DSSSB Court Attendant Official Paper (Held On 08 Jun, 2026 Shift 1) (Previous Year Paper)

सही उत्तर है - बुरा लगना

Key Points

• 'आँखों में गड़ना' का अर्थ - बुरा लगना या खटकना होता है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - उसकी अशिष्टता और अहंकार अब सबकी आँखों में गड़ने लगा है।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे रूढ़ वाक्यांश जो सामान्य अर्थ के स्थान पर विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं, मुहावरे कहलाते हैं। ये स्वतंत्र वाक्य न होकर वाक्य के अंश होते हैं।
• उदाहरण - 'नाक में दम करना' का अर्थ - बहुत परेशान करना। वाक्य प्रयोग - बंदरों ने पूरे मोहल्ले की नाक में दम कर रखा है।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

'परीक्षा नज़दीक है, इसलिए छात्रों को मन लगाकर पढ़ना चाहिए' रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण का एक उदाहरण है।

Key Points

• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में मन लगाकर रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण है। यह क्रिया (पढ़ना) के रीति या ढंग का बोध कराता है कि पढ़ाई कैसे करनी चाहिए।
• रीतिवाचक: जिन अविकारी शब्दों से क्रिया के होने की रीति, विधि या ढंग का बोध हो, वे रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- धीरे-धीरे, सहसा, एकाएक, सुखपूर्वक, शांतिपूर्वक, फटाफट, अवश्य, शायद आदि।
• उदाहरण - कछुआ धीरे-धीरे चलता है।

Important Pointsअर्थ के आधार पर क्रिया-विशेषण के भेद-

• स्थानवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है- द अ ब स

Key Points

• दिए गए वाक्यों का सही क्रम हिन्दू कैलेंडर (विक्रम संवत) के महीनों के अनुसार निर्धारित किया गया है।
• हिन्दू पंचांग का प्रथम माह चैत्र होता है, जिसमें गेहूं की कटाई का कार्य संपन्न होता है। इसके पश्चात क्रमशः बैसाख, ज्येष्ठ और आषाढ़ के महीने आते हैं।
• तर्कसंगत क्रम इस प्रकार है: चैत्र (द) → बैसाख (अ) → ज्येष्ठ (ब) → आषाढ़ (स)।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 हिन्दू मासों (Months) का कालक्रम-

1. चैत्र: वर्ष का प्रथम माह (मार्च-अप्रैल)।
2. बैसाख: द्वितीय माह (अप्रैल-मई)।
3. ज्येष्ठ: तृतीय माह (मई-जून)।
4. आषाढ़: चतुर्थ माह (जून-जुलाई)।

Additional Information

‘सौ वर्ष का समय’ वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द है - शताब्दी।

Key Points

• ‘सौ वर्ष का समय’ के लिए एक शब्द शताब्दी है।
• शताब्दी शब्द दो शब्दों शत (सौ) और अब्दी (वर्षों का समूह) के मेल से बना है, जिसका अर्थ सौ वर्षों की अवधि होता है।
• भाषा को अधिक प्रभावशाली और संक्षिप्त बनाने के लिए विस्तृत वाक्यांश के स्थान पर एक सार्थक शब्द का प्रयोग करना ‘वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द’ कहलाता है।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

दिए गए विकल्पों में शुद्ध वाक्य का सही उत्तर है- तुम इस पुस्तक को पढ़ो, इसमें बहुत अच्छी कहानियाँ हैं

Key Points

• दिया गया वाक्य 'तुम पुस्तक इस को पढ़ो, अच्छी इसमें बहुत कहानियाँ हैं' अशुद्ध है क्योंकि इसमें पदों का क्रम व्याकरण के नियमों के अनुसार सही नहीं है; इसका शुद्ध रूप 'तुम इस पुस्तक को पढ़ो, इसमें बहुत अच्छी कहानियाँ हैं' होगा।
• वाक्य शुद्धि का अर्थ वाक्य को व्याकरण के नियमों के अनुसार शुद्ध एवं सार्थक रूप में व्यवस्थित करना है।
• उदाहरण 1: 'हवा ठंडी चल रही है।'
• उदाहरण 2: 'वह बहुत सुंदर दृश्य है।'

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Pointsवाक्य अशुद्धि के मुख्य भेद-

1. पदक्रम संबंधी अशुद्धि
2. विशेषण संबंधी अशुद्धि
3. सर्वनाम संबंधी अशुद्धि
4. कारक संबंधी अशुद्धि

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर "पुराना" है।

Key Points

वाक्य के संदर्भ के अनुसार:

• दिए गए वाक्य "मेरे पास एक...........संदूक है।" में रिक्त स्थान के लिए एक ऐसे विशेषण की आवश्यकता है जो किसी निर्जीव वस्तु (संदूक) की विशेषता बता सके।
• 'पुराना' एक गुणवाचक विशेषण है जो वस्तु की अवस्था या काल का बोध कराता है। संदूक के लिए 'पुराना' शब्द पूर्णतः सार्थक और व्याकरणिक रूप से सही है।
• इसलिए, सही वाक्य होगा: "मेरे पास एक पुराना संदूक है।"

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

बहादुर -

• यह विशेषण प्रायः सजीव प्राणियों (जैसे मनुष्य) के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है। संदूक बहादुर नहीं हो सकता।

दुर्बल -

• इसका अर्थ कमजोर होता है, जो शारीरिक शक्ति के संदर्भ में मनुष्य या पशुओं के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।

समझदार -

• यह मानवीय बुद्धि से संबंधित गुण है। निर्जीव संदूक के पास बुद्���ि नहीं हो सकती, अतः यह विकल्प अनुचित है।

सही उत्तर है - गलती अपनी और धमकाना दूसरों को

Key Points

• 'उलटा चोर कोतवाल को डाँटे' का अर्थ - अपनी गलती होने पर भी दूसरे को ही दोषी ठहराना या डराना।
• प्रयोग - मेज पर रखा कीमती फूलदान रमेश ने तोड़ा और जब माँ ने पूछा तो वह नौकर पर चिल्लाने लगा, इसे ही कहते हैं उलटा चोर कोतवाल को डाँटे।
• लोकोक्ति - लोक-अनुभव, शिक्षा या सत्य को व्यक्त करने वाली प्रचलित पूर्ण उक्ति को लोकोक्ति कहते हैं।
• उदाहरण - 'ऊँची दुकान फीका पकवान' का भावार्थ - दिखावा अधिक और वास्तविकता कम। प्रयोग - उस महँगे होटल का खाना बिल्कुल बेस्वाद है, इसे कहते हैं ऊँची दुकान फीका पकवान।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

'जलपा को अब अपना हार अच्छा न लगता।' कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण का एक उदाहरण है।

Key Points

• 'जलपा को अब अपना हार अच्छा न लगता' वाक्य में अब कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण है। यह क्रिया (न लगता) के होने के समय का बोध कराता है।
• जिन अविकारी शब्दों से क्रिया के समय या काल का बोध हो, वे कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- कल, परसों, रोज, अभी, आज, सदैव, निरंतर, तत्काल, प्रतिदिन आदि।
• उदाहरण - रमेश कल दिल्ली जाएगा।

Important Pointsअर्थ के आधार पर क्रिया-विशेषण के भेद-

• स्थानवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• कालवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• परिमाणवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण
• रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है- को

Key Points

• रिक्त स्थान के लिए उचित विकल्प 'को' है। पूर्ण वाक्य: राजा ने ब्राह्मण को धन दिया।
• यहाँ 'को' परसर्ग का प्रयोग संप्रदान कारक के रूप में हुआ है। जब वाक्य में किसी को कुछ दान दिया जाता है या किसी के लिए कुछ किया जाता है, तो वहाँ संप्रदान कारक होता है।
• नियम: जहाँ क्रिया 'देने' के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त हो और दान हमेशा के लिए दिया जाए, वहाँ संप्रदान कारक (को/के लिए) का प्रयोग होता है।
• अन्य उदाहरण: माँ ने बच्चे को दूध दिया।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 हिंदी में कारक के भेद-

1. कर्ता कारक (ने)
2. कर्म कारक (को)
3. करण कारक (से, के द्वारा)
4. संप्रदान कारक (को, के लिए)
5. अपादान कारक (से - अलग होने के अर्थ में)
6. संबंध कारक (का, की, के)
7. अधिकरण कारक (में, पर)
8. सं���ोधन कारक (हे, अरे)

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है- सफ़ेद

Key Points

• दिए गए वाक्य में 'सफ़ेद' सही विशेषण है क्योंकि यह टोपी के रंग की विशेषता बता रहा है।
• जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की गुण, दोष, रंग, आकार आदि का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें गुणवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं।
• अन्य उदाहरण: राम ने नीली कमीज पहनी है। यह पुरानी किताब है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 विशेषण के मुख्य भेद-

1. गुणवाचक विशेषण
2. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण
3. संख्यावाचक विशेषण
4. सार्वनामिक विशेषण

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है - अनुभवहीन होना

Key Points

• 'कच्ची गोली खेलना' का अर्थ - अनुभवहीन होना या परिपक्व न होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - तुम मुझे अपनी बातों में नहीं फँसा सकते, मैंने कोई कच्ची गोलियाँ नहीं खेलीं हैं।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे रूढ़ वाक्यांश जो सामान्य अर्थ के स्थान पर विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं, मुहावरे कहलाते हैं। इनका प्रयोग भाषा को प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण - 'ऊँट के मुँह में जीरा' का अर्थ - आवश्यकता से बहुत कम। वाक्य प्रयोग - इस बड़े पहलवान के लिए दो रोटियाँ ऊँट के मुँह में जीरा के समान हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

‘जिसके आ���-पार देखा जा सके’ वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द है - पारदर्शी।

Key Points

• वाक्यांश ‘जिसके आर-पार देखा जा सके’ के लिए सही एक शब्द पारदर्शी है।
• पारदर्शी का शाब्दिक अर्थ है - जिसके पार (दूसरी ओर) दर्शन हो सकें या जो देखा जा सके।
• अनेक शब्दों या एक पूरे वाक्य के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाला एक प्रभावशाली शब्द ‘वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द’ कहलाता है।
• इसका प्रयोग भाषा में संक्षिप्तता, स्पष्टता और सुंदरता लाने के लिए किया जाता है।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

सही उत्तर है- इन्द्रियों पर संयम रखो।

Key Points

• वाक्य में शब्दों का एक निश्चित क्रम होता है जिससे अर्थ स्पष्ट होता है। हिन्दी व्याकरण के अनुसार वाक्य में पहले कर्ता, फिर कर्म और अंत में क्रिया आती है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में 'इन्द्रियों पर संयम रखो' वाक्य पदक्रम की दृष्टि से पूर्णतः शुद्ध है क्योंकि इसमें कारक चिह्न (पर) और क्रिया (रखो) का स्थान व्याकरण के नियमों के अनुसार है।
• वाक्य में पदों का क्रम बिगड़ने से वाक्य अर्थहीन या अस्पष्ट हो जाता है।
• अन्य उदाहरण: 'परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है' (शुद्ध), 'है कुंजी की सफलता परिश्रम ही' (अशुद्ध)।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 वाक्य शुद्धि के प्रमुख नियम-

1. पदक्रम: पदों का सही स्थान पर होना अनिवार्य है।
2. अन्वय: कर्ता, कर्म और क्रिया के लिंग, वचन में मेल होना चाहिए।
3. पुनरुक्ति दोष: एक ही अर्थ वाले दो शब्दों का साथ प्रयोग वर्जित है।

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है- प्रेरणादायक

Key Points

• वाक्य के संदर्भ में प्रेरणादायक सबसे उपयुक्त विशेषण है क्योंकि पाठ्यपुस्तक का गुण विद्यार्थियों को प्रेरित करना होता है।
• जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता (गुण, दोष, संख्या, परिमाण आदि) बताते हैं, उन्हें विशेषण कहते हैं।
• यहाँ 'पाठ्यपुस्तक' संज्ञा है और उसकी विशेषता बताने के लिए प्रेरणादायक (गुणवाचक विशेषण) का प्रयोग किया गया है।
• अन्य उदाहरण: महत्वपूर्ण लेख, ज्ञानवर्धक कहानियाँ।

अन्य विकल्प -

Important Points 

 विशेषण के मुख्य भेद-

1. गुणवाचक विशेषण
2. परिमाणवाचक विशेषण
3. संख्यावाचक विशेषण
4. सार्वनामिक विशेषण

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर "को" है।

Key Points

वाक्य के अनुसार:

• दिए गए वाक्य में 'को' कारक चिह्न का प्रयोग सबसे उपयुक्त है। पूर्ण वाक्य: "पेड़-पौधे हमारे पर्यावरण को शुद्ध और स्वच्छ रखते हैं।"
• यहाँ 'को' चिह्न कर्म कारक की विभक्ति के रूप में प्रयुक्त हुआ है, जहाँ क्रिया (रखते हैं) का फल 'पर्यावरण' पर पड़ रहा है।
• कारक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का वह रूप होता है जो वाक्य के अन्य शब्दों, विशेषकर क्रिया के साथ उसका संबंध बताता है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्प:

से (करण/अपादान कारक) -

• इसका प्रयोग क्रिया के साधन के लिए या अलगाव के अर्थ में होता है (जैसे: कुल्हाड़ी से पेड़ काटा)। यह यहाँ अर्थहीन है।

पर (अधिकरण कारक) -

• यह स्थान या आधार को सूचित करता है (जैसे: मेज पर पुस्तक है)। वाक्य के संदर्भ में यह अनुचित है।

में (अधिकरण कारक) -

• यह भीतर या अंदर के स्थान को दर्शाता है (जैसे: कमरे में छात्र हैं)। यह भी यहाँ व्याकरणिक रूप से सही नहीं है।

'[तद्भव]' का तत्सम रूप है- धृष्ट

Key Points

• 'ढीठ' एक तद्भव शब्द है, जबकि इसका तत्सम रूप 'धृष्ट' है।
• तत्सम - संस्कृत से बिना या लगभग बिना रूप-परिवर्तन के हिंदी में आए शब्द तत्सम कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दुग्ध, अग्नि, सूर्य
• तद्भव - संस्कृत मूल से समय के साथ ध्वनि/रूप परिवर्तन द्वारा विकसित शब्द तद्भव कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दूध, आग, सूरज

अन्य विकल्प-

• दृश्य: यह तत्सम शब्द है। इसका तद्भव रूप 'दीख' या 'दिखावा' के संदर्भ में प्रयुक्त होता है।
• दृग: यह तत्सम शब्द है। इसका तद्भव रूप 'दग' या 'दीदा' के निकट माना जाता है।
• दृष्ट: यह तत्सम शब्द है। इसका अर्थ 'देखा हुआ' होता है।

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ​तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द -

'पतंग' का अनेकार्थी है- टिड्डी

Key Points

• 'पतंग' के प्रमुख अनेकार्थ - सूर्य, पक्षी, टिड्डी, फतिंगा, नाव, शरीर आदि।
• अनेकार्थी शब्द - ऐसे शब्द जिनके एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में टिड्डी शब्द 'पतंग' का एक सटीक अनेकार्थी है क्योंकि यह कीट पतंगों की श्रेणी में आता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण अनेकार्थी शब्द :-

'[लक्ष]' का तद्भव रूप है- लाख

Key Points

• 'लक्ष' एक तत्सम शब्द है, जबकि इसका तद्भव रूप 'लाख' है।
• तत्सम - संस्कृत भाषा के वे शब्द जो हिंदी में बिना किसी परिवर्तन के ज्यों के त्यों प्रयुक्त होते हैं, तत्सम कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दुग्ध, अग्नि, सूर्य
• तद्भव - संस्कृत के वे शब्द जो प्राकृत, अपभ्रंश से होते हुए हिंदी में रूप बदलकर आए हैं, तद्भव कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे- दूध, आग, सूरज

अन्य विकल्प-

• लकी: यह हिंदी का मौलिक शब्द नहीं है, यह बोलचाल या अन्य भाषाई प्रभाव से विकसित हो सकता है।
• लक्ष्य: यह एक तत्सम शब्द है जिसका अर्थ 'निशाना' या 'उद्देश्य' होता है।
• लेकिन: यह एक विदेशज शब्द है और फारसी/अरबी मूल से हिंदी में आया है।

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ​तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द -

‘खग’ शब्द का अर्थ (पर्यायवाची) है: पक्षी

Key Points

• 'खग' शब्द का सही अर्थ या पर्यायवाची शब्द 'पक्षी' है।
• 'खग' के प्रमुख पर्यायवाची शब्द - विहग, विहंग, पंछी, चिड़िया, गगनचर, नभचर, अण्डज, शकुनि, पखेरू।
• पर्यायवाची - ऐसे शब्द जिनके अर्थ समान या समानार्थक हों, पर्यायवाची शब्द कहलाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द -

'नहर' का अनेकार्थी नहीं है- नहर

Key Points

• 'नहर' शब्द का प्रयोग केवल कृत्रिम जलधारा या सिंचाई हेतु जलमार्ग के संदर्भ में किया जाता है, अतः यह एकार्थी शब्द है।
• अनेकार्थी शब्द - ऐसे शब्द जिनके एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• दिए गए अन्य विकल्प अंग, अंचल और अंक बहुअर्थी या अनेकार्थी शब्द हैं।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण अनेकार्थी शब्द :-

इसका सही उत्तर "भवन और उसकी नींव" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार:

• लेखक ने स्पष्ट किया है कि साहित्य का आधार जीवन है।
• गद्यांश की दूसरी पंक्ति में कहा गया है कि 'इसी नींव (जीवन) पर साहित्य की दीवार खड़ी होती है। उसकी अटारियाँ, मीनार और गुंबद बनते हैं'।
• यहाँ जीवन को बुनियाद (नींव) और साहित्य को उस पर निर्मित भवन (दीवार, अटारियाँ, मीनार) के रूप में दर्शाया गया है।
• इसलिए, लेखक ने जीवन और साहित्य के संबंध को भवन और उसकी नींव के रूप में समझाया है।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• आकाश और पृथ्वी - गद्यांश में साहित्य और जीवन की तुलना के लिए इस उपमा का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है।
• नदी और सागर - यद्यपि ये एक-दूसरे से जुड़े हैं, परंतु गद्यांश में आधार और अधिरचना (structure) के संबंध को प्राथमिकता दी गई है।
• वृक्ष और फल - यह विकास का प्रतीक हो सकता है, लेकिन लेखक ने निर्माण (भवन निर्माण) के रूपकों का उपयोग करके स्पष्ट रूप से नींव और दीवार की बात की है।

इसका सही उत्तर "वह मनुष्य की सृष्टि है और मर्यादित है" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार:

• गद्यांश में स्पष्ट किया गया है कि जीवन परमात्मा की सृष्टि है, जिसके कारण वह अनंत, अबोध और अगम्य है।
• इसके विपरीत, साहित्य मनुष्य की सृष्टि है। इसी कारण साहित्य सुबोध, सुगम और मर्यादाओं से परिमित (मर्यादित) है।
• गद्यांश की पंक्ति: "साहित्य मनुष्य की सृष्टि है, इसलिए सुबोध है, सुगम है और मर्यादाओं से परिमित है।" यह स्पष्ट रूप से साहित्य को जीवन से भिन्नता का आधार प्रदान करती है।
• अतः, सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

उसकी चेतना जड़-विहीन है -

• गद्यांश में साहित्य की चेतना के जड़-विहीन होने का कोई उल्लेख नहीं मिलता है।

उसमें धर्म नहीं है -

• गद्यांश साहित्य और जीवन के अंतर के लिए धर्म को आधार नहीं मानता, बल्कि उनकी रचना प्रक्रिया (परमात्मा बनाम मनुष्य) पर केंद्रित है।

उसमें आनंद नहीं है -

• यह कथन गलत है क्योंकि गद्यांश के अनुसार साहित्य का अपना आनंद होता है जो जीवन के भौतिक आनंद से भी ऊँचा और पवित्र होता है।

इसका सही उत्तर "मनुष्य" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार:

• प्रस्तुत गद्यांश स्पष्ट करता है कि साहित्य और जीवन के बीच गहरा संबंध है, जहाँ साहित्य का आधार जीवन है।
• गद्यांश में सीधे तौर पर उल्लेख किया गया है: 'लेकिन साहित्य तो मनुष्य के सामने जवाबदेह है।'
• साहित्य मनुष्य की सृष्टि है, इसलिए यह सुबोध और सुगम है तथा मानवीय मर्यादाओं और कानूनों से बंधा हुआ है।
• अतः, गद्यांश के आधार पर साहित्य मनुष्य के प्रति उत्तरदायी या जवाबदेह होता है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

धर्म और राजनीति -

• गद्यांश में साहित्य की जवाबदेही के संदर्भ में धर्म या राजनीति का कोई उल्लेख नहीं किया गया है।

प्रकृति -

• गद्यांश में जीवन को परमात्मा की सृष्टि बताया गया है, जो अनंत और अबोध है, लेकिन साहित्य की जवाबदेही प्रकृति के प्रति नहीं बताई गई है।

परमात्मा -

• गद्यांश के अनुसार यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि जीवन परमात्मा को जवाबदेह है या नहीं, लेकिन साहित्य निश्चित रूप से मनुष्य के प्रति जवाबदेह है।

इसका सही उत्तर "आनंद" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार:

• प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में लेखक ने स्पष्ट रूप से उल्लेख किया है कि 'जीवन का उद्देश्य ही आनंद है।'
• लेखक के अनुसार, मनुष्य अपने पूरे जीवनकाल में आनंद की ही खोज में लगा रहता है।
• गद्यांश की अंतिम पंक्तियों में कहा गया है कि मनुष्य को यह आनंद अलग-अलग रूपों (जैसे रत्न, द्रव्य, परिवार, भवन या ऐश्वर्य) में मिल सकता है, लेकिन मूल खोज आनंद की ही होती है।
• अतः, लेखक के अनुसार जीवन का प्रमुख उद्देश्य आनंद है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

ज्ञान -

• गद्यांश में ज्ञान को जीवन का प्रमुख उद्देश्य नहीं बताया गया है; बल्कि जीवन को अबोध और अगम्य कहा गया है।

धर्म -

• गद्यांश में धर्म का कहीं भी उल्लेख जीवन के उद्देश्य के रूप में नहीं किया गया है।

कर्म -

• गद्यांश में 'कामों' का जिक्र परमात्मा के प्रति जवाबदेही के संदर्भ में हुआ है, लेकिन इसे जीवन का मूल उद्देश्य नहीं माना गया है।

इसका सही उत्तर "सुंदर और सत्य" है।

Key Points

गद्यांश के अनुसार:

• प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में बताया गया है कि साहित्य का सृजन मनुष्य द्वारा किया गया है और इसका एक निश्चित उद्देश्य है।
• गद्यांश की अंतिम पंक्ति स्पष्ट करती है कि - "साहित्य का आनंद, इस आनंद से ऊँचा है, इससे पवित्र है, उसका आधार सुंदर और सत्य है।"
• जहाँ भौतिक जीवन का आनंद धन, परिवार या ऐश्वर्य में हो सकता है, वहीं साहित्य का आनंद सत्य और शिव (सुंदर) के उच्च आदर्शों पर आधारित होता है।
• इसलिए, साहित्य के आनंद का सही आधार सुंदर और सत्य है।

Additional Information अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

कल्पना और मनोरंजन -

• यद्यपि साहित्य में कल्पना होती है, लेकिन गद्यांश के अनुसार इसके आनंद का आधार इसे नहीं माना गया है।

यथार्थ और संघर्ष -

• साहित्य यथार्थ को प्रतिबिंबित कर सकता है, परंतु गद्यांश में आनंद के संदर्भ में सुंदर और सत्य पर बल दिया गया है।

धर्म और नीति -

• गद्यांश में साहित्य को मनुष्य के प्रति जवाबदेह और नियमों (कानून) से बंधा बताया गया है, लेकिन आनंद के आधार के रूप में इनका उल्लेख नहीं है।

The correct answer is 'tyrannical'.

Key Points

• The word "tyrannical" describes a government or leader exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way.
• In the context of the sentence, a dictator whose subjects are left impoverished (extremely poor) and without hope would logically have a cruel and oppressive rule.
• The other options: "munificent," "clandestine," and "benevolent" do not describe a rule that results in poverty and hopelessness.

​Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Complete Sentence: The dictator's tyrannical rule left his subjects impoverished and without hope.

Additional Information

• Munificent: refers to a person or action that is extremely generous.
• Clandestine: refers to something kept secret or done surreptitiously, often because it is illicit.
• Benevolent: refers to being well-meaning and kindly; the opposite of tyrannical.

The correct answer is RQPS.

Key Points

• The sentence construction begins with part R, which introduces the subject (technological advancement) and the verb (has transformed education), establishing the primary theme of the statement. Hence, statement R is the opening part.
• Part Q follows R by providing the methodology or instrumentality of this transformation, specifically stating how the change occurred (by making learning more accessible). Hence, statement Q follows R.
• Part P serves as the prepositional phrase that extends the reach of the accessibility mentioned in the previous part, defining the target audience (to students across the globe). Hence, statement P follows Q.
• Part S acts as a temporal adverbial phrase (in recent years), which defines the timeframe of the entire transformation process and logically concludes the sentence. Hence, statement S is the closing part.
• The logical and grammatical sequence RQPS forms the complete sentence: Technological advancement has transformed education by making learning more accessible to students across the globe in recent years. Hence, the arrangement RQPS is correct.

 Additional Information

• Sentence Structure Analysis:
• The Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern is found in segment R, making it the most stable starting point for a coherent narrative.
• The use of Prepositions like to and by helps link the impact of technology to its beneficiaries and the mode of action.
• The phrase across the globe is an adverbial phrase of place that modifies the accessibility of education.
• Temporal markers like in recent years are frequently placed at the end of a sentence to provide context without interrupting the core clause structure.

The correct answer is: perseverance, enthusiasm.

Key Points

• The word 'persevarance' is incorrectly spelled in the sentence. The correct spelling is 'perseverance', which means persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success. (दृढ़ता)
• Example: His perseverance in his studies finally paid off when he graduated with honors.
• The word 'enthuasiasm' is also incorrectly spelled. The correct spelling is 'enthusiasm', which refers to intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval. (उत्साह)
• Example: The crowd greeted the performers with great enthusiasm.
• Hence, the correctly spelled words to replace the errors are 'perseverance' and 'enthusiasm'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: perseverance, enthusiasm.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their meanings:

• perserverance (Incorrect spelling): This is a common misspelling where an extra 'r' is added after the first 'e'. (गलत वर्तनी)
• Example: The student wrote perserverance on the board, but the teacher corrected it to perseverance.
• enthusiam (Incorrect spelling): This is a misspelling where the letter 's' is missing before the 'm'. (गलत वर्तनी)
• Example: It is easy to lose enthusiam (incorrect) if you do not see immediate results.
• No change required: This option is incorrect because the original sentence contains two clearly misspelled words. (किसी बदलाव की आवश्यकता नहीं है)
• Example: Use this option only if all words in the sentence are spelled correctly.

The correct answer is: foresight.

Key Points

• The underlined phrase 'a quality of being able to foresee the future' refers to the ability to judge what is likely to happen in the future and to plan accordingly. (भविष्यदर्शिता)
• Example: The company's success was due to the CEO's foresight in investing in new technologies early on.
• 'Foresight' is the act or capacity of foreseeing; it involves care or provision for the future and provides the most appropriate one-word substitute for the description. (दूरदर्शिता)
• Example: With a little foresight, we could have avoided this financial crisis.
• Hence, we can infer that the correct one-word substitute for the given description is 'foresight'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: foresight.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Impulsiveness (आवेगशीलता): Acting or done without forethought; characterized by sudden energy or emotion.
• Example: His impulsiveness often led him to make decisions he later regretted.
• Hesitation (संकोच): The action of pausing or faltering before saying or doing something.
• Example: She answered the difficult question without a moment's hesitation.
• Ignorance (अज्ञानता): Lack of knowledge, information, or education about a particular subject.
• Example: Many mistakes are made out of pure ignorance of the basic rules.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Indirect Speech: The coach warned the players that they had to put in extra effort to win the game.
• Key Conversions:
• 'they had to' becomes 'You have to'
• In Direct Speech, the pronoun 'they' (referring to the players) changes to 'You' as the coach is speaking directly to them.
• The verb 'had to' (past tense in indirect speech) reverts to its present tense form 'have to' in direct speech to maintain the original timing of the warning.
• Reporting Verb:
• The indirect reporting verb 'warned' is represented by 'said' followed by the direct quote in the given structure.
• Structure: The sentence requires a completion of the direct command/requirement given by the coach at the moment of speaking.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Correct Sentence: 'The coach said, “You have to put in extra effort to win the game.”'

Additional Information

• Option 1: 'had to put in extra effort' is incorrect because direct speech usually uses the present tense when the indirect speech uses the simple past (backshifting).
• Option 3: 'put in extra effort' lacks the modal verb requirement ('have to') present in the original indirect statement.
• Option 4: 'will have to put in extra effort' changes the tense to future, which does not align with the backshifted 'had to' in the indirect speech.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The future perfect tense is used to describe an action that will be finished or completed at some point in the future before another action or time.
• The standard grammatical structure for the future perfect tense is: Subject + will have + past participle (V3) of the verb.
• In Option 1, the phrase will have completed perfectly follows this structure, indicating the project finishes before the deadline of Friday.
• The presence of the time marker by Friday is a common indicator used with the future perfect tense to denote a completion limit.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Correct Sentence: "She will have completed her project by Friday."

Additional Information

• Option 2: "She will be completing..." – This is the future continuous tense, used for actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
• Option 3: "She has completed..." – This is the present perfect tense, used for actions completed in the past that have relevance to the present.
• Option 4: "She will complete..." – This is the simple future tense, used for actions that will happen in the future.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• The sentence requires an indefinite article because the speaker is referring to a singular countable noun (puppy) that is being mentioned for the first time.
• The word puppy starts with a consonant sound (/p/), which necessitates the use of the article 'a'.
• The article 'an' is used before words starting with a vowel sound, and 'the' is used for specific or previously mentioned nouns.
• Using 'a' completes the sentence meaningfully as it indicates she adopted one non-specific puppy from the shelter.

Therefore, the correct answer is a.

Correct Sentence: "She adopted a puppy from the animal shelter yesterday."

Additional Information

• The: This is a definite article. It would only be correct if the puppy had been specifically identified or mentioned earlier in the context.
• An: This is an indefinite article used before words beginning with vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u). Since 'puppy' starts with a 'p' sound, 'an' is grammatically incorrect.
• No article: Singular countable nouns like 'puppy' generally cannot stand alone without a determiner or article in this context.

The correct answer is especially during dry seasons in many rural farming regions to irrigate agricultural fields and increase crop production.

Key Points

• The fixed part of the sentence establishes the subject and the primary dependency: Farmers depend heavily on river water.
• Segment B (especially during dry seasons) acts as a logical qualifier to the fixed part, specifying the critical timing of this dependency. Hence, statement B follows the fixed part.
• Segment C (in many rural farming regions) provides the geographical context or the location where this phenomenon occurs, following the temporal context established in B. Hence, statement C follows statement B.
• Segment A (to irrigate agricultural fields) explains the primary purpose or method of utilizing the river water mentioned in the opening segment. Hence, statement A follows statement C.
• Segment D (and increase crop production) provides the final objective or the secondary benefit of the irrigation process, joined by the conjunction and. Hence, statement D follows statement A.
• The logical sequence B-C-A-D forms a coherent sentence: Farmers depend heavily on river water especially during dry seasons in many rural farming regions to irrigate agricultural fields and increase crop production.

 Additional Information

• Sentence Rearrangement Strategy:
• Identify the subject-verb-object structure to establish a grammatical foundation.
• Look for connectors and prepositions like to, in, and and which indicate the flow of logic between segments.
• Establish spatial and temporal markers (like dry seasons and rural regions) to provide necessary context to the action.
• Ensure the infinitive phrase (to irrigate) correctly follows the noun it modifies or the purpose it serves.

The correct answer is 'among'.

Key Points

• The preposition among is used when referring to more than two people or things.
• In the given sentence, the cake is being shared with three children, which requires the use of among.
• Between is typically used when referring to distinct, individual items (often two), while among is used for a group or a collective number greater than two.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Complete Sentence: "He divided the cake among the three children."

Additional Information

• Option 1: across is used for moving from one side to another or on the opposite side of something.
• Option 2: in is used to indicate location or inclusion within a space or period.
• Option 3: between is used when talking about specific, distinct entities (usually two), such as between you and me.

The correct answer is Reena completed the homework.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the Passive Voice, identified by the structure Object + was + Past Participle (V3) + by + Subject.
• The sentence is in the Simple Past Tense, as indicated by the auxiliary verb was followed by the past participle completed.
• To convert a Simple Past passive sentence into Active Voice, the structure must be Subject + Second form of Verb (V2) + Object.
• The original agent (the person performing the action) is Reena, which becomes the Subject in the active voice.
• The original subject of the passive sentence is the homework, which becomes the Object in the active voice.
• The verb was completed is changed to its V2 form, which is completed.
• Following the Subject + V2 + Object formula, we get: Reena (Subject) + completed (V2) + the homework (Object).

 Additional Information

• Active vs. Passive Voice Rules:
• Simple Present Tense: Active (V1/V1+s/es) changes to Passive (is/am/are + V3). Reena completes the homework is incorrect as it changes the tense.
• Simple Future Tense: Active (will + V1) changes to Passive (will be + V3). Reena will complete the homework is incorrect as it introduces a future timeframe.
• Verb Logic: The sentence The homework completes Reena is semantically incorrect as it suggests the object is performing an action on the person.
• Tense Retention: It is a fundamental rule of Voice Conversion that the tense of the sentence must remain unchanged. Since the original sentence used was, the active form must remain in the Simple Past.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The sentence describes an action that has been finished at an unspecified time before now, specifically emphasized by the adverb just now.
• The Present Perfect Tense is used for actions that occurred in the very recent past and have a connection to the present. The structure is Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3).
• In Option 1, 'We have completed' correctly uses the auxiliary verb 'have' with the past participle 'completed' to indicate a recently finished task.
• The phrase 'just now' acts as a time indicator that often accompanies the Present Perfect tense to show immediacy.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Correct Sentence: 'We have completed the task just now.'

Additional Information

• Option 2: 'We completed...' is in the Simple Past Tense. While commonly used in informal speech with 'just now', grammatically, the Present Perfect is preferred for recent actions with present relevance.
• Option 3: 'We are completed...' is grammatically incorrect as it uses the passive voice structure ('are' + V3) for an active subject.
• Option 4: 'We complete...' is in the Simple Present Tense, which is used for habits or universal truths, not for a task finished 'just now'.

The correct answer is: occurrance.

Key Points

• The word 'occurrance' is spelt incorrectly in the given sentence. The correct spelling is 'occurrence', which means an incident or event that happens. (घटना)
• Example: The theft was a rare occurrence in such a peaceful neighborhood.
• 'Occurrence' is derived from the verb 'occur'; in English, when the suffix '-ence' is added to words ending in a stressed syllable like 'cur', the final consonant is doubled. (घटना या होने की प्रक्रिया)
• Example: Scientists are studying the frequent occurrence of tremors in the region.
• Therefore, the correct answer is- occurrance.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Unexpected (अप्रत्याशित): Not expected or regarded as likely to happen.
• Example: We had some unexpected guests for dinner last night.
• Management (प्रबंधन): The process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
• Example: The company is under new management since last year.
• Professionalism (व्यावसायिकता): The competence or skill expected of a professional.
• Example: She handled the difficult client with great professionalism and patience.

The correct answer is: Chronicle.

Key Points

• The underlined segment 'written record of daily events arranged in the order in which they happened' describes a factual and chronological account of historical events. (ऐतिहासिक घटनाओं का क्रमबद्ध विवरण)
• Example: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is one of the most important sources for early English history.
• Chronicle refers to a factual written account of important or historical events in the order of their occurrence. (इतिहास/इतिवृत्त)
• Example: The book is a fascinating chronicle of the country's struggle for independence.
• Hence, we can infer that the one-word substitution for the given segment is 'chronicle'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Chronicle.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Manifesto (घोषणा पत्र): A public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party.
• Example: The party published its manifesto yesterday, promising lower taxes and better healthcare.
• Thesis (शोध प्रबंध): A long essay or dissertation involving personal research, written by a candidate for a university degree.
• Example: She is currently working on her doctoral thesis about ancient climate change.
• Annotation (व्याख्या/टिप्पणी): A note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram.
• Example: The student made a helpful annotation in the margin of the textbook.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The definite article 'The' is used before the word 'novel' because it refers to a specific book being discussed.
• The second blank requires 'the' because it refers to a specific 'source' (the source of a particular river).
• The third blank requires 'the' because the definite article must be used before the names of rivers (e.g., the Nile, the Ganges, the Amazon).
• Therefore, all three blanks must be filled with the definite article 'the'.

Therefore, the correct answer is The, the, the.

Correct Sentence: "The novel is about an explorer who was in search of the source of the Nile."

Additional Information

• Definite Article (The): Used to point out a particular person or thing, or something already mentioned. It is used with unique objects, geographical features like rivers, oceans, and mountain ranges.
• Indefinite Articles (A/An): Used when we do not refer to any particular person or thing. 'A' is used before consonant sounds, and 'An' is used before vowel sounds.
• Zero Article: No article is used before names of most countries (unless they contain words like Kingdom or Republic), names of languages, and names of single mountains or lakes.

The correct answer is The workers are decorating the hall for the annual function.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the Passive Voice of the Present Continuous Tense, as indicated by the structure is being + past participle (V3).
• To convert a sentence from passive to active voice in the Present Continuous Tense, the structure must follow: Subject + am/is/are + present participle (V1 + ing) + Object.
• The Object of the passive sentence, the workers, becomes the Subject of the active sentence.
• Since the workers is a plural noun, the auxiliary verb are must be used to maintain Subject-Verb Agreement.
• The verb phrase is being decorated changes to its active form are decorating to reflect ongoing action in the present.
• The Subject of the passive sentence, the hall, becomes the Object of the active sentence, followed by the remaining phrase for the annual function.

 Additional Information

• Understanding Tense Transformations:
• Past Continuous Tense: Uses was/were + V1 + ing. If the active voice used were decorating, the passive would be was being decorated.
• Present Perfect Tense: Uses has/have + V3. If the active voice used have decorated, the passive would be has been decorated.
• Simple Present Tense: Uses V1 or V1 + s/es. If the active voice used decorate, the passive would be is decorated.
• Active Voice emphasizes the doer of the action, while Passive Voice emphasizes the recipient or the action itself.

The correct answer is: raring to go.

Key Points

• The phrase 'extremely eager to start the new job' refers to a state of being very enthusiastic, energetic, and ready to begin an activity or task immediately.
• 'Raring to go' is an idiom that means to be full of enthusiasm and eager to start doing something. (काम शुरू करने के लिए बहुत उत्सुक होना)
• Example: After a long vacation, the team was raring to go and tackle the new project.
• Hence, the most appropriate idiom to replace the highlighted segment is 'raring to go'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- raring to go.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• In the same boat (एक ही परिस्थिति में होना): To be in the same difficult or unpleasant situation as someone else.
• Example: None of us have the notes for the exam, so we are all in the same boat.
• On cloud nine (सातवें आसमान पर होना): To be extremely happy and excited.
• Example: He was on cloud nine after receiving the promotion letter.
• Dragging her feet (टालमटोल करना/धीमी गति से कार्य करना): To act with deliberate slowness or reluctance because one does not want to do something.
• Example: The government is dragging its feet on implementing the new environmental laws.

The correct answer is: Hidden.

Key Points

• The word 'visible' means able to be seen; perceptible to the eye. (दृश्य)
• Example: The stars were visible in the clear night sky.
• 'Hidden' refers to something that is kept out of sight; concealed or not easily seen, which is the direct opposite of being visible. (छिपा हुआ)
• Example: The hidden entrance to the cave was covered by thick vines.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'visible' is 'hidden'.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Hidden.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Narrow (संकीर्ण): Something that is limited in extent, amount, or scope; of small width.
• Example: The car struggled to pass through the narrow alley.
• Distant (दूर): Far away in space or time; not near.
• Example: We could hear the distant sound of thunder approaching.
• Private (निजी): Intended for or restricted to the use of a particular person or group.
• Example: They held a private meeting to discuss the new project.

The correct answer is: Biased.

Key Points

• The word impartial means treating all rivals or disputants equally; not prejudiced. (निष्पक्ष)
• Example: An impartial observer would agree that the referee made the right call.
• Biased refers to unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something; it is the opposite of being impartial. (पक्षपाती)
• Example: The reporter was accused of giving a biased account of the protest.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of impartial is biased.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Biased.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Neutral (तटस्थ): Not supporting or helping either side in a conflict or disagreement.
• Example: Switzerland remained neutral during the war.
• Objective (वस्तुनिष्ठ): Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
• Example: Scientists must provide an objective analysis of the data.
• Fair (उचित): Treating people equally without favoritism or discrimination.
• Example: Every citizen deserves a fair trial in a court of law.

The correct answer is: Explicit.

Key Points

• The word 'ambiguous' refers to something that is open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning. (अस्पष्ट)
• Example: The ending of the movie was ambiguous, leaving the audience to decide the hero's fate.
• 'Explicit' means stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt. (स्पष्ट)
• Example: The teacher gave explicit instructions on how to format the final essay.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'ambiguous' is 'explicit'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Explicit.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Durable (टिकाऊ): Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing.
• Example: These durable hiking boots are designed to last for many years.
• Cheerful (हंसमुख): Noticeably happy and optimistic.
• Example: She has a very cheerful personality and always wears a smile.
• Rapid (तेज़): Happening in a short time or at a great speed.
• Example: The technology industry has seen rapid changes over the last decade.

The correct answer is: out to lunch.

Key Points

• The word 'distracted' means unable to concentrate because one's mind is on something else, or acting in a confused or eccentric manner. (ध्यान भटकना/विचलित)
• Example: She seemed distracted and barely heard what I said during the presentation.
• 'Out to lunch' is an idiom that means someone is behaving in a strange or confused way, is distracted, or is not aware of what is happening around them. (बेसुध/ख्यालों में खोया हुआ)
• Example: I tried to explain the plan to him, but he seemed completely out to lunch.
• Hence, we can infer that the correct idiom to replace 'distracted' is 'out to lunch'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: out to lunch.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Cheek by jowl (सटकर/बहुत पास-पास): Close together; side by side.
• Example: The two families lived cheek by jowl in a very small house.
• On the fly (जल्दबाजी में/बिना तैयारी के): Doing something quickly while you are doing something else, or without previous planning.
• Example: I did not have time to prepare a speech, so I had to make it on the fly.
• Under the weather (अस्वस्थ होना): Feeling slightly ill or not as well as usual.
• Example: I am feeling a bit under the weather today, so I think I will stay home.

The correct answer is Automated Injustice: The Bias in the Code.

Key Points

• The passage focuses on the critical risks associated with risk assessment algorithms in the judiciary, specifically highlighting how they can automate prejudice. This aligns with the title Automated Injustice: The Bias in the Code as the author describes the transformation of historical bias into systemic algorithmic output. Hence, this title is the most appropriate reflection of the author's concerns.
• The author explicitly states that if historical data is biased, the algorithm will disproportionately flag minority communities as high-risk, creating a feedback loop of inequality. This supports the concept of bias in the code leading to injustice.
• The text questions whether justice can exist without human empathy, suggesting that a predictive machine lacks the ability to understand nuance and individual circumstances, further reinforcing the theme of potential injustice.
• The phrase Shadow of the Algorithm is used to describe the fundamental concerns regarding the lack of transparency (black boxes) and the threat to the humanity of defendants, which is the central thesis of the author's argument.

 Additional Information

• Analysis of incorrect options:
• How to Program a Legal AI to Help Judges: This title is incorrect because the passage is a critique of the current application of AI, not a technical manual or a guide on the implementation process.
• The End of Human Prejudice: Dawn of Accurate Judgements: This title reflects the proponents' view mentioned briefly in the text, but the author's actual stance is the opposite, focusing on how algorithms perpetuate rather than end prejudice.
• The Efficiency of Modern Courtrooms: This title is irrelevant as the passage does not focus on speed or administrative efficiency, but rather on the ethical and moral implications of algorithmic bias.

The correct answer is It may repeat and reinforce existing social biases.

Key Points

• According to the passage, risk assessment algorithms in courtrooms analyze vast datasets to predict re-offending likelihood, but their reliance on historical data poses a significant threat. Hence, the primary danger is the automation of prejudice.
• The text explicitly states that if the historical data used to train the AI is biased, the algorithm will automate that prejudice, specifically by disproportionately flagging minority communities as high-risk. This confirms that existing social biases are repeated and reinforced.
• The passage describes this phenomenon as a feedback loop where past inequalities are used to justify future ones, effectively locking systemic bias into the digital infrastructure of the legal system.
• The passage supports this conclusion with the sentence: 'if the historical data used to train the AI is biased, the algorithm will simply "automate" that prejudice, disproportionately flagging minority communities as high-risk.'

 Additional Information

• The concept of Black Boxes:
• Refers to systems where the internal logic and decision-making processes are hidden from public view, making accountability difficult.
• Contrasts with the transparency required in traditional legal settings where judges must provide a clear rationale for their rulings.
• The role of Human Empathy:
• The passage argues that machines lack the ability to understand nuance and individual circumstances, which are critical components of justice.
• The "Shadow of the Algorithm" suggests a risk where cold data overrides the humanity of defendants, leading to a mechanical rather than a moral legal outcome.

The correct answer is Their internal logic is not transparent to the public.

Key Points

• The passage explicitly mentions that critics describe risk assessment algorithms as black boxes because their logic is hidden from the public. Hence, the selected option is correct.
• The term black box in this context refers to a system where the inputs and outputs are visible, but the internal processing or the rationale behind a specific prediction (such as the likelihood of re-offending) remains opaque and inaccessible to external scrutiny. Hence, the selected option is correct.
• The lack of transparency is a core concern for critics because it prevents legal professionals and defendants from understanding or challenging how a sentencing or bail recommendation was calculated. Hence, the selected option is correct.
• The passage supports this by stating: critics argue that algorithms are black boxes whose logic is hidden from the public. This directly links the metaphor to the secrecy of the underlying logic. Hence, the selected option is correct.

 Additional Information

• The Shadow of the Algorithm highlights several ethical risks beyond just transparency:
• Algorithmic Bias: If historical datasets contain human prejudice, the software may automate and amplify these biases against minority communities.
• Feedback Loops: Using biased data to justify future judicial decisions creates a cycle where past inequalities are perpetually reinforced.
• Lack of Nuance: Machines operate on pattern recognition and cold data, which often fails to account for human empathy or the specific individual circumstances of a defendant.
• Objective vs. Subjective: While proponents seek an objective legal landscape, critics fear that removing human judgment forgets the humanity of the legal process.

The correct answer is Subjective.

Key Points

• The word objective is an adjective used in the passage to describe a legal landscape or decision-making process that is unbiased, impartial, and based on observable facts or measurable data rather than personal feelings or opinions.
• An objective approach seeks to eliminate human prejudice and emotional influence, relying instead on empirical evidence and logical analysis.
• The word subjective is the direct antonym of objective. It refers to information or perspectives based on personal feelings, tastes, opinions, or individual interpretations rather than external facts.
• In the context of the passage, while algorithms are presented as a means to achieve objectivity, human empathy and nuance often involve subjective judgment, which considers the specific, unique human circumstances of a defendant.

 Additional Information

• Fair
• It refers to impartial and just treatment or behavior without favoritism or discrimination.
• In this context, it acts more as a synonym or a positive outcome of being objective.
• Distant
• It describes something far away in space or time, or a person who is reserved and unemotional.
• While an objective person might seem distant, the words are not lexical opposites.
• Technical
• It relates to a particular subject, art, or craft, or its techniques and applied sciences.
• The passage mentions algorithms which are technical in nature, but this does not contrast with the meaning of objective.

The correct answer is Critical and concerned.

Key Points

• The author describes the use of risk assessment algorithms as a double-edged sword, highlighting that while they aim for objectivity, they often function as black boxes with hidden logic.
• The passage explicitly warns that if historical data is biased, the AI will automate prejudice and disproportionately impact minority communities.
• The author expresses significant worry regarding the feedback loop where past inequalities are used to justify future ones, suggesting a deep-seated skepticism toward purely data-driven justice.
• The author uses evocative phrases like Shadow of the Algorithm and cold data, and questions whether justice can exist without human empathy.
• By stating that machines struggle to understand nuance and risk forgetting the humanity of defendants, the author adopts a stance that is clearly Critical and concerned.

 Additional Information

• Enthusiastic and supportive: This tone is incorrect as the author focuses more on the dangers and limitations of AI rather than praising its benefits.
• Neutral and purely descriptive: The passage is not neutral; it uses argumentative language and raises ethical warnings about systemic bias.
• Confused and uneducated: The author demonstrates a clear understanding of algorithmic logic, data training, and legal implications, showing a high level of analytical awareness.
• Key Concepts in the Passage:
• Risk Assessment Algorithms: Statistical tools used to predict recidivism.
• Black Box: A system where the internal workings or logic are not visible to the users or the public.
• Automated Prejudice: The process by which AI models replicate human biases present in the training datasets.

The correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• Hampi is a historical site located in the Vijayanagara district of the state of Karnataka, India.
• It served as the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire during the 14^th century, reaching its zenith under the reign of Krishnadevaraya.
• The site is situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River and is renowned for its Dravidian architecture characterized by massive fortifications and grand temples.
• In 1986, the Group of Monuments at Hampi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its cultural and architectural significance.
• The Reserve Bank of India featured the Stone Chariot of Hampi on the reverse side of the Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series 50 rupee note, highlighting its status as a symbol of Indian heritage.

 Additional Information

• Stone Chariot:
• Located within the Vittala Temple complex, it is one of the three famous stone chariots in India, the others being in Konark and Mahabalipuram.
• It is dedicated to Garuda, the vahana (mount) of Lord Vishnu.
• Virupaksha Temple:
• It is one of the oldest functioning temples in India, dedicated to Lord Shiva, and predates the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Historical Significance:
• The empire was founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama Dynasty in 1336.
• The city was largely destroyed and abandoned following the Battle of Talikota in 1565, where the empire was defeated by the Deccan Sultanates.

The correct answer is Himadri.

Key Points

• The Greater Himalayas, also referred to as the Inner Himalayas or Himadri, constitute the northernmost and highest range of the Himalayan mountain system.
• This range is characterized by its continuous nature, housing the world's most prominent peaks with an average elevation of approximately 6,000 meters above sea level.
• The core of the Himadri is composed primarily of granite, and it remains perennially snow-bound, giving rise to numerous massive glaciers like the Gangotri and Yamunotri.
• It includes some of the highest summits on Earth, such as Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, and Nanga Parbat.

 Additional Information

• Himachal
• Known as the Lesser Himalayas or Middle Himalayas, this range lies to the south of the Himadri.
• The altitude varies between 3,700 and 4,500 meters, and it is famous for hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie, and Nainital.
• Shiwalik
• This is the outermost range of the Himalayas, consisting of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers.
• The altitude ranges between 900 and 1,100 meters, and the longitudinal valleys lying between the Himachal and Shiwalik are known as Duns (e.g., Dehra Dun).
• Trans Himalayas
• This region is located north of the Greater Himalayas and includes ranges like the Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zanskar.
• It acts as a rain shadow area and contains the K2 (Godwin-Austen) peak, which is the second-highest in the world.

The correct answer is B.R. Ambedkar.

Key Points

• Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly known as Babasaheb, was a jurist, economist, and social reformer who dedicated his life to the eradication of untouchability and the upliftment of the Dalit community. Hence, the statement regarding fighting against caste discrimination is correct.
• He served as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, a body tasked with writing the fundamental law of the land. Hence, the statement regarding drafting the Indian Constitution is correct.
• He is widely recognized as the Father of the Indian Constitution for his pivotal role in ensuring fundamental rights, social justice, and legal safeguards for minorities and marginalized sections.
• In 1924, he founded the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha to promote education and socio-economic improvement among the downtrodden.
• He led the Mahad Satyagraha in 1927 to assert the right of untouchables to use water from public tanks and entered the Kalaram Temple in 1930 to challenge religious exclusion.

 Additional Information

• Mahatma Gandhi
• Known as the Father of the Nation, he led the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.
• He coined the term Harijan for Dalits and published a weekly journal of the same name to advocate for social reform.
• Dadabhai Naoroji
• Commonly referred to as the Grand Old Man of India, he was a key figure in the Indian National Congress.
• He formulated the Drain Theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, highlighting economic exploitation.
• Lala Lajpat Rai
• Known as Punjab Kesari, he was a prominent leader of the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate.
• He played a significant role in the Swadeshi Movement and died during protests against the Simon Commission in 1928.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• Gram Nyayalayas were established under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, to provide access to justice at the grassroots level in rural areas, and they are empowered to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdictions as specified in the First Schedule and Second Schedule of the Act. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Small Causes Courts are specialized subordinate courts created under the Provincial Small Cause Courts Act, 1887 (for rural areas) or the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act, 1882 (for presidency towns), designed to provide a summary trial procedure to expedite the resolution of civil disputes of small monetary value. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

 Additional Information

• The subordinate judiciary in India is structured under Articles 233 to 237 of the Constitution of India, where the organizational structure and nomenclature are determined by individual states.
• Gram Nyayalayas:
• A Nyayadhikari, who is a Judicial Magistrate First Class, presides over these courts.
• They follow a summary procedure for criminal cases and are not strictly bound by the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, but rather by the principles of natural justice.
• Small Causes Courts:
• These courts handle disputes such as recovery of rent, movable property, or liquidated damages.
• There is generally no right of appeal against the decrees of these courts, though a revision may lie with the High Court or District Court to ensure legality.
• District Courts:
• The District Judge is the highest judicial authority in a district, possessing administrative and judicial control over all subordinate courts.
• The presiding officer is called a District Judge when dealing with civil matters and a Sessions Judge when presiding over criminal trials.

The correct answer is For not more than six months.

Key Points

• According to Article 62(2) of the Constitution of India, an election to fill a vacancy in the office of the President occurring by reason of his death, resignation, removal, or otherwise must be held as soon as possible, and in no case later than six months from the date of occurrence of the vacancy.
• Under Article 65, the Vice-President acts as the President or discharges his functions during such a vacancy until the date on which a new President elected in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution enters upon his office.
• The maximum duration for which the Vice-President can officiate as the President is strictly limited to six months, matching the constitutional deadline for holding a fresh presidential election.
• While acting as the President, the Vice-President ceases to perform the duties of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and is entitled to all the privileges, emoluments, and allowances of the President as per the Second Schedule.

 Additional Information

• Succession Hierarchy:
• In the event that the offices of both the President and the Vice-President are vacant, the Chief Justice of India (or in their absence, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court) performs the functions of the President as per the President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969.
• Justice M. Hidayatullah was the first Chief Justice of India to serve as the Acting President in 1969 after the death of Dr. Zakir Hussain and the subsequent resignation of V.V. Giri.
• Constitutional Framework:
• Article 52 states there shall be a President of India.
• Article 63 states there shall be a Vice-President of India.
• The President is the nominal head of the state and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
• The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament via proportional representation.

The correct answer is Part XIV.

Key Points

• Part XIV of the Constitution of India deals with Services Under the Union and the States, which encompasses the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs).
• The specific provisions regarding the composition, appointment, and removal of members of the UPSC are detailed under Articles 315 to 323.
• Article 315 mandates the establishment of a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State.
• Article 316 specifies that the Chairman and other members of the UPSC are appointed by the President of India for a term of six years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Article 317 outlines the procedure for the removal and suspension of a member, stating they can only be removed by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after an inquiry by the Supreme Court.

 Additional Information

• Part XIII
• This part covers Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the territory of India through Articles 301 to 307.
• Part XI
• This part defines the Relations between the Union and the States, spanning Articles 245 to 263, covering legislative and administrative relations.
• Part X
• This part pertains to The Scheduled and Tribal Areas under Articles 244 and 244A, focusing on the administration of specific regions.
• Key Functions of UPSC
• It serves as the central recruiting agency in India, responsible for conducting examinations for appointments to the All India Services and Central Services Group A and Group B.
• It is consulted on matters related to methods of recruitment, disciplinary matters, and promotions of civil servants.

The correct answer is Mawsynram.

Key Points

• Mawsynram, located in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, India, is officially recognized as the wettest place on Earth.
• The village receives an extraordinary average annual rainfall of approximately 11,872 millimeters (467 inches) due to its unique geographical positioning.
• The high precipitation is primarily caused by the funneling effect of the Khasi Hills, which trap the moisture-laden winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal.
• As these Southwest Monsoon winds are forced to rise over the steep hills (orographic lift), they cool rapidly and condense, resulting in continuous and heavy downpours.
• Mawsynram holds the Guinness World Record for the highest average annual rainfall, surpassing the nearby town of Cherrapunji (Sohra).

 Additional Information

• Cherrapunji (Sohra):
• Historically known as the wettest place before Mawsynram took the title; it still holds the record for the most rainfall in a single month and year.
• Located just 15 kilometers away from Mawsynram in the same Meghalaya plateau.
• Prayagraj:
• Located in Uttar Pradesh at the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati rivers.
• It experiences a humid subtropical climate with significantly lower rainfall compared to Northeast India.
• Chennai:
• The capital of Tamil Nadu, which receives the bulk of its rainfall during the Northeast Monsoon (October to December).
• It is prone to cyclonic activities but does not rank among the highest rainfall zones globally.
• Delhi:
• The capital territory of India characterized by an overlap of semi-arid and humid subtropical climates.
• Rainfall is seasonal and relatively low, occurring mostly during the Monsoon months of July and August.

The correct answer is Finance Commission.

Key Points

• The Finance Commission is a Constitutional Body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution to define the financial relations between the Union Government and the State Governments.
• According to the provisions of Article 280, the President of India is required to constitute a Finance Commission at the expiration of every fifth year or at such earlier time as the President considers necessary.
• The primary mandate of the commission is to make recommendations to the President regarding the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States, and the allocation between the States of the respective shares of such proceeds.
• It also suggests the principles that should govern the Grants-in-Aid of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
• The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951, stipulates the qualifications, appointment, and disqualification of members, stating that the commission consists of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President.

 Additional Information

• Chief Justice of India:
• Appointed by the President under Article 124(2) of the Constitution.
• Acts as the head of the Judiciary of India and the Supreme Court.
• Election Commission:
• Established under Article 324 of the Constitution to ensure free and fair elections.
• The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President.
• Planning Commission:
• Was an extra-constitutional and non-statutory body formed by an executive resolution in 1950.
• It was replaced by the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) on January 1, 2015.

The correct answer is Article 226.

Key Points

• Article 226 of the Constitution of India grants the High Courts the power to issue certain writs, including Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari.
• This power is exercised for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution and for 'any other purpose', making the writ jurisdiction of High Courts broader than that of the Supreme Court.
• The phrase 'for any other purpose' implies that High Courts can issue writs for the enforcement of ordinary legal rights in addition to fundamental rights.
• The jurisdiction under Article 226 is discretionary in nature, and a High Court can refuse to exercise this power if an adequate alternative remedy exists.
• The interim relief or interlocutory orders can also be passed by the High Court under this Article to prevent the miscarriage of justice during the pendency of a petition.

 Additional Information

• Article 32:
• Known as the Right to Constitutional Remedies, it allows citizens to move the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described this Article as the 'Heart and Soul' of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 227:
• Vests the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which the High Court exercises jurisdiction.
• It covers both administrative and judicial superintendence.
• Article 132:
• Relates to the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain specific cases involving substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.
• Article 323:
• Pertains to the Reports of Public Service Commissions, mandating that the UPSC presents an annual report to the President regarding the work done by the Commission.

The correct answer is V. D. Savarkar.

Key Points

• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, popularly known as Veer Savarkar, wrote the influential book titled 'The Indian War of Independence, 1857' while he was in London.
• Originally written in Marathi in 1909, the book was a revolutionary response to British historiography, which dismissed the event as a mere Sepoy Mutiny.
• Savarkar was the first to categorize the 1857 uprising as a planned war for national independence rather than a spontaneous military revolt.
• The book was heavily banned by the British authorities even before its official publication, leading it to be printed in the Netherlands and smuggled into India.

 Additional Information

• R. C. Majumdar:
• A prominent Indian historian known for his work 'The Sepoy Mutiny and the Rebellion of 1857'.
• He famously argued that the 1857 revolt was neither the first, nor national, nor a war of independence.
• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee:
• A renowned Bengali novelist and poet who authored 'Anandamath'.
• He is celebrated for composing 'Vande Mataram', which became the national song of India during the freedom struggle.
• Bipin Chandra:
• A leading modern Indian historian specializing in the Indian National Movement.
• He authored the comprehensive book 'India's Struggle for Independence', providing a nationalist perspective on the colonial era.

The correct answer is Balkrishna Doshi.

Key Points

• Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi made history in March 2018 by becoming the first Indian architect to be awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, which is globally recognized as the Nobel Prize of Architecture.
• The Pritzker Prize jury recognized him for his exceptional ability to interpret architecture and transform it into built works that respect Eastern culture while enhancing the quality of living in India.
• He is celebrated for his pioneering work in low-cost housing and urban planning, famously exemplified by the Aranya Low Cost Housing project in Indore, which accommodates over 80,000 residents through a system of houses, courtyards, and internal pathways.
• His architectural style is a fusion of modernist principles learned from mentors like Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn with traditional Indian sensibilities, emphasizing sustainability and local climate conditions.

 Additional Information

• Notable Projects and Honors:
• His iconic designs include the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIM-B), Amdavad ni Gufa, and the CEPT University campus in Ahmedabad.
• Beyond the Pritzker Prize, he was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976, the Padma Bhushan in 2020, and the Padma Vibhushan (posthumously) in 2023 by the Government of India.
• In 2022, he also received the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), approved by Queen Elizabeth II.
• Other Notable Architects:
• Hafeez Contractor is a prominent Indian architect known for his commercial skyscrapers and residential towers in Mumbai, receiving the Padma Bhushan in 2016.
• Brinda Somaya is an acclaimed urban conservationist and architect focused on sustainable development and the restoration of heritage buildings.
• Sanjay Puri is a contemporary architect recognized internationally for his sculptural and abstract design forms in modern retail and residential spaces.

The correct answer is Six months.

Key Points

• The 74^th Constitutional Amendment Act, enacted in 1992, introduced Part IXA to the Constitution of India, which deals with Municipalities (Urban Local Bodies).
• According to Article 243U of the Constitution, every Municipality shall continue for a period of five years from the date appointed for its first meeting unless it is dissolved earlier under any law.
• In the event of dissolution or supersession of a municipal body before the expiry of its natural term, the Act mandates that elections to constitute the new Municipality must be completed within a period of six months from the date of such dissolution.
• The primary objective of this provision is to ensure that local self-government bodies do not remain superseded or suspended indefinitely by State Governments, maintaining democratic continuity at the grassroots level.
• If the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have continued is less than six months, it is not necessary to hold any election for constituting the Municipality for such period.

 Additional Information

• Term Length vs. Supersession Period:
• While the normal tenure of a Municipality is five years, the maximum duration for which a municipality can remain superseded without an election is strictly limited to six months.
• A Municipality constituted upon dissolution shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have continued had it not been so dissolved.
• Incorrect Options:
• Three years and Four years are incorrect as they do not align with the constitutional mandate for holding fresh elections under the 74^th Amendment.
• The five-year term (often confused with the supersession limit) refers to the full duration of a functional elected body, whereas six months is the legal window allowed for interim vacancy.

The correct answer is Biot-Savart law.

Key Points

• The Biot-Savart law is a fundamental law of electromagnetism used to determine the magnetic field (dB) produced at a point by a small current element (Idl).
• It states that the magnetic field is directly proportional to the current (I), the length of the element (dl), and the sine of the angle between the element and the position vector.
• It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r²) between the current element and the point, following an inverse-square law.
• The mathematical expression is given by: $dB = \frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi} \frac{I dl \sin\theta}{r^{2}}$.
• This law is used to calculate the magnetic field for various conductor geometries, such as circular loops or straight wires.

Additional Information

• Ampere’s circuital law: Relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop; it is a more symmetrical alternative to Biot-Savart law.
• Coulomb’s law: Determines the electrostatic force between two point charges, not magnetic fields.
• Faraday’s law: Describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.

The correct answer is September 1857.

Key Points

• The British forces successfully recaptured Delhi from the rebel forces in September 1857 after a prolonged and bloody siege that lasted for several months.
• The offensive was led by Brigadier General John Nicholson, who played a pivotal role in the assault on the city walls but was mortally wounded during the fighting at Lahore Gate.
• The recapture of Delhi was a decisive turning point in the Revolt of 1857, as it broke the symbolic center of the uprising and led to the capture of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• The Kashmiri Gate was blown up by British engineers on September 14, 1857, allowing the troops to enter the city and engage in intense street-to-street combat for nearly a week.
• The city was completely secured by September 20, 1857, after which the Red Fort was occupied and Bahadur Shah II was arrested from Humayun's Tomb by Captain Hodson.

 Additional Information

• The Revolt of 1857 Timeline:
• May 1857: Marks the beginning of the mutiny at Meerut on May 10, after which the rebels marched to Delhi and proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as the Emperor of Hindustan.
• March 1858: This period is associated with the Fall of Lucknow, where British forces under Sir Colin Campbell recaptured the city from rebel control.
• April 1859: Represents the final phase of the suppression of the revolt, notably marked by the capture and execution of Tantia Tope on April 18, 1859, which effectively ended organized resistance.
• Consequences: Following the recapture of Delhi, the East India Company rule was abolished, and the administration of India was transferred directly to the British Crown via the Government of India Act 1858.

The correct answer is - Rabies

Key Points

• Rabies
• Rabies is a viral disease caused by the Lyssavirus, which belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family.
• It is primarily transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal, most commonly via a bite from an infected dog.
• The virus affects the Central Nervous System (CNS), leading to inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.
• Initial symptoms include fever and headache, which can progress to hydrophobia (fear of water), hallucinations, and progressive paralysis.

Additional Information

• Transmission and Prevention
• While dogs are the primary source of human rabies deaths, other animals like bats, cats, and monkeys can also spread the virus.
• The disease is almost 100% fatal once clinical symptoms appear, but it is 100% preventable through immediate Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and vaccination.
• Comparison with Other Diseases
• Dengue: A viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, characterized by high fever and severe joint pain.
• Malaria: A parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.
• Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs and is spread through airborne droplets.

The correct answer is Farida Jalal.

Key Points

• Veteran Indian actress Farida Jalal was honored with the prestigious Extraordinary Contribution to Cinema award at the 8^th Critics Choice Awards held in March 2026.
• The award recognizes her illustrious career spanning over five decades in the Indian film industry, where she has delivered memorable performances in iconic movies across multiple generations.
• The Critics Choice Awards in India celebrate outstanding achievements in cinema, web series, and short films, determined by the Film Critics Guild.