SSC CGL 2023 Tier-I Official Paper (Held On: 25 Jul 2023 Shift 3) (Previous Year Paper)

Logic : Subtraction of (3) and (2) alternately from the position value according to English alphabetic series.

So,

• 'MOBILE' is coded as BJFZLK

And,

• 'TABLET' is coded as QCIZXR

​Similarly,

• 'KINDLE' will be coded as :

​Hence, "BJALFI" is the correct answer.

Logic : 

• First and third letters → (1) and (3) are added to the position value according to English alphabetic series respectively.
• Second and fourth letters → (2) and (4) are subtracted from the position value according to English alphabetic series respectively.

So,

​

​Hence, "CYZL" is the correct answer.

Given statement : 840 ÷ 38 - 7 + 10 × 12 = 462

According to the question, after interchanging the signs and numbers:

So,

• Option - (1) : 12 and 10, ÷ and +

840 ÷ 38 - 7 + 10 × 12 = 462 ⇒ 840 + 38 - 7 ÷ 12 × 10 = 462

 

840 + 38 - 0.58 × 10 = 462

840 + 38 - 5.8 = 462

878 - 5.8 = 462

872.2 ≠ 462 (LHS ≠ RHS)

• Option - (2) : 12 and 38, × and -

840 ÷ 38 - 7 + 10 × 12 = 462 ⇒ 840 ÷ 12 × 7 + 10 - 38 = 462

70 × 7 + 10 - 38 = 462

490 + 10 - 38 = 462

500 - 38 = 462

462 = 462 (LHS = RHS)

• Option - (3) : 12 and 7, + and ×

840 ÷ 38 - 7 + 10 × 12 = 462 ⇒ 840 ÷ 38 - 12 × 10 + 7 = 462

22.10 - 12 × 10 + 7 = 462

22.10 + 7 - 120 = 462

29.10 - 120 = 462

-90.9 ≠ 462 (LHS ≠ RHS)

• Option - (4) : 840 and 10, + and -

840 ÷ 38 - 7 + 10 × 12 = 462 ⇒ 10 ÷ 38 + 7 - 840 × 12 = 462

0.26 + 7 - 840 × 12 = 462

0.26 + 7 - 10080 = 462

7.26 - 10080 = 462

-10072.74 ≠ 462 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Hence, "Option - (2)" is the correct answer.

According to the sequence in the dictionary:

4. Typicalness
5. Typifications
6. Typographical
7. Typologically
8. Tyrannosaurus

Hence, the correct option is "4, 3, 1, 2, 5".

Given : N M L _ J N _ L J J _ M L J _ N M _ J J   

By checking options :

1. J M N J L → N M L J J N M L J J N M L J J N M L J J → (It follows the pattern of : NMLJJ - NMLJJ - NMLJJ - NMLJJ)
2. J N L M J → N M L J J N N L J J L M L J M N M J J J → (It doesn't Follows the pattern)
3. M N L J M → N M L M J N N L J J L M L J J N M M J J → (It doesn't Follows the pattern)
4. M N J L N → N M L M J N N L J J J M L J L N M N J J → (It doesn't Follows the pattern)

⇒Option - (1) gives the pattern of "N M L J J - N M L J J - N M L J J - N M L J J"

Hence, "J M N J L" is the correct answer.

Given statement : 9 *  16 * 64 * 8 *  2 * 9 

According to the question, after replacing the * signs :

So,

• Option - (1) : ÷, +, ×, -, =

9 *  16 * 64 * 8 *  2 * 9 ⇒ 9 ÷ 16 + 64 × 8 -  2 = 9 

0.56 + 64 × 8 -  2 = 9

0.56 + 512 - 2 = 9

512.56 - 2 = 9

510.56 ≠ 9 (LHS ≠ RHS)

• Option - (2) : -, ÷, +, ×, =

9 *  16 * 64 * 8 *  2 * 9 ⇒ 9 - 16 ÷ 64 + 8 × 2 = 9

9 - 0.25 + 8 × 2 = 9

9 + 16 - 0.25 = 9

25 - 0.25 = 9

24.75 ≠ 9 (LHS ≠ RHS)

• Option - (3) : +, ÷, ×, -, =

9 *  16 * 64 * 8 *  2 * 9 ⇒ 9 + 16 ÷ 64 × 8 - 2 = 9

9 + 0.25 × 8 - 2 = 9

9 + 2 - 2 = 9

11 - 2 = 9

9 = 9 (LHS = RHS)

• Option - (4) : ÷, -, +, ×, =

9 *  16 * 64 * 8 *  2 * 9 ⇒ 9 ÷ 16 - 64 + 8 ×  2 = 9

0.56 - 64 + 8 ×  2 = 9

0.56 + 16 - 64 = 9

16.56 - 64 = 9

-47.44 ≠ 9 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Hence, "Option - (3)" is the correct answer.

Given Statement : A family got split and the children of R were left with R's maternal grandfather's only granddaughter's father.

Thus, according to the final family tree the person with whom the children are left with is R's father.

Hence, "R' father" is the correct answer.

Logic : No specific pattern is followed here, random codes are assigned to each letter.

So,

• 'BENT' is coded as '3198'
• 'DEBT' is coded as '8316'

As some letters are common, so the codes will be :

​Therefore,

• 'N' will be coded as:

'N' is coded as '9'.

​Hence, "9" is the correct answer.

The figure that will replace the question mark (?) in the following figure series is shown below:

1. For '

' element → Next alternate letter according to English alphabetic series is written and shifting in the clockwise direction..

2. For '

' element → Increasing in number subsequently. 

3) For '

' element → Decreasing in number subsequently.

Final series is :

Hence, ‘option - (1)’ is the correct answer.

Logic : (1^st number × 3^rd number) = (2^nd number ÷ 2)

Given : 

• (25, 150, 3)

25 × 3 = 150 ÷ 2

75 = 75 (LHS = RHS)

• (18, 180, 5)

18 × 5 = 180 ÷ 2

90 = 90 (LHS = RHS)

So,

• Option - (1) : (13, 39, 3)

13 × 3 = 39 ÷ 2

39 ≠ 19.5 (LHS ≠ RHS)

• Option - (2) : (101, 408, 2)

101 × 2 = 408 ÷ 2

202 ≠ 204 (LHS ≠ RHS)

• Option - (3) : (52, 728, 7)

52 × 7 = 728 ÷ 2

364 = 364 (LHS = RHS)

• Option - (4) : (61, 601, 5)

61 × 5 = 601 ÷ 2

305 ≠ 300.5 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Hence, "Option - (3)" is the correct answer.

Given : 31 January 2009 was a Saturday

Now, 31 January 2009 to 31 January 2013 = 4 Years.

And, 4 years has 1 leap and 3 ordinary year

So total odd days = (1 × 2) + (3 × 1) = 2 + 3 = 5 odd days.

So, 31 January 2013 = Saturday + 5 = Thursday.

But, we need to find the day on 30 January 2013, so subtract 1 day from 31 January 2013.

Therefore, 30 January 2013 will be Thursday - 1 = Wednesday.

Hence, "Wednesday" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is :-

From the given three different cubes taking figure 1 and figure 2 ,the adjacent sides are as shown below :

As 1 is common on both figure 1 and figure 2, it is clear that 2, 4, 5 and 6 are adjacent to it and remaining number i.e., 3 will be opposite to it.

Opposite pairs:

4 → 2

5 → 6

1 → 3

So, the opposite side of "1" will be side "3".

Hence, the correct answer is "3".

Given:

• The image must not to be rotated

  

Hence, the correct answer is "Option - (1)".

Logic : 1^st number × (1^st number - 2) = 2^nd number

So,

• 7 ∶ 35

7 × (7 - 2) = 35

7 × 5 = 35

35 = 35 (LHS = RHS)

And,

• 21 ∶ 399

21 × (21 - 2) = 399

21 × 19 = 399

399 = 399 (LHS = RHS)

Similarly,

• 4 ∶ ?

4 × (4 - 2) = ?

4 × 2 = ?

8 = ?

Hence, "Option - (3)" is the correct answer.

The correct mirror image of the given figure when mirror is placed at AB is as shown below:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option - (2)".

Logic : (Square of 1^st number) = (2^nd number + 2)

So, 

• 7 ∶ 47

$(7)^2$ = 47 + 2

49 = 49 (LHS = RHS)

And,

• 11 ∶ 119

$(11)^2$ = 119 + 2

121 = 121 (LHS = RHS)

Similarly,

• 3 ∶ ?

$(3)^2$ = ? + 2

9 - 2 = ?

7 = ?

Hence, "7" is the correct answer.

Logic : Living being : Placed or kept in

So,

• Plant is kept in a pot.

Similarly,

• Fish is kept in an aquarium.

Hence, "Aquarium" is the correct answer.

Additional Information

1. Mud → Various insects, mud crabs etc are kept in mud.
2. Sand → Sand scorpions, sand fleas etc are kept in sand.
3. Stone → It a hard substance in which no living creature can be kept.
4. Aquarium → Fish, reptiles etc are kept in aquarium.

The figure that will replace the question mark (?) in the following figure series is shown below:

1. For '

' element ⇒ Shifting in the pattern : Left above corner → Right below corner → Center → Right above corner → Left above corner​

2. For '

' element ⇒ Shifting in the pattern : Center → Right above corner → Left above corner → Right below corner → Center

3. For '

' element ⇒ Shifting in the pattern : Right below corner → Center → Right above corner → Left above corner → Right below corner

4. For '

' element ⇒ Shifting in the pattern : Right above corner → Left above corner → Right below corner → Center → Right above corner

Final series is

Hence, ‘option - (4)’ is the correct answer.

The correct mirror image of the given figure when mirror is placed at MN is as shown below:

Hence, the correct answer is "Option - (3)".

Logic : Alternately consecutive multiples of (12) and (19) are added subsequently.

So, the series here is :

Hence, "291" is the correct answer

Logic :

• First two letters → (2) is subtracted from the position value according to English alphabetic series diagonally.
• third letter → (4) is added to the position value according to English alphabetic series.
• Last two letters → (2) is added to the position value according to English alphabetic series diagonally.

So,

• 'RELAX' is written as 'CPPZC'

And,

• 'STAKE' is written as 'RQEGM'

​Similarly,

• 'WINDS' will be written as :

​Hence, "GURUF" is the correct answer.

Logic : (1^st number ÷ 6) = (Cube of 2^nd number)

So, 

• 750 ∶ 5

750 ÷ 6 = $(5)^3$

125 = 125 (LHS = RHS)

And,

• 384 ∶ 4

384 ÷ 6 = $(4)^3$

64 = 64 (LHS = RHS)

Similarly,

• 3072 ∶ ?

3072 ÷ 6 = $(?)^3$

512 = $(?)^3$

8 = ?

Hence, "8" is the correct answer.

Logic : (1^st number × 11) = (2^nd number - 7)

So,

• Option - (1) : (21, 238)

21 × 11 = 238 - 7

231 = 231 (LHS = RHS)

• Option - (2) : (17, 194)

17 × 11 = 194 - 7

187 = 187 (LHS = RHS)

• Option - (3) : (13, 150)

13 × 11 = 150 - 7

143 = 143 (LHS = RHS)

• Option - (4) : (23, 270)

23 × 11 = 270 - 7

253 ≠ (LHS ≠ RHS)

Hence, "Option - (4)" is the correct answer.

Logic : Animal : Produces

• Cow produces milk.

Similarly,

• Sheep produces wool.

Hence, "Wool" is the correct answer.

Additional Information

1. Wool → Produced by sheep
2. Baby → Produced by human reproduction
3. Silk → Produced by silk worms
4. Clothes → Produced by various methods in textile and fashion industry.

According to given conditions,

1) B is A's wife and D's daughter. 

2) C is A's daughter

3. In a family of four persons there is only one child.

Thus, according to the final family tree C is the granddaughter i.e daughter's daughter of D.

Hence, "Daughter's daughter" is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Revenue Receipts.

Key Points

• Non-tax revenue refers to the income generated by the government from sources other than taxes, such as fees, fines, and grants.
• It is a part of revenue receipts, which are the inflows of funds to the government from all sources.
• The approximations of non-tax revenue receipts from a range of sources, including interest, fees, fines, and other miscellaneous receipts collected during the exercise of sovereign functions**, regulatory and license fees,** and user fees for goods and services made available to the public.

Additional Information

• Revenue expenditure refers to the expenses incurred by the government on day-to-day activities and welfare programs.
• Revenue expenditures are basically the same as operating expenses because they comprise the costs necessary to cover a business's continuous operating costs.
• Capital expenditure is the spending on long-term investments such as infrastructure and equipment.
• A company uses capital expenditures to pay for the purchase, upkeep, and improvement of tangible assets like real estate, machinery, buildings, plants, and technology.
• Capital receipts are the funds raised by the government through borrowings and disinvestment of assets.
• Income that increases liabilities or decreases financial assets is referred to as a capital receipt.
• They also make mention of cash inflows.
• Both debt and non-debt receipts are considered capital receipts.

The correct answer is Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve.

Key Points

• The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is home to the largest population of endangered marine mammal Dugong dugon and various species of sea turtles.
• The reserve is located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and covers an area of 10,500 square kilometers.
• The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is also known for its rich biodiversity and coral reefs.
• The reserve is a popular tourist destination and offers various activities such as snorkeling, diving, and island hopping.

Additional Information

• Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve is located in the Indian state of Sikkim and is home to various species of flora and fauna, including the endangered snow leopard.
• ​It became the first "Mixed Heritage" site in India when it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in July 2016.
• Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve is located in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and is known for its rich biodiversity and various species of flora and fauna.
• In the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India, the Annamayya and Tirupati Districts are home to the majority of the Seshachalam hill ranges.
• Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and is known for its unique geological and ecological features.
• The Indian government set up the conservation area in 1999.
• Animals from the lower Western Ghats and the Himalayan Mountains are also included.

The correct answer is 2011.

Key Points

• The 15^th National census survey was conducted by the Census Organisation of India in the year 2011.
• The main aim of the census survey is to collect demographic and socio-economic data of the population of India.
• The census helps in the allocation of resources and planning of government policies.
• The 2011 census was the largest census survey ever conducted in the history of India, covering a population of over 1.2 billion people.

Additional Information

• 1991 was the 13^th National census survey.
• 2001 was the 14^th National census survey
• 1981 was the 12^th National census survey.
• The process of methodically gathering, documenting, and computing population data about the individuals within a specific population is known as a census.
• Henry Walter conducted the first known citizen census in Daac (Dhaka) in 1830.
• Henry Walter is regarded as the father of the Indian Census as a result.

The correct answer is Nilgiri Mountain Railway.

Key Points

• The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is the only rack railway in India that has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.
• The railway connects Mettupalayam in Tamil Nadu to Ooty in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu and is known for its scenic beauty and engineering marvels.
• The railway was built by the British in 1908 and is still operational, using steam locomotives to haul its trains.
• The railway covers a distance of 46 km and passes through 208 curves, 16 tunnels, and over 250 bridges.

Additional Information

• The Kangra Valley Railway is a narrow-gauge railway in Himachal Pradesh that connects Pathankot to Jogindernagar.
• ​It is 164 km long and passes through the Kangra Valley's sub-Himalayan region.
• It is tentatively listed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
• The Matheran Hill Railway is a narrow-gauge heritage railway in Maharashtra that connects Neral to Matheran.
• ​It connects Neral to Matheran in the Western Ghats and spans a distance of 21 km, slicing through a forest.
• The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway in Himachal Pradesh that connects Kalka to Shimla.
• It is 2 ft 6 and narrow-gauge.

The correct answer is Basketball.

Key Points

• The Screen technique is used in basketball apart from volleyball.
• In basketball, players use the Screen technique to block the path of an opposing player, allowing their teammate to move past them.
• Basketball is a team sport where players score points by shooting a ball through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground.

Additional Information

• Volleyball is a team sport where players use their hands, arms, or any other part of their body to hit the ball over a net and into the opponent's court.
• Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players each.
• ​While the bowling and fielding side tries to stop this and dismiss every batter, the batting side scores runs by hitting the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then sprinting between the wickets.
• Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each.
• ​There are nine innings in the game, each with two halves.
• One team's players bat first and try to score runs in the top half of the inning, while the other team plays in the field and tries to prevent the offensive team from scoring.
• Handball is a team sport where players pass a ball using their hands with the aim of scoring goals in a net.
• Two 30-minute periods make up a typical game, and the team with the most goals wins.

The correct answer is Savita Punia.

Key Points

• Savita Punia led the Indian women's hockey team in the Asia Cup held in Muscat in January 2022.
• Savita Punia is a goalkeeper and has been a vital member of the Indian women's hockey team for many years.
• She has represented India in several international tournaments and has won several accolades for her performance.

Additional Information

• Navneet Kaur is a forward player and has also been a part of the Indian women's hockey team for many years.
• She has 100 international caps to her credit.
• Rani Rampal is a forward player and has been the captain of the Indian women's hockey team for several years.
• She was the youngest player on the national team that competed in the 2010 World Cup, having turned 15 years old.
• Susmita Patil is not a part of the Indian women's hockey team and has not represented India in any international tournament.

The correct answer is 7.

Key Points

• Tamil Nadu has been classified into 7 agro-climatic zones based on factors such as rainfall, temperature, and soil type.
• These zones are important for agricultural planning and management, as different crops and practices may be more suitable in different zones.
• It is worth noting that the classification of agro-climatic zones may change over time as the climate and other factors evolve.

Additional Information

• The Cauvery Delta, North Eastern, Western, North Western, High Altitude, Southern, and High Rainfall are the seven sub-agroclimatic zones.
• The majority of the state of Tamil Nadu is classified as having either black, red, laterite, or alluvial soil.
• Cyclonic damage is prone to occur frequently in the Northeast region.
• During the southwest monsoon, 400 mm of rain fall on the North Western zone.
• The Western zone experiences 45 rainy days with an average annual rainfall of 715 mm, of which 49% falls during the northeast monsoon season. ​
• In the Cauvery delta region, 984 mm of rain falls on average each year, with over half of that amount coming from northeast monsoon rains.
• A total of 43 rainy days yield an annual mean rainfall of 857 mm in the Southern zone, of which 400 mm come from Northeast monsoon rains.
• The High Rainfall Zone experiences 64 rainy days with an average annual rainfall of 1420 mm.
• The Nilgiris, Kodaikanal, Shevroy, Elagir Javadhi, Kollimalai, Pachamalai, Yercaud, Anamalais, Palani, and Podhigaimalai are all included in the hill and high altitude zone. ​

The correct answer is Rajendra Prasad.

Key Points

• Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India and served from 1950 to 1962.
• Sangeet Natak Academi is an autonomous organization established by the Indian government in 1952 to promote and preserve Indian music, dance, and theatre.

Additional Information

• Sarvpalli Radhakrishna was the second President of India who served from 1962 to 1967.
• He was a philosopher and a statesman.
• Mohammad Hidayatullah was the 11^th Chief Justice of India who served from 1968 to 1970.
• He was also the Acting President of India twice.
• Jakir Husain was the third President of India who served from 1967 to 1969.
• He was a scholar and educationist who had also served as the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University.

The correct answer is 1879.

Key Points

• Walther Flemming coined the term 'chromatin' in the year 1879.
• Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
• The discovery of chromatin was a significant breakthrough in the field of cell biology and helped in understanding the structure and function of chromosomes.

Additional Information

• Chromatin helps the chromosomes segregate properly during mitosis and meiosis;
• DNA coils into highly condensed chromatin to produce the distinctive chromosome shapes that are visible during this stage.
• Histones are the main protein components of chromatin.
• Two sets of four histone cores form an octamer that binds to DNA and serves as "anchors" for the strands to wind around.

The correct answer is Himachal Pradesh.

Key Points

• Makar Sankranti is a Hindu festival celebrated across India to mark the transition of the sun into the zodiac sign of Capricorn.
• It is also known as Maghi in Punjab, Uttarayan in Gujarat, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, and Bihu in Assam.
• In Himachal Pradesh, Makar Sankranti is celebrated by the name of Magha Saaji.
• It is a major festival for the people of the state, especially in the Kinnaur district, where it is celebrated for a week with great fervor.
• Magha Saaji is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu month of Magha, which usually falls in mid-January.
• People take a dip in the holy waters of the Sutlej river and offer prayers to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

Additional Information

• In Punjab, Makar Sankranti is celebrated as Maghi, which is also the day when Lohri is celebrated.
• People light bonfires, sing and dance around them, and offer traditional foods like gur and rewari.
• In Uttarakhand, it is celebrated as Ghughuti, while in Jharkhand, it is known as Tusu.
• Both these festivals involve singing, dancing, and offering prayers to the deities.

The correct answer is Neeraj Chopra.

Key Points

• Neeraj Chopra was the flag bearer of the Indian contingent at the opening ceremony of the Asian Games 2018.
• The Asian Games is a multi-sport event held every four years, featuring athletes from across Asia.
• The 2018 Asian Games were held in Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia, from August 18 to September 2.
• The Indian contingent at the 2018 Asian Games consisted of 570 athletes across 36 sports.

Additional Information

• Saina Nehwal is a badminton player who has won numerous medals at international events.
• She won a bronze at the 2012 London Olympics and a gold at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
• Bajrang Punia is a wrestler.
• He won gold at the 2018 Asian Games in the 65 kg freestyle category.
• PT Usha is a former track and field athlete.
• She represented India at the Olympics and Asian Games in the 1980s and 1990s.

The correct answer is Dehra Dun. 

Key Points

• Dehra Dun is the largest valley in the Himalayas and is located in the state of Uttarakhand.
• It is also known as the "Doon Valley" and is surrounded by the Shivalik Hills on three sides.
• The valley is known for its scenic beauty and is a popular tourist destination.
• Dehra Dun is also an important education and research hub and is home to several prestigious institutions.

Additional Information

• Harike Dun:
• It is a wetland in Punjab and is formed at the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej rivers.
• It is known for its rich biodiversity and is a popular bird-watching destination.
• Nalagarh Dun:
• ​It is a valley in Himachal Pradesh.
• It is known for its fruit orchards and scenic beauty.
• Kota Dun:
• It is a valley in Rajasthan and is known for its rich history and cultural heritage.
• It is home to several ancient temples and palaces.

The correct answer is Citizenship of a country alongwith that of a constituent State, where one resides/born.

Key Points

• In USA, a person is a citizen of the country as well as it's state also, this shows the federal feature of the USA.
• On the other hand in india there is only citizenship of India only no specific citizenship of state is required.

Additional Information

• A natural person's membership in a polity is known as citizenship.
• A person who possesses this status becomes a citizen of that polity, endowing them with duties and civil and political rights not available to non-citizens.

The correct answer is Wheat, rice.

Key Points

• The first phase of the Green Revolution was focused on increasing the yield of wheat and rice crops.
• Wheat and rice were chosen because they are staple food crops in many parts of the world.
• The regions where the Green Revolution was implemented include South Asia, Mexico, and parts of South America.
• The Green Revolution aimed to increase food production and reduce poverty by introducing high-yielding crop varieties, modern farming techniques, and irrigation systems.

Additional Information

• The Green Revolution was a period of agricultural innovation that began in the 1940s and continued through the 1960s and 1970s.
• The term "Green Revolution" was coined by William Gaud, a director at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in 1968.
• The Green Revolution had a significant impact on global food production and helped to alleviate hunger and poverty in many developing countries.
• In addition to wheat and rice, the Green Revolution also led to the development of high-yielding varieties of other crops, including maize, sorghum, and soybeans.

The correct answer is Paul Dirac - Liquid helium.

Key Points

• Paul Dirac's major contribution was the development of quantum electrodynamics, which explains the interaction between light and matter.
• He did not work on Liquid helium.
• John Bardeen, along with his colleagues, developed the theory of superconductivity, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice.
• Louis Victor de Broglie proposed the concept of wave-particle duality, which suggests that particles can exhibit wave-like behavior.
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 for his work on wave nature of matter.
• Victor Francis Hess discovered cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles that originate from outside the solar system.

Additional Information

• John Bardeen is also known for his work on the invention of the transistor, a device that revolutionized the field of electronics.
• Louis Victor de Broglie's work on wave-particle duality was a key contribution to the development of quantum mechanics.
• Victor Francis Hess's discovery of cosmic rays helped to advance our understanding of the universe and its origins.
• Paul Dirac was known for his contributions to the development of quantum mechanics and his prediction of the existence of antimatter.

The correct answer is PT Usha.

Key Points

• PT Usha was elected as the first woman President of Indian Olympic Association in December 2022.
• She is a former Indian track and field athlete.
• She represented India in multiple international events, including the Olympics.

Additional Information

• Rajlaxmi Singh Deo is a former Indian shooter who won several medals in international competitions, including the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games.
• She was also the first woman to be elected as the President of the Rowing Federation of India in 2018.
• Karnam Malleswari is a former Indian weightlifter who won a bronze medal at the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
• She was the first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal in weightlifting.
• Dola Banerjee is a former Indian archer who won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
• She was also a member of the Indian archery team that won a gold medal at the 2007 World Cup.

The correct answer is 606 CE to 647 CE.

Key Points

• Harshavardhana was a ruler of the Indian subcontinent who ruled from 606 CE to 647 CE.
• The period of Harshavardhana's reign is considered to be the golden age of ancient India, as it was marked by significant **cultural and intellectual achievements.**​

Additional Information

• An emperor of Pushyabhuti was Harshavardhana.
• He was the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, the king of Thanesar, modern-day Haryana, and the son of Prabhakaravardhana, who had driven out the Alchon Hun invaders.
• He ultimately chose Kannauj as his capital, and he ruled there until 647 CE.
• When Harsha attempted to extend his empire into the southern peninsula of India, he was routed by Emperor Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya dynasty in the Battle of Narmada.

The correct answer is Kuchipudi.

Key Points

• Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam was a legendary guru and choreographer in the Kuchipudi dance form.
• He founded the Kuchipudi Art Academy in Chennai in 1963, which became a premier institution for Kuchipudi training.
• Some of his notable disciples include Shobha Naidu, Yamini Krishnamurthy, and Vani Ganapathy.

Additional Information

• Kathakali is a highly stylized dance-drama form that originated in Kerala.
• It is known for its elaborate makeup, costumes, and facial expressions.
• Kathak is a North Indian classical dance form.
• It is known for its intricate footwork and storytelling through mime and gestures.
• Odissi is a classical dance form from Odisha.
• It is known for its fluid movements, expressions, and sculpturesque poses.

The correct answer is Odissi.

Key Points

• Kelucharan Mohapatra was a renowned dancer and choreographer who is known for his contribution to the Odissi dance form.
• He was born in 1926 in Raghurajpur, a small village in Odisha, India, and started his dance training at the age of 10 under the tutelage of Guru Pankaj Charan Das.
• Kelucharan Mohapatra is credited with reviving the Odissi dance form and bringing it to the national and international stage.
• He received several awards and accolades for his contribution to the field of dance, including the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan.

Additional Information

• Kathak is a classical dance form originating from northern India.
• ​It emphasizes footwork and rhythmic movements.
• Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form from southern India.
• It emphasizes graceful movements and facial expressions.
• Kathakali is a classical dance form from Kerala.
• It combines dance, music, and drama to tell stories from Hindu mythology.

The correct answer is Karnataka Samrajyamu.

Key Points

• The contemporaries of the Vijayanagara Empire referred to it as the "Karnataka Samrajyamu."
• This term accurately reflects the fact that the empire was located in the region of Karnataka in South India.
• The term "Vijayanagara Empire" was coined by historians in later years, and is now the more commonly used name for this historical period.

Additional Information

• Gajapati Samarajya refers to the Eastern Ganga dynasty that ruled over parts of present-day Odisha and Andhra Pradesh in the medieval period.
• Andhra Samarajyu refers to the Kakatiya dynasty that ruled over parts of present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the medieval period.
• Sthalapati Samrajya is not a known term in Indian history.

The correct answer is Article 137.

Key Points

• Article 137 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to review its own judgements or orders.
• This power is known as the power of 'judicial review'.
• The Supreme Court can exercise this power in cases where there has been an error apparent on the face of the record or where there has been a miscarriage of justice.
• This power is an important aspect of the separation of powers in the Indian Constitution, as it allows the judiciary to check and balance the actions of the executive and legislative branches of government.

Additional Information

• Article 138 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Article 135 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
• Article 136 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.

The correct answer is Lord Ripon.

Key Points

• Lord Ripon brought the resolution on local self-government in India in 1882.
• This resolution is also known as the Ripon Resolution or the Resolution on Local Self-Government.
• This resolution aimed to transfer some powers and responsibilities from the British government to the local bodies or municipalities.
• This resolution was a significant step towards decentralization and democratization of the Indian political system.

Additional Information

• Lord Mayo was the Viceroy of India from 1869 to 1872, before Lord Ripon.
• Lord Mayo established the Land-improvement Act and the Departments of Revenue, Agriculture, and Commerce on June 9, 1871.
• He made a strong case for Indians' need for a basic education.
• Lord Canning was the Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• ​After the Indian government was transferred from the British East India Company to the crown, Canning oversaw its reorganization.
• In 1859, he was granted an earldom.
• He reorganized his executive council by instituting departmental distribution of responsibilities through the Indian Councils Act of 1861.
• Lord Lytton was the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880, after Lord Northbrook.
• Because of the way he handled the Second Anglo-Afghan War and the Great Indian Famine of 1876–1878, he is widely considered as a merciless viceroy.

The correct answer is 1 October.

Key Points

• The International Day for Elder Persons is observed on October 1^st every year to raise awareness about the issues faced by older people and to celebrate their contributions to society.
• The year 2021 has already passed and the International Day for Elder Persons was celebrated on October 1^st, 2021.
• The International Day for Elder Persons was first observed in 1991, and its theme for 2021 was "Digital Equity for All Ages."

Additional Information

• 2 October is the date for the International Day of Non-Violence.
• It is observed on Mahatma Gandhi's birthday.
• In accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution A/RES/61/271, it was founded on June 15, 2007.

The correct answer is Iron.

Key Points

• Iron is a transition metal that exhibits variable valency, meaning it can have different valence states or oxidation numbers depending on the chemical compound it forms.
• The valency of iron can range from +2 to +6, with the most common ones being +2 and +3.
• Sodium, on the other hand, has a fixed valency of +1 in most of its compounds.
• Sulphur is a non-metal that can exhibit variable oxidation states, but it is not a transition metal.
• Magnesium has a fixed valency of +2 in its compounds, and it is not known to exhibit variable valency.

Additional Information

• Iron is a transition metal that is widely used in industry and technology due to its magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties.
• Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal that is essential for many biological processes and is commonly used in chemical synthesis and metallurgy.
• Sulphur is a non-metallic element that is abundant in nature and has diverse applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry.
• Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal that is important for human health and is used in various applications such as alloys, pyrotechnics, and construction materials.

The correct answer is 1915.

Key Points

• The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915 as a response to the growing influence of Muslim fundamentalism in India.
• The organization aimed to promote Hindu nationalism and protect the interests of the Hindu community.
• The Hindu Mahasabha played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was a vocal critic of the Indian National Congress.

Additional Information

• Hindu Mahasabha is a Hindu nationalist organization in India.
• Muslim fundamentalism refers to the strict adherence to the basic principles of Islam.

Given:

(A + B)³ = 1728

AB = 32

Formula used:

(A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB

(A - B)2 = A2 + B2 - 2AB

A3 - B3 = (A - B)3 + 3AB × (A - B)

Calculation:

(A + B)3 = 1728

⇒ (A + B)³ = (12)³

⇒ (A + B) = 12

Squaring both sides

⇒ (A + B)² = (12)²

⇒ A² + B² + 2AB = 144

⇒ A2 + B2 + 2 × 32 = 144

⇒ A2 + B2 = 144 - 64 = 80

Now,

(A - B)² = A2 + B2 - 2AB

⇒ (A - B)2 = 80 - 64 = 16

⇒ (A - B) = √16 = 4

A³ - B³ = (A - B)³ + 3AB × (A - B)

⇒ (4)³ + (3 × 32 × 4)

⇒ 64 + 384 = 448

∴ The correct answer is 448.

Alternate MethodCalculation:

(A + B)3 = 1728

⇒ (A + B)3 = (12)3

⇒ (A + B) = 12

and AB = 32

By hit and trial, we got 

A = 8; B = 4

So A3 - B3 = (8)³ - (4)³

⇒ 512 - 64 = 448

∴ The correct answer is 448.

Calculation:

$\frac{x^2-2 x-63}{x^2+14 x+49}$

⇒ {x² - 9x + 7x - 63}/{x2 + 7x + 7x + 49}

⇒ {x(x - 9) + 7 (x - 9)}/{x(x + 7) + 7(x + 7)}

⇒ {(x -9) × (x + 7)}/{(x + 7) × (x + 7)} 

⇒ $\frac{x-9}{x+7}$

∴ The correct option is 4.

Formula used:

1 - sin² θ = cos² θ  

1/sin θ = cosec θ 

cos θ/sin θ = cot θ  

Calculation:

$\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos θ}{1-\cos θ}}$

⇒ $\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos θ}{1-\cos θ}\times\frac{1+\cos θ}{1+\cos θ}}$

⇒ $\sqrt{\frac{(1+\cos θ)^2}{1^2-\cos^2 θ}}$

⇒ (1 + cosθ)/sinθ 

⇒ (1/sin θ) + (cos θ/sin θ)

⇒ cosec θ + cot θ

∴ The correct option is 3.

Calculation:

Total number of female employees = 136000

⇒ 100% = 136000

⇒ 1% = 1360

Female employees working in a company in district C = 30% = 1360 × 30 = 40800

Female employees working in a company in district D = 15% = 1360 × 15 = 20400

Total number of female employees in districts C and D = 40800 + 20400 = 61200

∴ The correct answer is 61200.

Given:

Difference between two discounts = Rs.220

Discount (D) = 40%

Two successive discounts

Discount (D₁) = 30%; Discount (D₂) = 30%

Formula used:

Equivalent discount (D) = D1 + D2 -  (D1 × D2)/100

Calculation:

Equivalent discount (D) = 30 + 30 -  (30 × 30)/100

⇒ 60 - 9 = 51%

Difference in discount = (51 - 40)% = 220

⇒ 11% = 220

⇒ 1% = Rs.20

Marked price (M.P) = 100% = 20 × 100 = Rs.2000

∴ The correct answer is Rs.2000.

Given:

y + (1/y) = 4

Formula used:

If y + (1/y) = P then,

y3 + (1/y3) = P3 - 3P

Calculation:

y + (1/y) = 4

⇒ y3 + (1/y3) = (4)3 - 3 × 4

⇒ y3 + (1/y3) = 64 - 12 = 52

Squaring both sides

⇒ {y3 + (1/y3)}2 = (52)2

⇒ y6 + (1/y6) + 2 = 2704

⇒ y6 + (1/y6) = (2704 - 2) = 2702

∴ The correct answer is 2702.

Given:

Efficiency of A : efficiency of B = 150 : 100 = 3 : 2

B complete the work = 20 days

Formula used:

Total work = efficiency × time

Calculation:

Efficiency of A : efficiency of B = 150 : 100 = 3 : 2

Total work = 20 × 2 = 40 units

Time taken to complete the work = 40/5 = 8 days

∴ The correct answer is 8 days.

Given:

Length of an arc = 12 cm

Radius of circle = 8 cm

Formula used:

Length of an arc = (2 × π × R × θ)/360

Area of sector = (π × R2 × θ)/360

Calculation:

Length of an arc = (2 × π × R × θ)/360

⇒ 12 × 360 = 2 × (22/7) × 8 × θ

⇒ θ = (12 × 360 × 7)/(22 × 16)

⇒ θ = (3 × 45 × 7)/11

⇒ θ = (945/11)° 

Area of sector = (π × R² × θ)/360

⇒ (22/7) × (8)² × (945/11) × (1/360)

⇒ 2 × 16 × 3 × (1/2) = 16 × 3

⇒ 48 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 48 cm2.

Shortcut Trick

Area of sector = l × r/2

⇒ 12 × 8/2

⇒ 12 × 4

⇒ 48 cm²

Given:

Cost price (C.P) is first decreased by 10%.

Cost price (C.P) is again increased by 20%

Final price = Rs.540

Calculation:

Let the C.P = 100x

Cost price after decrement = 100x × (100 -10)% = 90x

Cost price after increment = 90x × (100 + 20)% = 108x

According to the question:

⇒ 108x = 540

⇒ x = 540/108 = 5

⇒ 100x = 5 × 100 = Rs.500

∴ The correct answer is 500.

Alternate MethodCalculation:

Now, 

⇒ 54 units = Rs.540

⇒ 1 unit = 540/54 = Rs.10

⇒ Original C.P = 50 units = 50 × 10 = Rs.500

∴ The correct answer is Rs.500.

Given:

Height of cylinder (H) = 12 cm

Curved surface area of cylinder = 2640 cm²

Formula used:

Curved surface area = 2 × π × R × H

Volume of cylinder = π × R² × H

Where, R = radius; H = height

Calculation:

Curved surface area of cylinder = 2640 cm2

⇒ 2 × π × R × H = 2640

⇒ (22/7) × R × 12 = 1320

⇒ 12 × R = 60 × 7

⇒ R = 35 cm

The volume of cylinder = π × R2 × H

⇒ (22/7) × (35)² × 12

⇒ 22 × 5 × 35 × 12 = 46200 cm³

∴ The correct answer is 46200 cm3.

Concept used:

Calculation:

100 ÷ 10 - [- 2 + {-9 + (3 - 6 of 2)}]

⇒ 10 - [- 2 + {- 9 + (3 - 12)}]

⇒ 10 - [- 2 + {- 9 - 9}]

⇒ 10 - [- 2 - 18]

⇒ 10 + 20 = 30

∴ The correct answer is 30.

Given:

First number = 8

Second number = 32

Third number = 13

Formula used:

Fourth proportional = (second number × third number)/first number

Calculation:

Fourth proportional =  (second number × third number)/first number

⇒ (32 × 13)/8 = 52

∴ The correct answer is 52.

Given:

Principal = Rs.9000

Amount = Rs.10200

Time = 4 years

Formula used:

Simple interest (S.I) = (P × R × T)/100

Amount (A) = (S.I + P)

Where, P = principal; R = rate; T = time

Calculation:

Simple interest (S.I) = (A - P)

⇒ (10200 - 9000) = Rs.1200

Rate = (1200 × 100)/(9000 × 4)

⇒ (10/3) = 3$1\over3$ %

∴ The correct answer is 3$1\over3$ %.

Given:

Dividend = (x17 + 1)

Divisor = (x + 1)

Concept used:

(aⁿ + bⁿ) is divisible by (a + b), when n is odd.

Calculation:

(x17 + 1¹⁷) is divisible by (x + 1)

So remainder = 0

∴ The correct answer is 0.

Given:

Time taken to cover the upstream distance = 10 hours

Time taken to cover the downstream distance = 7 hours

Concept used:

If distance is constant then,

Speed ∝ (1/time)

Calculation:

Distance is constant, so

Time taken for upstream : time taken for downstream = 10 : 7

Speed for upstream : Speed for downstream = 7 : 10

Now,

Speed of boat : speed of stream = (10 + 7)/2 : (10 - 7)/2

⇒ 17 : 3

∴ The correct option is 4.

Given:

Price of first-quality rice = Rs.35/kg

Price of second-quality rice = Rs.38/kg

Price of the mixture = Rs.42/kg

Formula used:

Average Price of rice = sum of all prices of rice/quantity of rice

Calculation:

Let the price of third type of rice = A

the quantity of first type of rice = 2x

The quantity of second type of rice = x

The quantity of third type of rice = 2x

According to the question:

⇒ (35 × 2x) + (38 × x) + (A × 2x) = 42 × 5x

⇒ 70x + 38x + 2Ax = 210x

⇒ 2Ax = (210x - 108x)

⇒ 2A = 102

⇒ A = 102/2 = Rs.51/kg

∴ The correct answer is Rs.51/kg.

Given:

The radius of smaller circle = 3 cm

The radius of large circle = 6 cm

Formula used:

Direct common tangent = 2 × √(R × r)

Where, R = radius of large circle;

and r = radius of the small circle

Calculation:

Direct common tangent = 2 × √(R × r)

⇒ 2 × √(3 × 6)

⇒ 2 × 3 × √2 = 6√2 cm

∴ The correct answer is 6√2 cm.

Formula used:

Cos 60° = 1/2; tan 30° = 1/√3;

cos 45° = 1/√2; sin 60° = √3/2

Calculation:

5√3 cos 60° tan 30° - 3 cos 0° + 3 cos2 45° + 2 sin2 60°

⇒ 5√3 × (1/2) × (1/√3)  - 3 × 1 + 3 × (1/√2)²  + 2 × (√3/2)²

⇒ 5√3 × (1/2) × (1/√3)  - 3 + 3/2 + 3/2

⇒ 5/2 - 3 + 3/2 + 3/2

⇒ 2.5 - 3 + 3

⇒ 2.5

∴ The correct answer is 2.5.

Given:

Upstream speed = 15.2 km/h

Downstream speed = 20.8 km/h

Formula used:

Upstream speed = U - V

Downstream speed = U + V

Calculation:

Upstream speed = (U - V) = 15.2 km/h

Downstream speed = (U + V) = 20.8 km/h

Speed of stream (V) = (20.8 - 15.2)/2 = 5.6/2 = 2.8 km/h

∴ The correct answer is  2.8 km/h.

Given:

2 men can finish the work = 6 days

3 woman can finish the work = 4 days

Formula used:

Total work = efficiency × time

Calculation:

Let the efficiency of a man = M

and the efficiency of woman = W

According to the question:

⇒ 2M × 6 = 3W × 4

⇒ M/W = 1/1

Total work = 3W × 4 = 3 × 1 × 4 = 12 units 

Time taken to complete the work by 1 man and 2 woman = 12/(1 + 2)

⇒ 12/3 = 4 days

∴ The correct answer is 4 days.

Given:

Increment in income for the first month = 30%

Decrement in income for the second month = 30%

Formula used:

Effective percentage change in salary = Inc. - dec. - (inc × dec)/100

Where, Inc = increment%; dec = decrement%

Calculation:

Effective percentage change in salary = Inc. - dec. - (inc × dec)/100

⇒ 30 - 30 - (30 × 30)/100

⇒ 0 - 9 = - 9%

Note: (- Ve) sign denotes the decrement in salary

∴ The correct option is 4.

Given:

Cos² θ = 3/4

Formula used:

Cos 30° = Sin 60° = √3/2

Calculation:

Cos2 θ = 3/4

⇒ cos θ = √(3/4) = √3/2

⇒ cos θ  = cos 30° 

⇒ θ = 30° 

sin (θ + 30°) =  sin (30° + 30°)

⇒ sin 60° = √3/2

∴ The correct answer is √3/2.

Given:

A can complete the work = 14 days

(A + B) can complete the work = 7/2 days

Formula used:

Total work = efficiency × time

Calculation:

Now,

Efficiency of B = (4 - 1) = 3 units/day

Time taken to complete the work alone = 14/3 days.

∴ The correct answer is 14/3 days.

Given:

r = 15 (sin θ + cos θ)

s = 16 (sin θ - cos θ)

Formula used:

Sin² θ + cos² θ = 1

(A + B)² = A² + B² + 2 × A × B

(A - B)2 = A2 + B2 - 2 × A × B

Calculation:

⇒ r = 15 (sin θ + cos θ)

Squaring both sides

⇒ r² = {15 (sin θ + cos θ)}²

⇒ 225 × (sin² θ + cos² θ + 2sin θ cos θ)

⇒ r2 =  225 × (1 + 2sin θ cos θ)

s = 16 (sin θ - cos θ)

Squaring both sides

⇒ s2 = {16 (sin θ - cos θ)}2

⇒ 256 × (sin2 θ + cos2 θ - 2sin θ cos θ)

⇒ s2 =  256 × (1 - 2sin θ cos θ)

Now,

$\frac{r^2}{15^2}+\frac{s^2}{16^2}$ = 225 × (1 + 2sin θ cos θ)/225 +  256 × (1 - 2sin θ cos θ)/256

⇒ 1 + 2sin θ cos θ + 1 - 2sin θ cos θ

⇒ 2  

∴ The correct answer is 2.

Given:

Total population of the state B = 7200

Calculation:

Total population below the poverty line of state B = 7200 × 25% = 1800

Number of females below the poverty line in the state B = (1800 × 5)/8

⇒ 9000/8 = 1125

∴ The correct answer is 1125.

The correct answer is: "Is the lesson prepared by her?"

Key Points

• The sentence is in the interrogative form (question).
• The subject of the sentence is "she".
• The verb is "prepare".
• To change the sentence into passive voice, we need to make the object of the sentence (the lesson) the subject and add the auxiliary verb "be" and the past participle of the main verb (prepared).

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is: BDCA.

Key Points

• Sentence B ("Companies do play an important role in modern society.") – This is the introductory sentence. It sets the context by stating the significance of companies in society, creating a general idea about their importance before moving into specific details.
• Sentence D ("Some corporations have become so large that their activities and strategic decisions have a direct impact on government policy and citizens' lives.") – This sentence logically follows the introduction in Sentence B. It elaborates on the role of companies mentioned in B by explaining how some corporations influence government policies and citizens' lives due to their size and strategic decisions.
• Sentence C ("Because of their systematic relevance and their impact on policy-making, companies must use their influence in ways that benefit the public good.") – This sentence builds on the idea presented in D. It emphasizes the responsibility of companies to use their influence for the public good, given their substantial impact on policy-making and society.
• Sentence A ("And also, they contribute to the development of social and environmental solutions for the planet's future.") – This serves as a concluding thought, highlighting another positive aspect of companies. It reinforces the idea that companies not only influence policies but also contribute to social and environmental solutions.

Hence, option 4 (BDCA) is correct because it presents the ideas in a coherent manner: starting with the role of companies, moving into their influence, addressing their responsibilities, and finally concluding with their contributions.

The correct answer is: Option 2 i.e., by improvisation.

Key Points

• The idiom "by the ear" means doing something without a set plan, relying instead on improvisation or instinct. (बिना योजना के, अचानक, सुधार करते हुए)
• Example: The team decided to play the game by the ear, adapting their strategy as they went along.
• "By improvisation" refers to creating or performing something spontaneously or without preparation. (तुरंत, बिना पूर्व तैयारी के)
• Example: The speech was given by improvisation as the speaker had lost his notes.
• Hence, the idiom "by the ear" corresponds to "by improvisation."

Therefore, the correct answer is: by improvisation.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• By spreading rumors (अफवाह फैलाकर): Telling or distributing false information.
• Example: He tried to ruin her reputation by spreading rumors.
• While criticising (आलोचना करते हुए): Expressing disapproval or finding fault.
• Example: She ruined the mood by criticizing everyone's ideas.
• By asking (पूछकर): Obtaining information by making a request.
• Example: You can get the directions by asking a local.

The correct answer is: Melancholic

Key Points

 

• Jubilant means feeling or expressing great happiness and triumph. (अत्यधिक ख़ुशी और विजय महसूस करना या व्यक्त करना)
• Example: The team was jubilant after winning the championship.
• Marked option Melancholic means feeling or expressing sadness or depression. (दुःख या अवसाद को महसूस करना या व्यक्त करना)
• Example: Despite the festivities, her face remained melancholic, revealing a hidden sorrow.

Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Indifferent means having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned. (कोई विशेष रुचि या सहानुभूति न होना; उदासीन)
• Thoughtful means showing consideration for the needs of other people. (अन्य लोगों की ज़रूरतों के प्रति विचार दिखाना)
• Gay means happy and carefree. (खुश और लापरवाह)

The correct answer is: Decoding.

Key Points

• Decoding means changing secret and coded messages into a readable form. (गुप्त और कोडित संदेशों को पठनीय रूप में बदलना)
• It is a process opposite to encoding.
• Example: The spy had to decode the message to understand the enemy's plan.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Decoupling means separating or disconnecting something. (किसी चीज़ को अलग करना या अलग करना)
• Encoding means converting information into code to keep it secret. (जानकारी को गुप्त रखने के लिए उसे कोड में परिवर्तित करना)
• Encrypting means converting information into a secret code to protect it from unauthorized access. (जानकारी को अनधिकृत पहुंच से बचाने के लिए उसे गुप्त कोड में परिवर्तित करना)

The erroneous spelling is: Modal.

Key Points

• The correct spelling of the word in the sentence is 'model', not 'modal'.
• Model refers to a person who serves as an example or inspiration for others to follow. (एक व्यक्ति जो दूसरों के अनुसरण के लिए एक उदाहरण या प्रेरणा के रूप में कार्य करता है)
• Example: The teacher, with her unwavering dedication to education, became a model for all educators in the school.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.