General Awareness PYQs

The correct answer is Shila Dawre.

Key Points

• Shila Dawre became the first female auto-rickshaw driver in India in 1988, breaking gender stereotypes in the traditionally male-dominated profession of auto-rickshaw driving.
• She hailed from Pune, Maharashtra, and her determination to challenge societal norms made her a role model for women in India aspiring to enter unconventional careers.
• Despite facing societal challenges and gender bias, she persevered and paved the way for more women to take up similar roles in the transport sector.
• The achievement of Shila Dawre is significant in promoting gender equality in employment and bringing attention to the capabilities of women in unconventional fields.
• Her story has inspired many women to challenge gender stereotypes and pursue careers in male-dominated professions, including public transport services.

Additional Information

• Radhika Menon:
• She is the first woman captain in the Indian Merchant Navy.
• She was awarded the IMO Award for Exceptional Bravery at Sea in 2016 for her role in a rescue operation.
• Her contributions are significant in the maritime sector, but she is unrelated to the field of auto-rickshaw driving.
• Parul Parmar:
• She is a celebrated Para-Badminton player from India.
• She has won several medals in international para-badminton tournaments, including the World Championships.
• Her achievements are in the field of sports, not transportation.
• Debala Mitra:
• She was the first female director general of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• Her work focused on preserving and restoring Indian heritage and archaeological sites.
• Her contributions were significant in the field of archaeology, not in auto-rickshaw driving.

Important Points

• The achievement of Shila Dawre marked a turning point in India's public transport sector by showing that women can excel in any field, including those traditionally dominated by men.
• Her efforts align with the broader goals of promoting women's empowerment and gender equality in India, which have been emphasized in various government and non-governmental initiatives.
• Her story has inspired similar initiatives to train women as drivers for public transport, ensuring greater safety and representation of women in the workforce.

The correct answer is Justice Arun Palli.

Key Points

• Justice Arun Palli is the current Chief Justice of the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court as of 31^st July 2025.
• He was appointed to this position after serving as a judge in the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
• Justice Arun Palli has a distinguished legal career, known for his expertise in constitutional and civil law.
• The Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court is a common High Court for both Union Territories, established after the bifurcation of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir under the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019.
• As Chief Justice, his role includes overseeing judicial administration and ensuring the timely delivery of justice in the Union Territories.

Additional Information

• Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019:
• This act was passed by the Indian Parliament to bifurcate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories – Jammu & Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature).
• The High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh serves both Union Territories, ensuring judicial independence and access to justice.
• Role of the Chief Justice:
• The Chief Justice is the head of the High Court and is responsible for judicial and administrative functions.
• They ensure the smooth functioning of the court and oversee the allocation of cases among judges.
• The Chief Justice plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity and efficiency of the judiciary in the region.
• Other Notable Judges:
• Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai: Currently a judge in the Supreme Court of India, he has delivered several landmark judgments but is not associated with the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court.
• Justice Dinesh Maheshwari: Also a judge in the Supreme Court of India, he specializes in administrative and constitutional law.
• Judge Kaveri Baweja: She is not currently serving in the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court or as Chief Justice.
• Judiciary in Union Territories:
• The judiciary in Union Territories functions under the supervision of the respective High Courts.
• The Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court plays a pivotal role in addressing legal issues unique to the region.

Important Points

• Judicial Appointments:
• The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the respective state/Union Territory.
• This process ensures transparency and meritocracy in the judiciary.
• Judicial Reforms:
• The Government of India has introduced several reforms to streamline judicial processes and reduce pendency in courts.
• Digitization of court records and e-court initiatives have been implemented to improve efficiency.
• History of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court:
• The High Court of Jammu & Kashmir was established in 1928 during the reign of Maharaja Hari Singh.
• Post reorganization in 2019, it became the High Court for both Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.

The correct answer is Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.

Key Points

• The Youth Spiritual Summit held in July 2025 was organized by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. This ministry is primarily responsible for developing and empowering youth in India.
• The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports aims to engage young minds in holistic development by promoting initiatives like leadership skills, cultural awareness, and spiritual growth.
• The focus of the Youth Spiritual Summit 2025 was to foster spiritual education and moral values among the youth, aligning with broader objectives of national development.
• Through such initiatives, the ministry seeks to encourage the youth to contribute positively to society while also promoting mental well-being and emotional stability.
• The summit also highlighted the importance of spirituality as a tool for self-growth and personal empowerment, resonating with the government’s agenda of nurturing well-rounded, responsible individuals.

Additional Information

• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports:
• Established in 1985, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports is responsible for promoting youth development and sports activities across India.
• Programs under this ministry include the National Youth Policy, National Service Scheme (NSS), and National Youth Festivals, among others.
• The ministry works to cultivate leadership and instill a sense of national integration and responsibility among the youth.
• Importance of Youth in Nation-Building:
• Youth represent around 34% of the Indian population, making them a significant demographic for driving change and progress.
• Engaging youth in programs like spiritual summits helps create a balance between technological advancement and ethical, moral grounding.
• Spirituality and Youth:
• Studies suggest that spiritual practices can improve mental health, reduce stress, and foster resilience among young individuals.
• Events like the Youth Spiritual Summit bring attention to the importance of self-awareness and mindfulness.
• Other Relevant Ministries:
• NITI Aayog: 
• Established on 1 January 2015, replacing the Planning Commission.
• Full Form: National Institution for Transforming India.
• Chairperson: The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairperson.
• Objective: To promote Cooperative Federalism and involve states in policy-making.
• Nature: It works as the policy think tank of the Government of India.
• Major Initiatives: Aspirational Districts Programme and monitoring of SDGs.
• Headquarters: New Delhi.
• First CEO: Amitabh Kant (2016–2022).
• Present CEO: B.

V. R. Subrahmanyam (2023–Present).

• TATA Trusts: A philanthropic organization that supports various social causes but does not have direct government involvement in youth-related summits.
• Ministry of Education: Primarily focuses on academic and skill-based programs rather than spiritual initiatives.

Important Points

• National Youth Policy 2014:
• This policy aims to empower youth (15-29 years) to achieve their full potential and contribute to India’s development.
• It emphasizes the need for education, employment, entrepreneurship, and well-being.
• National Service Scheme (NSS):
• Introduced in 1969, NSS engages students in community service, fostering a sense of social responsibility and leadership.
• Fit India Movement:
• Launched in 2019 by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to promote fitness and a healthy lifestyle among Indians.

The correct answer is Tribal communities in aspirational areas.

Key Points

• Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan was launched in 2024 by the Government of India to promote the holistic development of tribal communities in designated aspirational areas.
• The initiative aims to address the socio-economic disparities faced by tribal communities by focusing on healthcare, education, skill development, and infrastructure development.
• The scheme prioritizes areas identified under the ‘Aspirational Districts Programme’, targeting regions with significant tribal populations and low Human Development Index (HDI).
• It seeks to promote sustainable livelihoods and economic empowerment for tribal people through initiatives like agriculture support, forest-based economy enhancement, and micro-enterprise development.
• The scheme is aligned with the goals of inclusivity, equity, and social justice, ensuring that tribal communities are not left behind in India's development journey.

Additional Information

• Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP):
• Launched in 2018, ADP aims to transform 112 backward districts in India by improving key indicators in health, nutrition, education, agriculture, financial inclusion, and skill development.
• The programme emphasizes a data-driven approach and promotes competition among districts to achieve progress.
• Tribal-dominated areas form a major part of these districts, making them a focus for inclusive development initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan.
• Key Features of Tribal Development Schemes:
• Programs like Van Dhan Yojana support tribal entrepreneurs through value addition of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and marketing support.
• Educational initiatives such as Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) provide quality education to tribal children in remote areas.
• Healthcare-focused schemes aim at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates among tribal populations through institutional deliveries and immunization drives.
• Socio-economic Challenges Faced by Tribal Communities:
• Tribal communities often face issues like poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, and lack of healthcare facilities.
• They are heavily dependent on natural resources and face challenges due to deforestation, climate change, and displacement.
• Other Government Initiatives for Tribal Welfare:
• The Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) focuses on improving living standards in tribal areas.
• The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) allocates funds for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes in various sectors.
• Skill development programs aim to provide employment opportunities to tribal youth in various trades and industries.

Important Points

• Tribal population in India: According to the 2011 Census, tribal communities constitute approximately 8.6% of India's total population, with significant concentration in states like Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan.
• Article 46 of the Indian Constitution: It directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections.
• Forest Rights Act, 2006: Provides recognition and vesting of forest rights to forest-dwelling communities, ensuring their livelihood and cultural preservation.

The correct answer is 2.

Key Points

• The Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index) in India was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in July 2021 to measure the level of financial inclusion across the country.
• The FI-Index comprises three sub-indices: Access, Usage, and Quality. These sub-indices are weighted to provide a comprehensive score representing the state of financial inclusion.
• Access: This sub-index measures the extent of availability of financial services, including the number of bank branches, ATMs, and banking correspondents.
• Usage: It captures the frequency and volume of transactions by individuals and entities, reflecting the extent of utilization of financial services.
• Quality: It evaluates the quality aspects of financial inclusion, such as financial literacy, consumer protection, and the resolution of grievances related to financial services.
• The FI-Index is computed annually and ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 denotes complete financial exclusion and 100 represents full financial inclusion.

Additional Information

• Objective of Financial Inclusion Index:
• The FI-Index aims to provide policymakers and stakeholders with a comprehensive tool to assess the progress of financial inclusion and identify gaps for targeted interventions.
• It is a part of the broader initiative to achieve inclusive growth by bringing the unbanked population into the formal financial system.
• Features of Financial Inclusion in India:
• India has made significant strides in financial inclusion through initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), which provides access to basic bank accounts.
• Other schemes like Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) and Digital India have further enhanced financial inclusion by promoting digital payments and banking services.
• Global Context of Financial Inclusion:
• The concept of financial inclusion is recognized globally as a key driver of economic development and poverty reduction.
• International organizations such as the World Bank and IMF emphasize financial inclusion as a critical component of their development agenda.
• Important Facts:
• India's FI-Index complements global indices such as the Global Findex Database created by the World Bank.
• The Reserve Bank of India has also launched various regulatory measures to promote financial inclusion, such as priority sector lending targets for banks.

Important Points

• Reserve Bank of India (RBI):
• The RBI serves as the central bank of India and plays a crucial role in promoting financial inclusion through various policies and frameworks.
• It launched the Financial Inclusion Index to track progress and enhance efforts for financial inclusion.
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):
• Launched in August 2014, PMJDY is India's flagship financial inclusion program aimed at providing universal access to banking facilities.
• It has been instrumental in connecting millions of unbanked individuals to the formal financial system.
• Financial Literacy:
• Financial literacy is a key component of the FI-Index's quality sub-index, emphasizing the importance of educating individuals about financial products and services.
• RBI and other stakeholders have launched numerous initiatives to promote financial literacy across India.

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• Chhattisgarh became the first state in India to link the forest ecosystem services to the state’s green Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• This innovative step was taken to calculate the economic value of the services provided by forests, such as carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water recharge, and biodiversity preservation.
• The initiative was launched under the leadership of the Chhattisgarh Forest Department to promote sustainable development and ensure the integration of environmental factors into economic decision-making processes.
• By linking forest ecosystems to green GDP, the state aims to highlight the economic contributions of forests and emphasize their importance in tackling climate change and improving livelihood opportunities for forest-dependent communities.
• The move aligns with global efforts like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly focusing on SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).

Additional Information

• Green GDP:
• Green GDP is an economic growth indicator that takes into account environmental consequences, such as the depletion of natural resources and ecological degradation.
• It aims to measure the sustainability of economic progress, factoring in the costs of environmental harm and benefits provided by ecosystems.
• Incorporating green GDP helps governments and policymakers in ensuring a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation.
• Forest Ecosystem Services:
• Forests provide a wide range of services, including carbon storage, water filtration, climate regulation, and biodiversity preservation.
• They are crucial in mitigating the effects of climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen.
• Forests also support the livelihoods of millions of people, particularly in rural and tribal areas, through non-timber forest products and eco-tourism.
• Chhattisgarh's Forest Coverage:
• Chhattisgarh has a substantial forest cover, accounting for approximately 44% of its geographical area, making it one of the most forested states in India.
• The state is home to rich biodiversity, including several endangered species, and plays a pivotal role in maintaining the ecological balance in the central Indian region.
• Efforts like linking forest ecosystems to green GDP help in conserving these forests while promoting sustainable development.
• United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
• The SDGs are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to address issues like poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation by 2030.
• Chhattisgarh's initiative of linking forests to green GDP aligns with SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land), promoting sustainable management of forests and combating climate change.

Important Points

• Carbon Sequestration: Forests act as carbon sinks by absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in biomass and soil, thus helping mitigate global warming.
• Biodiversity Conservation: Chhattisgarh's forests are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including several endemic and endangered species.
• Sustainable Livelihoods: The state's forest-dependent communities benefit from initiatives that promote sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products like tendu leaves, sal seeds, and medicinal plants.
• Policy Implications: Linking forest ecosystems to green GDP sets an example for other states and countries to adopt similar measures to integrate environmental sustainability into economic policies.

The correct answer is Muri.

Key Points

• The Muri is a traditional wind instrument used by the Dimasa tribe of Assam, India.
• It is primarily employed during cultural celebrations, songs, and dances of the Dimasa community, symbolizing their rich heritage.
• The instrument is made of bamboo, which is abundantly available in the region, showcasing the tribe’s connection with nature and sustainable practices.
• During traditional Dimasa festivals such as Bushu Dima, the Muri is played to accompany folk songs and dances, creating a harmonious blend of music and movement.
• The Muri reflects the identity and cultural essence of the Dimasa tribe, making it a vital part of their social and ceremonial activities.

Additional Information

• Dimasa Tribe:
• The Dimasa are one of the indigenous tribes of Assam, primarily residing in the Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts.
• They have a rich cultural history, including unique traditions, festivals, and folk music, which play a significant role in their community.
• Their language, Dimasa, is a branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family.
• Traditional attire and ornaments are integral to Dimasa culture, often paired with performances involving the Muri instrument.
• Muri Instrument:
• The Muri is crafted from bamboo, showcasing the tribe’s reliance on natural resources.
• This wind instrument is simple yet produces melodious sounds that enhance festive moods.
• It requires skill to play, and the technique is often passed down through generations.
• It is used in folk music as a symbol of cultural pride and identity.
• Festivals of the Dimasa Tribe:
• Bushu Dima: Celebrated annually, this is the most significant festival of the Dimasa tribe, involving music, dance, and community feasts.
• Traditional instruments like the Muri are played during the festival to accompany folk dances and songs.
• It is a celebration of harvest and community bonding.
• Other Musical Instruments:
• Harp: A string instrument mostly used in Western classical and folk music; it is not linked with Dimasa culture.
• Cymbal: A percussion instrument used in various musical genres, especially in classical and folk music; it does not relate to the Dimasa tribe.
• Santoor: A string instrument primarily used in Kashmiri and Indian classical music; it is unrelated to the Dimasa tribe's cultural practices.

The correct answer is Amitabha Bagchi.

Key Points

• Amitabha Bagchi is the author of the book "The Householder." The novel explores themes of family, societal expectations, and moral dilemmas.
• The Householder is a contemporary Indian novel that provides insight into the struggles and complexities of middle-class Indian life.
• Amitabha Bagchi is known for his vivid storytelling and ability to portray realistic characters, often with a focus on urban and societal settings.
• This book stands out for its deep exploration of human relationships and the challenges of balancing personal and societal responsibilities.
• Bagchi has authored several critically acclaimed novels, including "Above Average" and "Half the Night is Gone," which won the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature.

Additional Information

• Ruskin Bond:
• Ruskin Bond is a celebrated Indian author known for his works based in the hills of India, particularly Mussoorie.
• His notable works include "The Room on the Roof" and "The Blue Umbrella." These works often highlight themes of nature, childhood, and human connections.
• Bond's writing style is simple yet evocative, appealing to readers of all ages.
• Satyajit Ray:
• Satyajit Ray was a legendary filmmaker, writer, and artist from India, renowned for his contribution to cinema and literature.
• He is best known for creating the Feluda series, a collection of detective stories, and "The Adventures of Professor Shonku."
• Ray's works often blend elements of mystery, science fiction, and cultural richness.
• Arun Joshi:
• Arun Joshi was an Indian author known for his introspective novels that delve into existential themes.
• His notable works include "The Foreigner" and "The Apprentice."
• Joshi's writing often reflects the psychological struggles of individuals in urban settings.
• Amitabha Bagchi:
• Amitabha Bagchi's novels focus on contemporary issues faced by individuals in urban and middle-class settings.
• His work, "Half the Night is Gone," won the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature.
• Bagchi is celebrated for his ability to capture the nuances of human relationships and societal expectations.

Important Points

• Amitabha Bagchi's Writing Style:
• Bagchi's writing is known for its depth, emotional resonance, and realistic portrayal of characters.
• His books often explore themes such as morality, societal pressures, and interpersonal relationships.
• He is particularly skilled at depicting the struggles of the Indian middle-class, making his works relatable and impactful.
• Contemporary Indian Literature:
• Authors like Amitabha Bagchi contribute significantly to the genre by highlighting modern societal issues and personal dilemmas.
• Such novels provide a window into the evolving cultural and social landscape of India.
• Contemporary literature often combines traditional values with modern challenges, offering a unique perspective to readers.

The correct answer is Parichakali.

Key Points

• Parichakali is a traditional folk dance performed in the Lakshadweep Islands, an archipelago located off the southwestern coast of India.
• It is also referred to as the "Shield Dance" because the performers traditionally carry shields and swords as part of their attire and choreography.
• The dance is primarily performed by men, showcasing their agility, coordination, and rhythmic movements.
• Parichakali is deeply rooted in the history and culture of Lakshadweep. It is believed to have been influenced by martial arts traditions and the need for physical readiness among the islanders.
• It is performed during festivals and celebrations, especially on occasions that mark community bonding and cultural preservation.

Additional Information

• About Lakshadweep:
• It is a group of 36 small islands, of which 10 are inhabited, and is located in the Arabian Sea.
• Its unique culture, language, and traditions are influenced by Islamic heritage and the maritime history of the region.
• The islanders predominantly speak Malayalam and Jeseri, a local dialect.
• Other Folk Dances of Lakshadweep:
• Lava Dance: A dance performed during festive occasions, showcasing rhythmic movements and group synchronization.
• Kolkali: Another traditional folk dance involving rhythmic clapping and stick movements, symbolizing unity and harmony.
• Explanation of Other Options:
• Ghumura: A traditional folk dance from Odisha, performed with the Ghumura drum. It has no cultural connection with Lakshadweep.
• Gambhira: A folk dance and theatrical form originating from West Bengal, focusing on social and cultural themes.
• Yak Chaam: A ritual dance performed by Buddhist monks in Himalayan regions, including Ladakh and Sikkim.
• Significance of Parichakali:
• The dance reflects the martial spirit of the islanders and their historical need for preparedness against invasions and natural calamities.
• It serves as a medium to preserve the cultural identity and pass down traditional skills to younger generations.

The correct answer is Only I.

Key Points

• Stars are made up of gases: Stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium gases. These gases undergo nuclear fusion in the star's core, which produces energy in the form of light and heat. Hence, Statement I is correct.
• Stars emit their own heat and light: Unlike planets, stars generate their own heat and light through the process of nuclear fusion. This phenomenon occurs when hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium, releasing a significant amount of energy. Hence, Statement II is incorrect.
• Stars are luminous celestial bodies: Due to the energy produced in their cores, stars are visible as bright objects in the night sky. Their luminosity varies depending on their size, temperature, and stage of life.
• Stars are the fundamental building blocks of galaxies: Galaxies are massive systems consisting of billions of stars, along with gas, dust, and dark matter. Stars play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies.
• Examples of stars: The Sun is the closest star to Earth and a perfect example of a star that emits its own light and heat.

Additional Information

• Nuclear Fusion in Stars:
• Stars produce energy through the process of nuclear fusion, where hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium. This reaction releases a tremendous amount of energy, which powers the star and emits light and heat.
• The energy produced in the core travels outward to the surface, from where it radiates into space.
• This process is what makes stars self-luminous and distinguishes them from other celestial objects like planets or moons.
• Types of Stars:
• Stars are classified based on their size, temperature, and luminosity. Common types include red dwarfs, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supergiants.
• For example, the Sun is a G-type main-sequence star, also known as a yellow dwarf.
• Life Cycle of Stars:
• Stars undergo a life cycle that includes stages such as nebula, main sequence, red giant, and supernova, depending on their initial mass.
• Massive stars may end their life as neutron stars or black holes.
• Stars vs. Planets:
• Unlike stars, planets do not produce their own light or heat. Instead, they reflect the light of a nearby star, like the Sun.
• Planets are made up of solids, liquids, and gases, while stars are predominantly made of gases undergoing nuclear fusion.
• Importance of Stars:
• Stars are essential for the formation of elements heavier than helium, which are dispersed into the universe during supernova explosions.
• They provide energy and heat necessary for sustaining life on planets, such as Earth.

The correct answer is Only II.

Key Points

• Friction is a type of contact force, as it arises when two surfaces are in direct contact and resist motion relative to each other. Thus, Statement II is correct.
• Electrostatic force is a type of non-contact force, as it acts between charged particles without requiring any physical contact. Hence, Statement I is incorrect.
• Contact forces are forces that occur when two objects are physically touching. Examples include frictional force, tension force, and normal force.
• Non-contact forces, like electrostatic, gravitational, and magnetic forces, act over a distance without direct physical interaction.
• In this question, only friction qualifies as a contact force, making the correct answer Only II.

Additional Information

• Contact forces:
• Friction: A resistive force that opposes the motion of one surface relative to another. It can be static (prevents motion) or kinetic (opposes ongoing motion).
• Normal force: The support force exerted by a surface perpendicular to an object resting on it, e.g., a book on a table.
• Tension: A pulling force transmitted through a string, rope, or cable when it is pulled tight by forces acting at either end.
• Applied force: A force applied by a person or another object to move an object.
• Air resistance: A type of frictional force that acts against the motion of an object moving through the air.
• Non-contact forces:
• Electrostatic force: The force between charged particles, either attracting or repelling depending on their charges.
• Gravitational force: The attractive force between two masses, such as between the Earth and an object.
• Magnetic force: The attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles or between a magnet and a ferromagnetic material.
• Key distinctions: Contact forces require physical interaction between objects, while non-contact forces operate over a distance without physical touch.
• Applications: Friction is essential in daily life for activities like walking, driving, and holding objects, as it provides the necessary grip and resistance.

Important Points

• Friction can cause wear and tear on surfaces over time, but it is also crucial for enabling controlled motion.
• Electrostatic forces play a significant role in phenomena like lightning and the attraction of dust particles to surfaces.
• Understanding the difference between contact and non-contact forces is fundamental to studying mechanics and physics.
• In engineering, controlling friction is essential for optimizing machine performance and efficiency.

The correct answer is p = mv.

Key Points

• Momentum is a fundamental concept in physics, defined as the product of an object's mass (m) and its velocity (v). The formula is expressed as p = mv.
• Here, p represents momentum, a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
• Momentum is directly proportional to both the mass and velocity of the object. Thus, if the mass or velocity increases, the momentum also increases.
• The unit of momentum in the International System of Units (SI) is kilogram meter per second (kg·m/s).
• This formula is derived from Newton's Second Law of Motion, which establishes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
• Hence, the formula p = mv is correct, and options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

Additional Information

• Newton's Second Law of Motion:
• This law states that the force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum.
• The mathematical representation of Newton's second law is F = dp/dt, where F is the force, p is momentum, and t is time.
• In cases where mass remains constant, the equation simplifies to F = ma, where a is acceleration.
• Characteristics of Momentum:
• Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
• It is conserved in an isolated system, as stated by the law of conservation of momentum.
• Momentum plays a crucial role in understanding collisions, explosions, and other dynamic systems.
• Applications of Momentum:
• In sports, such as football or cricket, momentum determines the force exerted by moving players or balls.
• It is used in engineering, such as in the design of vehicles and safety features like airbags.
• Momentum is essential for analyzing the motion of celestial bodies in astrophysics.
• Key Differences Between Momentum and Force:
• Momentum: A measure of the quantity of motion an object possesses, dependent on mass and velocity.
• Force: A push or pull acting upon an object, which causes a change in momentum or acceleration.

Important Points

• Option 1: p = m/a is incorrect because dividing mass by acceleration does not result in momentum.
• Option 2: p = ma is incorrect as this formula represents force, not momentum.
• Option 4: p = m/v is incorrect because dividing mass by velocity does not yield momentum.
• Option 3: p = mv is correct because momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity.

The correct answer is Nadi Tarangini.

Key Points

• Nadi Tarangini is India’s first Ayurvedic diagnostic device, developed to digitize and modernize the ancient science of pulse-based diagnosis (Nadi Pariksha).
• This device was developed in January 2025 to enable accurate and consistent health analysis using Ayurvedic principles combined with modern technology.
• The device uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced sensors to capture a person’s pulse data and analyze it to determine their health condition.
• It is specifically designed to assist Ayurvedic practitioners in diagnosing diseases and suggesting personalized treatment plans.
• By integrating technology with traditional medicine, Nadi Tarangini aims to bring consistency, accuracy, and scalability to Ayurvedic diagnostics.

Additional Information

• Ayurvedic Diagnostic Techniques:
• Nadi Pariksha is a traditional Ayurvedic method of analyzing a person’s health condition by reading their pulse.
• It provides information about the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) in a person’s body, helping in identifying imbalances that might lead to diseases.
• This method is highly dependent on the practitioner’s expertise, which Nadi Tarangini addresses by providing digital accuracy.
• Features of Nadi Tarangini:
• Incorporates AI-driven algorithms to analyze pulse data.
• Offers detailed health reports based on Ayurvedic principles, such as dosha imbalances and stress levels.
• Helps in early detection of health issues and provides suggestions for dietary and lifestyle changes.
• Other Options Explained:
• AyurScan: This is a fictional name and does not exist as an Ayurvedic diagnostic device.
• PulsePro: Another fictional term that might refer to pulse monitoring but is not related to Ayurveda.
• Veda Diag: This is not an existing diagnostic tool in Ayurveda.
• Significance of Technology in Ayurveda:
• Modern devices like Nadi Tarangini bridge the gap between ancient traditional knowledge and modern healthcare technology.
• They enhance the global reach of Ayurveda by providing evidence-based diagnostic tools.
• These innovations also ensure standardization and scalability in Ayurvedic practices.

Important Points

• Ayurveda: It is a 5000-year-old traditional system of medicine originating in India, focusing on holistic health and wellness.
• Doshas: The three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) are biological energies that govern physical and mental processes and their balance is key to good health.
• Technological Integration: Efforts like Nadi Tarangini are part of India’s broader initiative to combine traditional medicine with cutting-edge technology to make healthcare more accessible and reliable.
• Government Support: India’s Ministry of AYUSH actively supports research and development in traditional medicine systems, encouraging innovations like Nadi Tarangini.

The correct answer is KMC, Manipal.

Key Points

• KMC, Manipal has established India’s first Department of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare in August 2025.
• This department aims to revolutionize healthcare by integrating AI-driven technologies into medical diagnosis, patient care, and research methodologies.
• Artificial Intelligence applications in healthcare include advanced diagnostic tools, predictive models for treatment outcomes, and efficient resource allocation in hospitals and clinics.
• KMC, Manipal, located in Karnataka, is recognized as a premier institution in medical education and research, consistently innovating in the field of healthcare.
• The launch of this department reflects a significant step in India's healthcare sector, aiming to bridge the gap between technology and medicine for better patient outcomes and precision medicine.

Additional Information

• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare:
• AI is used in healthcare to analyze complex medical data, enabling early detection of diseases such as cancer, heart disorders, and diabetes.
• It assists in developing personalized treatment plans based on patient-specific data like genetic profiles and medical history.
• Applications include robot-assisted surgeries, virtual health assistants, and predictive analytics for patient monitoring.
• AI-powered tools like IBM Watson and Google's DeepMind are examples of AI revolutionizing healthcare globally.
• KMC, Manipal:
• Established in 1953, Kasturba Medical College (KMC) is one of India’s leading institutions for medical education and research.
• It is part of the Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), a deemed university known for academic excellence.
• KMC is ranked among the top medical colleges in India and has contributed significantly to medical advancements.
• The institution emphasizes research and innovation, as evidenced by the establishment of the AI Department in Healthcare.
• Other Medical Colleges Mentioned:
• CMC, Vellore: Established in 1900, it is renowned for its clinical excellence and research contributions.
• JIPMER, Puducherry: Founded in 1956, it is one of the premier medical institutions in India, focusing on patient care, education, and research.
• BITS, Pilani: Primarily known for engineering and technology, it has expanded its focus into healthcare and bioengineering in recent years.
• Global Trends in AI in Healthcare:
• Countries like the USA, UK, and China are leading in integrating AI into their healthcare systems.
• AI technologies, such as machine learning and natural language processing, are widely used for drug discovery, clinical trials, and improving operational efficiency in hospitals.
• India’s initiative through KMC, Manipal, is a step towards aligning with global advancements in healthcare technology.

Important Points

• Artificial Intelligence Applications: AI in healthcare includes the use of tools like predictive analytics, image recognition for disease detection, and natural language processing for patient record analysis.
• Challenges: AI adoption in healthcare faces challenges such as data privacy concerns, ethical considerations, and the need for extensive training for medical professionals.
• Future Prospects: With advancements in AI, the future of healthcare is expected to include precision medicine, improved patient outcomes, and efficient hospital management systems.

The correct answer is Parliament.

Key Points

• The Annual Financial Statement is another name for the Union Budget, and its presentation is a constitutional mandate under Article 112 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Annual Financial Statement must be presented before the Parliament every year to ensure transparency and accountability regarding the financial operations of the government.
• The document provides a detailed account of the government’s income (revenue) and expenditure for the upcoming financial year. This includes the estimates for the Consolidated Fund of India, the Contingency Fund, and the Public Account.
• The Parliament plays a critical role in debating, scrutinizing, and approving the budget proposals. The presentation of the budget initiates a legislative process to ensure funds are allocated appropriately.
• It is a key mechanism in a democracy that ensures the executive branch (government) is held accountable to the legislature (Parliament) for its financial activities. Hence, the correct answer is Parliament.

Additional Information

• Article 112:
• This article of the Indian Constitution mandates the presentation of the Annual Financial Statement to the Parliament.
• It is divided into three parts: Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund, and Public Account.
• The statement contains detailed estimates of revenue and expenditure, both current and capital, and is presented every financial year.
• Role of Parliament:
• The Lok Sabha (House of the People) has the primary authority to discuss and approve the budget proposals. The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) can only discuss the budget and offer suggestions.
• The Appropriation Bill and Finance Bill are introduced to seek approval for withdrawal of funds and changes in taxes, respectively.
• Stages of Budget Presentation:
• The budget is presented in two parts: the General Budget and the Railway Budget (merged since 2017).
• It includes discussions, voting on demands for grants, and the passage of financial bills.
• Consolidated Fund of India:
• This is the most important fund, into which all revenues received by the government and loans raised are credited.
• Expenditure from this fund requires Parliamentary approval.
• Contingency Fund:
• This fund is used to meet unforeseen expenses. It is at the disposal of the President of India and requires subsequent approval from the Parliament.
• Public Account:
• This account is used for transactions like provident funds, small savings, etc., where the government acts as a banker.

Important Points

• Budget Timeline: The Indian financial year runs from April 1 to March 31. The budget is usually presented on February 1 to allow sufficient time for its approval before the new fiscal year begins.
• First Budget of Independent India: It was presented by R. K. Shanmukham Chetty on 26 November 1947.
• Union Budget 2021-22: It was the first-ever paperless budget in India, presented by Nirmala Sitharaman, the Finance Minister.
• Vote-on-Account: In cases where the budget is not passed before the start of the financial year, a Vote-on-Account is used to approve necessary expenditure for a limited period.
• Zero-Based Budgeting: This budgeting technique, introduced in India in the 1980s, requires all expenditures to be justified from scratch, regardless of previous budgets.

The correct answer is To increase the government regulation in the private operation significantly..

Key Points

• The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is designed to promote manufacturing in India by offering incentives to firms based on their production output.
• The primary goals of the PLI scheme include attracting substantial investments, incorporating advanced technology, and improving operational efficiency. These objectives aim to enhance India's manufacturing capabilities and global competitiveness.
• The scheme seeks to reduce import dependency by encouraging domestic production and fostering a self-reliant economy, in line with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
• However, the scheme does not aim to significantly increase government regulation in the private sector. Instead, it focuses on providing support and incentives to industries to boost their output and encourage ease of doing business.
• The correct answer is related to the fact that the PLI scheme is designed to empower industries rather than impose excessive regulatory burdens.

Additional Information

• Overview of the PLI Scheme:
• The scheme was launched in 2020 by the Government of India to boost domestic manufacturing and enhance export capabilities.
• It focuses on sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, textiles, and more, with incentives linked to incremental production.
• The scheme is expected to generate large-scale employment and make India a global manufacturing hub.
• Objectives of the PLI Scheme:
• Attract substantial investments: The scheme encourages both domestic and foreign investors to set up manufacturing units in India.
• Incorporate advanced technology: It aims to modernize the manufacturing process by adopting cutting-edge technologies.
• Ensure operational efficiency: By improving productivity and reducing inefficiencies, the scheme seeks to make Indian products globally competitive.
• Important Sectors under the Scheme:
• Electronics: The PLI scheme supports local production of mobile phones, semiconductors, and other electronic components.
• Automobiles: Incentives are provided for advanced automotive technology and electric vehicles.
• Pharmaceuticals: The scheme promotes the production of key starting materials (KSMs) and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
• Textiles: It aims to boost the production of man-made fibers and technical textiles.
• Key Features:
• The incentives are performance-based, with financial benefits provided for achieving incremental output targets.
• It is implemented in a phased manner, with different sectors being added over time.
• The scheme complements other government initiatives like Make in India and Digital India.

Important Points

• Budget Allocation: The total outlay for the PLI scheme across various sectors is approximately ₹1.97 lakh crore over a five-year period.
• Success Metrics: The scheme is expected to add $500 billion to India's manufacturing output annually and create millions of jobs.
• Key Beneficiaries: Large multinational corporations and domestic manufacturers with the capability to scale up production are the primary beneficiaries.
• Global Comparison: Similar schemes have been implemented in countries like China, which used production incentives to establish itself as a manufacturing powerhouse$.

The correct answer is Kunbis.

Key Points

• The Kunbis were a significant community in the Maratha Empire, often regarded as the backbone of the Maratha army.
• They were primarily agriculturalists and formed the majority of the population in regions ruled by the Marathas. Their agricultural livelihood made them physically robust and suitable for military service.
• The Kunbis were deeply loyal to the Maratha rulers, especially to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, who encouraged their participation in the military.
• This community played a key role in the Maratha infantry, known for their bravery and resilience during battles, particularly in guerilla warfare tactics initiated by Shivaji.
• Their contribution was not limited to warfare; the Kunbis also supported the Maratha administration by contributing resources from their agricultural activities.

Additional Information

• Ur:
• Ur refers to village assemblies or settlements in historical contexts, especially in South India.
• It does not relate directly to the composition of the Maratha army.
• Zamindars:
• Zamindars were landlords or tax collectors during the Mughal and British periods.
• While some Zamindars supported the Marathas, they were not the primary group forming the Maratha army.
• Mansabdars:
• Mansabdars were military officials in the Mughal administrative system, holding ranks called 'Mansabs.'
• This system was distinct from the Maratha administrative and military structure.
• Kunbis:
• The Kunbis were the largest caste group in Maharashtra, known for their agricultural expertise and physical strength.
• They contributed significantly to the Maratha military, particularly in infantry roles.
• Their guerilla tactics and familiarity with local terrain made them an invaluable part of the army.
• Historically, the Kunbis were also involved in socio-economic activities that supported the Maratha state.

Important Points

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: He was the founder of the Maratha Empire and introduced effective military strategies like guerilla warfare, where the Kunbis played a crucial role.
• Maratha Infantry: Known for its agility and strength, the infantry was largely composed of Kunbis, who excelled in quick and efficient combat techniques.
• Guerilla Warfare: This tactic relied on surprise attacks and familiarity with terrain, a skill the Kunbis possessed due to their local agricultural background.
• Legacy: The Kunbis remain an integral part of Maharashtra's cultural and historical identity, with their contributions during the Maratha period still celebrated today.

The correct answer is 2015.

Key Points

• The Service Export from India Scheme (SEIS) was launched by the Government of India in 2015 as part of the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015-2020.
• SEIS was introduced to encourage and boost the export of notified services from India to other countries by providing benefits in the form of duty credit scripts.
• The scheme applies to service providers located in India and rewards them for the export of eligible services as listed in the FTP.
• Under SEIS, the rate of reward varies from 3% to 5% of the net foreign exchange earned, depending on the type of service exported.
• SEIS aims to enhance India's competitiveness in service exports and create a favorable environment for service providers to expand their global footprint.

Additional Information

• Eligible Services under SEIS:
• Some of the eligible services include legal services, accounting services, architectural services, engineering services, advertising services, and market research services.
• Other services such as tourism and hospitality, education services, and healthcare services are also covered under SEIS.
• Implementation and Benefits:
• The scheme is implemented by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• The duty credit scripts earned under SEIS can be used for payment of customs duty on imported goods or can be freely transferred or sold.
• Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015-2020:
• The FTP introduced SEIS along with other schemes like the Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) to boost both goods and service exports.
• FTP 2015-2020 aimed to double India's exports of goods and services and raise India's share in world exports to 3.5% by 2020.
• India's Service Sector Contribution:
• India's service sector contributes significantly to the GDP, accounting for over 50% of the GDP in recent years.
• The service sector includes IT, telecom, financial services, and tourism, which are major contributors to India's export revenue.

Important Points

• Other Export Promotion Schemes:
• The Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) focuses on incentivizing the export of goods, complementing the SEIS for services.
• Other initiatives include the Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) scheme and Advance Authorization Scheme to facilitate exports by reducing input costs.
• India's Export Growth:
• India has been focusing on diversifying its export base, including services like IT, healthcare, and education.
• Efforts like SEIS have helped India become a global leader in IT services and outsourcing.

The correct answer is Article 85.

Key Points

• Article 85 of the Indian Constitution deals with the sessions of Parliament, prorogation, and dissolution.
• The President has the authority to summon each House of Parliament at such intervals that there should not be a gap of more than six months between two sessions.
• Under this Article, the President can also prorogue a session or dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• The Constitution ensures that Parliament meets regularly to fulfill its legislative functions and oversight responsibilities effectively.
• This provision is crucial to prevent excessive delays in legislative work and to maintain the functioning of a democratic government.

Additional Information

• Article 74:
• This Article mandates the existence of a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at its head to aid and advise the President in exercising his functions.
• It emphasizes the role of the executive in the Indian parliamentary system.
• Article 93:
• This Article pertains to the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
• It requires that the House of the People elect its Speaker and Deputy Speaker as soon as possible after the first meeting.
• Article 100:
• This Article deals with the voting procedures in Parliament, including the requirement for a quorum.
• A quorum is the minimum number of members required to conduct parliamentary proceedings, which is one-tenth of the total membership of the House.
• Sessions of Parliament:
• India's Parliament typically has three sessions a year: the Budget Session (February to May), the Monsoon Session (July to September), and the Winter Session (November to December).
• The President summons and prorogues parliamentary sessions under Article 85.

Important Points

• Prorogation vs. Dissolution:
• Prorogation refers to the termination of a session of Parliament by the President, without dissolving it.
• Dissolution, on the other hand, applies only to the Lok Sabha and leads to its reconstitution through general elections.
• Parliamentary Sessions:
• The interval between two sessions cannot exceed six months, ensuring that Parliament meets at least twice a year.
• This provision safeguards the legislative process and oversight mechanisms essential for democratic governance.
• Historical Context:
• Article 85 reflects the influence of the British parliamentary system, where similar provisions exist for summoning and proroguing sessions.
• It is vital for maintaining the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches in India.

The correct answer is It is in eastern part of India.

Key Points

• Deendayal Port, previously known as Kandla Port, is situated in the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat, India. It is located on the western coast of India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Deendayal Port is classified as a Major Port under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021. It is one of the busiest ports in India in terms of cargo handling. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The statement claiming Deendayal Port is in the eastern part of India is incorrect. It is located in the western part of the country in Gujarat. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Deendayal Port is a significant hub for importing and handling large quantities of petroleum products and crude oil. It has specialized facilities for this purpose. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• The port contributes significantly to India's maritime trade, handling a variety of commodities such as crude oil, petroleum products, fertilizers, and salt.

Additional Information

• Deendayal Port Overview:
• Deendayal Port, formerly known as Kandla Port, was renamed in 2017 in honor of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay.
• It is located in the Kutch district of Gujarat, near Gandhidham.
• The port is strategically located to handle imports and exports to and from the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.
• Major Port Authorities Act, 2021:
• This act governs the management and operations of major ports in India.
• It replaces the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963, enabling greater autonomy and modernization of port infrastructure.
• Importance of Kandla (Deendayal) Port:
• It is one of the largest oil-handling ports in India.
• The port handles dry cargo, liquid cargo, and containers, with a focus on petroleum products and crude oil.
• It plays a vital role in the import and export of fertilizers, edible oils, and iron and steel products.
• Gulf of Kutch:
• Located on the western coast of India, the Gulf of Kutch is known for its strategic maritime significance.
• The region is home to several ports, including Deendayal Port and Mundra Port.
• It is also famous for its rich biodiversity, including coral reefs and mangroves.

Important Points

• Other Major Ports in India:
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT): Located in Maharashtra, it is India's largest container port.
• Chennai Port: Situated on the eastern coast of India, it handles a variety of cargo, including containers, automobiles, and coal.
• Haldia Port: Located in West Bengal, it is part of the Kolkata Port Trust and focuses on bulk cargo.
• Petroleum Import in India:
• India is one of the largest importers of crude oil globally, with major imports coming through ports like Deendayal Port, Mumbai Port, and Chennai Port.
• Deendayal Port has specialized facilities for crude oil storage and handling.
• Economic Contribution of Ports:
• Ports in India contribute significantly to GDP and trade by facilitating imports and exports.
• They are essential for industries like oil refining, fertilizer production, and shipping logistics.