Information

• Emma may be considered a feminist novel because it focuses on the struggles and development of a strong, intelligent woman. Furthermore, the novel -criticizes the fact that women must be financially dependent by sympathetically depicting the vulnerability of Jane and Miss Bates.
• A Small Place is a work of creative nonfiction published in 1988 by Jamaica Kincaid. A book-length essay drawing on Kincaid's experiences growing up in Antigua, it can be read as an indictment of the Antiguan government, the tourist industry, and Antigua's British colonial legacy.

The correct answer is "an Italian novella".

Key Points

• The Duchess of Malfi is a Jacobean Revenge Tragedy.
• It is based on the true story of Giovanna d’Aragona and her brothers Lodovico d’Aragona, Cardinal of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, and Carlo d’Aragona, Marquis of Gerace.
• Giovanna was married in 1490 when she was about twelve years old.
• His principal source for the story was William Painter’s collected volume of tales The Palace of Pleasure (1567).
• Painter’s volume contained translations of many stories by French, Italian and Greek writers, including François de Belleforest’s adaptation of Matteo Bandello’s Novelle (1554).
• Bandello supposedly knew Antonio of Bologna personally – so his novella can be seen as a first-hand account of real-life events.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• John Webster is best known for his two macabre tragedies based on real-life events in Italy.
• Webster was born in London sometime around 1580 (16 years after Shakespeare), the son of a carriage maker and a blacksmith's daughter.
• Brought up in the parish of St. Sepulchre, Newgate, his father was a prominent member of the Guild of Merchant Taylors, with Webster probably attending the Merchant Taylors' School.

The correct answer is "B and C only".

Key Points

• The purpose of a citation is to acknowledge the work of others that you use in your assignments.
• It does this by providing a unique link to a specific entry in your list of references which is a component of the back matter of an essay, report, thesis or any other kind of assignment
• To an inexperienced writer, citing and documenting sources may seem like busy work.
• Yet, when you cite your external sources in the text of your paper and when you document them at the end of your piece in a list of works cited or a bibliography, you are performing a rhetorical act.
• Complete and accurate citing and documenting of all external sources help writers achieve very important goals:
• It enhances your credibility as a writer.
• It helps you to avoid plagiarism.
• ​The presence of complete citations of sources in your paper will help you demonstrate to your readers that you are an active participant.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.
• All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition.
• Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional.
• Under the regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary offence.

The correct answer is "A and D only".

Key Points

• Pierre Bourdieu was a French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher.
• Bourdieu developed a theory of action, around the concept of 'habitus' which exerted a considerable influence in the social sciences.
• 'Habitus' refers to the physical embodiment of cultural capital to the deeply ingrained habits, skills and disposition that we pass due to our life experiences.
• In 'Distinction', Bourdieu reveals how social class determines individual tastes in things like art food and music.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Bourdieu's work was influenced by founders of sociology, including Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Émile Durkheim, as well as by other scholars from the disciplines of anthropology and philosophy.
• He is well known for pioneering such terms as "symbolic violence," "cultural capital," and "habitus."
• His book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste is the most cited sociology text in recent decades.

The correct answer is "B and E only".

Key Points

• Lucy Irigaray' is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst and cultural theorist who examined the uses and misuses of language in relation to women.
• 'Helene Cixous' is a professor, French feminist writer, poet, playwright, philosopher, literary critic and rhetorician.
• Cixous is best known for her article "The Laugh of the Medusa" which established her as one of the early thinkers in post-structural feminism.
• Feminism as a movement gained potential in the twentieth century, marking the culmination of two centuries’ struggle for cultural roles and socio-political rights — a struggle which first found its expression in Mary Wollstonecraft‘s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).
• The first wave of feminism, in the 19^th and 20^th centuries, began in the US and the UK as a struggle for equality and property rights for women, by suffrage groups and activist organisations.
• These feminists fought against chattel marriages and for political and economic equality.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Simone de Beauvoir is one of these belatedly acknowledged philosophers. Identifying herself as an author rather than as a philosopher and calling herself the midwife of Sartre’s existential ethics rather than a thinker in her own right, Beauvoir’s place in philosophy had to be won against her word.
• Elaine Showalter invented gynocriticism, a feminist critical theory and approach that focuses on the woman writer, the meaning of her text, and the structure of literature written by women including its history, themes, and genres.
• Kate Millett was a second-wave feminist best known for her book ‘Sexual Politics’, widely viewed to be the movement’s manifesto.
• In ‘Sexual Politics,’ Millett offers a critique of patriarchy within Western literature.

The correct answer is "A, D and E only".

Key Points

• Structuralism is a way of perceiving the world in terms of structures.
• Structuralists believe that the underlying structures which organize rules and units into meaningful systems are generated by the human mind itself and not by sense perception.
• Structuralism tries to reduce the complexity of human experiences to certain underlying structures which are universal, an idea which has its roots in the classicists like Aristotle who identified simple structures as forming the basis of life.
• A structure can be defined as any conceptual system that has three properties:
• Wholeness- the system should function as a whole.
• Transformation- system should not be static.
• Self-regulation- the basic structure should not be changed.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Structuralist ideas are found in the works of the anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss and the literary critic Roland Barthes.
• The essence of Structuralism is the belief that “things cannot be understood in isolation, they have to be seen in the context of larger structures they are part of”.
• The contexts of larger structures do not exist by themselves but are formed by our way of perceiving the world.
• In structuralist criticism, consequently, there is a constant movement away from the interpretation of the individual literary work towards understanding the larger structures which contain them.

The correct answer is "D and E only".

Key Points

• Defamiliarization was proposed by Viktor Shklovsky in his Art as Technique.
• It refers to the literary device whereby language is used in such a way that ordinary and familiar objects are made to look different.
• It is a process of transformation where language asserts its power to affect our perception.
• It is that aspect which differentiates between ordinary usage and poetic usage of language, and imparts uniqueness to a literary work.
• Foregrounding is a significant literary stylistic device based on the Russian Formalist's notion that the very essence of poetry lies in the "deformation" of language.
• Jan Mukarovsky gave the notion of foregrounding as a literary concept.
• The writer uses the sounds of words or the words themselves in a way that the readers' attention is immediately captivated.
• The most common means employed by the writers is repetition.

Therefore, Option 4 is the correct answer.

Important Points 

• Formalism is a school of literary criticism and theory.
• It’s concerned more with the structure of the text than it is with any outside influence on the author.
• Formalism does not consider the author’s personal history, cultural influences, and the actual content in the work itself.
• Instead, it focuses on the form and genre of the writing.
• For example, formalism is concerned with the use of grammar and syntax, and meter in poetry.

The correct answer is "A and D only".

Key Points

• In April 2016, MLA replaced its seventh edition resources with a new eighth edition.
• This updated version reflects the ways in which digital publication has changed how writers and researchers document sources.
• Therefore, the new edition includes significant shifts in the approach to source documentation in academic writing.
• While earlier editions emphasized the importance of following specific guidelines for formatting, the eighth edition focuses on the practice and process of scholarly documentation.
• The logic here is basic: a style guide should offer a method that is widely applicable.
• Rather than insisting that writers follow strict citation formulas, this handbook outlines the principles of MLA documentation and explains how writers can use them in many different situations.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• MLA style citations are commonly used by students and academics in the humanities.
• This guide follows the 9^th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook, published by the Modern Language Association in 2021.
• To cite sources in MLA style, you need
• In-text citations that give the author’s last name and a page number.
• A list of Works Cited that gives full details of every source.

The correct answer is "B and D only".

Key Points

• Sidney's notion of "Fore-Conceit" means that a conception of the work must exist in the poet's mind before it is written.
• Free from the limitations of nature and independent from nature, poetry is capable of "making things either better than Nature bringeth forth, or quite a new, forms such as never were in Nature.
• Horace believed that poetry is not mere imitation alone.
• He said that a poet 'often mingles facts with fancy, putting on something of his own'.
• He didn't like too much fancy on the part of the poet and added that 'fiction composed to please should be very near to the truth'.

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Wordsworth was one of the greatest poets in English Literature.
• The volume Lyrical Ballads, which he published jointly with his friend and fellow poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, is a landmark volume.
• It is often seen as transforming English poetry and initiating the Romantic movement in Britain.
• His epic poem The Prelude was the first major autobiography in English and is now regarded as his masterpiece.
• Samuel Daniel is generally known as an English poet and historian who was, indeed, fortunate to be born at a glorious time in English history.
• It is generally believed that Daniel’s first published work was Paulus Jovius, which was a translated work in 1585 while his first collection of poems dates from 1592.

The correct answer is "B and C only".

Key Points

• Eliot's essay 'The Metaphysical Poets' was first published as a review of J.G. Grierson's edition of Metaphysical lyrics and poems of the 17^th Century.
• In this essay Eliot had given reference to two great masters of the French language as follows-"In French literature the great master of the seventeenth century Racine and the great master of the nineteenth —Baudelaire- are in some ways more like each other then they are like anyone else."
• The greatest Milton and Dryden, triumph with a dazzling.
• In this essay  Eliot made several of his most famous and important statements about poetry – including, by implication, his own poetry.
• It is in this essay that Eliot puts forward his well-known idea of the ‘dissociation of sensibility’, among other theories.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer.

 Additional Information

• Arthur Rimbaud, in full Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud, French poet and adventurer who won renown in the Symbolist movement and markedly influenced modern poetry.
• François Villon was a most colourful character in 15^th century France. In literary terms, he is generally believed to be the best-known French poet of his time

The correct answer is A and D only.

Key Points

• On 2 February 1835, British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay presented his 'Minute on Indian Education' that sought to establish the need to impart English education to Indian 'natives'.
• He stated that the main goal of the British government should be to promote European literature and science among Indians, and that all funds appropriated for the purpose of education would be best spent on English education only.
• He also suggested that the medium of instructions for Indians should be English language.

          Therefore, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A and D only.

Key Points

• A metalanguage is a language used to describe another language, often called the object language.
• Expressions in a metalanguage are often distinguished from those in the object language by the use of italics, quotation marks or writing on a separate line.
• It is a form of language or set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language.
• There are different types of metalanguages such as ordered, nested and embedded metalanguages.

           Hence, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• Structural or syntactic ambiguity is the potential of multiple interpretations for a piece of written or spoken language because of the way words or phrases are organized.
• The sentence has structural ambiguity as it is not clear whether the poem is on mountains or written when Hari was on the mountains.
• Deep structures contain the basic units of meaning of a sentence. This sentence has two deep structures.

          Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer. 

Additional Information

• Lexical ambiguity occurs when a word has more than one possible meanings. Structural ambiguity is a situation where one sentence has more than one meaning due to its sentence structure.

The correct answer is A and B only.

Key Points

• Pepys worked to root out corruption in the navy and was an eyewitness to major historical events of the time.
• These include the Great Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666, two events where he helps keep order.
• He wrote using a secret code, a shortened version of words. He did this because he didn't want people he knew, including his wife Elizabeth, to read his diary.
• He continued his diary for a little over nine years, to 31 May, 1669, when he had trouble with his eyesight, feared he was going blind, and, regrettably, stopped writing it.

          Hence, 'option 1' is the correct answer. 

Additional Information

• Samuel Pepys was an English diarist and naval administrator.
• He served as administrator of the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament and is most famous for the diary he kept for a decade.

The correct answer is A and C only.

Key Points

• Resistance to Civil Government, also called On the Duty of Civil Disobedience or Civil Disobedience for short, is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849.
• When he was in jail, he stated that since the State couldn't reach his essential self, they decided to punish his body.
• This illustrated the State's ultimate weakness and Thoreau says that he came to pity the State.
• In the end of his experience in jail, he realized that the people he lived with were only friends in the good times. They were not interested in justice or in taking any risks.

           Hence, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• The English Mail-Coach is an essay by the English author Thomas De Quincey.
• A "three-part masterpiece" and "one of his most magnificent works," it first appeared in 1849 in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, in the October and December issues.
• The essay is divided into three sections: Part I, "The Glory of Motion," is devoted to a lavish description of the mail coach system then in use in England, and the sensations of riding on the outside upper seats of the coaches.
• Part II, "The Vision of Sudden Death," deals in great detail with a near-accident that occurred one night while De Quincey, intoxicated with opium, was riding on an outside seat of a mail coach.
• Part III, "Dream Fugue, Founded on the Preceding Theme of Sudden Death," is devoted to De Quincey's opium dreams and reveries that elaborated on the elements of Parts I and II.

          Thus, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and D only. 

Key Points

• Ferit Orhan Pamuk is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.
• Drawing on Friedrich Schiller's famous distinction between “naive” writers those who write spontaneously and “sentimental” writers those who are reflective and aware, Pamuk reveals two unique ways of processing and composing the written word.
• Kundera's Testaments Betrayed is a nine-part romp through some varied topics, all with the general theme of artists who were betrayed, often by their closest. It is a brilliant and thought-provoking essay from one of the twentieth century’s masters of fiction.

          Therefore, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and D only.

Key Points

• John Anthony Burgess Wilson who published under the name Anthony Burgess, was an English writer and composer.
• Although Burgess was primarily a comic writer, his dystopian satire A Clockwork Orange remains his best-known novel.
• ABBA ABBA is the 22^nd novel by English author Anthony Burgess, published in 1977. It consists of two parts: the first is about the last months in the life of John Keats and his encounters with the Roman poet Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli.
• A Dead Man in Deptford is a 1993 novel by Anthony Burgess, the last to be published during his lifetime. It depicts the life and character of Christopher Marlowe, a renowned playwright of the Elizabethan era.

          Therefore, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A and C only.

Key Points

• "To His Coy Mistress" is a metaphysical poem written by the English author and politician Andrew Marvell.
• It was published posthumously in 1681.
• This poem is considered one of Marvell's finest and is possibly the best recognized carpe diem poem in English.
• The poet selected two rivers, India's Ganges which is sacred to the Hindu religion and thought of as the earthly embodiment of a goddess and England's Humber which flows past Marvell's hometown of Hull.
• In the poem, speaker attempts to persuade his resistant lover that they should have sexual intercourse.

          Therefore, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and D only.

Key Points

• The poem "The Pied Piper of Hamelin"  is a poem written by Robert Browning describe about a town called Hamelin which overrun with rats. The piper played his pipe and the city got rid of rats. When the Mayor refused to pay the piper he played the pipe again and took the children or that town with him.
• The poem "Two in the Campagna" is a poem written by Robert Browning in which the speaker asks questions to his lover about the possibility of them sharing their life together. The poem is set in the Campagna, a place on countryside of Rome.

Additional Information

• The poems "Locksley Hall" and "The Lady of Shalott" are written by Alfred Tennyson.

The correct answer is A and C only.

Key Points

• Dramatic Monologue is a  poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader.
• It is also called a persona poem, and the character speaking in the poem is referred to as a “persona”.
• "Ulysses" is a poem in blank verse by the Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, written in 1833 and published in 1842. This poem is written as a dramatic monologue- the entire poem is spoken by a single character, whose identity is revealed by his own words.
• Medusa is a dramatic monologue written in the voice of Medusa, a mythical figure with venomous snakes for hair and whose stare turns people to stone.

           Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.​ 

Additional Information

• Dramatic monologue is a way of expressing the views of a character and offering the audience greater insight into that character's feelings.

The correct answer is Bertolt Brecht and Arnold Bronnen.

Key Points

• Epic theatre was developed by German playwright Bertolt Brecht.
• It was a  theatrical movement which came into prominence in the early 20^th century.
• It was a reaction to the political condition of that time, which gave more importance to the form of a play rather than its content.
• The word "epic" signifies Brecht's attempt to emulate the objectivity of narration on stage like Homeric epic.
• He employed character development and realistic settings instead of traditional plots.
• His aim was to subvert the sympathy of audience towards the actors and encourage them to criticize the character and social situation presented on stage.
• 'Mother Courage and her Children' is Brecht's most famous play.
• Arnold Bronnen was an Austrian playwright and director who wrote plays such as  "Birth of Youth"(1922) and "Die Excess"(1923). He is also known for his contribution to the genre of epic theatre.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Fernando Arrabal is a Spanish playwright.  Love Letter is one of his famous plays that deal with the Spanish Civil war.
• James Saunders was an English playwright who wrote plays such as  Bodies, Retreat,  Making it Better among others. He was one of the leading pioneers of the Theatre of Absurd.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a play by William Shakespeare (1564 -1616).
• It is the longest play written by Shakespeare.
• This play revolves around the story of Prince Hamlet's who plans to avenge his father's murder.
• II Penseroso (1645) is a poem written by English poet  John Milton (1608-1674). The poem depicts a day spent in contemplation and thought and offers a vision of poetic melancholy.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information​

• Shylock is the antagonist  in the play The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare . He have medieval notion about Jews and he lends money on interest. The character is influenced by Barabas in The Jew of Malta.
• Mosca is a character from the  comedy play Volpone by Ben Jonson . He is Volpone's servant. The play revolves around disguises and Mosca is a gadfly (parasite) who hides his true nature and intentions from others.

The correct answer is A-IV, B - II, C - I, D - III.

Important Points

• Archi-ecriture is a related term that Derrida coined to refer to writing as an ultimate principle than as a derivative of logos — thus,  speech can be seen as a form of writing; writing on air waves, writing on the memory of the listener or on the recording device. There is no fundamental dominance at work in ecriture.
• "A Cyborg Manifesto" is an essay written by Donna Haraway and published in 1985 in the Socialist Review. In it, the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries, notably those separating "human" from "animal" and "human" from "machine."
• Semiology is based on two concepts - genotext and phenotext. The term is associated with Julia Kristeva. 
• The genotext is the body of the bio-physiological process constrained by the social code, and it is not reducible to the language system.
• The genotext exists within the phenotext, which is the perceivable signifying system.
• The hermeneutic circle describes the process of understanding a text hermeneutically.
• It refers to the idea that one's understanding of the text as a whole is established by reference to the individual parts and one's understanding of each individual part by reference to the whole.
• Neither the whole text nor any individual part can be understood without reference to one another, and hence, it is a circle.
• However, this circular character of interpretation does not make it impossible to interpret a text; rather, it stresses that the meaning of a text must be found within its cultural, historical, and literary context.
• According to Schleiermacher, hermeneutics is the art of understanding the meaning of another person's words correctly. That means building a bond between the person one understands and the third person to whom the thing that one understood was transmitted to.

The correct answer is B, D, C, A.

Key Points

• Stream of consciousness is the term first appeared in "The Principles of Psychology" written by William James in year 1890. Stream of consciousness is the narrative style which depicts a character's internal thoughts through the interior monologue.
• Defamiliarization is the term first used in an essay "Art as Device" written by Victor Shklovsky in year 1917. It is a literary device where with the use of language ordinary and familiar objects are made to appear different.
• Practical criticism is the theory given by I.A. Richards in his book "Practical Criticism" in year 1929. This theory states that one should analyze the text and should ignore the factors like the intentions of the writer and historical context.
• Heresy of Paraphrase is the name of the chapter in "The  Well Wrought Urn" written by Cleanth Brooks in year 1947. In this chapter he states that paraphrasing of a poem leads to reduce the quality of the meaning of the poem .

The correct answer is C, A, B and D.

Key Points

• "Life of Cowley" is an essay written by Samuel Johnson in his book "Lives of the most Eminent English Poets" was published in year 1779.
• "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" is an essay written by William Wordsworth in year 1800. In this essay he states that he intend to write poems to express incidents in simple language.
• "A Defence of Poetry" is an essay written by P.B. Shelley in year 1821 and published in 1840. He wrote this essay to state that poets protects the morals and civil laws and poets influenced scientists to develop their theories and inventions.
• "The Frontiers of Criticism" is a lecture delivered by T.S. Eliot which was published in year 1956. In this essay he tries to define the frontier of literary criticism.

The correct answer is B,** D, A, C.**

Key Points

• The book "Course in General Linguistics" is written by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye based on the notes of lectures of Ferdinand de Saussure. It was published in year 1916.
• The book "How to Do Things with Words" is written by J.L. Austin*. It was first published in year 1962*. In this book he states that every time by using words we change something and words not only define reality but also change it.
• The book "Aspects of the Theory of Syntax" was written by Noam Chomsky. it was published in year 1965. In this book Noam Chomsky discuss about the structure of grammar.
• The book "Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language" is written by Umberto Eco. It was first published in year 1984. In this book he talks about general semiotics.

The correct answer is A, D, C, B.

Key Points

• The book "Advancement of Learning" was written by Francis Bacon which was published in year 1605. In this book he dive deep into the study and acquisition of knowledge.
• The book "The Lives of the Poets"  is written by Samuel Johnson which was published in 1779. This book contain short biographies of 52 poets from 18^th century.
• The book "On Heroes and Hero Worship" is written by Thomas Carlyle which was published in year 1841. The book is collection of six lectures delivered by him on important historical figures.
• The book "The Origin of Species" is written by Charles Darwin which was published in 1859. In this book he talks about the process of natural selection in various species.

The correct answer is C, D, A, B.

Key Points

• The  monthly magazine "The Gentleman's Magazine" was first published in 1731. It was founded by Edward Cave.
• The Magazine "The Rambler" was first published in 1750. It was periodical started by Samuel Johnson.
• The magazine "The Critical Review" was first published in year 1756. Tobias Smollett was the first editor of this magazine.
• The magazine "The Monthly Review" was first published in year 1949. John Bellamy Foster was the first editor.

The correct answer is B, D, A, C.

Key Points

• The novel "Sons and Lovers" is written by D.H. Lawrence which was originally published in 1913. The novel is the story of a man who loves his mother a lot and due to this he is not able to have a long term relation with other women.
• The novel "A Portrait of the Artist as a young Man" is written by James Joyce. It was published in year 1916. It is the story of a young man, Stephen Dedalus who observes his surroundings and society and have internal conflict with his own vies and the view of society.
• The novel "Chrome Yellow" is written by Aldous Huxley which was originally published in 1921. It is a social satire that shows the love affair between a sensitive poet and his lover.
• The novel "Mrs. Dalloway" is written by Virginia Woolf. It was first published in year 1925. It is the story of a day in the life of wife of a Member of Parliament.

The correct answer is D, C, E, B, A.

Key Points

• Fanny Burney, a satirical novelist, diarist and playwright was born on 13 June 1752.
• Ann Radcliffe, an English novelist was born on 7 July 1764.
• Maria Edgeworth, an Anglo-Irish writer was born on 1 January 1768.
• Jane Austen, an English novelist was born on 16 December 1775.
• Anne Bronte, an English novelist and poet who was born on 17 January 1820.

The correct answer is B, C, D, E, A.

Key Points

• William Langland, a middle English author was born in 1332.
• Geoffrey Chaucer, an English poet, author and civil servant was born in 1340.
• John Dryden, an English poet, literary critic and playwright was born on 9 August 1631.
• Alexander Pope, a famous satirist was born on 21 May 1688.
• Oscar Wilde, an Irish poet and playwright was born on 16 October 1854.

The correct answer is C,B,A,D.

Key Points

• The tragic play "The Spanish Tragedy" was written by Thomas Kyd in 1587. It is a tragic story of a Knight and an Italian women.
• The play "Cymbeline" is the play written by William Shakespeare in year 1623. It is the story of a Celtic  British King Cunobeline.
• The Restoration comedy "The Country Wife" was written by William Wycherley in year 1657. It is a satire on aristocratic families during the period of Charles II.
• The comedy of manners "The Rivals" was written by R.B. Sheridan in year 1775. The story revolve around three love affairs.
• Thus, the order is:
• The Spanish Tragedy
• Cymbeline
• The Country Wife
• The Rivals

The correct answer is D, A, B, C. 

Key Points

• The Restoration comedy The Country Wife is written by English dramatist William Wycherley. It published in the year 1675.The title of the play in an indecent pun. The play was controversial because of its sexual explicitness. The protagonist Horner spreads the rumor of his impotence to get access to married women.
• The play All for Love (1677)  is a  heroic drama written by English writer and critic John Dryden. It is a classic tragedy that deals with the love affair between Antony and Cleopatra. It follows Aristotle's rules for classic tragedy.
• Venice Preserved is an English Restoration play written by English dramatist Thomas Otway. It was considered to be one of the most significant tragedies of the English stage during the 1680s. It was first performed on stage in 1682.The story of "Venice Preserved" is partly taken from the book ' History of the Conspiracy of the Spaniards against the Republic of Venice, in 1618'.
• The School for Scandal is a Comedy of Manners written by Irish playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan. The play was first performed in London in 1777.  The play talks about how gossip and scandals dominate the high society and aristocracy of England. The concluding line assures the audience that “even scandal dies, if you approve”. ​

​Thus**, option 2** is the correct answer**.**

The correct answer is Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• It is true that researchers use different methods to achieve results while testing theories and analyzing data.
• Case Studies, Checklists, Interviews, Observation sometimes and Surveys or Questionnaires are all tools used to collect data.
• It is important to decide the tools for data collection because research is carried out in different ways and for different purposes.

           Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• It is true that the introduction of English in India was primarily for the benefit and consolidation of British power.
• The reason behind that is the British gradually introduced the English language and Western Language in order to create a class of Indians who could serve the imperial rulers as officials or functionaries, as well as, function as a communicative link between the rulers and the masses.

          Hence, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is The side-view of her face appears to be that of a sculpted angel's.

Key Points

• In the line, "At dawn she lay..."asleep", the poet describes the beauty of his beloved by stating that while sleeping with her face at such angle, her sculpted features are visible to the poet.
• Hence, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

The title of the poem is "Daybreak" written by Stephan Spender.

The correct answer is A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III.

Key Points

• Refer to these lines of the poem:
• Her hair a harp the hand of a breeze follows, so the correct match is 'her hair' - 'a harp'
• To play, against the white cloud of the pillows, so the correct match is 'Pillow' - 'cloud'
• The hand of a breeze follows to play, so the correct match is 'breeze' -'player'
• Then in a flush of rose she woke. So the correct match is 'cheeks' - 'rose'

Thus, the correct answer is A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points 

• A  Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated objects with one another. It compares two things that have a little in common. A Metaphor states that one thing is other. E.g. "Time is money"​
• Here in the line "Her Hair a Harp" the hair of the women are compared with a musical instrument  'harp' that consists of a series of strings from top to bottom of a frame.
• Hence, it is a Metaphor.
• Simile is a figure of speech which compares two things stating that one thing is like the other by using the word 'like' or 'as' in the sentence. E.g. "Time is like money"
• Here in the line "seems the stone face" the face is compared to stone i.e. the face is expressionless.
• Hence , it is Simile.
• Oxymoron is a group of words that contradicts itself. E.g. "Bittersweet"
• In the line "my walking dream" dream contradicts with walking.
• Hence, it is Oxymoron.
• Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole. E.g. " Hungry mouth to feed".
• Here in the line "the hand of a breeze" the waves of breeze is explained by giving the part hand to it.
• Hence, it is Synecdoche.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Let's refer to the line:
• Logic cannot have any empirical part; that is, a part in which the universal and necessary laws of thought should rest on grounds taken from experience; otherwise it would not be logic, i.e. a canon for the understanding or the reason, valid for all thought, and capable of demonstration.
• ​Upon the perusal of the above line it can be stated that "Logic cannot have any empirical part" because  it propounds laws whose applicability can be shown and its laws are valid for all thought.
• Hence, Option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• Lets refer to the line:
• Natural and moral philosophy, on the contrary, can each have their empirical part, since the former has to determine the laws of nature as an object of experience; the latter, the laws of the human will, so far as it is affected by nature: the former, however, being laws according to which everything does happen; the latter, laws according to which everything ought to happen.
• Upon the perusal of the above line it stated that statement *'*For natural philosophy, nature influences the laws' and 'Moral philosophy accounts for what should be' are right.
• Hence, Option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• Walter Pater was much admired for his prose style, which he strove to make worthy of his aesthetic ideals, taking great pains and fastidiously correcting his work.
• Les Misérables is a French historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19^th century.
• The Divine Comedy is an Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. 1308 and completed in around 1321, shortly before the author's death. It is widely considered the pre-eminent work in Italian literature and one of the greatest works of world literature.
• Walter Pater described beauty as being something that has no formula, that it is something we find through our own experiences, impressions, and senses

          Hence, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

Key Points

• “Monuments of unageing intellect” is the 9^th line of the poem  “Sailing to Byzantium” written by W.B. Yeast. In this line the poet states that the young neglect the old people who have aged physically but are young intellectually.
• "In the foul rag-bone shop of the heart” is  the last line of the poem “The Circus Animals Desertion” written by W.B. Yeast. In this line the poet argues that the poetry comes from old and ordinary thing and a poet must find his inspiration form these ordinary things.
• “So mastered by the brute blood of the air” is the second line of the third stanza of poem "Leda and the Swan" written by W.B. Yeast. In this line he tells that Leda was overpowered by Zeus's brutal nature.
• “As weary-hearted as that hollow moon” is the last line taken from the poem “Adam’s Curse” written by W.B. Yeast. In this line the poet talks about the old way of loving that require time and efforts but that would be difficult for the speaker as their heart is tired and empty.

The correct answer is A-III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

Key Points

• John Keats published "Lamia" in 1820.
• It's a narrative poem about Lamia, a serpent turned into a woman, who pursues a Corinthian youth named Lycius.
• She was turned into a woman  by Hermes in exchange for a favour.
• At their marriage feast, philosopher Appollinus recognized Lamia and she disappeared while Lycius **died at that moment.**​​
• "Excursion: Being a Portion of The Recluse" is a poem by Wordsworth which was published in 1814.
• The main characters are The Wanderer, The Solitary, The Pastor and the Poet who is the narrator.
• It contains nine philosophical books containing pastoral monologues by different characters.
• Shelley published "Alastor" or "The Spirit of Solitude" in 1816.
• The 720 line poem is a warning for idealists to also think about 'the sweet human love' rather than getting lost in dreams.
• Alastor is a Roman mythological figure who represents the spirit that animates the poet's imagination.
• William Blake is a famous English Romantic poet known for his famous collection of  illustrated poems called Songs of Innocence and Experience.
• In opposition to Songs of Innocence,  his Songs of Experience contains poems that mark the loss of childhood innocence.

The correct answer is Lear to Gloucester.

Key Points 

• The given lines are  from the tragedy King Lear written by William Shakespeare.
• These lines occur in  Act 4, Scene 6 in which King Lear is talking to Gloucester.

 Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• The play revolves around the tragic hero King Lear of Britain and his three daughters.
• The central question asked in the play is whether we can reconcile human dignity with human failure in the face of life's demands.