DSSSB (Court/Room/Security Attendant): (3rd June 2026) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

• लोकोक्ति-  'चन्दन की कुटकी भली, गाड़ी भरा न काठ'
• अर्थ - अच्छी वस्तु थोड़ी भी बहुमूल्य होती है किन्तु मामूली चीज़ अधिक होकर भी नगण्य ​

Key Points 

• लोकोक्ति- जब कोई पूरा कथन किसी प्रसंग विशेष में उद्धत किया जाता है तो लोकोक्ति कहलाता है।
• इसी को कहावत कहते है।

उदाहरण-

'सूखकर काँटा होना' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त करता है - अत्यधिक कमजोर हो जाना

Key Points

• 'सूखकर काँटा होना' का अर्थ - अत्यधिक कमजोर हो जाना
• वाक्य प्रयोग - वृद्धावस्था में आने के बाद दादाजी का शरीर "सूखकर काँटा हो गया"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• उदाहरण के लिए - 'गुदड़ी का लाल' का अर्थ- गरीब के घर में गुणवान का उत्पन्न होना। वाक्य प्रयोग - अपने वंश में प्रेमचन्द सचमुच "गुदड़ी के लाल थे"।

Additional Information 

वर्तनी शुद्ध है - 'स्वर्गीय'

• स्वर्गीय - जिसका निधन हो चुका हो; जो अब जीवित न हो, मृत।
• अन्य सभी विकल्प वर्तनी की दृष्टि से गलत है।

Mistake Points 

• स्वर्गिय - ('इ' की मात्रा से सम्बन्धित त्रुटि)
• सवर्गीय - ('स्' वर्ण से सम्बन्धित त्रुटि)
• श्वर्गीय - ('स्' वर्ण से सम्बन्धित त्रुटि)

Key Points 

• किसी शब्द में आये हुए अक्षरों को मात्राओं सहित कहने या लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं। वर्तनी का सीधा सम्बन्ध उच्चारण से होता है।
• यदि उच्चारण शुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी शुद्ध होगी और यदि उच्चारण अशुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी भी अशुद्ध होगी।

Additional Information कुछ अशुद्ध से शुद्ध शब्द:-

• अशुद्ध - शुद्ध
• क्षत्रीय - क्षत्रिय
• गृहणी - गृहिणी
• ज्योत्सना - ज्योत्स्ना
• त्यौहार - त्योहार
• दायित्त्व - दायित्व
• कार्यवाई - कार्रवाई

सही उत्तर: वृंद का सही अर्थ है समूह।

• वृंद के पर्यायवाची हैं समूह, समुदाय, झुंड इत्यादि।

Key Points 

Additional Information पर्यायवाची शब्द:

• वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ एक समान होता हैं पर्यायवाची शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• समानर्थी शब्द को हम पर्यायवाची शब्द भी कहते है। ‘पर्याय’ का अर्थ है ‘समान’ तथा ‘वाची’ का अर्थ है ‘बोले जाने वाले’ अर्थात

समान बोले जाने वाले शब्दों को हम पर्यायवाची शब्द या समानार्थी शब्द कहते है।

पर्यायवाची शब्द के उदाहरण :

• रजनी - रात्रि, निशा, यामिनी, विभावरी।
• गंगा - सुरसरि, त्रिपथगा, देवनदी, जाह्नवी, भागीरथी।
• वृक्ष - तरु, द्रुम, पादप, विटप, अगम, पेड़, गाछ।
• शिक्षक - गुरु, अध्यापक, आचार्य, उपाध्याय।

अज्ञ दिए गए विकल्प में से असंगत / बेमेल शब्द है।

Key Points

• अज्ञ का अर्थ होता है- जो कुछ भी नहीं जानता हो, अज्ञानी, ज्ञान रहित, जड़, अचेतन, मूर्ख अनजान नासमझ, नादान आदि।
• अन्य विकल्प-

• दिए गए विकल्पों में गणितज्ञ, संगीतज्ञ , राजनीतिज्ञ किसी न किसी विषय के ज्ञाता है, परन्तु अज्ञ वह है, जो कुछ नहीं जानता इसलिए अज्ञ अन्य से भिन्न है।

सही उत्तर 'दानव, मनुष्य, ब्राह्मण' है। 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'दानव, मनुष्य और ब्राह्मण' शब्द भाववाचक संज्ञा के उदाहरण नहीं हैं।
• दानव शब्द पूरी दानव जाति का बोध कराता है इसलिए यह जातिवाचक संज्ञा है।
• दानव का भाववाचक संज्ञा दानवता है।
• मनुष्य शब्द पूरी जाति का बोध कराता है इसलिए यह जातिवाचक संज्ञा है।
• मनुष्य का भाववाचक संज्ञा मनुष्यता है।
• यहाँ पर किसी विशेष ब्राह्मण की बात न होकर ब्राह्मण शब्द का प्रयोग एक जाति के रूप में किया गया है। अतः 'ब्राह्मण' शब्द जातिवाचक संज्ञा है।
• ब्राह्मण का भाववाचक संज्ञा ब्राह्मणत्व है।

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों मे से विकल्प 2 "मैं" सही है। अन्य विकल्प उचित नही है।

Key Points

• उत्तम पुरुष सर्वनाम खुद के बारे में बताने के लिए उपयोग किये जाते है।
• ________ अपने काम पर लौट आया। "मैं" उत्तम पुरुष सर्वनाम से वाक्य की पूर्ति होती है।
• उत्तम पुरुष​ सर्वनाम:-
• मैं, मुझे, मुझको, मेरा, मेरी, हमारी, हम, हमारा, हमें आदि।
• यहाँ विकल्प मे केवल मैं ही उत्तम पुरुष​ सर्वनाम है  इसीलिए विकल्प 2 सही है।

Additional Information

• पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम के प्रकार:-
• उत्तम पुरुष- खुद को बताने के लिए।
• जैसे:- 
• मुझे, मुझको, मेरा, मेरी, हमारी, हम, हमारा, हमें।
• प्रयोग:-
• मै जा रहा हूँ।
• मध्यम पुरुष- सुनने वाले व्यक्ति के लिए
• जैसे:-
• आप, तुम, तुमको, तुझे, तू
• प्रयोग:-
• तुम मुझे पसंद हो।
• अन्य पुरुष:- किसी तीसरे व्यक्ति के बारे बताने के लिए
• जैसे:-
• यह, वह, ये, वे,
• प्रयोग:-
• यह किताब उसकी है।

वह मेरे घर आया करता है। 'संयुक्त क्रिया' का उदाहरण है। 

Key Points

• संयुक्त क्रिया - दो या दो से अधिक भिन्न भिन्न अर्थ देने वाली क्रियाओं के योग से बनी क्रिया।
• उदाहरण - राम गीता पढ़ने लगा।

Additional Information

“मुझे दस दिन की छुट्टी चाहिए।“ - इस वाक्य में ‘दस’ विशेषण है - 'संख्यावाचक विशेषण'

• यहाँ पर ‘दस’ दिन की छुट्टी से संख्या का बोध हो रहा है। अतः ‘दस’ संख्यावाचक विशेषण के अंतर्गत आएगा।
• ऐसे विशेषण शब्द जो किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की संख्या का बोध कराते हैं, वे संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
• उदाहरण - चार, पांच, दौ गुना, पांच गुना आदि।
• मैं रोज़ चार केले खाता हूँ।

Key Points

दिए गए वाक्य में 'दुष्टों की संगत से बचना कठिन है।' रेखांकित शब्द 'संज्ञा, जातिवावचक, पुल्लिंग' होगा।

Key Points

• जातिवाचक संज्ञा:- जो संज्ञा एक ही प्रकार की वस्तुओं का (पूरी जाति का) बोध कराती है। जैसे – नदी, पर्वत, लड़की आदि।
• दुष्टों जातिवाचक संज्ञा की सूचित करता है ।​

Additional Information

• लोकोक्ति-  'घड़ी में घर जले, नौ घड़ी भद्रा'
• अर्थ - हर काम शुभ घड़ी में करने को कहकर आवश्यक कार्य के लिए भी टालमटोल करते हुए संकट के समय होशियारी से काम न लेना​

Key Points

• लोकोक्ति- जब कोई पूरा कथन किसी प्रसंग विशेष में उद्धत किया जाता है तो लोकोक्ति कहलाता है।
• इसी को कहावत कहते है।

उदाहरण-

'घाट -घाट का पानी पीना' मुहावरे का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प है - हर प्रकार का अनुभव होना

Key Points

• 'घाट -घाट का पानी पीना' का अर्थ - हर प्रकार का अनुभव होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - उसको धोखा देना आसान नहीं, वह "घाट-घाट का पानी पिए हुए है"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• जैसे : 'पगड़ी रखना' का अर्थ- इज्जत बचाना। वाक्य प्रयोग - हल्दीघाटी में झाला सरदार ने राजपूतों की "पगड़ी रख ली"।​

Important Points

Additional Information 

त्रीणि का तद्भव शब्द होगा- तीन

Key Points

• 'त्रीणि' एक तत्सम शब्द है, जबकि इसका तद्भव शब्द 'तीन' होगा।
• तत्सम - जिन शब्दों को संस्कृत से बिना किसी परिवर्तन के ले लिया जाता है, उन्हें तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं। 
• जैसे- ताम्र, क्षीर, पक्षी आदि।
• तद्भव - जिन शब्दों में समय और परिस्थितियों के कारण कुछ परिवर्तन होने से जो शब्द बने हैं, उन्हें तद्भव कहते हैं। 
• जैसे- ताँबा, खीर, पंछी आदि।​

अन्य विकल्प-

• 'त्रिवेणी' का अर्थ - तीन नदियों का संगम।

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण ​तत्सम और तद्भव शब्द -

सही उत्तर: पुष्कर का अर्थ है तालाब।

• पुष्कर के अन्य पर्यायवाची= तड़ाग, पोखर, जलाशय

Key Points 

 Mistake Points

• पुष्कल का अर्थ है भिक्षा​

Additional Information

कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• अमृत - सुधा, अमिय, पीयूष, सोम, मधु।
• सन्ध्या - सायंकाल, शाम, साँझ, प्रदोषकाल, गोधूलि।
• समुद्र - सागर, पयोधि, उदधि, पारावार, नदीश, जलधि, सिंधु, रत्नाकर, वारिधि।
• जगत - संसार, विश्व, जग, जगती, भव, दुनिया, लोक, भुवन।
• तालाब - सरोवर, जलाशय, सर, पुष्कर, पोखरा, जलवान, सरसी, तड़ाग।
• नदी - सरिता, तटिनी, सरि, सारंग, जयमाला, तरंगिणी, दरिया, निर्झरिणी।
• बाण - सर, तीर, सायक, विशिख, शिलीमुख, नाराच।

कौशिक का अनेकार्थक शब्द व्यवधान नहीं है।

Key Points

• अनेकार्थी शब्द का अर्थ:- ऐसे शब्द, जिनके अनेक अर्थ होते है, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते है।
• दूसरे शब्दों में- जिन शब्दों के एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं, उन्हें ‘अनेकार्थी शब्द’ कहते है।
• हर भाषा में कुछ ऐसे शब्द होते हैं, जिनके एक से अधिक अर्थ निकलते हैं।
• ये अलग-अलग अवसरों में, वाक्यों के साथ मिलकर अलग-अलग अर्थ देते हैं। ये शब्द अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे:- 1.अरुण:- लाल, सूर्य आदि। 2. अंक:- भाग्य, गिनती के अंक, गोद आदि।
• कौशिक के अनेकार्थी शब्द:- सपेरा, विश्वमित्र, नेवला, उल्लू, इन्द्र आदि।
• व्‍यवधान का अर्थ- बाधा, रुकावट आदि।
• वाक्‍य प्रयोग- मैं बाजार जा रहा हूँ, कृपया व्यवधान पैदा न करें।

Additional Informationअन्य अनेकार्थी शब्द के उदाहरण:-

दिए गए विकल्पों में 'तुषार' के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं-पाला, शीत, हिम।

• तुषार के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द - तुहिन , निशाजल ,ओस , नीहार आदि।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प - 

• "तुरंत" के पर्यायवाची शब्द - तत्काल, तत्क्षण, फौरन।
• "रोगमुक्त" के पर्यायवाची शब्द -स्वस्थ, नीरोग, रोगहीन।
• "तारिका" के पर्यायवाची शब्द - नखत, नक्षत्र, उडु।

Additional Information

• पर्यायवाची शब्द - समान अर्थ प्रदान करने वाले शब्द पर्यायवाची शब्द अथवा समानार्थक शब्द कहलाते हैं।

कुछ पर्यायवाची शब्द -

• अतिथि- मेहमान ,पाहुन ,आगंतुक, अभ्यागत।
• इजाजत- स्वीकृति, मंजूरी, अनुमति।
• उपहास- परिहास, मजाक, खिल्ली।
• औषधि- दवा, दवाई, भेषज।
• कर्तव्य- कर्म, कृत्य, विधेय।
• खेल- क्रीड़ा, केलि, तमाशा, करतब।
• गुप्त- गूढ़, रहस्यपूर्ण, परोक्ष, छिपा।
• घी- हव्य, अमृतसार, क्षीरसार, आज्य।
• चर्म- खाल, चमड़ी, त्वचा, त्वक्।
• छाछ- गोरस, मठा, दधि स्वेद, मट्ठा।
• जहर- हलाहल, विष, गरल, कालकूट, गर।
• झंडा- पताका, केतु, निसान, ध्वज, केतन, वैजयंती।
• तरुण- युवा,जवान, युवक।
• दीपक- प्रदीप, दीप, दीया, ज्योति, चिराग।

'चन्द्रमा' तथा 'ब्राह्मण' के लिए एक शब्द है - द्विज

Key Points

• 'द्विज' के अनेकार्थी शब्द हैं - पक्षी, दाँत, ब्राह्मण, गणेश, चन्द्रमा।
• अनेकार्थी शब्द - ऐसे शब्द, जिनके अनेक अर्थ होते है, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Information कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण अनेकार्थी शब्द:-

"एक गीतों की पुस्तक लाओ I" यह वाक्‍य अशुद्ध है। अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points 

• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- एक गीतों की पुस्तक लाओ। इस वाक्‍य में क्रम-संबंधी त्रुटि हैं।
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- गीतों की एक पुस्तक लाओ I
• अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍पों में द‍िए गए सभी वाक्‍य व्‍याकरण की दृष्टि से शुद्ध हैं।

Important Points 

अन्य पुरुष वाचक सर्वनाम का सही विकल्प उन्हें​ है I

Key Points अन्य पुरुष:-

• जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग किसी तीसरे व्यक्ति के बारे में बात करने के लिए होता है।
• इसके अंतर्गत यह, वह, ये, वे, उन्हें​ आदि आते हैं।

उदाहरण- ​​

• वह तुम्हारी गाय है।
• वे तुम्हारी बकरियाँ है।
• राम मनोहर जी उन्हें​ हिन्दी पढ़ाते है।

Important Points 

Additional Information

सही उत्तर 'शिक्षक' है।

• 'शिक्षक' जातिवाचक संज्ञा का शब्द है।
• शिक्षक शब्द का भाववाचक संज्ञा शिक्षा है।
• जिस शब्द से किसी प्राणी या वस्तु की समस्त जाति का बोध होता है,उन शब्दों को जातिवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं।
• यथा- घोड़ा, फूल, मनुष्य,वृक्ष इत्यादि।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण

Additional Information

प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में छायावादी कवि के बारे में लिखा गया है- निराला

• गद्यांश के अनुसार-
• प्रकृति का छायावादी कविता से गहरा संबंध था। इन कविताओं का मूल स्वर प्रेम, प्रकृति और रहस्यमयता रहा है।
• यह रहस्यमयता किसी अज्ञात सत्ता के प्रति कुतूहल एवं जिज्ञासा की भावना के रूप में प्रकट हुई है।
• निराला ने अपने पूर्ववर्ती जीवन में प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य को दर्शाने वाले अनेक गीत लिखे हैं।

Key Pointsनिराला-

• सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी 'निराला' (21 फरवरी, 1899 - 15 अक्टूबर, 1961)
• हिन्दी कविता के छायावादी युग के चार प्रमुख स्तंभों में से एक माने जाते हैं।
• वे जयशंकर प्रसाद, सुमित्रानंदन पंत और महादेवी वर्मा के साथ हिन्दी साहित्य में छायावाद के प्रमुख स्तंभ माने जाते हैं।
• उन्होंने कई कहानियाँ, उपन्यास और निबंध भी लिखे हैं किन्तु उनकी ख्याति विशेष रुप से कविता के कारण ही है।

Additional Information

"छायावादी कविताओं का मूल स्वर प्रेम प्रकृति रहस्यमयता रही है।" मूल स्वर से अभिप्राय है- मुख्य विषय​​

• मूल का अर्थ- प्रधान, मुख्य, असल और पहला।

Key Pointsमौलिक-

• जो किसी की नकल या आधार पर न हो बल्कि अपनी उद्भावना से निकला हो।

ध्वनि-

• एक प्रकार का कम्पन या विक्षोभ है जो किसी ठोस, द्रव या गैस से होकर संचारित होती है।
• मुख्य रूप से उन कम्पनों को ही ध्वनि कहते हैं जो मानव के कान (Ear) से सुनायी पड़ती हैं।

स्वर-

• स्वर (vowel) उन ध्वनियों को कहते हैं
• जो बिना किसी अन्य वर्णों की सहायता के उच्चारित किये जाते हैं।
• स्वतंत्र रूप से बोले जाने वाले वर्ण,स्वर कहलाते हैं।
• हिन्दी भाषा में मूल रूप से ग्यारह स्वर होते हैं।
• ग्यारह स्वर के वर्ण : अ,आ,इ,ई,उ,ऊ,ऋ,ए,ऐ,ओ,औ आदि।

निराला के आरंभिक गीतों में मुख्यतः प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य का वर्णन मिलता है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार-
• यह रहस्यमयता किसी अज्ञात सत्ता के प्रति कुतूहल एवं जिज्ञासा की भावना के रूप में प्रकट हुई है।
• निराला ने अपने पूर्ववर्ती जीवन में प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य को दर्शाने वाले अनेक गीत लिखे हैं।
• उस काल में संध्या, प्रभात, मेघ चाँदनी आदि कुछ ऐसे प्रिय विषय थे जिनपर अनेक कविताएँ निराला के यहाँ मिल जाएँगी।

Key Points

• प्राकृतिक- 
• प्रकृति से उत्पन्न, नैसर्गिक।
• सौंदर्य-
• ​सुंदर होने की अवस्था या भाव।

Additional Information

छायावादी कविताओं की रहस्यमयता अज्ञात सत्ता के प्रति कौतूहल प्रगट हुई है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार-
• प्रकृति का छायावादी कविता से गहरा संबंध था। इन कविताओं का मूल स्वर प्रेम, प्रकृति और रहस्यमयता रहा है।
• यह रहस्यमयता किसी अज्ञात सत्ता के प्रति कुतूहल एवं जिज्ञासा की भावना के रूप में प्रकट हुई है।
• निराला ने अपने पूर्ववर्ती जीवन में प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य को दर्शाने वाले अनेक गीत लिखे हैं। ​

Key Points

• अज्ञात-
• ​जिसके बारे में पता न हो, नामालूम, अपरिचित।
• कौतूहल-
• ​किसी वस्तु को देखने या जानने की इच्छा या चाहत, जिज्ञासा​।

Additional Informationक्रोध-

• रोष, कोप, अमर्ष, गुस्सा, आक्रोश, कोह, प्रतिघात।

"विराट और कठोर रूप का भी चित्रण है।" प्रकृति के इस रूप से अभिप्राय है- विध्वंसकारी

• गद्यांश के अनुसार-
• निराला ने प्रकृति के मोहक रूप के साथ - साथ विराट और कठोर रूप का भी चित्रण किया है। ​
• अर्थात निराला ने प्रकृति के आकर्षक रूप के साथ - साथ विध्वंसकारी रूप का भी चित्रण किया है। ​

Key Points

• विध्वंसकारी- 
• तोड़-फोड़ करने वाला, विध्वंस करने वाला, नाशकारी।

Additional Informationमनोहर-

• सुंदर, मन को हरने या भाने वाला; चुराने वाला।

जीवनदायक-

• जीवन देने वाला।

कोमल-

• ​मुलायम, सुकुमार, सलीस, नाज़ुक, नरम।

The correct answer is option 4), i.e., 'growth.'

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the words given in the options:

• The context of the sentence is that the country's quick development has raised the standard of living for many people.
• According to the above-mentioned points, the most appropriate word to fill in the blank is "growth."
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.
• Another example:
• Calcium is good to the growth of your bones.

Complete Sentence: The country's rapid growth has led to a rise in many people's standard of living.

The correct answer "C" 

Key Points

• The error lies in part 'C' of the sentence because 'unless' is used instead of 'until'.
• The sentence is expressing that the teacher informed the class that the exam would be postponed until next week.
• 'Until' is used to indicate that something will happen after a certain point in time, whereas 'unless' is used to indicate that something will happen only if a certain condition is met.
• Hence, 'until' must be used instead of 'unless' to make the sentence correct.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Correct Sentence: The teacher informed the class that the exam would be postponed until next week.

The correct answer is: ​The ability to see through things or perceive hidden details.

Key Points

• The idiom "X-ray vision" is often used humorously or metaphorically to describe the ability to see through objects or perceive things that are not immediately apparent.
• It implies a heightened or extraordinary level of insight or perception.
• Example: Jane has a knack for understanding people's emotions even when they don't express them outwardly. It's as if she has X-ray vision into their feelings and thoughts.

​Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is "Atheist"

Key Points

• Let's understand the meaning of the given one words.
• Theist: A person who believes in the existence of one or more gods or deities.(आस्तिक)
• For example, "John is a devout theist and regularly attends church services."
• Idolizer: A person who admires and reveres someone or something excessively(मूर्तिपूजक).
• For example, "Sara is an idolizer of her favorite pop star and has all their merchandise."
• Atheist: A person who does not believe in the existence of gods or deities.(नास्तिक)
• For example, "Jane is an atheist and does not believe in any kind of supernatural power."
• Deist: A person who believes in the existence of a god or supreme being, but denies revealed religion and bases this belief solely on reason or natural laws.(आस्तिक)
• For example, "Tom is a deist, he believes in a higher power, but not in religious doctrines."
• Thus, as per the above explanation the correct one word is "Atheist"

The correct answer is '​A huge notice warned us to beware of pickpockets.'

Key Points 

• The reporting verb 'said/said to' is changed in 'asked, demanded, ordered, enquired, offered' as per the nature of the sentence.
• The first person in reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.
• In Reported Speech change of the second person depends on the object of reporting speech.
• The third person remains unchanged.
• Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject.
• This is because the subject ‘you’ is usually understood.
• As a result of this, imperative sentences begin with a verb in the simple present tense.
• In order to change an imperative sentence into indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive.
• Example: 
• The old woman said to the boy, ‘Please help me.’
• The old woman requested the boy to help her.
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Correct sentence: A huge notice warned us to beware of pickpockets.

The correct answer is 'A person who thinks he is of a high social class and looks down on people of lower class'.

Key Points

• The idiom "toffee-nosed" is used to describe someone who is snobbish or conceited, particularly regarding their perceived social status or class superiority.
• It implies an attitude of superiority and looking down on others.
• In the given sentence, Mr. Avinash's brother is described as "toffee-nosed," suggesting that he behaves in a snobbish or condescending manner, possibly due to considering himself of a higher social class than others.
• Option 1 best captures this meaning, as it directly correlates with the behavior described in the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'option 1'.

Additional Information

• Option 2 is inappropriate and not suitable.
• Option 3 is inappropriate and not suitable.
• Option 4 is inappropriate and not suitable.

The correct answer is 2) Neutral.

Key Points

• “Fundamental” refers to something basic, core, or essential in nature.
• In contrast, “neutral” implies absence of a defining, essential, or foundational position; it denotes something that is neither basic nor aligned with core principles.
• Hence, 'neutral' is taken as the most appropriate antonym here.

Additional Information

Why others are incorrect:

• Impact – denotes effect or influence, not opposition to “fundamental.”
• Least – refers to quantity or degree, not to essential nature.
• Link – means connection or association.

The erroneously spelt word is "Spontanous"

Key Points 

• The correct spelling is Spontaneous.
• Let's look at the meaning of the word:
• Spontaneous- performed or occurring as a result of a sudden impulse or inclination.
• Example: The reaction of Lithium with water is always spontaneous.

Hence, the correct answer is "option 1".

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meanings of the other words:
• Pilgrimage- a pilgrim's journey.
• Temperament- a person's or animal's nature
• Enormous- very huge in size

Hinglish

• Spontaneous- तेज़ी से होना .
• Example: The reaction of Lithium with water is always spontaneous.
• Pilgrimage- तीर्थ यात्रा
• Temperament- स्वभाव
• Enormous- विशाल

The correct answer is 'obscure'.

Key Points

• Apparent means clearly visible or understood; obvious. (स्पष्ट)
• Example: The reason for his happiness was apparent when he received the award.
• Obscure refers to something not discovered or known about; uncertain or unclear. (अस्पष्ट)
• Example: The origins of the ancient manuscript remain obscure, with little evidence to pinpoint its exact time period.
• Hence, the correct antonym is Obscure.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

Additional Information

• Probable means likely to happen or be the case. (संभावित)
• Example: The dark clouds made rain probable later in the day.
• Manifest means clear or obvious to the eye or mind. (प्रकट)
• Example: His nervousness was manifest in his shaky hands.
• Obvious means easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent. (स्पष्ट)
• Example: The solution to the problem was obvious once he stopped overthinking it.

The correct answer is option 1), i.e., 'Feasible.'

Key Points 

• Let's look at the meaning of the marked option:
• Feasible - capable of being done, effected, or accomplished. (संभव)
• Example:
• Your new business proposal sounds quite feasible.
• ​Let's look at the meanings of the other given options:​
• Untenable - not able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection. (असमर्थ, अस्थिर)
• Irrevocable - not able to be changed, reversed, or recovered; final. (अपरिवर्तनीय)
• Eligible - having the right to do or obtain something; satisfying the appropriate conditions. (योग्य)
• Hence, from the given meanings, we find that 'Feasible' is the correct one-word substitute.
• So, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is "Oliver told his teacher that she had taken his notebook."

Key Points

• The reporting verb "said" is changed to "told" in reported speech if there is a personal object.
• The pronoun "she" and the possessive "my" remain the same because these refer to people other than the speaker and the listener (Oliver and his teacher).
• Conjunction "that" will be used instead of inverted commas.
• The verb form "had taken" is already in the past perfect tense, which typically remains unchanged in reported speech.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. "ACDB." 

Key Points

• In the abovementioned paragraph, there is a chronological sequence of the sentences.
• Sentence A is the first sentence as it begins with the noun 'Shalini' and mentions as she awaited her friend, she was scrolling through the phone's screen.
• Sentence C is the second sentence as it begins with the conjunction 'when' and mentions the next incident which is after her friends arrival, they went to the market. Thus it establishes a relation with the previous sentence.
• Sentence D is the third sentence as it begins with the noun 'The market place' and creates a relevent situation that is the condition of the market.
• The only option that shows such an arrangement is Option 4.
• Sentence B is the last sentence as it begins with the pronoun 'her' and mentions what they did in the market. Thus, it establishes a relation with the previous sentence.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct order is: 

A. Shalini was scrolling down the phone screen while waiting for her friend.

C. When her friend arrived, they went to the market place.

D. The market place was thronging with people.

B. Her friend brought a bouquet for Shalini from the market place.

The correct answer is 'a'.

Key Points

• The indefinite article "a" is used before singular nouns that are not specific.
• In this sentence, "graduate" is a singular noun referring to any graduate in general, not a specific one.
• The sentence does not mention a particular graduate, so we cannot use the definite article "the".
• "An" is not used before words that begin with a consonant sound, and "graduate" begins with a consonant sound /g/.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Complete Sentence: You have to be a graduate to attend this course.

Additional Information

• Option 2) an is incorrect because "graduate" begins with a consonant sound /g/.
• Option 3) the is incorrect because it suggests a specific graduate, which is not mentioned in the sentence.
• Option 4) No Article is incorrect because the sentence requires an indefinite article to indicate that any graduate can attend the course.

The correct answer is: Mourned.

Key Points

• The word "lamented" means to express sorrow, mourning, or regret for often demonstratively; it is a way of showing sadness or grief over a loss. (शोक व्यक्त करना)
• Example: She lamented the passing of her old college professor with a touching tribute on social media.
• "Mourned" is closely related in meaning, referring to the act of feeling or showing sorrow for someone's death or a loss. (शोक मनाना)
• Example: The whole community mourned the loss of the ancient oak tree that had stood in the village square for centuries.
• Hence, we can infer that the nearest in meaning to "lamented" is "mourned".

Therefore, the correct answer is: Mourned.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Celebrated (मनाया): To perform (a sacrament or solemn ceremony) publicly and with appropriate rites or to honor (someone or something) by engaging in an activity.
• Example: The city celebrated the inauguration of its new mayor with a grand parade.
• Mentioned (उल्लेख किया): To refer to something briefly or in passing.
• Example: During the meeting, she mentioned the need for better communication between departments.
• Ignored (अनदेखा किया): To refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; disregard intentionally.
• Example: He ignored the warning signs and continued driving despite the risks.

The correct answer is 'Option 4' i.e. 'Halted'.

Key Points

• The word 'Paused' in this context means to stop for a brief period of time.(रुकना).
• Example: She paused for a moment before she answered the question.
• The synonym 'Halted' signifies temporarily stopping progress or movement. (ठहराया).
• Example: The construction work was halted due to bad weather.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Halted'.

Key Points

• 'Persisted' as per Option 1 is a verb that means to continue in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition. (डटे रहना)
• 'Stammered' as per Option 2 refers to speak with sudden involuntary pauses and a tendency to repeat the initial letters of words.(हकलाया)
• 'Left' as per Option 3 has numerous meanings based on its context, like moving away from a place or person, or the opposite direction of right.(छोड़ दिया)

The correct answer is: stolen.

Key Points

• The sentence is in the present perfect tense, which is formed using 'has/have + past participle'.
• The verb 'steal' in its past participle form is 'stolen'.
• The use of 'has' indicates a single subject (Someone), which is followed by the past participle of the verb to complete the present perfect tense.
• 'Stolen' correctly implies that the action has been completed at some point in the past with relevance to the present, making it the correct choice for the blank.

Therefore, the correct sentence is- Someone has stolen my books.

Additional Information

• Steal is the base form of the verb, used for the simple present tense or imperative form.
• Stole is the simple past tense form of 'steal', used for actions completed entirely in the past.
• Will steal indicates a future action, not suitable for the context of the sentence which requires a completed action.

The correct answer is "They had promised to delivered"

Key Points

• The verb following "to" must be in its base form. Therefore, "to delivered" should be "to deliver".
• The infinitive form 'to deliver' is the correct one to use here. The structure usually follows the pattern of "promise to + verb (in base form)" e.g., promised to deliver.
• The verb "deliver" best suits the context and meets English grammar standards in terms of terminology following "promised to".
• Hence, the sentence should be corrected as "They had promised to deliver".

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is "Impossible"

Key Points 

• Look at the meaning of the selected option:
• Impossible- which is not possible:
• Example: It is impossible for a fish to live without water.
• We can't live without air and water
• Impossible is the appropriate choice

Hence, the correct answer is "option 4".

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other options:
• Immature- not fully developed.
• Indifferent- having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned.
• Inadequate- not enough.

Hinglish

• Impossible- असंभव 
• Example: It is impossible for a fish to live without water.
• Immature- अविकसित
• Indifferent- उदासीन
• Inadequate- पर्याप्त न होना

The correct answer is 'Option 2' i.e. "Revange".

Key Points

• 'Revange' is misspelt word here.
• 'Revenge' is correctly spelled here.
• Revenge: the desire to retaliate or get even with someone who has wronged you or someone you care about (प्रतिशोध)

Therefore, the correct answer is: 'Revange'.

Additional Information

• Remark: A comment, statement, or observation made about something. (टिप्पणी)
• Recruit: To enlist or enroll someone into a group, organization, or team. )भर्ती करना)
• Repeal: To officially revoke or cancel a law, rule, or regulation. (रद्द करना)

The correct answer is: as creatively

Key Points

• The error in the original sentence lies in the use of the adjective "creative" instead of the adverb "creatively" when comparing her drawing skills.
• In English, when making comparisons with adverbs, the adverbial form is needed to maintain grammatical accuracy and parallel structure.
• Correct Sentence: She can draw very well and just as creatively.
• The original segment is corrected by substituting "creative" with "creatively" to maintain parallelism in the sentence.
• The corrected sentence ensures parallel construction by using "as creatively" to match the structure of "very well."

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'break in a career'.

Key Points

• The passage discusses the challenges women face regarding their careers after becoming mothers. It highlights how the responsibilities of motherhood often lead to women having to choose between their careers and their roles as mothers.
• In this context, the term 'hiatus' refers to a pause or interruption in a woman's career trajectory due to the demands and responsibilities of motherhood.
• The passage emphasizes the impact of this hiatus on women, stating that a long break from work can have detrimental effects on a woman's individuality, self-esteem, and sense of purpose. It mentions the risk of depression that can arise when a woman faces an extended period away from her career.
• The reason 'break in a career' is the correct interpretation of 'hiatus' in this context is because the passage discusses how women, after childbirth, often find themselves having to temporarily leave or interrupt their careers to focus on their role as mothers.
• This interruption or break is the hiatus referred to in the passage, highlighting the challenges and consequences associated with it.

The correct answer is 'The empowered women'.

Key Points

• The passage delves into the challenges women face in balancing motherhood with their careers. It discusses how both empowered and unempowered women encounter difficulties when dealing with the impact of motherhood on their professional lives. However, it suggests that the empowered women, despite facing obstacles, are generally better equipped to navigate these challenges compared to their unempowered counterparts.
• The passage mentions that the empowered group possesses financial, ideological, and emotional resources that enable them to potentially recreate their careers after a hiatus due to motherhood. While they may still face frustration and identity crises, they have a better chance of rebuilding their careers compared to the unempowered women.
• Conversely, the unempowered women, lacking similar resources and support, often find themselves caught between the responsibilities of motherhood and a slipping career. Their struggle to balance these roles is portrayed as more challenging, with fewer opportunities to regain or reconstruct their careers after a hiatus.
• Therefore, the correct answer is: The empowered women.

The correct answer is 'Many decide to adopt babies'.

Key Points

• The passage extensively discusses the challenges and choices working women face when dealing with motherhood and their careers. It covers various scenarios, such as some women rejecting motherhood entirely, others delaying childbirth until later stages of their lives, and the struggle many face in balancing their careers with the responsibilities of being a mother.
• However, the passage does not address the specific choice of women deciding to adopt babies. Adoption as an alternative to biological childbirth is not explicitly mentioned in the passage's discussion about the impact of motherhood on women's careers and the choices they make.
• The line in the passage that aligns with the options mentioned is: "Others delay child-bearing for so long that they are forced into the arms of the booming fertility industry." This line highlights the choice of delaying motherhood, which corresponds to option D, but there is no mention of the choice of adoption among working women.

The correct answer is 'A woman sacrificing her individuality on becoming a mother.'

Key Points

• The phrase "slaying her own sphere bit by bit" in the passage refers to the process where a woman gradually sacrifices or compromises her own domain or personal space, likely due to the demands and responsibilities of motherhood.
• The correct interpretation is: 'A woman sacrificing her individuality on becoming a mother.'
• In the passage, the line that relates to this phrase is: "Conventionally, a mother is seen putting others before herself. She is known for slaying her own sphere bit by bit to build a new world for her child."
• This line suggests the traditional societal expectation that mothers prioritize their children and family above their own needs or individuality, gradually sacrificing their personal space or individual pursuits for the sake of nurturing and building a world for their children.

The correct answer is 'the responsibilities on becoming a mother'.

Key Points

• The phrase "The former takes precedence for many" implies that among the various aspects of a woman's life, the responsibilities that arise upon becoming a mother are given higher priority or importance by many individuals.
• This phrase suggests that, for a significant number of women, the duties and obligations linked to motherhood become the primary focus or take precedence over other facets such as personal ambitions, career pursuits, or other sacrifices they might have made before becoming mothers.
• The passage discusses the challenge many women face when they transition into motherhood and are compelled to choose between their thriving careers and the responsibilities that come with raising a child.
• This phrase underscores the prevalence of a choice where, for a considerable number of women, the responsibilities tied to motherhood become the priority over other aspects of their lives.

The correct answer is Masulipatnam.

Key Points

• The Dutch East India Company established its first factory in India at Masulipatnam in the year 1606.
• Masulipatnam, also known as Machilipatnam, is located in present-day Andhra Pradesh, India, and was a major port during the medieval period.
• Masulipatnam was strategically chosen due to its significance as a trading hub for textiles, spices, and other goods, facilitating European trade in India.
• The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought to compete with the Portuguese and British for dominance in maritime trade routes and commerce in India.
• By establishing their base in Masulipatnam, the Dutch expanded their trade network to other parts of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

Additional Information

• The Dutch East India Company (VOC):
• Founded in 1602, the VOC was a powerful trading company established by the Netherlands to conduct trade in Asia.
• It was the world’s first multinational corporation and issued shares to investors to raise capital.
• The company played a dominant role in the spice trade during the 17^th century, particularly in India and Southeast Asia.
• Masulipatnam's Historical Significance:
• Masulipatnam was a thriving port city known for its handloom textiles, including chintz and calico.
• The city had strong trade links with Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe during the medieval period.
• The fort built by the Dutch in Masulipatnam was used for defense and storage of trade goods.
• European Rivalries in India:
• The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish trade links in India, followed by the Dutch, British, and French.
• Competition among these powers revolved around controlling major trade routes and securing profitable commodities like spices, textiles, and indigo.
• The Dutch East India Company eventually lost its prominence in India due to growing British influence.
• Decline of Dutch Presence in India:
• By the 18^th century, the Dutch influence in India weakened due to competition from the British East India Company.
• The British eventually gained control over key trading regions in India, including Masulipatnam.

The correct answer is Sardar Sarovar Dam

Key PointsSardar Sarovar Dam

• The foundation stone of the Sardar Sarovar Dam was laid by former Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in 1961.
• The Sardar Sarovar Dam project was inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi.
• The Sardar Sarovar Dam project is located on the Narmada River in the state of Gujarat.
• Sardar Sarovar is the second-largest dam in India.
• It is a 138-meter-high and 1210-meter-long dam built on the Narmada River.
• The Sardar Sarovar Project is one of the largest water resources projects in India.
• It covers four major states - Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.

Important Points

The correct answer is 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - a, 4 - d

Key Points

• Simon Commission visits India: This event took place in the year 1928.
• Cripps Mission visits India: This event occurred in the year 1942.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: This tragic event happened in the year 1919.
• Chauri Chaura incident: This incident took place in the year 1922.
• Therefore, the correct matching is:

1 - b (1928)

2 - c (1942)

3 - a (1919)

4 - d (1922).

Additional Information

• Simon Commission: A group of British Members of Parliament that came to India to study constitutional reform.
• Cripps Mission: A British initiative in World War II to secure Indian cooperation and support for the war effort.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: A massacre in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in Amritsar, Punjab.
• Chauri Chaura incident: A violent protest by Indian villagers against police, which led to the suspension of the non-cooperation movement by Mahatma Gandhi.

The correct answer is Chennai.

Key Points

• Chennai, located on the southeastern coast of India, receives significant rainfall during the retreating monsoon season (October to December).
• The retreating monsoon (also known as the Northeast Monsoon) is characterized by winds blowing from the northeast direction, bringing rainfall to Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas.
• Unlike most parts of India, which receive rainfall during the Southwest Monsoon (June to September), Tamil Nadu, particularly Chennai, relies heavily on the retreating monsoon for its annual rainfall.
• Chennai experiences cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal during this period, contributing to intense and sudden rainfall events.
• Nearly 48% of Tamil Nadu's annual rainfall is attributed to the retreating monsoon, with Chennai being a significant beneficiary.

Additional Information

• Southwest vs. Northeast Monsoon:
• The Southwest Monsoon (June-September) brings rainfall to most parts of India, while the Northeast Monsoon (October-December) predominantly affects Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Kerala and Karnataka.
• The Southwest Monsoon is driven by southwesterly winds, whereas the Northeast Monsoon is powered by northeasterly winds.
• Role of Bay of Bengal:
• The Bay of Bengal plays a critical role during the retreating monsoon, as cyclonic storms often form here, intensifying rainfall along the southeastern coast of India.
• Chennai frequently experiences heavy downpours due to depressions or cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal.
• Climate of Tamil Nadu:
• Tamil Nadu has a tropical climate, and the retreating monsoon is vital for agriculture, water resources, and drinking water supply in the region.
• The state's dependency on the Northeast Monsoon makes it unique compared to other Indian states.
• Terminology:
• Retreating Monsoon: The period when monsoon winds retreat southward, starting from northern India and moving towards the Bay of Bengal.
• Northeast Monsoon: Another term for the retreating monsoon, specifically referring to the rainfall caused by northeasterly winds.

The correct answer is Satavahanas.

Key Points

• The Satavahana dynasty is credited with initiating the practice of land grants to Brahmanas (Brahmins) and religious institutions.
• This tradition of land grants, also known as brahmadeya, started during the rule of the Satavahanas in ancient India and became a notable feature of Indian polity and economy in later periods.
• The grants were generally given to Brahmanas for performing Vedic rituals and maintaining religious and educational institutions.
• These land grants were typically recorded in inscriptions, and the beneficiaries were often exempted from taxes and other obligations.
• The Satavahanas used these grants as a means to consolidate their political power and gain the support of the Brahmin class, which held significant social and religious influence.

Additional Information

• Satavahana Dynasty:
• The Satavahanas ruled parts of central and southern India from the 1^st century BCE to the 3^rd century CE.
• Their capital cities included Pratishthana (modern Paithan) and Amaravati.
• The dynasty played a crucial role in promoting Buddhism and Brahmanism simultaneously, reflecting religious tolerance.
• Prominent rulers included Gautamiputra Satakarni and Vashishtiputra Pulumavi.
• Land Grants in Indian History:
• The practice of granting land to Brahmanas started with the Satavahanas and was later adopted by dynasties like the Guptas and Cholas.
• Such grants were often made in perpetuity, and the beneficiaries had the right to collect taxes from the land.
• These grants contributed to the development of agrarian economies and the spread of Brahmanical culture.
• Other Dynasties Mentioned in the Question:
• Kushanas: Known for their patronage of Buddhism and the Silk Road trade, the Kushanas ruled during the 1^st-3^rd centuries CE. However, they are not associated with initiating land grants.
• Cholas: The Cholas, especially in the medieval period, extensively granted land to temples and Brahmins. However, they adopted the tradition much later than the Satavahanas.
• Guptas: Known as the "Golden Age of India," the Gupta Empire also issued land grants, but this practice gained prominence after the Satavahana period.
• Significance of Brahmadeya Grants:
• These grants facilitated the spread of Brahmanical culture and religious practices in rural areas.
• They helped in integrating local communities into the larger political framework of the ruling dynasty.

The correct answer is 6 years or till attainment of the age of 65 years.

Key Points

• The tenure of a member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is set at 6 years or till the attainment of the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier, as per the provisions in the Constitution of India.
• This ensures that the members of the UPSC have a defined tenure and cannot hold office indefinitely, maintaining accountability and efficiency in their functioning.
• The age limit of 65 years ensures that only active and capable individuals serve in this prestigious position. Hence, the correct answer is 6 years or till the attainment of the age of 65 years.
• As per the Constitution, members of the UPSC cannot hold any other office of profit or employment under the government of India or state governments during their tenure.
• The UPSC is a constitutional body established under Article 315 of the Constitution, and its members are appointed by the President of India.

Additional Information

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC):
• The UPSC is India's premier central recruiting agency. It is responsible for conducting examinations for recruitment to various services of the Union, including the Civil Services Examination, Indian Forest Service Examination, and others.
• It functions independently under the provisions of the Constitution and ensures fair recruitment processes for the government of India.
• Appointment of Members:
• The members of the UPSC are appointed by the President of India.
• The composition of UPSC includes a Chairman and other members, the number of which is determined by the President.
• Functions of UPSC:
• The main function is to conduct examinations for appointments to the All India Services, Central Services, and other allied services.
• It advises the government on matters related to recruitment, transfer, promotion, and disciplinary actions.
• Conditions of Service:
• The conditions of service of the Chairman and members of the UPSC are governed by the Constitution and cannot be altered to their disadvantage after their appointment.
• The members are not eligible for reappointment to the same office after completing their tenure.

Important Points

• Article 315 to 323:
• These articles in the Constitution deal with the composition, appointment, and functions of the Union Public Service Commission and the State Public Service Commissions.
• Article 316 specifies the terms and conditions of service and tenure of the Chairman and members of the UPSC.
• Historical Background:
• The UPSC was established in 1926 as the Public Service Commission by the British Government and later became a constitutional body after independence.
• Its primary objective is to ensure merit-based recruitment, transparency, and non-partisanship in the civil services.

The correct answer is Tyagaraja.

• ​Tyagaraja is one of the Trinity of Carnatic Music.

Key Points

• Carnatic Music
• The Tamil classic of the 2^nd century AD. titled ‘Silappadhikaram’ contains a vivid description of the music of that period.
• The Tolkappiyam, Kalladam and the contributions of the Saivite and Vaishnavite saints of the 7^th and 8^th centuries AD.
• It also serves as resource material for studying musical history.
• Trinity of Carnatic music:
• It is a trio of composer-musicians of Carnatic music in the 18^th century.
• The trio consisted of Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri.
• Tyagaraja was a Telugu composer.
• He is known for Pancharatna Kritis.
• Muthuswami Dikshitar was a Sanskrit and Manipravalam composer.
• Shyama Sastri was a Telugu, Sanskrit composer.

The correct answer is Promotion of feudalism.

Key Points The following is a list of some of the key elements of the Indian Constitution:

• Federalism: Separation of federal and state powers
• Government by the People under a Parliamentary System
• Fundamental Rights: The division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches
• Secularism: Separation of State and Religion

Additional Information

• Feudalism in India was defined by a class of landowners and a class of subject peasants who both lived in an economy that was mostly agrarian, characterised by a drop in trade and urbanisation as well as a sharp decline in the use of metal money.
• Promotion of feudalism is not a key feature or the basic feature of the Indian Constitution.

• The Gateway of India is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Gateway of India was built by the British government. It was designed by George Wittet. He was a Scottish Architect and was asked to design a Gateway in order to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary, prior to the Delhi Durbar, in December 1911

The correct answer is Chhotanagpur plateau

Key Points

• The Chhotanagpur plateau is the region with the maximum concentration of iron and steel industry in India.
• This area is rich in mineral resources, particularly iron ore, coal, and limestone, which are essential for iron and steel production.
• Major steel plants like Tata Steel in Jamshedpur, Bokaro Steel Plant, and others are located in this region.
• The presence of these resources and industries has made the Chhotanagpur plateau a hub for the iron and steel industry.

Additional Information

• The Chhotanagpur plateau spans across the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.
• The region's extensive coal deposits are crucial for the steel industry as they provide the necessary fuel for steel production.
• Besides iron and steel, the region also supports other industries such as aluminum and cement due to its rich mineral base.
• This industrial concentration has also led to the development of infrastructure and urbanization in the region.

The correct answer is Brahmi.

Key Points

• Brahmi script was the primary script used for inscriptions during the Mauryan period, particularly in Emperor Ashoka's edicts.
• It is one of the oldest writing systems in South Asia and is considered the ancestor of most modern Indian scripts, including Devanagari, Tamil, and Bengali.
• Brahmi was written from left to right, unlike Kharosthi, which was written from right to left.
• The inscriptions in Brahmi during the Mauryan period were often used to disseminate Ashoka’s messages of Dhamma (moral and ethical principles).
• Deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837, the Brahmi script unlocked critical insights into ancient Indian history and culture.

Additional Information

• Kharosthi Script
• This was another ancient script used in the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, written from right to left.
• It was influenced by the Aramaic script and primarily used in the Gandhara region (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan).
• Ashokan Edicts
• The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka issued a series of inscriptions on rocks and pillars to propagate his policy of Dhamma.
• These edicts were written in Brahmi, Kharosthi, and other regional scripts depending on the location of the inscriptions.
• Grantha Script
• Grantha script was used in South India, primarily for writing Sanskrit texts.
• It developed much later and is not associated with the Mauryan period.
• Pali and Prakrit
• Pali and Prakrit are ancient languages, not scripts, often used in Buddhist and Jain texts.
• Many of Ashoka's inscriptions were written in Prakrit, but they used the Brahmi script.
• James Prinsep’s Contribution
• James Prinsep was a British scholar who deciphered the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts in 1837.
• His work enabled historians to understand the Mauryan inscriptions and reconstruct India's ancient history.

The correct answer is Pongal.

Key Points

• Pongal, is also referred to as Thai Pongal, is a multi-day Hindu harvest festival of South India, particularly in the Tamil community.
• It is observed at the start of the month Tai according to the Tamil solar calendar, and this is typically about January 14.
• Pongal is celebrates the harvest, particularly rice, and marks the beginning of the sun’s northward journey (Uttaraayanam).
• It includes various rituals and community activities, emphasizing gratitude to nature and farmers.

Additional Information

• Ugadi
• Ugadi is celebrated with enthusiasm in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana.
• It signifies the beginning of the New Year according to the Hindu lunisolar calendar.
• The name "Ugadi" is derived from the Sanskrit words "Yuga" (age) and "Adi" (beginning), meaning the start of a new age.
• Gudi Padwa
• Gudi Padwa is also known as Samvatsar Padvo, celebrated on the first day of the Chaitra month in the Hindu calendar.
• Marks the New Year for people in Maharashtra and the Konkan region.
• The name comes from "gudi," meaning flag or emblem of Lord Brahma, and "padwa," meaning the first day of the moon's phase.
• According to Hindu mythology, Lord Brahma created the universe on Gudi Padwa.
• Onam
• Marks the end of monsoons and welcomes the harvest season.
• Celebrated for 10 days during the Malayalam month of Chingam.
• The history of the Onam festival dates back to the Sangam period.
• This festival commemorates the arrival of Asura King Mahabali’s annual visit from Pataal lok.
• Various events like Tripunithura Athachamayam, Pookalam- The Floral Decorations & Arrangement.
• Pulikali- The Grand Tiger Dance, and Vallamkali-The Snake Boat Race are done during this festival.

The Correct answer is Reservation for SC/ST in legislatures.

Key Points

• The 104^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2020 extended the provision for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
• This reservation was originally provided under Article 334 of the Indian Constitution.
• Such reservations were introduced for a period of 70 years starting from the adoption of the Constitution in 1950.
• The amendment extended the reservation for SCs and STs by 10 years, thereby ensuring these provisions until 2030.
• The primary aim of this provision is to ensure adequate political representation for marginalized communities in legislative bodies.
• The reservation does not apply to seats in the Rajya Sabha and Legislative Councils, as these are indirectly elected bodies.
• It highlights India’s commitment to social justice and the inclusion of disadvantaged communities in the political process.

Additional Information

• Voting age for elections
• The voting age in India was reduced from 21 years to 18 years by the 61^st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988.
• This amendment aimed to provide greater political participation for the youth of India.
• The reduction of voting age applies to elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
• GST Council term
• The GST Council was established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution.
• It was introduced through the 101^st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016.
• The Council is responsible for making decisions related to Goods and Services Tax (GST).
• There is no specific term for the GST Council as it is a permanent body.
• Term of the Lok Sabha
• The term of the Lok Sabha is defined as five years under Article 83 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Lok Sabha can be dissolved earlier by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• The term can also be extended during a national emergency under provisions of Article 352.

The correct answer is Agriculture.

Key Points

• Before India's independence, agriculture was the predominant sector contributing to the national income. The Indian economy was primarily agrarian in nature, with a majority of the population engaged in farming and related activities.
• The British colonial policies led to the exploitation of Indian agriculture, which was mainly subsistence-based. Despite this, agriculture remained the backbone of the economy, contributing to over 50% of the national income.
• Industries and services such as trade, transport, and banking were underdeveloped and contributed only a small fraction to the national income. Hence, agriculture was the dominant sector in the economy.
• The majority of the population, approximately 70-80%, depended on agriculture for their livelihood. This dependence on agriculture was due to the lack of industrialization and minimal focus on other economic sectors.
• The agricultural sector faced significant issues such as low productivity, outdated techniques, and excessive taxation. Despite these challenges, it remained the primary source of income and employment. Hence, agriculture was the dominant sector before independence.

Additional Information

• Agriculture in Pre-Independence India:
• Agriculture was the largest contributor to the economy, but it was heavily exploited under British rule. The Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 introduced the zamindari system, which burdened farmers with heavy taxes.
• The focus of British policies was on maximizing revenue rather than improving agricultural productivity. This resulted in periodic famines and economic distress for farmers.
• The introduction of cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and opium for export further impacted food grain production. This shift prioritized British economic interests over local needs.
• Other Economic Sectors before Independence:
• Industry: The industrial sector was underdeveloped and consisted mainly of small-scale industries such as textiles and handicrafts. The deindustrialization caused by British policies led to the decline of traditional industries.
• Trade and Transport: Trade was primarily focused on exporting raw materials to Britain and importing finished goods. The development of railways was aimed at facilitating this trade rather than fostering domestic growth.
• Banking: The banking sector was limited and served primarily British economic interests. Indian-owned banks were few and had a minimal role in the economy.

Important Points

• Key Features of Agriculture Before Independence:
• The agricultural sector was characterized by subsistence farming, with farmers using traditional methods and tools.
• The Green Revolution and advancements in agriculture took place much later, post-independence, to improve productivity and reduce dependency on imports.
• The exploitation of farmers through heavy land taxes, low remuneration for crops, and lack of irrigation facilities were major issues.
• Contribution of Other Sectors:
• The industrial sector contributed minimally to the economy due to the lack of investment and infrastructure.
• The services sector, including banking and transport, remained underdeveloped and served colonial interests rather than the local economy.

The correct answer is Swaran Singh Committee.

Key Points

• The Swaran Singh Committee was constituted by the Indira Gandhi government in 1976 to make recommendations about Fundamental Duties, the necessity of which was felt during the internal emergency (1975−1977).
• The committee suggested that a separate chapter on Fundamental Duties should be included in the Constitution to ensure that citizens are conscious of their duties while enjoying their Fundamental Rights.
• Based on these recommendations, the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted in 1976, which added a new Part IVA and Article 51A to the Indian Constitution.
• Initially, the committee recommended the inclusion of eight Fundamental Duties, but the 42^nd Amendment actually incorporated ten duties.
• The 11^th Fundamental Duty, which pertains to providing opportunities for education to children between 6 and 14 years, was added later via the 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002.

 Additional Information

• Sarkaria Commission:
• Set up in 1983 to examine the relationship and balance of power between the Central and State governments.
• Verma Committee:
• Established in 1999 to identify the existence of legal provisions for the implementation of Fundamental Duties and to suggest a strategy for teaching them in schools.
• Balwant Rai Mehta Committee:
• Appointed in 1957 to examine the Community Development Programme; it is famous for recommending a three-tier Panchayati Raj system in India.
• Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution were inspired by the Constitution of the USSR and are non-justiciable in nature.

The correct answer is Amend Fundamental Rights.

Key Points

• The 24^th Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted in the year 1971 during the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. This amendment was primarily brought to nullify the effect of the Supreme Court judgment in the Golaknath case (1967).
• It amended Article 13 and Article 368 of the Constitution of India to affirm that Parliament has the absolute power to amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights listed in Part III. Hence, option A is correct.
• The amendment clarified that Article 13, which states that any law inconsistent with Fundamental Rights shall be void, would not apply to any constitutional amendment made under Article 368.
• Prior to this, the Supreme Court in the Golaknath case had ruled that Parliament could not abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights through a constitutional amendment.
• The power to suspend High Court judgments or bypass judicial proceedings is not a feature of the 24^th Amendment; such issues were more relevant to the 42^nd Amendment or specific emergency provisions. Hence, option B is incorrect.
• While the amendment sought to limit the scope of Judicial Review over constitutional changes, it did not entirely "override" the concept of judicial review, which was later protected as a part of the Basic Structure. Hence, option C is incorrect.
• The 24^th Amendment does not deal with the suspension of elections, which is governed by the Representation of the People Act and Emergency provisions of the Constitution. Hence, option D is incorrect.

Additional Information

• Article 368: This article provides the Parliament with the constituent power to amend the Constitution by way of addition, variation, or repeal of any provision according to the procedure laid down therein.
• President's Assent: The 24^th Amendment made it mandatory for the President of India to give his assent to a Constitution Amendment Bill. Before this, the President had the discretion to withhold assent or return the bill.
• Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967): In this landmark 6:5 majority judgment, the Supreme Court held that Fundamental Rights are "transcendental" and "immutable," meaning Parliament has no power to amend them. This created a legal deadlock that the 24^th Amendment resolved.
• Article 13: It originally acted as a shield for Fundamental Rights, declaring that any "law" made by the state that takes away these rights is void. The 24^th Amendment added a clause stating that "nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under Article 368."
• Legislative Supremacy: This amendment represented a period of intense conflict between the Judiciary and the Legislature in India, where the government sought to establish the supremacy of Parliament in matters of social and economic reform.

Important Points

• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): The validity of the 24^th Amendment was challenged in this famous case. The Supreme Court upheld the amendment but introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine, stating that while Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution, it cannot alter its "basic structure" or "essential features."
• Fundamental Rights vs. DPSP: The 24^th Amendment was a precursor to the 25^th Amendment, which sought to give Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) precedence over Fundamental Rights in certain cases (specifically Articles 39(b) and 39(c)).
• Constitutional Balance: Today, the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution is widely accepted, provided it respects the core values like Secularism, Democracy, Federalism, and Judicial Review as established by the 13-judge bench in 1973.
• The amendment effectively changed the status of Fundamental Rights from being unalterable to being amendable, ensuring that the Constitution remains a living document capable of adapting to the changing needs of the Indian people.

The correct answer is Jeete Jee Allahabad.

In News

• The Sahitya Akademi announced its 2025 annual awards, recognizing literary excellence in 24 Indian languages.

Key Points

• Hindi Recipient: Renowned author Mamta Kalia won the award for her memoir 'Jeete Jee Allahabad'.
• Genre: The book falls under the Memoir category, reflecting on her experiences and the literary environment of Allahabad (Prayagraj).
• Other Language Winners: Navtej Sarna won for English (Crimson Spring - Novel) and Raju Baviskar won for Marathi (Kalyanilya Resha - Autobiography).
• Award Prize: The honor includes an engraved copper plaque, a shawl, and a cash prize of Rs 1,00,000.
• Ceremony: The official award presentation is set for March 31, 2026.

Additional Information

• Sahitya Akademi
• It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, dedicated to the promotion of literature in Indian languages.
• Language Eligibility
• Apart from the 22 languages in the Constitution, the Akademi also recognizes English and Rajasthani for its annual awards.

Important Points 

The correct answer is Fiscal deficit.

Key Points

• Fiscal Deficit:
• Excess of Expenditure over Revenue: The fiscal deficit is the difference between the government's total expenditure (including capital expenditure) and its total revenue (excluding borrowings). It indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government.
• Financing the Gap: This deficit is financed through borrowing, either from the domestic market or from abroad.
• Impact on Debt: A persistent high fiscal deficit can lead to an increase in the government's debt burden.
• Economic Implications: It can have implications for interest rates, inflation, and overall economic stability. A large and unsustainable fiscal deficit can crowd out private investment.
• Policy Tool: Governments often use fiscal policy, including managing the fiscal deficit, to influence the economy. However, excessive deficits can raise concerns about long-term sustainability.

Additional Information

• Revenue Deficit:
• Current Expenditure vs. Current Revenue: The revenue deficit is the difference between the government's revenue expenditure (day-to-day running expenses) and its revenue receipts (tax and non-tax revenues).
• Indicates Fiscal Imbalance: A revenue deficit implies that the government is spending more on its day-to-day operations than it earns in current revenue. This is generally considered less sustainable than a fiscal deficit driven by capital expenditure.
• Need for Borrowing: A revenue deficit often necessitates borrowing just to meet consumption expenditure, which can be detrimental to long-term fiscal health.
• Impact on Development: A high revenue deficit can squeeze resources available for development expenditure (investments in infrastructure, education, etc.).
• Measure of Efficiency: It can be an indicator of the government's efficiency in managing its revenue and expenditure.
• Capital Deficit:
• Not a Standard Term: "Capital deficit" is not a commonly used term in economics. The more relevant concept is capital expenditure, which refers to government spending on long-term assets like infrastructure, buildings, and equipment.
• Capital Expenditure and Growth: Capital expenditure is considered crucial for economic growth and development.
• Financing Capital Projects: Governments finance capital expenditure through a combination of revenue, borrowings, and sometimes disinvestment.
• Budgetary Planning: Capital expenditure is a key component of the government's budget and is often part of long-term development plans.
• Impact on Future: Investments made through capital expenditure have long-term impacts on the economy's productive capacity.
• Current Account Deficit (CAD):
• Balance of Payments: The current account deficit is a measure of a country's balance of payments. It reflects the difference between a country's total exports of goods, services, and transfers and its total imports of goods, services, and transfers.
• Trade Deficit: A major component of the CAD is the trade deficit, which occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports.
• Other Components: The current account also includes income from investments (interest, dividends) and current transfers (aid, remittances).
• Financing the CAD: A CAD can be financed through foreign investment, borrowing, or by using foreign exchange reserves.
• Economic Implications: A large and persistent CAD can raise concerns about a country's external debt and its ability to meet its international obligations. It can also put pressure on the exchange rate.

The correct answer is 22 languages

Key Points

• As of June 2022, there are 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution lists the official languages recognized by the Indian government.
• The original constitution included 14 languages in the Eighth Schedule, but several amendments have increased this number to 22.
• The languages included are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili, and Dogri.
• Recognition in the Eighth Schedule means that these languages can be used for official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, and communications between the central government and states.

Additional Information

• The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26^th November 1949 and came into effect on 26^th January 1950.
• It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens.
• The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any country in the world.
• It declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavors to promote fraternity.
• The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution has been amended several times to include more languages as per the evolving linguistic diversity of the nation.
• Amendments to the Constitution can be made through a process outlined in Article 368.
• The inclusion of languages in the Eighth Schedule is significant for the cultural and linguistic recognition of the diverse population of India.

The correct answer is Prem Prakash.

In News

• Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant launched the new edition of the book ‘History That India Ignored’, authored by ANI Chairman Prem Prakash.

Key Points

• The book ‘History That India Ignored’ has been authored by veteran journalist and ANI Chairman Prem Prakash.
• The new edition was launched by Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant in Panaji.
• The book documents lesser-known and misrepresented chapters of India’s freedom struggle.
• History That India Ignored
• Covers the sacrifice of unsung freedom fighters
• Includes detailed accounts of Veer Savarkar’s life
• Highlights the Liberation of Goa and the Battle of Imphal

Additional Information

• Prem Prakash
• Chairman of Asian News International and a veteran journalist.
• Author of History That India Ignored, which focuses on overlooked aspects of India’s freedom movement.
• Asian News International
• India’s leading multimedia news agency that provides news to newspapers, television channels and digital platforms.
• Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
• A prominent freedom fighter whose life and sacrifices are detailed in the second edition of the book.
• Liberation of Goa
• The process by which Goa was freed from Portuguese rule and integrated into India in 1961.

The correct answer is Southern East Coast.

Key Points

• The Coromandel Coast is located along the southeastern part of India, spanning the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
• It lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
• The coast is known for its fertile soil and is a major agricultural region, producing crops such as rice, millet, and pulses.
• Prominent cities along the Coromandel Coast include Chennai, Puducherry, and Cuddalore.
• The region experiences a tropical climate and receives most of its rainfall during the northeast monsoon season (October to December).

Additional Information

• Terminology:
• The term "Coromandel" is derived from the ancient Tamil word "Chola Mandal", referring to the region ruled by the Chola dynasty.
• Geographical Features:
• The coast features extensive sandy beaches and lagoons, such as the famous Pulicat Lake.
• It is prone to cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal.
• Historical Significance:
• The Coromandel Coast played a vital role in maritime trade during the colonial period, especially under the Portuguese, Dutch, and British.
• It was a center for the export of textiles and spices.
• Tourism:
• Key tourist attractions along the coast include Mahabalipuram, known for its UNESCO World Heritage temples, and Puducherry, renowned for its French colonial architecture.
• It is a popular destination for beach tourism in India.

The correct answer is Zurich, Switzerland.

Key Points

• FIFA is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland.
• FIFA was established in 1904 to manage international competition amongst Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
• It now has 211 national associations as members, with its headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland.
• FIFA organizes and promotes association football's biggest international competitions, including the World Cup, which began in 1930, and the Women's World Cup, which began in 1991.

Additional Information

• The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams.
• It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930.
• The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be held in Qatar from 21 November to 18 December 2022.

The correct answer is Bhuta.

Key Points

• Bhuta is a traditional folk song of Kerala that is sung to ward off evil spirits and ghosts.
• The term "Bhuta" translates to "spirit" or "ghost" in several Dravidian languages, including Malayalam.
• This folk art is deeply rooted in the cultural and spiritual practices of Kerala, especially in rural areas.
• Bhuta songs are often performed during ceremonies or rituals aimed at exorcism or invoking protective deities.
• The practice is tied to the belief in animism, which attributes spiritual significance to natural elements and entities.

Additional Information

• Folklore of Kerala:
• Kerala has a rich tradition of folk arts, including songs, dances, and rituals, that reflect its cultural diversity.
• Other significant folk traditions of Kerala include Theyyam, Padayani, and Ottamthullal.
• These traditions are often performed during festivals and religious ceremonies.
• Animism in Indian Culture:
• Animism is the belief that spirits or supernatural forces inhabit natural objects and phenomena.
• This belief is prevalent in many tribal and rural communities in India, including Kerala.
• Rituals and songs like Bhuta are part of animistic practices aimed at maintaining harmony with these forces.
• Ceremonial Contexts:
• Bhuta songs are typically performed during specific ceremonies, including housewarming, temple festivals, and exorcisms.
• They are accompanied by traditional musical instruments like drums and cymbals.
• Kerala's Linguistic Identity:
• Malayalam is the official language of Kerala and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.
• Many folk traditions, including Bhuta songs, are preserved in the Malayalam language.

The correct answer is India’s first fully integrated self-contained all-arms combat brigade.

In News

• RUDRA was highlighted during the Republic Day Parade 2026 as India’s first fully integrated all-arms combat brigade.

Key Points

• RUDRA is a self-contained, integrated combat formation designed to operate independently like a mini-army.
• It integrates armour, mechanised infantry, artillery, air defence, engineers, drones, electronic warfare and special forces.
• The formation has inbuilt logistics, ammunition supply, fuel and field hospitals.
• RUDRA enables rapid, networked and high-intensity multi-domain operations.

Additional Information

• All-arms brigade combines multiple combat and support arms under a single command structure.
• Multi-domain warfare involves coordinated operations across land, air, cyber, space and electronic domains.
• Decade of Transformation is the Indian Army’s modernisation initiative focusing on agility and integration.
• Republic Day Parade showcases India’s latest military doctrines, capabilities and indigenous systems.

The correct answer is Rabindranath Tagore.

Key Points

• Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize.
• Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian to get a Nobel Prize in 1913 for his work in Literature.
• He won the award for "his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West".

Additional Information

• Esther Duflo, Abhijit Banerjee, and Michael Kremer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2019.
• They were awarded "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".
• Esther Duflo is the youngest person to be awarded the Nobel prize in economics.
• Gerty Theresa Cori was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science.
• She is the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her vital role in the "discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen".
• Maria Goeppert Mayer got the Nobel prize in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus.
• She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics.
• The first was Marie Curie.

Important Points

• The Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2020 was awarded to three astrophysicists Roger Penrose from the UK, Reinhard Genzel from Germany, and Andrea Ghez from the USA.
• Emmanuelle Charpentier of France and Jennifer A Doudna of the USA have been awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors, one of gene technology’s sharpest tools.
• The 2020 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to the World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations (UN) agency, for its efforts to combat hunger, bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas, and preventing the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.
• American economists, Paul Milgrom, and Robert Wilson have been awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences, 2020 for their work on commercial auctions.
• The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020 has been awarded to the USA poet Louise Glück "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."

Shortcut Trick

Rani present age = 25 − 5 = 20 years.

Rani : Vani = 4 : 5

4 parts = 20 years ⇒ 1 part = 5 years.

Vani present age = 5 parts = 5 × 5 = 25 years.

∴ The correct answer is 25 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Ratio of Rani age to Vani age = 4 : 5

Rani age after 5 years = 25 years

Formula Used:

Age after n years = Present age + n

Rani (4x)

Vani (5x)

• 5 years = 25 Present Age Ratio → 4 : 5

Let the present age of Rani be 4x and Vani be 5x.

⇒ Rani age after 5 years = 4x + 5

⇒ 4x + 5 = 25

⇒ 4x = 25 − 5

⇒ 4x = 20

⇒ x = 20 ÷ 4 = 5

⇒ Vani present age = 5x

⇒ Vani present age = 5 × 5 = 25 years

∴ The correct answer is 25 years.

Additional Information

Concept of Age Ratio

If the ratio of ages of A and B is a : b, their ages can be assumed as ax and bx where x is a common constant.

Constant Difference

The difference between the ages of two individuals remains constant regardless of the number of years passed or preceding.

Future and Past Ages

To find the age 'n' years ago, we subtract 'n' from the present age. To find the age after 'n' years, we add 'n' to the present age.

Shortcut Trick

Speed is constant, so Distance is directly proportional to Time.

Time to cross man (Train length) = 12 seconds → 240 m

Time to cross bridge (Train + Bridge) = 40 seconds → (240 / 12) × 40 = 800 m

Length of Bridge = Total Distance − Train Length = 800 − 240 = 560 m.

∴ The correct answer is 560 m.

Alternate Method

Given: Length of Darjeeling mail = 240 m, Time to cross man = 12 s, Time to cross bridge = 40 s.

Formula Used: Speed = Distance ÷ Time

⇒ Speed of train = Length of train ÷ Time to cross man

⇒ Speed = 240 ÷ 12 = 20 m/s

⇒ While crossing bridge, Distance = Length of train + Length of bridge (L)

⇒ 20 = (240 + L) ÷ 40

⇒ 800 = 240 + L

⇒ L = 800 − 240 = 560 m

∴ The correct answer is 560 m.

Additional Information

Relative Speed

When two objects move in the same direction, relative speed is S₁ − S₂. In the opposite direction, it is S₁ + S₂.

Unit Conversion

To convert km/hr to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/hr, multiply by 18/5.

Train Crossing Concepts

When a train crosses a pole/man, distance = length of train. When it crosses a platform/bridge, distance = length of train + length of object.

Given:

15 feet, 12 feet 9 inches, 16 feet 3 inches, 23 feet 6 inches

Concept:

We'll use the concept of Highest Common Factor (HCF) to solve this problem as the greatest possible length of scale to measure all these lengths exactly will be the HCF of

these measurements.

Calculation:

First, convert all the measurements to the same units. Here we'll convert everything to inches. 1 foot = 12 inches.

15 feet = 15 × 12 = 180 inches

12 feet 9 inches = 12 × 12 + 9 = 153 inches

16 feet 3 inches = 16 × 12 + 3 = 195 inches

23 feet 6 inches = 23 × 12 + 6 = 282 inches

⇒ The numbers to find HCF are 180, 153, 195, and 282.

⇒ The HCF of these numbers is 3 inches.

Hence, the greatest possible length of the scale to measure all these lengths exactly is 3 inches.

Given:

12 - [24 - (72 ÷ 3 - (30 - 50 ÷ 5) ÷ 20)]

Concept used:

Follow the BODMAS rule according to the table given below:

Calculation:

⇒ 12 - [24 - (72 ÷ 3 - (30 - 50 ÷ 5) ÷ 20)]

⇒ 12 - [24 - (72 ÷ 3 - (30 - 10) ÷ 20)]

⇒ 12 - [24 - (72 ÷ 3 - 20 ÷ 20)]

⇒ 12 - [24 - (24 - 1)]

⇒ 12 - [24 - 24 + 1]

⇒ 12 - 1

⇒ 11

∴ Option 1 is the correct answer.