Bihar Jeevika (Block Project Manager) : (24 Nov 2025, Morning Shift) MBT (Previous Year Paper)

The Correct Answer is Four.

In News

• Archery World Cup 2025 Auburndale: Dhiraj Bommadevara stars on final day as India finish with four medals.

Key Points

• India won 4 medals at Archery World Cup 2025 Stage 1 in Auburndale, USA:
• Gold – Rishabh Yadav & Jyothi Surekha Vennam in compound mixed team
• Silver – Dhiraj Bommadevara, Tarundeep Rai, Atanu Das in recurve men’s team
• Bronze – Rishabh Yadav, Abhishek Verma, Ojas Deotale in compound men’s team
• Bronze – Dhiraj Bommadevara in men’s individual recurve
• India placed 4th on the medal table.
• Mexico topped the medal tally with 6 medals (3 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze).
• The Archery World Cup has 4 stages held across countries.
• Top 8 archers per category qualify for the Archery World Cup Final.
• The next stage (Stage 2) will be held in Shanghai, China, from May 6 to 11.

The correct answer is Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Important Points

• The Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916.
• The Lucknow Pact of 1916 is signed between Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
• As a result of this agreement, The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian independence.
• The Lucknow Pact was seen as a beacon of hope to Hindu–Muslim unity.
• Some common demands presented by both parties to the British are:

1. The number of elected seats on the councils should be increased.
2. Minorities in the provinces should be protected.
3. All provinces should be granted autonomy.
4. Separating the executive from the judiciary.

The correct answer is Al-Masudi.

Key Points

• Al-Masudi a native of Baghdad, wrote Akhbār al-zamān ("The History of Time").
• Al Masudi an Arab explorer from Baghdad, gave an account of the reversal of ocean currents and the monsoon winds over the north Indian plain.
• Al-Masudi was an Arab historian, geographer, and traveler. He is sometimes referred to as the "Herodotus of the Arabs".

Additional Information

• Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad was designated a royal astrologer and accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni on his incursions into India (most likely in Punjab), where he lived for a few years. (Alberuni was 44 years old when he accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India).
• He was fascinated by Indian culture and studied Sanskrit, Indian philosophy, and the country's socio-economic situation.
• Abdul Razzaq was a Persian Traveller and Islamic scholar.
• He was also an ambassador of Shah Rukh, a ruler of the Timurid dynasty of Persia.
• He visited the Vijayanagara Kingdom in India at the time of Dev Rai II.
• Dev Rai II was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty.
• Ibn Battuta was a traveller from Morocco. 
• He came to India during the reign of Muhammad bin-Tughlaq (1333-1347).
• Muhammad bin-Tughlaq was impressed by his scholarship and appointed Ibn Battuta the qazi or judge of Delhi.

The correct answer is Kuwait.

Key Points

• Kuwait's Emir, Sheikh Meshal al-Ahmad al-Sabah, dissolved the National Assembly of Kuwait and suspended certain constitutional articles for no more than four years in May 2025.
• This move came after the April 4 snap elections and ahead of the first meeting of the new National Assembly, amidst political deadlock and disagreements over the participation of some elected lawmakers.
• The dissolution of the assembly is expected to allow for economic reforms, including external borrowing to support growth and diversification, but political deadlock may return once the reforms are implemented and the parliament is reinstated.
• The dissolution was seen as a way to resolve ongoing political deadlock, providing a window for legislative and economic reforms to take place.

Additional Information

• India – India has experienced political challenges and motions in the past, but there was no such recent motion leading to the dissolution of the Lok Sabha as described in the question.
• Pakistan – While Pakistan has had political turmoil, there have been no reports of a recent no-confidence motion leading to a dissolution similar to the situation in Kuwait.
• Bangladesh – Bangladesh has seen political instability, but there was no recent case of a no-confidence motion causing a dissolution of the parliament in the same context as Kuwait.

The Correct answer is AIIMS Mohali.

In News

• AIIMS Mohali Sets Asia Record for Largest Yoga Session by Healthcare Professionals on Yoga Day.

Key Points

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS Mohali) set a new Asia Book of Records title on International Day of Yoga (IDY) 2025.
• 3,003 healthcare professionals participated — including doctors, MBBS students, nurses, and paramedics.
• The record was for the largest yoga session by healthcare professionals.
• The previous record was held by PGI, Chandigarh, with 1,924 participants (last year).
• The celebration was observed enthusiastically across Punjab.
• The Border Security Force (BSF) celebrated IYD at the Attari Joint Check Post, involving border village residents of Amritsar.
• The theme was “Ek Prithvee, Ek Swaasthya Ke Liye Yog” (One Earth, One Health through Yoga).

The correct answer is  Indian National Congress.

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress decided not to participate in the First Round Table Conference. Many of the INC leaders were imprisoned due to their involvement in the civil disobedience movement.

The First Round Table Conference:​

• The First Round Table Conference was held on 12 November 1930 in London. It was the first conference arranged between the Britishers and the Indians as equals.
• It was boycotted by the Indian National Congress. Apart from the INC, the following participated:
• Muslim League : Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan, A.K. Fazlul.
• Hindu Mahasabha :S. Moonje and M.R. Jayakar
• Untouchable community: ​Dr. B R Ambedkar
• Dr. B R Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the ‘untouchables’ in 1st round table conference.​

Important Points

The Second Round Table Conference:​

• The second round table conference took place in the year 1931.
• It lasted from September 1931 to December 1931.
• It was the only round table conference that was attended by Mahatma Gandhi.
• He attended this conference after signing the Gandhi-Irwin pact
• The key topic that was discussed at this conference was a separate electorate.

The Third Round Table Conference:​

• The third and last session was conducted on November 17, 1932.
• Only forty-six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present.
• The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress rejected to attend.
• From September 1931 until March 1933, under the administration of the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare, the suggested reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India 1935.

The correct answer is Rakesh Roshan.

Key Points

• The IIFA 2025 Outstanding Achievement Award was presented to Rakesh Roshan, a renowned filmmaker and actor.
• Rakesh Roshan has made significant contributions to Indian cinema, both as a director and producer.
• This special honor was awarded to him at the silver jubilee edition of the IIFA Awards, which was held in Jaipur, Rajasthan, on March 8-9, 2025.
• His work in the Bollywood industry has left a lasting legacy, making him a highly respected figure in the entertainment industry.

Additional Information

• Laapataa Ladies won the maximum number of awards at the IIFA 2025, including Best Film and Best Direction.
• Kartik Aaryan won the Best Actor award for his role in "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3".
• Nitanshi Goel took home the Best Actress award for "Laapataa Ladies".
• The IIFA 2025 event was a grand celebration of Bollywood and its rich cultural contribution.

The Correct Answer is 43.

In News

• India concludes inaugural Asian U-15 & U-17 Boxing Championships with 43 medals.

Key Points

• India took part in the first-ever Asian U-15 & U-17 Boxing Championships held in Amman, Jordan.
• The country won a total of 43 medals:
• 🥇 15 Gold
• 🥈 6 Silver
• 🥉 22 Bronze
• India secured 2nd place overall, just behind Kazakhstan.
• The event marks a strong finish for India in youth boxing.

The Correct Answer is 6 April.

In News

• International Day of Sport for Development and Peace: 6 April.

Key Points

• The International Day of Sport for Development and Peace (IDSDP) is celebrated annually on 6 April.
• The day recognizes the power of sport in fostering positive change, bridging barriers, and transcending boundaries.
• 2025 Theme: Leveling the Playing Field: Sport for Social Inclusion.
• In the lead-up to the Second World Summit for Social Development in 2025, the IDSDP 2025 will focus on the theme of ‘Social Inclusion’, with emphasis on:
• Marginalized groups
• Age
• Gender
• Race
• 6 April was declared the International Day of Sport for Development and Peace by the UN General Assembly to raise awareness of the potential of sport in promoting social change.

The correct answer is Saurashtra.

Key Points

• The Junagadh rock, which contains inscription of the earlier emperors, Ashoka and Rudradaman, has an inscription engraved on the orders of Skandagupta's governor Parnadatta.
• The inscription states that Skandagupta appointed governors of all provinces, including Parnadatta as the governor of Saurashtra.
• Saurashtra is a peninsular region of Gujarat, located on the Arabian Sea coast.

Additional Information

• Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh is famous for distilling of scents and is known as India's perfume capital.
• Its traditional Kannauj Perfume is a government protected entity.
• It was important during the Gupta empire, and in the early 7th century it became the capital of Harsha's empire, which included much of northern India.
• Vidarbha in Maharashtra is an easternmost region of Indian state of Maharashtra comprising Nagpur Division and Amravati Division.
• It holds two-thirds of Maharashtra's mineral resources and three-quarters of its forest resources, and is a net producer of power.
• The Vidarbha Kingdom in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata is among the many kingdoms ruled by Yadu kings (Bhoja Yadavas).
• Magadha, ancient kingdom of India, situated in what is now west-central Bihar state, in northeastern India.
• It was well-known for its mighty army and excellent monarchs, such as Bimbisara and Ajatasattu, who built such a large realm.
• It was instrumental in the popularisation of both Buddhism and Jainism.

The correct answer is Beas.

• The headquarters of the Ganga called the ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand. At Haridwar, the Ganga emerges from the mountains onto the plains.

Key Points:

Tributaries of Ganga:

• The Ganga is joined by many tributaries from the Himalayas
• The tributaries can be categorized into left-hand and right-hand tributaries.
• A few of them being major rivers, such as the Yamuna, the Ghaghara, the Gandak, and the Kosi.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

• Beas: it is the tributary of the river Indus. The Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab, and the Jhelum join together to enter the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan. It is not associated with the river Ganga.

The Correct Answer is ​Easter Monday.

In News

• Pope Francis dies after prolonged illness.

Key Points

• Pope Francis has died at the age of 88.
• He passed away after a prolonged illness, with severe complications in recent weeks.
• He served as Pope for 12 years.
• Became Pope in 2013, the first Latin-American pontiff.
• Known for being a voice for the poor.
• Reshaped and modernized the Catholic Church.
• Died on Easter Monday.
• Was one of the oldest popes in the Church’s history.

The correct answer is India.

In News

• India assumed the chairmanship of the 12th BRICS Parliamentary Forum after the conclusion of the 11th forum held in Brasilia, Brazil.

Key Points

• India was entrusted with hosting the 12th BRICS Parliamentary Forum, taking on the chairmanship role for the next session.
• The Indian delegation, led by Shri Om Birla, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, played a key role in the forum's discussions and the final joint declaration.
• India's leadership in this forum emphasizes its commitment to fostering cooperation within the BRICS parliamentary framework.
• The chairmanship handover took place at the conclusion of the 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum held in Brasilia, Brazil, in June 2025.

Additional Information

• BRICS Parliamentary Forum
• A significant platform where parliamentarians from BRICS member nations discuss global issues and foster cooperation across member countries.
• India’s leadership in the 12th session will continue to shape discussions on key topics such as peace, security, economic growth, and technological collaboration.
• BRICS:
• BRICS is a bloc of major emerging economies—originally Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—now expanded to 11 member countries.
• The group plays a significant role in global economic, political, and environmental governance, representing 47% of the world’s population and 36% of global GDP (PPP).

The correct answer is Megasthenes.

Key Points 

• Megasthenes describes the ‘philosophoi’ (sophists and philosophers) as being held in very high esteem in India.
• Strabo divided them further into two groups, the brachmanes (Brahmanas) and garmanes (shramanas).
• Megasthenes however seems to think that there was no concept of slavery in India and praised Indian Society. Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.
• On the other hand, we know from other sources of situations that led to enslavement – a person could be a slave either by birth, by voluntarily selling themselves, by being captured in war, or as a result of judicial punishment.
• We also know of a tax termed vishti that was paid in labour to the State.
• Kautilya also described different kinds of slaves.
• Labour was provided by the dasa-karma karas – slaves and hired labour.
• According to Arthashastra the various categories of labour included wage labour, bonded labour, and slave labour.

Additional Information

• Megasthenes was originally a representative of Seleucus Nikator at the court of Sibyrtios, the governor of Arachosia (present-day Kandahar region in Afghanistan).
• After the treaty between Chandragupta and Seleucus was settled, Megasthenes was sent as Seleucus’ envoy to Chandragupta’s court.
• Based on his travels and experiences in India, he wrote a book called the Indica.
• This work is lost. What survives of it is in the form of ‘quotations’ from later writers (Diodorus, Strabo, Arrian and Pliny) concerned with the Hellenistic world.
• Megasthenes’ Indica described the country, whatever little he saw of it, its size and shape, rivers, soil, climate, plants, animals, agricultural produce, administration, society, and folktales.
• The animals in the subcontinent particularly captivated the Greek writers and their audiences, and they describe in detail the exotic animals such as elephants, and monkeys and activities such as horse training and elephant training.
• They also noted the similarities with their own lands, especially in terms of legends and mythologies.

The correct answer is Kunwar Singh.

Key Points

• Kunwar Singh was the leader of the revolt of 1857 in Jagdishpur (Bihar).
• ​Veer Kunwar Singh belonged to the Ujjainiya clan of the Parmar Rajputs of Jagdispur (Bhojpur district) Bihar.
• In the 1857 rebellion, Kunwar Singh was assisted by both his commander-in-chief, Hare Krishna Singh, and his brother, Babu Amar Singh.
• He was an expert in guerilla warfare techniques and passed away while bravely fighting against the British forces on 26th April 1858.

Additional Information 

The Correct Answer is Muhammad Waseem and Chloe Tryon.

In News

• Waseem and Tryon named ICC Players of the Month for May 2025.

Key Points

• ICC Players of the Month – May 2025 announced.
• Men’s Winner: Muhammad Waseem (UAE batter)
• Second time winning the award.
• Recognised for strong ODI and T20I performances.
• Women’s Winner: Chloe Tryon (South Africa all-rounder)
• First time winning.
• Honoured for all-round performance in the Sri Lanka ODI Tri-Series.

The Correct Answer is Karnataka.

In News

• Karnataka has embarked upon a village-level survey for documentation of antiquities, an initiative to be the first-of-its-kind in the country.

Key Points

• Karnataka will be the first Indian state to complete a village-level antiquities survey.
• The survey includes geo-tagging of inscriptions, sculptures, and monuments.
• Announced by the Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage on World Heritage Day.
• The survey is a foundational step in protecting archaeological heritage.
• The model aims to inspire other states in India.
• Karnataka will have a detailed inventory of antiquities via geo-tagging.
• 800+ monuments are protected by the State Government.
• 600+ monuments are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• A proposal exists to protect 110 more monuments.
• Karnataka has followed a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model since 2001.
• Partner: Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Dharmothana Trust.
• Conservation funding breakdown:
• 40% – Trust
• 40% – Department
• 20% – Local community
• 200+ monuments and temples have been conserved under this initiative.

Given data: Principal = Rs. 4,900, Compound Interest = Rs. 725, Time = 2 years

Concept: Compound Interest is calculated using the formula: A = P(1 + r/100)^t.

Solution:

Amount after 2 years = Principal + Interest = Rs. 4900 + Rs. 725 = Rs. 5625

Rate = [(5625/4900)^(1/2) - 1] × 100 = (7{{1} \over 7})%

Therefore, the rate of interest per annum is(7{{1} \over 7})%.

Shortcut Trick

Net interest rate gain per year = 7% − 5% = 2%

Total gain percentage over 3 years = 2% × 3 = 6%

Gain amount = 6% of Principal (₹75,000)

⇒ Gain = 75,000 × (6 ÷ 100) = ₹4,500

∴ The correct answer is ₹4,500.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹75,000

Time (T) = 3 years

Rate of borrowing (R₁) = 5% per annum

Rate of lending (R₂) = 7% per annum

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = (P × R × T) ÷ 100

Gain = SI Received − SI Paid

Calculations:

⇒ Interest paid = (75,000 × 5 × 3) ÷ 100

⇒ Interest paid = 750 × 15 = ₹11,250

⇒ Interest received = (75,000 × 7 × 3) ÷ 100

⇒ Interest received = 750 × 21 = ₹15,750

⇒ Total gain = 15,750 − 11,250 = ₹4,500

∴ The correct answer is ₹4,500.

Additional Information

Simple Interest (SI)

Interest is calculated only on the principal amount throughout the tenure. Formula: SI = (P × R × T) ÷ 100.

Compound Interest (CI)

Interest is calculated on the principal plus any previously accumulated interest. Amount = P × (1 + R/100)^T.

Difference Between CI and SI

For 2 years, Difference = P × (R/100)². For 3 years, Difference = P × (R/100)² × (3 + R/100).

Given:

P = Rs. 64000

r = 5% per annum = 5/100 = 0.05 (in decimal)

n = 1 (as the interest is compounded annually)

t = 2 years

Calculation:

A = 64000(1 + 0.05/1)²

= 64000(1.05)²

= 64000 × 1.1025

= Rs. 70560

So, the total amount after 2 years would be Rs. 70560.

Interest = A - P

= 70560 - 64000

= Rs. 6560

Therefore, the compound interest accrued on a sum of Rs. 64000 at the rate of 5% per annum in 2 years, compounded annually, will be Rs. 6560.

Shortcut Trick

Total effective Cost Price (CP) = 1500 + 100 = Rs. 1,600.

To gain 25% Profit, the Selling Price (SP) is 125% of the CP.

SP = 1,600 × (125/100) = 1,600 × (5/4).

SP = 400 × 5 = Rs. 2,000.

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 2,000.

Alternate Method

Given:

Purchase price of the machine = Rs. 1,500

Repairing charge paid = Rs. 100

Desired Profit percentage = 25%

Formula used:

Total CP = Purchase Price + Overhead Expenses

Selling Price (SP) = CP × [1 + (Profit% / 100)]

Calculations:

⇒ Total Cost Price = 1,500 + 100 = Rs. 1,600

⇒ Profit amount = 25% of 1,600

⇒ Profit amount = (25 / 100) × 1,600 = 400

⇒ Selling Price = Total Cost Price + Profit

⇒ Selling Price = 1,600 + 400 = Rs. 2,000

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 2,000.

Additional Information

Overhead Expenses

Expenses like repairs, freight, or transportation are always added to the purchase price to calculate the effective Cost Price.

Profit and Loss Percentage

Profit % = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100 | Loss % = (Loss ÷ CP) × 100. Both are always calculated on the Cost Price unless stated otherwise.

Fraction Conversion

To simplify calculations, use fraction equivalents: 25% = 1/4, 20% = 1/5, 50% = 1/2.

Shortcut Trick

The ratio of the selling prices is directly proportional to (100 + Profit%):

₹2,700 → (100 + 8) = 108%

₹1 → 108 ÷ 2700 %

₹3,000 → (108 ÷ 2700) × 3000 = 120%

New Profit % = 120% − 100% = 20%

∴ The correct answer is 20%.

Alternate Method

Given:

First Selling Price (SP₁) = ₹2,700

First Profit (P₁) = 8%

Second Selling Price (SP₂) = ₹3,000

Formula Used:

Cost Price (CP) = [Selling Price × 100] ÷ [100 + Profit %]

Profit % = [(SP − CP) ÷ CP] × 100

Calculations:

⇒ CP = (2700 × 100) ÷ (100 + 8)

⇒ CP = 270000 ÷ 108

⇒ CP = ₹2,500

⇒ New Profit = SP₂ − CP = 3000 − 2500

⇒ New Profit = ₹500

⇒ New Profit % = (500 ÷ 2500) × 100

⇒ New Profit % = (1 ÷ 5) × 100 = 20%

∴ The correct answer is 20%.

Additional Information

Relationship between SP and CP

When there is a profit, SP = CP + Profit. When there is a loss, SP = CP − Loss. Both profit and loss percentages are calculated on the Cost Price.

Direct Proportion Method

If CP remains constant, the ratio of selling prices is equal to the ratio of their respective percentage values: SP₁ / (100 ± P/L₁) = SP₂ / (100 ± P/L₂).

Marked Price and Discount

Selling Price can also be calculated using Marked Price (MP) and Discount%: SP = MP × (100 − Discount%) ÷ 100.

Given:

There were two candidates in an election, 10% of voters did not vote and 48 votes were found invalid. The winning candidate got 53% of the total votes and won by 304 votes.

Concept used:

Percentage

Calculation:

Let the total number of voters be 100x

10% of voters did not vote 

Number of voters who vote = 100x - 10x = 90x

48 votes were found invalid

Valid votes = 90x - 48

Votes gained by the winning candidate = (\frac{{53}}{{100}} \times 100x = 53x)

Votes gained by the loosing candidate = 90x - 48 - 53x

⇒ 37x - 48

As per the question,

⇒ 53x - (37x - 48) = 304

⇒ 16x = 304 - 48

⇒ 16x = 256

⇒ x = 16

∴ Total number of voters = 100x = 1600

Alternate Method 

Let total number of votes be 100 units,

10% voters did not cast their vote

⇒ Votes polled = 90 units

The winning candidate got 53% of all the voters in the list and won by 304 votes,

⇒ Winning candidate got = 53 units votes

⇒ Other candidate got = 37 units votes

⇒ Difference in votes = 53 units votes - 37 units votes = 304 - 48 = 256 votes

⇒ 16 units = 256

∴ 100 units votes = 256/16 × 100 = 1600 votes

∴ Total number of voters = 1600.

Given,

The bus goes from Noida to Kanpur with a speed of = 40 km/hr

The bus comes from Kanpur to Noida with a speed of = 60 km/hr

Formula:

Average speed = Total Distance/total time

Calculation:

Let the total distance between Noida to Kanpur be LCM(40, 60) = 120 km

Time is taken by bus from Noida to Kanpur with the speed of 40 km/hr

120/40 = 3 hrs

Time taken by bus from Kanpur to Noida with the speed of 60 km/hr

120/60 = 2 hrs

Total time = 2 + 3 = 5 hrs

Total distance = 120 + 120 = 240 km

Average speed = 240/5 = 48 km/hr

∴ The average speed is 48 km/h

Average speed = 2xy/(x + y)

Average speed = (2 × 40 × 60)/(40 + 60) = 48 km/hr

Average speed = 240/5 = 48 km/hr

∴ The average speed is 48 km/h

Shortcut Trick

Convert Speed to m/s: 63 × 5/18 = 17.5 m/s.

Total Distance (Train + Platform) = Speed × Time = 17.5 × 20 = 350 m.

Platform Length = Total Distance − Train Length = 350 − 100 = 250 m.

∴ The correct answer is 250 m.

Alternate Method

Given:

• Speed of the train = 63 km/hr

• Time taken to cross the platform = 20 s

• Length of the train (L_t) = 100 m

Formula:

Total Distance = Length of Train + Length of Platform = Speed × Time

Calculations:

⇒ Speed in m/s = 63 × (5/18) m/s

⇒ Speed = 7 × (5/2) = 17.5 m/s

⇒ Let Platform Length be L_p

⇒ Total Distance = L_t + L_p = 100 + L_p

⇒ 100 + L_p = 17.5 × 20

⇒ 100 + L_p = 350

⇒ L_p = 350 − 100

⇒ L_p = 250 m

The calculated length of the platform is 250 m, which corresponds to Option (3).

∴ The correct answer is 250 m.

Additional Information

Unit Conversion

To convert speed from km/hr to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/hr, multiply by 18/5.

Crossing Stationary Objects

When a train crosses a platform, bridge, or tunnel, the total distance covered is (Length of train + Length of the object).

Relative Speed

If two objects move in the opposite direction, relative speed = S₁ + S₂. In the same direction, relative speed = |S₁ − S₂|.

Given:

The average age of 16 boys is 14.

A new is included, then the average becomes 15

Concept:

Average age = Total age / Number of people 

Calculation:

Total age of the 16 boys = 16 × 14

⇒ 224 years.

After the addition of the new boy,

The total of (16 + 1) age will be,

⇒ 17 × 15 = 255 years.

So, the age of the new boy is (255 - 224) = 31 years.

The age of the new boy is 31 years.

Alternate Method 

Given:

The average age of 16 boys is 14.

A new is included, then the average becomes 15

Calculation: 

The total increase in the sum of the ages = 16 × 1

⇒ 16 years.

So, the age of the new boy is (16 + 15) = 31 years

The age of the new boy is 31 years.

From the graph:

CO₂ concentration in the year 1995 = 360

CO₂ concentration in the year 2015 = 400

Hence,

Percentage change = [(400 – 360)/360] × 100

⇒ 40/360 × 100

⇒ 1/9 × 100 = 11.11%

∴ The percentage change in CO2 concentration is 11.11%.

Calculation:

From the line chart,

Ratio of imports to exports in year Y5 = 0.95

⇒ Imports/Exports = 0.95

⇒ 76000/Exports = 0.95 = 95/100 = 19/20

⇒ Exports = 76000 × 20/19

∴ Exports = Rs. 80000 crore

Calculation:

⇒ total sales from the shops A for both the years = (65 + 90) = 155

⇒ total sales from the shops B for both the years = (100 + 75) = 175 

⇒ total sales from the shops C for both the years = (65 + 85) = 150  

∴ total sales from the shops A, B and C together for both the years = (155 + 175 + 150) = 480

Given: MNTK : HIOF :: RUNA : ?

The logic follows here is:

Similarly, 

Hence, MPIV is the correct answer.

The logic is:

Number of images in first figure is 4 and number of images in second figure is 5. Apart from this, the number of half shaded images in both the figures are same.

Similarly,

Number of images in first figure is 5, so number of images in second figure must be 6, as shown in option 1 and option 4.

Also, number of half shaded images in first figure is two and the number of half shaded images in option 4 figure is two. So, it is clear that option 4 figure will complete the analogy.

Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

1. CURATION - the letter R is not present in ACCUSATION, so it can’t be formed.

2. SENSATION - the letter E is not present in ACCUSATION, so it can’t be formed.

3. CAUTION - it can be formed.

4. NEGATION - the letter G is not present in ACCUSATION, so it can’t be formed.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, '1205' is the correct answer.

The logic is:

The letters are replaced by the place value of their reverse letter and then the numbers are added together to obtain the code.

Similarly,

Hence, ‘54’ is the correct answer.

Option1: 

Option2: 

Option3: 

Option4: 

Thus, clearly SJL is different of all the given options.

The pattern followed here is,

Option 1 → 5² + 4² + 8² = 105

Option 2 → 1² + 1² + 3² = 11 ≠ 15

Option 3 → 1² + 6² + 6² = 73

Option 4 → 3² + 1² + 6² = 46

All option follows the same pattern, except ‘113 - 15’

Hence, "113 - 15" is the correct answer.

As, DEXTER → D = 4, E = 5, X = 24, T = 20, E = 5, R = 18 → 4 + 5 + 24 + 20 + 5 + 18 = 76 → 76/4 = 19

SALT → S = 19, A = 1, L = 12, T = 20 → 19 + 1 + 12 + 20 = 52 → 52/4 = 13

Similarly,

PAIN → P = 16, A = 1, I = 9, N = 14 → 16 + 1 + 9 + 14 = 40 → 40/4 = 10

Hence, ‘10’ is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

Similarly,

Hence, 'FUOJUTFS' is the correct answer.

The given string of letters: XUIHQLETBWMRKSAGC

On arranging the letters in alphabetical order, we get:

The first, fourth, sixth, ninth, and sixteenth letters from the left are A, E, H, L, and W.

Using these five letters, only one word can be formed i.e. WHALE.

Hence, "WHALE" is the correct option.

Given: Seven people, A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting in a straight row, facing north.

1. B sits fourth to the right of A.

2. Only four people sit between G and A.

3) G is sitting immediately between B and F.

4) Only two people sit between D and G.

5. F is sitting fifth to the right of C.

Here, D is sitting at the third position from the left end of the row.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The correct answer is Records, fields

• Each row in a database table represents one instance of the type of object described in that table. A row is also called a record.
• The columns in a table are the set of facts that we keep track of about that type of object. A column is also called a field.

Styles are arguably the most important feature in Microsoft Word. Because everything that you do in Word has a style attached. The definition of a style is two-fold. First, you can think of a style as a set of pre-defined formatting instructions that you can use repeatedly throughout the document. Let's say each heading in a document must be centered, uppercase, bold, and a slightly larger font size. Each time you need to apply formatting to the heading, you have to go through the entire process to get the text the way you want it. If you store the formatting commands in a style, you can apply that style any time you need it without having to do all of the reformatting.

The correct answer is A, B, C.

Key Points

• In MS-Excel 2010, columns are identified by alphabetical letters, starting from "A" and continuing through the alphabet.
• Once the alphabet ends at "Z," it continues with double letters like "AA," "AB," and so on.
• This labeling system allows for a large number of columns, making Excel suitable for handling extensive datasets.

In word, replace option is available on edit menu which is available in Home tab. The shortcut for replace option is CTRL+H

The period of first generation computers was from 1946-1959. Computers used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system and machine codes were used as the programming language.

The correct answer is Programmable Read-Only Memory.

Key Points

• PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• A programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse or anti-fuse.
• It is one type of read-only memory (ROM).
• The data in them are permanent and cannot be changed.
• PROMs are used in digital electronic devices to store permanent data, usually low-level programs such as firmware or microcode.

Additional Information

Some important abbreviations used in Computer:

• BIOS - Basic Input Output System
• CAD - Computer-Aided Design
• EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator
• EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
• FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslation
• GPRS - General Packet Radio Service

The correct answer is Binary

• Computers have switches to represent data and switches have only two states: ON and OFF. Binary has two digits to do the counting: 0 and 1 (0 = OFF, 1 = ON).

The Correct answer is Starts the slide show from the beginning.

Key Points

• Pressing F5 in MS PowerPoint 2019 starts the Slide Show from the very first slide.
• The Slide Show feature is used to present a sequence of slides to an audience in a full-screen mode.
• This shortcut is widely used during presentations to instantly begin the slideshow without navigating through menus.
• The feature is especially helpful for teachers, corporate professionals, and students to deliver organized and visually appealing content.
• When the F5 key is pressed, PowerPoint transitions into presentation mode, displaying slides as designed.
• The function ensures that the presentation starts from slide one, making it ideal for formal and structured demonstrations.
• This shortcut is part of the keyboard shortcuts available in Microsoft Office applications to enhance user productivity.

Additional Information

• Opens the 'Print' dialog box
• This action is performed by pressing Ctrl + P in MS PowerPoint.
• The Print dialog box allows users to configure printing options such as number of copies, printer selection, and layout settings.
• Inserts a new slide
• To insert a new slide, the shortcut key is Ctrl + M.
• This function is used to add slides during the editing phase of a presentation.
• Saves the presentation
• Pressing Ctrl + S saves the presentation in PowerPoint.
• Saving ensures that no data is lost and allows users to keep their work updated.

All of the above are basic operations of a computer

A computer Virus is a computer program, that can replicate itself

Important Points

• A computer virus is designed to spread from host to host and has the ability to replicate itself.
• A computer virus is a type of malicious code or program written to alter the way a computer operates and is designed to spread from one computer to another.
• A virus operates by inserting or attaching itself to a legitimate program or document that supports macros in order to execute its code.
• In the process, a virus has the potential to cause unexpected or damaging effects, such as harming the system software by corrupting or destroying data.

Additional Information

• A computer virus attack can produce a variety of symptoms. Here are some of them:
• Frequent pop-up windows: Pop-ups might encourage you to visit unusual sites. Or they might prod you to download antivirus or other software programs.
• Changes to your homepage: Your usual homepage may change to another website, for instance. Plus, you may be unable to reset it.
• Mass emails being sent from your email account: A criminal may take control of your account or send emails in your name from another infected computer.
• Worm is similar to a virus by design and is considered to be a sub-class of a virus. Worms spread from computer to computer, but unlike a virus, it has the capability to travel without any human action.

Key Points

• Use a trusted antivirus product, such as Norton AntiVirus Basic, and keep it updated with the latest virus definitions.
• Avoid clicking on any pop-up advertisements.
• Always scan your email attachments before opening them.
• Always scan the files that you download using file-sharing programs.

• Interspecific hybridization, also called as Intra - generic hybridization produces hybrids by intercrossing two species from the same genus.
• Hinny is an inter - specific hybrid produced by crossing a male horse × female donkey both belonging to the same genus Equus. It has a body of a donkey and extremities of a horse.
• Other examples of inter - specific hybrids are a mule (male horse × female donkey both from Equus genus), liger (male lion × female tiger both from Panther genus).

The correct answer is Goat.

Key Points

• Pashmina is wool obtained from goats that are used in winter clothes.
• Shawls are made from fine-quality goat wool.
• Pashmina wool, the wool used in an authentic Kashmiri pashmina comes from the Changthangi breed of the goat.

Important Points Important Goat Breeds and their purpose

• Meat and skin - Black Bengal, Kanni adu
• Meats, skin, and milk - Barbari, Malabari (Tellicherry), Sirohi, Surti
• Meat hair and skin - Gaddi, Kutchi, Marwari
• Milk meat and skin - Beetal, Jamunabari

The correct answer is Heifer

Key Points

• Calf: Young one of the cow from birth to 6 months of age.
• Heifer: Female calf from the age of puberty to calving is known as Heifer.
• Culling: Culling is a process in which the unwanted, unproductive, or uneconomical animals are removed from the herd or farm.
• Freemartin: Infertile female cattle with masculinized behavior and non-functioning ovaries.
• Wether: Buck or buckling that has been castrated

Important Points 

The correct answer is PM-WANI.

Key Points

• PM-WANI (Prime Minister's Wi-Fi Access Network Interface):
• PM-WANI is a government initiative launched to enhance Wi-Fi access across the country, especially in public areas.
• It aims to provide affordable internet connectivity to citizens, promoting digital inclusion and bridging the digital divide.
• Under this scheme, Public Data Offices (PDOs) will be set up to provide Wi-Fi services without the need for licenses or fees, thereby reducing bureaucratic hurdles.
• This initiative is expected to boost the economy by encouraging digital transactions, online education, e-commerce, and other internet-based activities.
• Hence, the correct answer is PM-WANI.

Additional Information

• Objective of PM-WANI:
• To democratize internet access by providing high-speed broadband connectivity to every citizen.
• Promoting Digital India goals by enabling affordable and accessible Wi-Fi services.
• Features of PM-WANI:
• It includes setting up PDOs, PDO aggregators, app providers, and central registries to ensure seamless implementation.
• Users can access Wi-Fi services through a mobile application that connects them to nearby PDOs.
• Applications:
• Boosting e-governance services and improving the delivery of public services.
• Encouraging digital literacy and online education, especially in rural and remote areas.
• Facilitating e-commerce and expanding markets for small businesses.
• Impact:
• PM-WANI will enhance internet penetration in India, addressing gaps in connectivity.
• It is expected to generate new job opportunities, especially for PDO operators.
• Comparative Analysis with Other Schemes:
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: Focuses on financial inclusion through bank accounts, not related to internet connectivity.
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: A cleanliness drive aimed at sanitation and hygiene, not linked to Wi-Fi access.
• Make in India: Promotes manufacturing and industrial growth, unrelated to internet access.

Important Points

• Launch Date: PM-WANI was announced on December 9, 2020, by the Government of India.
• Implementation Agency: The scheme is implemented by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
• Global Comparison: Similar initiatives in other countries include free public Wi-Fi networks in cities like New York and London.
• Challenges:
• Ensuring security and privacy in public Wi-Fi networks.
• Addressing technical infrastructure issues in rural areas.

The correct answer is 10-12%.

Key Points

• Dry feeds typically have a moisture content of 10-12%.
• These feeds are made from dry ingredients or mixtures of dry and moist ingredients.
• The low moisture content helps in preserving the feed and preventing spoilage.
• Dry feeds are commonly used for their convenience, longer shelf life, and ease of storage.

Important Points

• Dry feeds can include mashes/meals and pellets, which are formulated to meet the nutritional needs of animals.
• The low moisture content in dry feeds contributes to their stability and reduces the risk of mold and microbial growth.

Additional Information

• 45-70%: Moisture content typical of wet feeds made from ingredients like trash fish and slaughterhouse wastes.
• 18-40%: Moisture content range for moist feeds, which are mixtures of wet and dry raw materials.
• 20-30%: Not a standard moisture content range for common animal feeds.
• 50-60%: Moisture content too high for dry feeds, more typical of highly moist or wet feeds.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

Correct chronological order: 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

• JNNURM – 2005
• National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy – 2007
• AMRUT – 2015
• Jal Jeevan Mission – 2019

The correct answer is Hisar.

Key Points

• Government Livestock Farm, Hisar, Asia's largest husbandry farm located in India, is located at Hisar of Haryana state.
• It was established in 1809.
• Major James Lumsdaine was the founder of Government Livestock Farm.
• In 2015, the Government of Haryana signed an MoU with Israel to set up the Indo-Israeli Centre of Excellence for Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Hisar at Government Livestock Farm, Hisar.
• Hisar
• The city of Hisar was founded by a Muslim ruler, Firozshah Tughlaq in 1354 A.D.
• The city we know today as Hisar was originally called Hisar Firoza or the 'Fort of Firoz'.
• Hisar is well known for its steel industry and is therefore also known as 'The City of Steel'.

Additional Information

• Haryana
• Chief Minister: Manohar Lal Khattar (as of August 2021)
• Governor: Bandaru Dattatreya (as of August 2021)
• National Park: Kalesar National Park, Sultanpur National Park
• Divisions: Ambala, Faridabad, Gurugram, Hisar, Rohtak, Karnal.
• State Animal: Black Buck
• State Bird: Black Francolin
• State Tree: Peepal
• State Flower: Lotus

The correct answer is Voluntary Vehicle Fleet Modernisation Programme.

Key Points

• The Voluntary Vehicle Fleet Modernisation Programme (V-VMP), also known as the Vehicle Scrappage Policy, was introduced by the Government of India in 2021.
• The policy aims to phase out unfit, old, and polluting vehicles to reduce environmental pollution and improve road safety.
• It mandates fitness tests for commercial vehicles older than 15 years and private vehicles older than 20 years.
• Unfit vehicles that fail the fitness test or are not re-registered will be scrapped, promoting the recycling of automotive materials.
• The initiative is expected to boost demand in the automotive industry by encouraging the purchase of new, fuel-efficient, and cleaner vehicles.

Additional Information

• Fitness Tests:
• Mandatory automated fitness tests are conducted at Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facilities (RVSFs).
• These tests ensure vehicles meet minimum environmental and safety standards.
• Benefits of the Policy:
• Reduction in air pollution caused by older, high-emission vehicles.
• Promotion of recycling industries, creating economic and environmental benefits.
• Fuel savings through the use of modern, fuel-efficient vehicles.
• Incentives for Vehicle Owners:
• Owners of scrapped vehicles are offered incentives like tax concessions and discounts on the purchase of new vehicles.
• Scrappage certificates issued to vehicle owners can be redeemed for benefits while buying new vehicles.
• Impact on the Automotive Industry:
• The policy is expected to increase demand for new vehicles, leading to growth in the automotive sector.
• It supports the Make in India initiative by encouraging domestic manufacturing.

The correct answer is Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, is part of the reforms aimed at modernizing the criminal justice delivery system in India.
• The Sanhita promotes e-filing of cases and virtual trials to facilitate faster and more efficient legal proceedings.
• Virtual trials aim to reduce logistical challenges and expedite the resolution of pending cases in the courts.
• Technological integration under BNSS is designed to enhance accessibility to justice, especially for remote and marginalized communities.
• The focus is on leveraging technology to address case backlogs and improve overall transparency in the justice system.

Additional Information

• E-filing: Refers to the electronic submission of legal documents, enabling litigants and lawyers to file cases online without physical visits to the court.
• Virtual Trials: These are court proceedings conducted via video conferencing or other digital platforms, ensuring continuity of justice even during emergencies like pandemics.
• Case Pendency: India’s judicial system faces a significant backlog of cases, with millions of cases pending across various courts, making swift reforms necessary.
• Accessibility to Justice: Leveraging technology makes the justice system more inclusive, reducing barriers for people in rural areas or those with limited resources.
• Judicial Reforms: BNSS, 2023, is part of a series of legislative updates aimed at modernizing colonial-era laws, such as replacing the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), and Evidence Act.

The Correct Answer is Aspergillosis.

• Except Aspergillosis, rest of the diseases are caused by a bacterial infection in poultry.
• These fungal/mycotic diseases cause significant loss to the poultry industry due to rapid production of mycotoxins which is a secondary fungal metabolite produced in grains or poultry feed.
• Birds affected by aspergillosis are usually thin, lethargic and may present with open mouth breathing.
• Aspergillosis tends to be a chronic disease but can develop quickly depending on the number of spores inhaled.
• In birds that are chronically infected, either yellow to white thickened areas or thick mats of white to green fungus are present in the lungs and air sacs.

The correct answer is 41.7

Key Points

• Chickens have a much higher body temperature than humans.
• Normal chicken body temperature ranges from about 40.6 - 43°C

Important Points Normal body temperature of different animals

The correct answer is Enhancing development in underdeveloped districts.

Key Points

• The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) was launched by the Government of India in January 2018, under the aegis of NITI Aayog.
• It aims to transform underdeveloped districts by addressing key sectors such as health, education, agriculture, water resources, financial inclusion, and skill development.
• The programme focuses on improving developmental indicators in 112 identified districts across India, which are lagging in socio-economic parameters.
• ADP leverages real-time monitoring and ranking mechanisms to ensure progress and accountability in district-level development.
• It emphasizes collaboration among central and state governments, local administrations, and development partners to implement targeted interventions effectively.

Additional Information

• Key Indicators Under ADP:
• Districts are ranked on 49 key performance indicators across 5 themes: health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion, and basic infrastructure.
• These indicators are aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Monitoring Mechanism:
• Real-time data collection and monitoring are facilitated via the Champions of Change dashboard.
• Districts are ranked monthly based on their progress, fostering competition and accountability.
• Collaboration:
• ADP encourages partnerships between the government, private sector, and civil society organizations.
• It promotes sharing of best practices among districts to enhance the overall impact.
• Impact:
• ADP has contributed to improved developmental outcomes in targeted districts, including better health services, enhanced school infrastructure, and increased agricultural productivity.
• By focusing on grassroots-level interventions, it aims to reduce inter-district disparities and foster inclusive growth.

The correct answer is 192.49 ​million

Key Points

• Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying released the 20^th Livestock Census in 2019.

The following are the key results of the 20th Livestock Census:

• The total Livestock population is 535.78 million in the country showing an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Consus 2012
• The total Bovine population (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun, and Yak) is 302.79 million in 2019 which shows an increase of about 1% over the previous census.
• The total number of cattle in the country in 2019 is 192.49 million showing an increase of 0.8% over the previous Census.
• The Female Cattle (cows population) is 145.12 million, an increase of 18.0% over the previous census (2012).

The correct answer is Chokla.

Key Points

• Chokla is fine carpet wool Indian sheep and reared basically for its wool quality and suitability for migration.
• Chokla grows the finest carpet wool of all the Indian breeds ranging in its quality number from 54s to 60s count.
• The wool produced by Chokla sheep is heterogeneous and is generally mixed with the coarser fleece of other sheep before utilization as carpet wool.
• Over the period there is a significant improvement in the body weight at different ages and this reflects the effect of selection in the flock.

Additional Information

• Superior carpet wool breeds: Chokla, Nali, Magra, Jaisalmeri, Pugal, Patanwadi, Tibetan, Bonpala, Gaddi, Rampur Bushair, Poonchi, Karnah, Gurez, Changthangi, Avikalin.
• Lohi Sheep is used for its carpet quality wool and meat production.
• The finest and softest sheep's wool is Merino which comes from the Merino sheep.

The correct answer is Pneumatic secateur.

1. Grafting knife:

• For cuting and defoliation of scion stick, making of chiesel point and "V" grooves for grafting.
• Slashing of thin twigs and for general purpose cuttings.

1. Shear:

• ​It is used for prunning and cutting of the orchard trees in standing position which are beyond reach.

1. Pneumatic secateur:

• It is used for prunning vines.

1. Dah:

• ​Used for cutting of small trees, shrubs and clearance of jungle growth.

The correct answer is Dairy Sector

Key Points

• OPERATION FLOOD (1970-1996) created a strong foundation to transform India's dairy sector into a vibrant business activity.
• It paved the way to take up new initiatives and create new conditions to firm up India's world leadership in milk production.
• The new challenge for the Dairy Industry was to explore ways to emerge stronger using the network created under OF.
• The Perspective Plan is a plan that attempts to take the dairy cooperative movement to its highest potential.
• The Perspective Plan focused on four key areas. These include:

1. Strengthening Cooperative Business
2. Production Enhancement
3. Assuring Quality
4. Creating a National Information Network

• The State Milk Marketing Federations and the Milk Producers' Cooperative Unions, the architects, and key beneficiaries have identified the thrust areas.
• The plan was designed to keep at the helm the benefit to farmers at large.
• National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) facilitated the planning process and provided technical support and need-based finance for implementing the Perspective Plan.

The correct answer is Karnal

Key Points

• The National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) was established on 21st September 1984 in Bangalore in the form of twin institutes namely:

1. National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources and
   
2. National Institute of Animal Genetics

• Then shifted to Karnal in 1985.
• The two institutes were merged into the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) in 1995.

The Correct answer is Leghorn, Minorca, and Ancona.

Key Points

Classifications of breeds of poultry according to the origin of the region

Important Points

Home tract of Chicken breeds:

The exotic cattle breed Holstein Friesian has the highest average milk yield out of the following cattle breeds.

Holstein Friesian:

● The average milk production of cow is 6000 to 7000 kgs per lactation.

●It originated from the northern parts of the Netherlands, especially in the province of Friesland.

● It is the largest dairy breed and ruggedly built in shape and possesses large udder.

● Breeds have typical markings of black and white that make them easily distinguishable.

The correct answer is Bacteria 

Key Points

• Anthrax is caused by a spore-forming bacterium that mainly affects animals.
• Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis.
• It is also known as splenic fever due to the fact that there is an extensive enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) due to this infection.
• Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the world.
• Humans can become infected through contact with an infected animal or by inhaling spores.

 Important Points

Common Diseases of Cattle and Buffaloes

1. Diseases caused by bacteria - Anthrax, black quarter, brucellosis, mastitis, Haemorrhagic septicemia, calf scours, pneumonia.
2. Diseases caused by viruses - Foot and Mouth, Rinderpest.
3. Diseases caused by protozoan organisms - Coccidiosis, Babesiosis, Anaplasmosis, Theileriosis, Trypanosomiasis, Trichomonads.
4. Diseases caused by parasites - Roundworms (Nematodes), Tapeworms (Cestodes), Liver flukes (Trematodes).

Additional Information Metabolic and non-specific diseases in Cattle and Buffaloes

a) Deficiency diseases - Deficiency of protein, energy, Vit-A, B-complex, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, iodine, cobalt, Vit-D 

b) Non-specific disorders - bloat, ketosis, milk fever