DSSSB LDC (Jr. Assistant/Steno/LDC): (1 Oct 2025) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Qutub-Ud-din-Aibak.

Key Points

• Qutbuddin Aibak was a slave of Muhammad Ghori.
• When Ghori was assassinated, Aibak declared himself Sultan of Delhi in 1206, and his dynasty was recognized as Slave Dynasty.
• Slave dynasty rule from 1206-90 and became the first Muslim dynasty ruled over India.
• Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia Sultan, Balban were eminent kings of this dynasty.
• Qutbuddin Aibak was succeeded by Aram Shah, and then by his former slave Iltutmish.
• He began the construction of Qutb Minar in Delhi.
• He died while playing Polo or Chaugan.
• He reigned till his death in 1210.
• Dynasty ended when Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji overthrew the last Mamluk ruler Muiz ud din Qaiqabad in 1290.

The Correct Answer is Himalayan Kingfisher.

In News

• Khelo India Water Sports Festival Mascot, Logo unveiled in Srinagar.

Key Points

• First-ever Khelo India Water Sports Festival (KIWSF) announced.
• Logo depicts Shikara on Dal Lake with snow-capped mountains and pine trees.
• Mascot: Himalayan Kingfisher.
• Venue: Dal Lake, Srinagar.
• Over 400 athletes from 36 states & UTs to participate.
• Events: Rowing, Canoeing, and Kayaking.
• Hosted by J&K Sports Council with Union Ministry of Youth Affairs.

The correct answer is Andhra Pradesh

Key Points

• Kuchipudi is a classical dance form originating from the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.
• It is known for its graceful movements, expressive gestures, and strong narrative storytelling.
• Kuchipudi is traditionally performed as a dance-drama, combining dance, music, and acting.
• The dance form has a rich heritage and is deeply rooted in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra.

Additional Information

• Kuchipudi performances often start with an invocation, followed by the introduction of characters and the story.
• The dance form has evolved over the years, incorporating various influences and styles while maintaining its traditional essence.
• Renowned exponents of Kuchipudi include Siddhendra Yogi, who is credited with shaping the dance form in the 17^th century.
• Modern-day practitioners and teachers continue to preserve and promote Kuchipudi, both in India and internationally.

The correct answer is Article 324.

Key Points

• Article 324 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Election Commission of India (ECI) to supervise, direct, and control elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President.
• The Election Commission of India was established in 1950 and functions under Article 324 of the Constitution.
• The ECI is responsible for ensuring free and fair elections across India, and its functions are independent of the executive branch.
• Under Article 324, the Election Commission is vested with powers to conduct elections, resolve disputes regarding elections, and ensure compliance with electoral laws.
• The Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners as appointed by the President of India.

Additional Information

• Election Commission of India:
• The Election Commission was established on 25 January 1950, and its headquarters are located in New Delhi.
• The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India.
• It operates as an autonomous constitutional authority under Article 324.
• Free and Fair Elections:
• The ECI ensures transparency in elections by implementing the Model Code of Conduct.
• It uses Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) systems for accurate and reliable voting.
• Constitutional Provisions Related to Elections:
• Articles 325 and 326 prevent discrimination in electoral rolls and provide for universal adult suffrage.
• Article 327 empowers Parliament to make laws regarding elections to Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Article 328 gives State Legislatures the power to regulate elections within the state.
• Recent Developments:
• In 2021, the Election Commission introduced digital platforms for voter registration and awareness campaigns.
• Efforts are ongoing to enhance voter turnout and ensure greater participation in the democratic process.

The correct answer is Batukeshwar Dutt.

Key Points

• Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 to protest against the repressive Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill.
• The intent of the bombing was not to cause harm but to make the "deaf" British rulers hear India's demand for freedom.
• They shouted slogans like "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long live the revolution) and threw pamphlets outlining their cause.
• Both Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt voluntarily surrendered to the police after the bombing and were arrested on the spot.
• This event gained significant attention and brought the Indian independence movement to the global stage.

Additional Information

• Bhagat Singh: A revolutionary socialist, Bhagat Singh is considered one of the most influential freedom fighters in India's struggle for independence. He was known for his radical approach and sacrifice for the nation.
• Batukeshwar Dutt: A close associate of Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt was a revolutionary freedom fighter who participated in many activities against British rule, including the Assembly bombing.
• Central Legislative Assembly Bombing: This act was a symbolic protest against British oppression and aimed to spark awareness among Indians about the need for independence.
• Repressive Bills: The Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill were introduced by the British to curb civil liberties and workers' rights in India, which led to widespread dissent among Indians.
• Outcome: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt’s actions inspired the youth of India and became a rallying point for the independence movement. They were later tried and convicted for their roles in revolutionary activities.

The correct answer is United Kingdom.

Key Points

• The legislative procedure in the Indian Constitution is primarily derived from the United Kingdom, reflecting the parliamentary system of governance.
• The Indian parliamentary system incorporates the concept of a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), similar to the UK’s House of Commons and House of Lords.
• The principle of collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha is also inspired by the British system.
• The role of the Speaker, the opposition, and the parliamentary debate procedures in India are closely modeled after the UK Parliament.
• While the legislative framework draws from the UK, it has been tailored to suit India’s federal structure and diverse population.

Additional Information

• Bicameral Legislature: A legislative system with two houses, ensuring checks and balances. In India, it consists of the Lok Sabha (lower house) and Rajya Sabha (upper house).
• Parliamentary System: India follows a parliamentary system where the executive (Council of Ministers) is accountable to the legislature (Parliament).
• Collective Responsibility: A concept where the entire Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, ensuring accountability in governance.
• Role of the Speaker: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, akin to the Speaker of the House of Commons in the UK, maintains order and decorum during debates.
• Federal Adaptation: While inspired by the UK, the Indian system integrates features like a written constitution and a federal structure, which are absent in the UK's unitary system.

The correct answer is 69^th Constitutional amendment act(1991).

 Key Points

• The 69^th Amendment act of the Indian Constitution granted special status to Delhi.
• In 1991, the amendment was passed and it granted special state to Delhi and it was declared the National Capital Territory.
• It created a state assembly and council of ministers for the state.
• Aditya Nath Jha became the first Lieutenant Governor of Delhi under the act.
• Article 239AA of the Constitution gave the status of Union Territory to Delhi.
• The 42^nd Amendment act is also known as the Mini Constitution.
• 55^th Amendment gave the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh the status of a State.
• 60^th Amendment amended Article 276 of the Constitution relating to taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.

The Correct Answer is Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Jharkhand, Gujarat.

In News

• Fiscal Health Index 2025: Mapping India's State-Level Economic Resilience.

Key Points

• Purpose of FHI: The Fiscal Health Index (FHI) by NITI Aayog aims to assess the fiscal health of Indian states, based on their contribution to GDP, demography, public expenditure, revenues, and fiscal stability.
• Leading States: Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Jharkhand, and Gujarat lead the Fiscal Health Index as of the latest report.
• States’ Role in Economy: States are responsible for about two-thirds of public spending and one-third of total revenue, making their fiscal performance crucial for India's overall economic stability.
• Data Source: The FHI is developed using data from the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) for the financial year 2022-23.
• Debt Sustainability: Focuses on the state's ability to meet both current and future debt obligations without defaulting, considering both solvency and liquidity.
• Debt Index: The Debt Index is the ratio of Interest Payments to Revenue Receipts (IP/RR), indicating the percentage of revenue spent on servicing debt.
• Fiscal Health Evaluation: The FHI provides a composite index to objectively evaluate each state's fiscal health, enabling comparisons with best practices and other states.

The Correct answer is Ajanta.

Key Points

• Ajanta Caves are a group of Buddhist cave temples located in Maharashtra, India.
• The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art, with figures of the Buddha and depictions of the Jataka tales.
• They were built during the period between the 2^nd century BCE and 480 CE.
• The caves were used as monasteries and prayer halls by Buddhist monks.
• Ajanta Caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983.

 Additional Information

• Nalanda
• Nalanda was an ancient center of learning located in present-day Bihar, India.
• It was a university during the Gupta period and later, renowned for being one of the first residential universities in the world.
• Nalanda University attracted students from all over the world, including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia.
• Khajuraho
• Khajuraho is famous for its Hindu and Jain temples located in Madhya Pradesh, India.
• The temples are renowned for their nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures.
• They were built between 950 and 1050 CE by the Chandela dynasty.
• Bhimbhetka
• Bhimbhetka rock shelters are an archaeological site in Madhya Pradesh, India, that span the prehistoric Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, as well as the historic period.
• The site includes more than 750 rock shelters and is famous for its rock paintings.
• It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2003.

The Correct Answer is Uttarakhand.

In News

• Uttarakhand launches India’s 1^st yoga policy to become global wellness capital.

Key Points

• Uttarakhand has launched India’s first yoga policy.
• Aim: Establish Uttarakhand as a global capital of yoga and wellness.
• Subsidy up to ₹20 lakh will be given for setting up yoga and meditation centres.
• A grant of up to ₹10 lakh will be provided to support research in yoga, meditation, and naturopathy.
• The state aims to build 5 new yoga hubs by 2030.
• By March 2026, all AYUSH Health & Wellness Centres in the state will offer yoga services.

The correct answer is Kalibangan.

Key Points

• Kalibangan is a prominent Harappan site located in present-day Rajasthan, India.
• It is unique among Harappan sites for providing evidence of ploughed agricultural fields.
• The ploughed field marks at Kalibangan are indicative of early agricultural practices in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• These field impressions were discovered near the southern part of the site, showing furrows aligned in two directions, suggesting advanced farming techniques.
• The discovery highlights the significance of agriculture in the economy of the Harappan civilization.

Additional Information

• Indus Valley Civilization:
• It is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, dating back to 2500 BCE.
• Major sites include Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Lothal, and Kalibangan.
• Known for advanced town planning, drainage systems, and standardized weights and measures.
• Kalibangan’s Historical Significance:
• Kalibangan is divided into two parts: the citadel (western mound) and the lower town (eastern mound).
• The site shows evidence of fire altars, indicating ritualistic practices.
• It also provides evidence of mud-brick structures typical of Harappan architecture.
• Ploughed Fields in Archaeology:
• Ploughed field impressions are rare in archaeology and provide insights into ancient agricultural practices.
• Such discoveries help reconstruct the methods of crop cultivation used by early civilizations.
• Agriculture in the Harappan Civilization:
• Major crops included wheat, barley, sesame, mustard, and cotton.
• Advanced irrigation techniques and seasonal cultivation were practiced.
• Kalibangan’s evidence of ploughed fields complements the broader understanding of Harappan agriculture.

The correct answer is Buy affordable property through credible developers.

Key Points

• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the ‘CREDAI Awaas’ mobile app recently.
• The app is designed to facilitate the purchase of affordable property.
• It connects buyers with credible developers ensuring transparency and reliability in the real estate sector.
• The app aims to address the housing needs of people by providing access to verified and affordable housing options.
• It is a step towards fulfilling the government’s mission of ‘Housing for All’.
• CREDAI, the Confederation of Real Estate Developers' Associations of India, is a key player in the real estate industry in India.

 Additional Information

• Redressal of Consumer Grievance
• This option refers to platforms or mechanisms designed to address and resolve complaints and issues raised by consumers.
• Such platforms are crucial for ensuring consumer protection and enhancing customer service.
• Geo-tagging of Residential properties
• Geo-tagging involves adding geographical identification data to various media such as photos, videos, or websites.
• This technology is often used in property management to track and map the locations of properties.
• Lease property without brokers
• This refers to platforms or services that allow individuals to lease properties directly without involving intermediaries or brokers.
• Such services can reduce costs and facilitate direct communication between landlords and tenants.

The correct answer is Jammu and Kashmir

In News

• The Anji Khad Rail Bridge is India’s first cable-stayed rail bridge, located in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir.

Key Points

• Part of the Udampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) Project, the bridge aims to boost regional connectivity, economic development, and tourism.
• Key Specifications:
• Total length: 725.5 metres.
• Main pylon height: 193 metres above the foundation.
• Connects Katra and Reasi, easing travel between these locations.
• Engineering Challenges:
• The region's geological features, including faults, folds, and seismic activity, posed significant construction challenges.
• IIT Roorkee and Delhi conducted detailed investigations, leading to a hybrid foundation at the Katra end for stability.
• Structural Details:
• Consists of four sections:
• 120-metre ancillary viaduct on Reasi side.
• 38-metre approach bridge on Katra end.
• 473.25-metre main cable-stayed portion.
• 94.25-metre central embankment.
• Deck width: 15 metres, accommodating a single railway line, a service road, and footpaths.
• Advanced Construction Techniques:
• DOKA Jump form shuttering and pump concreting systems sped up construction by 30%.
• A state-of-the-art tower crane from Spain was used for high-altitude work up to 193 metres.
• Safety Features:
• Equipped with an integrated monitoring system using sensors to ensure structural health.
• Designed to withstand wind speeds up to 213 km/h.

The correct answer is Arundhati Roy.

Key Points

• The God of Small Things won the Man Booker Prize in 1997. It was written by Arundhati Roy.
• She has received the Lannan Cultural Freedom Award in 2002, the Sydney Peace Prize in 2004, and the Sahitya Akademi Award from the Indian Academy of Letters in 2006.
• The other important works of Arundhati Roy include - The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017), Walking with the Comrades (2011), The end of Imagination (1998).

Important Points

• Booker Prize is a literary prize awarded each year for the best novel written in English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland.
• The winners of the Man Booker Prize from India are:
• V.S. Naipaul - In a Free State (1971)
• Salman Rushdie - Midnight's Children (1981)
• Arundhati Roy - The God of Small Things (1997)
• Kiran Desai - The Inheritance of Loss (2006)
• Aravind Adiga - The White Tiger (2008)

Additional Information

• Salman Rushdie won the Booker Award in 1981 with Midnight's Children and made the shortlist again in 1983, 1988, and, 1995.
• Midnight's Children was also judged to be the "Booker of Bookers" in 1993 and "Best of the Booker" in 2008.

The correct answer is Article 39 A.

Key Points

• Article 39A of the Indian Constitution directs the State to ensure that justice is not denied to any citizen due to economic or other disabilities.
• It mandates the provision of free legal aid to the poor through suitable legislation or schemes.
• Article 39A was added to the Constitution by the 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976.
• It forms part of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which are non-justiciable but act as guidelines for governance.
• The implementation of Article 39A is carried out through schemes like the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) and various State Legal Services Authorities.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
• DPSPs are guidelines for the State to frame policies and laws aimed at establishing social and economic democracy.
• They are mentioned in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51) of the Indian Constitution.
• Though non-enforceable in court, they are considered fundamental to the governance of the country.
• 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976:
• Known as the "Mini Constitution," this amendment introduced various changes to the Indian Constitution.
• It added new DPSPs, including Article 39A, and emphasized the goal of achieving justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• National Legal Services Authority (NALSA):
• Established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
• Its primary function is to provide free legal aid to weaker sections of society and ensure access to justice for all.
• NALSA organizes Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes.
• Free Legal Aid:
• The concept of free legal aid is rooted in the idea of equal justice for all, irrespective of economic status.
• Legal aid includes providing legal representation, advice, and assistance to those unable to afford it.
• It is a critical measure to uphold the right to equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Indian Constitution.

The correct answer is Season.

Key Points

• The word 'monsoon' is derived from the Arabic word 'Mausim', which means 'season' or 'period'.
• It refers to the seasonal winds and rains that occur in certain regions, particularly in South Asia, which are characterized by a distinct wet and dry period.
• The term 'Mausim' was used by Arabic traders to describe the changing seasonal winds that influenced maritime travel in the Indian Ocean.

The correct answer is Subsidies.

Key Points

• Subsidies are classified as revenue expenditure and not capital expenditure.
• Capital expenditure is incurred to acquire or create assets that provide long-term benefits, such as land, buildings, machinery, etc.
• Subsidies involve financial support provided by the government to individuals or entities to reduce the cost of products or services, and they do not result in the creation of tangible assets.
• Examples of subsidies include agricultural subsidies, fuel subsidies, and food subsidies provided to support specific sectors or groups in the economy.

Additional Information

• Capital Expenditure: Refers to spending that leads to the creation of assets or infrastructure, contributing to the long-term growth of the economy.
• Revenue Expenditure: Refers to spending incurred for the day-to-day operations of the government, including salaries, interest payments, and subsidies.
• Examples of Capital Expenditure: Acquisition of land, construction of buildings, investment in machinery, and loans to state governments for asset creation.
• Budget Classification: Government budgets classify expenditures into capital and revenue expenditures to ensure proper allocation and economic planning.
• Impact of Subsidies: While subsidies provide immediate relief to beneficiaries, excessive reliance on them can strain government finances and reduce funds available for capital expenditure projects.

The correct answer is When people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.

Key Points

• Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are unable to find jobs during certain months of the year.
• This type of unemployment is common in industries that are dependent on seasonal activities, such as agriculture, tourism, and construction.
• For example, agricultural workers may be unemployed between planting and harvesting seasons.
• It reflects the fluctuations in labor demand that are tied to the seasonal patterns of certain industries.

Additional Information

• Other types of unemployment include structural, frictional, and cyclical unemployment.
• Structural unemployment occurs when there is a mismatch between workers' skills and the demands of the job market.
• Frictional unemployment happens when people are temporarily between jobs or are searching for new ones.
• Cyclical unemployment is related to the cyclical trends in the economy, where unemployment rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves.
• Understanding the different types of unemployment helps in formulating targeted policies to address them effectively.

The correct answer is 1969.

Key Points

• The nationalization of 14 major commercial banks in India occurred on 19^th July 1969.
• The decision was taken under the leadership of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to bring banking to rural areas and ensure credit availability for agriculture, small industries, and exports.
• These banks controlled 85% of the total deposits in the country at the time of nationalization.
• The move aimed to align the banking sector with the socialistic pattern of governance and promote financial inclusion.
• The 14 banks included prominent names like Punjab National Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, Bank of India, and Central Bank of India.

Additional Information

• Nationalization Concept: Nationalization refers to the government taking control of private sector assets or industries to ensure public ownership and equitable distribution of resources.
• Banking Before Nationalization: Prior to 1969, the banking sector primarily served urban elites and large industrialists, leaving rural areas and small-scale sectors underserved.
• Second Wave of Nationalization: In 1980, six more banks were nationalized, further expanding the public sector's control over the banking system.
• Impact of Nationalization: The move significantly increased the number of bank branches, especially in rural areas, and helped channel credit into priority sectors like agriculture and small-scale industries.
• Legal Framework: The nationalization was carried out under the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Ordinance, 1969, which later became an Act of Parliament.

The correct answer is 4.

Key Points

• The RBI has 4 deputy governor - 2 are appointed from outside while the remaining 2 are promoted from within. The other 2 appointed from outside, one is commercial banker and the other is economist.
• The present 4 deputy governor of RBI are Shri Mahesh Kumar Jain, Dr. Michael Debabrata Patra, Shri M. Rajeshwar Rao, Shri T. Rabi Sankar.

Additional Information

• The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Kolkata but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937.
• Shaktikanta Das is the twenty-fifth governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 12 December 2018.

The Correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• The Kaiga Nuclear Power Project is situated in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India.
• This nuclear power station is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).
• Kaiga is one of India's major nuclear power plants, contributing to the country's energy demands through nuclear technology.
• The Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant consists of four units, each with a capacity of 220 MW, utilizing Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs).
• It plays an important role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and ensuring sustainable energy production.
• This power station is known for its eco-friendly operation, as it significantly reduces carbon emissions compared to conventional energy sources.
• The site is located near the Western Ghats, a region known for its biodiversity and ecological significance.

Additional Information

• Bihar
• Bihar is not home to any major nuclear power plants.
• Bihar is known for its historical significance, including places like Bodh Gaya, where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment.
• The state is rich in cultural heritage but does not feature nuclear energy infrastructure like Karnataka.
• Assam
• Assam is renowned for its oil refineries, tea plantations, and biodiversity.
• However, it does not house any nuclear power plants; its focus is more on conventional and renewable energy sources.
• Gujarat
• Gujarat is home to the Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), which is a nuclear power plant.
• While Gujarat has nuclear energy infrastructure, it is different from the Kaiga Nuclear Power Project located in Karnataka.
• Gujarat is known for being an industrial hub and has various energy projects, including solar and wind energy farms.

The Correct Answer is e-Rakt Kosh.

In News

• India set to integrate rare blood donor registry with e-Rakt Kosh.

Key Points

• The Health Ministry is integrating the Rare Donor Registry with the e-Rakt Kosh platform.
• e-Rakt Kosh is a national online platform for blood bank management.
• It was developed by C-DAC under the National Health Mission (NHM).
• The integration helps people with rare blood groups access centralized information on blood banks, blood availability, and donation camps.
• A rare blood group is one that occurs in fewer than 1 in 1,000 people.
• Rarity depends on ethnicity, region, and the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.
• Blood is considered rare when common antigens are missing or unusual antigen combinations are present.
• Examples include Rhnull, Bombay (Oh), and Jr(a-) blood groups.
• e-Rakt Kosh is the official portal for all blood-related services in India.

The correct answer is Barakar.

Key Points

• The Barakar River is the largest tributary of the Damodar River.
• It originates from the Hazaribagh Plateau in the state of Jharkhand.
• The river flows through Jharkhand and West Bengal before merging with the Damodar River.
• It plays an important role in the Damodar Valley Project as two major dams, Tilaiya and Maithon, are built on this river.
• The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) utilizes the Barakar River for purposes like power generation, irrigation, and flood control.
• The Barakar River basin is known for its rich deposits of coal and minerals, making it an economically significant region in eastern India.

 Additional Information

• Barak River
• The Barak River is one of the major rivers in northeastern India.
• It originates from the Manipur hills and flows through the Indian states of Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Assam.
• The Barak River later bifurcates into the Surma and Kushiyara rivers in Assam and enters Bangladesh.
• It is a part of the Brahmaputra River system.
• Arun River
• The Arun River originates from the Tibetan Plateau and flows through Nepal before joining the Sapt Koshi River.
• It is one of the major tributaries of the Koshi River.
• The Arun River is known for its high altitude and swift currents, making it significant for hydroelectric power generation in Nepal.
• Sankosh River
• The Sankosh River originates in Bhutan and flows through India before joining the Brahmaputra River.
• It is also known as the Gadadhar River in its lower course.
• The river is important for irrigation and hydropower projects in the region.

• Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.
• Article 15 is present in the Indian Constitution under Part III which deals with the fundamental rights of the people of India.
• The concept and purpose of Article 15 is to prevent the government from making discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or birth place.
• One of the clauses clearly states that no citizen shall be subject to “any disability, liability, restriction or condition” on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth.
• Their access to public properties like shops, restaurants and entertainment hubs should not be restricted on grounds of religion or caste.
• The Article also guarantees special provisions for women, children and socially disadvantaged classes.

The correct answer is Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

In News

• The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) launched AIM4NatuRe to enhance the monitoring and reporting of global ecosystem restoration efforts.

Key Points

• FAO launched the AIM4NatuRe initiative on Earth Day, with GBP 7 million from the United Kingdom to improve ecosystem restoration monitoring.
• AIM4NatuRe aims to provide technical expertise and resources to countries, helping them track and report ecosystem restoration progress accurately.
• The initiative will complement the existing AIM4Forests programme and focus on a range of ecosystems, from reforestation to marine restoration.
• AIM4NatuRe prioritizes data interoperability, enabling global collaboration and enhancing transparency in restoration efforts.

Additional Information

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• Founded in - 1972
• HQ - Nairobi, Kenya
• Executive Director - Inger Andersen
• World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
• Founded in - 1961
• HQ - Gland, Switzerland
• Director-General - Kirsten Schuijt
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
• Founded in - 1948
• HQ - Gland, Switzerland
• CEO - Bruno Oberle

The Correct Answer is Mariangela Hungria.

In News

• Brazilian microbiologist Mariangela Hungria, has been named the 2025 World Food Prize Laureate.

Key Points

• Mariangela Hungria, a Brazilian microbiologist, won the 2025 World Food Prize.
• She developed seed and soil treatments using good bacteria like rhizobia and Azospirillum brasilense.
• These help soybeans fix nitrogen naturally and improve root growth in crops like corn.
• Her work improves nutrient and water uptake, leading to better crop growth.
• The World Food Prize honors efforts to improve food quality, quantity, and availability.
• It was established in 1986 by Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, a Nobel Peace Prize winner.
• It is known as the "Nobel Prize for Food and Agriculture".
• The prize carries a $500,000 award, given in mid-October around World Food Day$.

The correct answer is Jawaharlal Nehru.

Key Points

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the chairman of the Union Constitution Committee of the Constituent Assembly.

Additional Information

• B. R. Ambedkar:
• He was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly and is often referred to as the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.
• J. B. Kripalani:
• He was a prominent freedom fighter and the president of the Indian National Congress during the time of independence.
• Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar:
• He was a member of the Drafting Committee and played a significant role in the framing of the Indian Constitution.

The Correct Answer is Ministry of Education.

In News

• Gurukul Students To Get Research Opportunities In IITs, Scholarships Up To Rs 2 Lakh.

Key Points

• Ministry of Education and IKS division of Central Sanskrit University launched the Setubandha Scholar Scheme.
• Aims to integrate Gurukul-trained students into mainstream academia.
• Open to those trained in traditional Vidyās and Kalās under the Gurukula system.
• Scholars can pursue Postgraduate and Ph.D. studies, even at top institutes like IITs.
• Degrees will be awarded by the Central Sanskrit University.
• Monthly fellowship: ₹40,000 to ₹65,000.
• Annual contingency grant: ₹1 lakh for PG, ₹2 lakh for PhD.
• Eligibility:
• Max age: 32 years
• Minimum 5 years of study under a Guru/Gurukul
• No formal degree required
• Must show excellence in traditional knowledge
• Applications open until August 15.
• Scheme serves as a bridge between ancient traditions and modern research.
• Supports the revival and mainstreaming of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS).

The correct answer is - Shamsuddin Iltutmish

Key Points

• Shamsuddin Iltutmish
• Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a prominent ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and the founder of the Turkish currency system in India.
• He introduced two significant coins during his reign:
• Silver Tanka - A coin made of pure silver.
• Copper Jital - A coin made of copper.
• These coins became the basis of the monetary system in the Delhi Sultanate and were widely circulated across North India.
• Iltutmish's currency reforms established a standardized coinage, which enhanced trade and economic stability in his empire.

Additional Information

• Delhi Sultanate Currency System
• The Delhi Sultanate introduced a centralized and standardized currency system, which was crucial for maintaining administrative control and promoting trade.
• Coins were made of precious metals such as silver, gold, and copper, ensuring their intrinsic value.
• Shamsuddin Iltutmish's Contributions
• Iltutmish was the first ruler to be formally recognized by the Caliph, which legitimized his authority in the Delhi Sultanate.
• He consolidated the empire by repelling invasions and bringing stability to the newly established Sultanate.
• He is also known for constructing the Qutub Minar, a significant architectural achievement during his reign.
• Historical Context of Currency
• Before Iltutmish, coins in India were mostly regional and lacked standardization.
• His introduction of the Silver Tanka and Copper Jital set the foundation for a more organized monetary system, which was later adopted by successors like Alauddin Khilji.

The correct answer is Vitamin A.

Key Points

• Retinol is an active form of Vitamin A, essential for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function.
• It is a fat-soluble vitamin, stored in the liver, and released into the bloodstream as needed.
• Retinol plays a critical role in the visual cycle, particularly in the retina, where it helps in the formation of rhodopsin, a pigment necessary for low-light and color vision.
• Vitamin A (including retinol) is obtained from animal sources like liver, fish oil, dairy products, and fortified foods.
• Deficiency of Vitamin A can lead to disorders such as night blindness and, in severe cases, total blindness.

Additional Information

• Vitamin A Forms: Vitamin A exists in two primary forms: preformed Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) from animal products, and provitamin A carotenoids (like beta-carotene) from plant sources.
• Biological Functions: Apart from vision, Vitamin A supports cell differentiation, reproduction, and the functioning of the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
• Recommended Intake: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Vitamin A varies by age, sex, and life stage. For adults, it is approximately 700-900 µg/day (micrograms).
• Toxicity Risk: Excessive intake of Vitamin A, particularly preformed retinol, can lead to hypervitaminosis A, causing symptoms like nausea, headaches, and, in severe cases, liver damage.
• Global Health Impact: Vitamin A deficiency is a significant public health issue in developing countries, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and childhood mortality.

The correct answer is ₹12 lakh.

In News

• The Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced major reforms in the income tax structure under the new tax regime.

Key Points

• The new tax structure aims to provide relief to the middle class by reducing tax liability and increasing disposable income.
• The revised tax structure provides a zero-tax slab up to ₹12 lakh for all taxpayers.
• For salaried taxpayers with a standard deduction of ₹75,000, the effective exemption extends up to ₹12.75 lakh.
• New income tax slabs under the revised regime:
• 0 - 4 lakh rupees: Nil
• 4 - 8 lakh rupees: 5%
• 8 - 12 lakh rupees: 10%
• 12 - 16 lakh rupees: 15%
• 16 - 20 lakh rupees: 20%
• 20 - 24 lakh rupees: 25%
• Above 24 lakh rupees: 30%
• The aim is to boost household consumption, savings, and investment.

Additional Information

• Union Budget
• A budget is an elaborate statement of the expenditure and income of the government for the given financial year, which begins on April 1 and ends on March 31.
• The Constitution uses the term Annual Financial Statement instead of "Budget," as enshrined under Article 112 of the Constitution.
• New vs. Old Tax Regime
• The old tax regime includes exemptions and deductions like HRA, LTA, and 80C benefits.
• The new tax regime offers lower tax rates but eliminates most exemptions.
• Standard Deduction
• Employees and pensioners get a standard deduction of ₹75,000 under the new regime.
• This increases the effective exemption to ₹12.75 lakh for salaried individuals.

The correct answer is Sodium bicarbonate.

Key Points

• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), commonly known as baking soda, is a white crystalline compound that is widely used in cooking and baking as a leavening agent.
• When combined with an acid (like vinegar or lemon juice), it releases carbon dioxide gas, causing dough or batter to rise and become light and fluffy.
• It is also used for neutralizing acids, making it a common ingredient in antacids for treating heartburn and indigestion.
• Baking soda has mild abrasive properties, making it effective for cleaning and deodorizing surfaces.
• It is a naturally occurring compound and can also be produced synthetically through the Solvay process.

Additional Information

• Sodium chloride (NaCl): Commonly known as table salt, it is used in food seasoning and preservation. It is not the same as baking soda.
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): Also known as caustic soda or lye, it is a strong alkali used in soap making and industrial cleaning, but it is highly corrosive and not safe for consumption.
• Sodium peroxide (Na₂O₂): It is a strong oxidizing agent used in bleaching and as an oxygen source in chemical reactions. It has no role in cooking or baking.
• Leavening agents: Substances like baking soda and baking powder are categorized as leavening agents as they help baked goods rise by producing carbon dioxide gas during cooking.
• pH and Baking Soda: Sodium bicarbonate is alkaline in nature with a pH of around 8-9, which allows it to neutralize acidic substances and act as a gentle cleaning agent.

The correct answer is John Newlands.

Key Points

• John Newlands was an English chemist who proposed the 'Law of Octaves' in 1864.
• He observed that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, every eighth element had properties similar to the first.
• This pattern was one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements and showed a periodicity in their properties.
• Newlands' Law of Octaves was initially not accepted by the scientific community, but it laid the groundwork for the development of the modern periodic table.

Additional Information

• Periodic Table:
• The modern periodic table arranges elements by increasing atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• Elements with similar chemical properties are grouped in columns known as groups or families.
• The periodic table is divided into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their properties.
• Mendeleev's Periodic Table:
• Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published a more comprehensive periodic table in 1869.
• Mendeleev's table left gaps for elements that were yet to be discovered, predicting their properties based on periodic trends.
• His periodic table was widely accepted because it could explain the properties of known elements and predict new ones.
• Henry Moseley:
• Henry Moseley, an English physicist, discovered the atomic number of elements in 1913 through X-ray spectroscopy.
• Moseley's work led to the reorganization of the periodic table based on atomic number rather than atomic mass.
• Döbereiner's Triads:
• Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a German chemist, identified groups of three elements (triads) with similar chemical properties in 1829.
• The middle element of each triad had properties that were approximately an average of the other two.
• Döbereiner's triads were an early attempt to classify elements based on their properties.

The correct answer is Both oxygen and water.

Key Points

• Rusting is a chemical process where iron reacts with oxygen and water in the environment to form iron oxide (rust).
• This reaction typically occurs in the presence of moisture (water) and oxygen from the air.
• The chemical equation for rusting is:

4Fe + 3O₂ + 6H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃, which further dehydrates to form Fe₂O₃·nH₂O (rust).

• Without either oxygen or water, rusting cannot proceed, making both essential for the process.
• Salt or acidic environments can accelerate rusting by increasing the conductivity of water, facilitating faster electron transfer.

Additional Information

• Iron Oxidation: The rusting process involves the oxidation of iron (Fe) into iron ions (Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺) in the presence of water and oxygen.
• Electrochemical Nature: Rusting is an electrochemical reaction where the metal surface acts as an anode (oxidation) and cathode (reduction) in the presence of an electrolyte (water).
• Prevention of Rusting: Rusting can be prevented through techniques like painting, galvanization, applying oil/grease, or using stainless steel (an alloy with chromium).
• Role of Salt: Salt (e.g., in seawater) increases the conductivity of water, accelerating the rusting process by enhancing the electrochemical reaction.
• Environmental Impact: Rusting leads to material degradation, causing economic losses and structural failures, especially in construction and transportation industries.

The correct answer is Dara Shikoh.

Key Points

• The Battle of Samugarh was fought on 29 May 1658 near Agra during the Mughal succession war.
• It was a decisive battle between Aurangzeb and his elder brother Dara Shikoh, both sons of Emperor Shah Jahan.
• Dara Shikoh led an army to defend his claim to the throne but was defeated by Aurangzeb’s more disciplined forces.
• Aurangzeb's victory in the battle enabled him to capture Agra and imprison their father, Shah Jahan, solidifying his claim to the Mughal throne.
• Dara Shikoh was eventually captured and executed on Aurangzeb’s orders in 1659.

Additional Information

• Dara Shikoh:
• Dara Shikoh was the eldest son of Shah Jahan and considered his father’s preferred successor.
• He was known for his interest in art, philosophy, and religious syncretism, particularly his efforts to bridge Hindu and Islamic traditions.
• His writings include the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, titled Sirr-e-Akbar (The Great Secret).
• Aurangzeb:
• Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, is known for his military prowess and expansion of the empire.
• He was a staunch follower of Islamic orthodoxy and implemented policies that were often seen as anti-Hindu.
• His reign marked the peak of the Mughal Empire but also sowed seeds of its eventual decline.
• The Mughal Succession Wars:
• The Mughal Empire followed no fixed succession system, often leading to violent struggles between heirs.
• Key battles like Samugarh reflected the intense rivalry among Shah Jahan’s sons: Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh, and Shuja.
• Samugarh:
• Samugarh is located near Agra and has historical significance due to the battle fought there.
• The battle demonstrated Aurangzeb’s superior military strategy and discipline under his general Mir Jumla.

The pattern is as follows:

Hence, “RAR” is the correct answer.

Clearly, we can see that 4 such pairs are there → ST, RN, RT, IG.

Hence, the answer is four.

1) Two persons are sitting between Ram and Raju.

2. Sonu is sitting just right of Raju but just left of Dev, who is sitting at one of the extreme ends. (from the statement, Dev is sitting at the right end)

3) Raj is on the immediate left of Chotu.

4) Sona is not sitting at the extreme right end. (it means sona is sitting at the left end) 

Hence, "Raju" is sitting third from the right end.

Given series: X3, U9, R27, O81, L343

The logic followed for the alphabet is:

The logic followed for the number is:

3¹ = 3

3² = 9

3³ = 27

3⁴ = 81

3⁵ = 243

But, the number with L in the Alphabetical series is 343.

Hence, L343 is the wrong term in the series.

According to the question, the codes are as follows-

Here, Code "ae" is used for are.

Hence, the correct answer is "ae".

Given statements: P ≥ S = M > T ≤ J < N

I. T < N → True (as T ≤ S < N)

II. M > T → True (as M > T)

III. M > S → False (as S = M)

IV. S = T → False (as S = M > T)

Hence, both conclusions I and II are true.

The pattern followed is,

Hence, “20” is the correct answer.

The mirror image of the given figure will be:

Hence, the above image will be the mirror image of the given figure.

The pattern is as follows:

  Hence, "XEB" is the correct answer.

Least Possible Venn diagram:

Conclusion:

1. Some toys are puppets → Follows (Because all puppets are toys than some toys are puppets.Hence, it is definitely follows)
2. All toys are puppets → Doesn't Follows (Here, some toys are puppet than all toys can not be puppet.So it does not follows)

Hence, only conclusion 1 from the statements is true.

Number of persons between two different persons = Total number of persons – (Position of the person from left + Position of persons from right)

Sum of positions of Priya and Vidya from opposite ends = 45 + 32 = 77, i.e. less than the total number of students (<100)

Therefore, number of students between Priya and Vidya = Total number of students - (Position of Priya from left + Position of Vidya from right)

100 – (45 + 32) = 100 – 77 = 23

Hence, 23 is correct.

Given - 'DUSTBIN' is written as '28-18-4-40-38-42-8'

Similarly;

Hence, the correct answer is 8-18-30-36-8-28-2.

The arrangement will be as shown below:

• Here, there are 2 possibilities: 

1. From the left of G, there are two people between G and E.
2. From the right of G, there are four people between G and E.

• However, the option given to us is 4. Therefore, we can safely assume that the question is about the right of G.

Hence, ‘4’ people are sitting between G and E.

i) Ram is facing North-west.

Step 1:

He turns in clock-wise direction by 90º.

Step 2:

then 180º in the Anti-clockwise direction.

Final step:

then another 90º in the sane direction.

Drawing the Diagram as per the given information:

Thus we can see finally he is facing in the South-east direction.

Hence, the correct answer is "South-east".

So.  'out' will be written as ji.

Hence, the correct answer is ji.

Given series: R3C, P8F, N15I, L31L, J63O

The logic followed for the alphabet is:

The logic followed for the number is:

3

3 × 2 + 1 = 7

7 × 2 + 1 = 15

15 × 2 + 1 = 31

31 × 2 + 1 = 63

So, 8 is wrong and must be replaced by 7 number.

Hence, P8F is the wrong term in the series.

The pattern followed here is,

The letter and symbol present in second figure is water image of those of the first figure.

Hence, option (4) is the next image in the series.

The logic follows here;

Some Men can be Statisticians.

Some Men can be Physiotherapists.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given set of words is:

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

Given - "SENIOR" is written as "GUMRTQ"

Similarly:

Hence, the answer is GLIHAG.

Logic: First three digits are the cube of the last digit of the given number. 

Except 2258 all numbers are following the same logic.

Hence, "2258" is the odd one.

The pattern followed here is:

(1) A + Z = 01 + 26 = 27

(2) T + G = 20 + 07 = 27

(3) R + I = 18 + 09 = 27

(4) B + X = 02 + 24 = 26

The sum of the place value is given in all letters is 27 except BX.

Hence, "BX" is the odd one out.

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this code is as follows:

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is "CZ13".

The logic follows here is:

(Sum of place values of the alphabets of the given word) × (Number of alphabets) = Given code

STOCK

Number of alphabets = 5

(S + T + O + C + K) × 5 =  (19 + 20 + 15 + 3 + 11) × 5 = 68 × 5 = 340.

TENT

Number of alphabets = 4

(T + E + N + T) × 4 = (20 + 5 + 14 + 20) × 4 = 59 × 4 = 236.

Similarly,

DOUBLE

Number of alphabets = 6

(D + O + U + B + L + E) × 6 = (4 + 15 + 21 + 2 + 12 + 5) × 6 = 59 × 6 = 354.

Hence, the correct answer is "354".

In the first part of the question, first figure is rotated 90 degrees clockwise in order to obtain the second figure.

Hence, figure 1 is the correct answer.

1 June 2018 is a Friday so 1 June 2017 was a Thursday (2018 is not a leap year).

• Here, we need to determine the day of the week on 19 February 2017.
• It is sufficient to calculate the odd days from 19 February 2017 to 1 June 2017.

20 February 2017 to 1 June 2017 =  9 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 1 = 102 days i.e., 14 weeks + 4 odd days

Thus, 19 February 2017 + 102 days = 1 June 2017

19 February 2017 + 4 odd days = 1 June 2017

19 February 2017 + 4 odd days = Thursday

So, Thursday - 4 days = Sunday

Hence, ''Sunday'' is the correct answer.

Confusion Points

• The question is about 19 February 2017.
• So, the solution will be using two dates of 2017 to determine the answer.
• The second date is calculated with the help of the date of 2018 and by using the fact that whether there is a leap year or not.

The logic follows here is:

As, All the given options is the name of a Continent except Kuwait. Kuwait is a Country name.

Hence, "Kuwait" is the correct answer.

Additional Information

We use the formula:

Angle: |(11/2) M - 30 H|

Where, M = minutes and H = hours

Here, M = 40 and H = 3

Therefore, we get angle = |(11/2) M - 30 H|

Angle = |(11/2) x 40 - 30 x 3| = |220 - 90| = 130.

Hence, the correct answer is "130°".

Given equation is:

10 + 15 × 3 - 4 ÷ 10 = ?

Decoding the given information:

Substituting the operations in the equation:

10 × 15 ÷ 3 + 4 - 10 = ?

BODMAS Rule:

Using the BODMAS Rule:

10 × 15 ÷ 3 + 4 - 10

= 10 × 5 + 4 - 10

= 50 + 4 - 10

= 54 - 10

= 44

Hence, the correct answer is "44".

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this code is as follows;

And;

Similarly;

Hence, "223209722" is the correct answer.

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this code is as follows;

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is HVNZOU.

The pattern followed is,

1³ + 2 = 3

2³ + 2 = 10

3³ + 2 = 29

4³ + 2 = 66

5³ + 2 = 127

Hence, “127” is the correct answer.

Members: S, P, T, Q, R

Let us first decode the symbols and then draw a family tree.

S – P + T ÷ Q × R → S is sister of P, T is son of P, T is brother of Q, R is daughter of Q

Preparing the family tree using the following symbols:

So, R is granddaughter of P.

Hence, granddaughter is correct answer.

Correct Option – 3

Adjacent elements of 3 = 1, 2, 4, 5

Adjacent elements can never be on the opposite face of a particular face.

The only element left is 6.

So, 6 will be opposite to the face having 3.

Hence,‘6’ is the correct answer.

The least possible diagram:

I. No choreographer is producer. - True (All choreographer is a actor and no actor is a producer then no choreographers is producer is follow.)

II. Some actors are choreographers. True (If All choreographers are actors then some actors are choreographer. So some actors are choreographers is follow.)

III. No painters is a producer. True (All choreographer is a painters and all painters are actors then the relation is same between choreographer and producer, painter and producer and actor and producer. So no painter is a producer is follow.)

Hence, "option 2" is the correct answer.

This question is based on the concept of the positional value of the opposite alphabet.

The logic followed here is-

And

Similarly,

Hence, 'option 4' is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

The length of the longest rod in a room is equal to the diagonal of the cuboid.

Diagonal = √(L² + B² + H²)

Diagonal = √(5² + 12² + 13²) = √(25 + 144 + 169) = √338

Diagonal = √(169 × 2) = 13√2 m

∴ The correct answer is 13√2 metres.

Alternate Method

Given:

Length (L) = 5 m

Breadth (B) = 12 m

Height (H) = 13 m

Formula Used:

Length of longest rod = √(L² + B² + H²)

Calculations:

⇒ Square of Length = 5² = 25

⇒ Square of Breadth = 12² = 144

⇒ Square of Height = 13² = 169

⇒ Sum of squares = 25 + 144 + 169

⇒ Sum of squares = 169 + 169 = 338

⇒ Length of rod = √338

⇒ Length of rod = √(169 × 2)

⇒ Length of rod = 13√2 m

∴ The correct answer is 13√2 metres.

Additional Information

Total Surface Area of Cuboid

The total surface area of a room (cuboid) is given by 2(LB + BH + HL).

Volume of Cuboid

The space occupied by the room is calculated as Volume = Length × Breadth × Height.

Diagonal of a Cube

If all sides of the room are equal (a), then the longest rod length = a√3.

Lateral Surface Area

The area of the four walls of a room is given by 2H(L + B).

Shortcut Trick

Assume the price of the Table is 100 units.

Price of Chair = 60% of 100 = 60 units.

Price of Stool = 15% of 100 = 15 units.

Required Percentage = (Stool ÷ Chair) × 100 = (15 ÷ 60) × 100 = 1/4 × 100 = 25%.

∴ The correct answer is 25%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Price of Chair (C) = 60% of Table (T) ⇒ C = 0.60T

Price of Stool (S) = 15% of Table (T) ⇒ S = 0.15T

Formula Used:

Percentage = (Value / Base Value) × 100

Calculations:

⇒ Required % = (Price of Stool / Price of Chair) × 100

⇒ Required % = (0.15T / 0.60T) × 100

⇒ Required % = (15 / 60) × 100

⇒ Required % = (1 / 4) × 100

⇒ Required % = 25%

∴ The correct answer is 25%.

Additional Information

Base Change Rule

When comparing two quantities derived from the same base, the ratio of their percentages is equal to the ratio of their actual values.

Percentage to Fraction Conversion

Common fractions like 1/4 = 25%, 1/5 = 20%, and 3/4 = 75% help in solving comparison questions faster without long division.

Given:

P can finish a job in 3 hours.

Q can finish the same job in 6 hours.

Formula Used:

Work done by P in 1 hour = 1/3

Work done by Q in 1 hour = 1/6

Total work done by P and Q in 1 hour together = Work done by P in 1 hour + Work done by Q in 1 hour

Calculation:

Work done by P in 1 hour = 1/3

Work done by Q in 1 hour = 1/6

Total work done by P and Q in 1 hour together = 1/3 + 1/6

Total work done by P and Q in 1 hour together = 2/6 + 1/6

Total work done by P and Q in 1 hour together = 3/6

Total work done by P and Q in 1 hour together = 1/2

⇒ Time taken by P and Q together to finish the job = 1 / (1/2)

⇒ Time taken by P and Q together to finish the job = 2 hours

⇒ Time in minutes = 2 × 60 = 120 minutes

Therefore, P and Q together will finish the job in 120 minutes.

Shortcut Trick

Given:

The population = 12,000. 

It increased by 2.5% and 3%, respectively, in the last two years.

Calculation:

Population after two years will be,

⇒ 12,000 × 102.5/100 × 103/100 = 12669

∴ The correct option is 1

Given:

The average of 11 numbers is 60

average of the first 6 numbers is 52

average of the last 4 numbers is 54

Concept used:

Average = Sum of all the observations/Total number of observations

Calculation:

Let the seventh number be n.

⇒ 60 = ((6 × 52) + n + (4 × 54)) ÷ 11

⇒ 60 × 11 = ((6 × 52) + (4 × 54) + n)

⇒ 660 = 312 + 216 + n

⇒ n = 132

∴ The seventh number is 132

7^th = average ± (difference of the other numbers)

If difference of other number is +ve then we subtract , if the difference of the other number is -ve then we add

Difference = 6 × (-8) + 4 × (-6)

⇒ - 48 - 24 = - 72

7^th = 60 + 72 = 132

∴ The seventh number is 132

Given:

Certain operations are performed in two numbers such as addition and substraction and the ratio of those are given.

Calculation:

Let the numbers after addition of 2 be 'x - 2' and '2x - 2'

According to the question,

⇒ $\dfrac{x -5}{2x -5}$ = $\dfrac{2}{5}$

⇒ 5 × (x - 5) = 2 × (2x - 5)

⇒ 5x - 25 = 4x - 10

⇒ x = 15

So, the numbers are 15 - 2 = 13, 30 - 2 = 28 

∴ The answer is 28.

Given:

The average age of 3 brothers = 15

Formula used:

Average = sum of all observations/number of observations

Calculation used:

Let the age of the three brothers be x years, (x + 3) years, and (x + 6) years.

According to questions:

⇒ [x + (x + 3) + (x + 6)] / 3 = 15

⇒ x + (x + 3) + (x + 6) = 45

⇒ 3x = 36

⇒ x = 12

So, ages of the brothers are 12 years, 15 years and 18 years

∴ The age of youngest brother is 12 years.

Shortcut Trick

Product of two numbers = LCM × HCF

Second Number = (450 × 30) ÷ 90 = 150

Difference = 150 − 90 = 60

∴ The correct answer is 60.

Alternate Method

Given:

LCM of the two numbers = 450

HCF of the two numbers = 30

First number = 90

Formula Used:

First Number × Second Number = LCM × HCF

Calculations:

⇒ Let the second number be x.

⇒ 90 × x = 450 × 30

⇒ 90 × x = 13500

⇒ x = 13500 ÷ 90

⇒ x = 150

⇒ Difference = Second number − First number

⇒ Difference = 150 − 90 = 60

∴ The correct answer is 60.

Additional Information

LCM and HCF Formula

For any two given numbers a and b, the product of the numbers is always equal to the product of their LCM and HCF: a × b = LCM(a, b) × HCF(a, b).

Co-prime Numbers

Two numbers are said to be co-prime if their HCF is 1. In such cases, their LCM is simply the product of the two numbers.

LCM and HCF of Fractions

LCM of fractions = LCM of Numerators ÷ HCF of Denominators.

HCF of fractions = HCF of Numerators ÷ LCM of Denominators.

Given:

Amount in two years = Rs. 1000

Amount in 3 years = Rs. 1250

Formula used:

Amount = P(1 + R/100)^T

Compound Interest = P((1 + R/100)^T – 1)

Calculation:

Amount = P(1 + R/100)^t 

1000 = P(1 + R/100)²      ....(I)

1250 =  P(1 + R/100)³     ....(II)

Dividing equation (II) from (I), 

(1 + R/100) = 1250/1000

⇒ R/100 = 5/4 – 1

⇒ R/100 = 1/4

⇒ R = 25% 

∴ The annual rate of interest is 25%.

Let the number of 2 - rupee, 50 - paise and 25 - paise coins be a, b and c

According to the problem statement

⇒ 2a + b/2 + c/4 = 51.25

Given that they are in ratio 3 : 5 : 7, so 2 - rupee, 50 - paise and 25 - paise are 3x, 5x and 7x respectively, put this in the above equation

⇒ 2 × 3x + 5x/2 + 7x/4 = 51.25, Multiply both sides by 4

⇒ 24x + 10x + 7x = 205

⇒ 41x = 205

⇒ x = 5

⇒ 50 - paise coins are 5x = 5 × 5 = 25

∴ There were 25 coins of 50 - paise

Given:

Base Area = 154 sq cm

CSA = 550 sq cm

Formula used:

CSA(cone) = π x r x l

r = radius of the base

l = slant height of the cone

Base area = $\frac{22}{7}$ x r x r 

Volume(Cone) = $\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{ 22}{7}$ x r x r x h

Calculation:

Base area = $\frac{22}{7}$ x r x r = 154

r = 7 cm

CSA(cone) = $\frac{22}{7}$ x r x l = 550

l = 25 cm

h² = 25² - 7² 

h = 24 cm

Volume(Cone) = $\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{ 22}{7}$ x r x r x h = $\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{ 22}{7}$ x 7 x 7 x 24

Volume = 1232 cm³ 

Hence, the correct answer is option 1).

Calculation:

Let Raj initially have Rs. 100x

Raj initially had Rs. 100x. After spending 10% of his money, he was left with 90x.

Out of this remaining amount, he spent 70%, which left him with 30% of the original 90x, which was equal to Rs. 2646.

30% of 90x = 2646

⇒ 27x = 2646

⇒ x = 98

So , 100x = 100 × 98 = 9800

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Alternate Method

Let the sum of money be x

According to the question,

x × 9/10 × 3/10 = 2646

⇒ 27x/100 = 2646

⇒ x = 9800

Given:

An inlet pipe takes 8 hours to fill a tank. An outlet pipe takes 12 hours to empty.

Calculation:

 ⇒ Time is taken to fill in 1 hour = 1/8

 ⇒ Time taken to empty in 1 hour =  -1/12

 ⇒ If both pipes are opened simultaneously tank be filled in 1 hour = 1/8 – 1/12 = 1/24 hours

∴ The total time taken is 24 hours.

Given:

${7^{x - 2}} \div ;{7^3} = ;\sqrt[5]{{{7^{10}}}}$

Concept used:

a^x ÷ a^y = a^{x – y}

$\sqrt[y]{{{a^x}}} = {a^{\frac{x}{y}}}$

Calculations:

7^{[(x – 2) – 3]} = 7^(10/5)

∴ x – 2 – 3 = 10/5

⇒ x – 5 = 2

⇒ x = 7

∴ The value of x is 7

Shortcut Trick

The Volume of a cylinder is proportional to the square of its radius (V ∝ r²) when height (h) is constant.

Since the radius is halved, the ratio of radii is 1 ÷ 2.

Therefore, the ratio of their volumes = (1)² ÷ (2)² = 1 ÷ 4.

∴ The correct answer is 1  ∶ 4.

Alternate Method

Given:

Original Radius = r

Reduced Radius = r ÷ 2

Height = h (remains same)

Formula Used:

Volume of Right Circular Cylinder = πr²h

⇒ Volume of Original Cylinder (V₁) = π × r² × h

⇒ Volume of Reduced Cylinder (V₂) = π × (r ÷ 2)² × h

⇒ V₂ = π × (r² ÷ 4) × h

⇒ Ratio (V₂ ÷ V₁) = [π × (r² ÷ 4) × h] ÷ [π × r² × h]

⇒ Ratio = (1 ÷ 4) ÷ 1 = 1 ÷ 4

∴ The correct answer is 1  ∶ 4.

Additional Information

Volume Proportionality

For a cylinder, the Volume varies directly with the Height and with the Square of the Radius. If only height is changed by factor k, volume changes by k. If only radius is changed by factor k, volume changes by k².

Curved Surface Area (CSA)

The Curved Surface Area of a cylinder is 2πrh. If the radius is halved and height remains same, the CSA is also halved (Ratio 1 ÷ 2).

Total Surface Area (TSA)

The Total Surface Area is given by 2πr(r + h), which includes the area of the two circular bases (2 × πr²) and the curved surface area.

Shortcut Trick

Effective Cost Price (CP) = 14360 + 240 = 14600.

To get a Profit of 15%, multiplier = (100 + 15) ÷ 100 = 1.15.

Selling Price (SP) = 14600 × 1.15.

Calculation: 14600 × (1 + 0.15) = 14600 + 2190 = 16790.

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 16,790.

Alternate Method

Given: Purchase Price = Rs. 14,360, Overhead Expenses = Rs. 240, Profit Percentage = 15%. Formulas: Total CP = Purchase Price + Overhead Expenses | SP = CP × (100 + Profit%) ÷ 100

Steps: ⇒ Total Cost Price (CP) = 14360 + 240 = 14,600 ⇒ Profit Amount = 15% of 14,600 = (15 ÷ 100) × 14600 ⇒ Profit Amount = 15 × 146 = 2,190 ⇒ Selling Price (SP) = Total CP + Profit = 14600 + 2190 ⇒ Selling Price (SP) = 16,790

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 16,790.

Additional Information

Effective Cost Price

Any additional expenditure incurred on an article like transportation, repairs, or labor after buying is added to the Cost Price to find the effective CP.

Profit and Loss Basic

Profit is always calculated on the Cost Price (CP) unless stated otherwise. If SP > CP, it is Profit. If CP > SP, it is Loss.

Shortcut Trick

Total Work = LCM(24, 8) = 24 units.

Efficiency of (P+Q) = 24 ÷ 24 = 1 unit/day.

Efficiency of (R+S) = 24 ÷ 8 = 3 units/day.

Combined Efficiency = 1 + 3 = 4 units/day.

Time together = 24 ÷ 4 = 6 days.

∴ The correct answer is 6 days.

Alternate Method

Given: Time for (P+Q) = 24 days, Time for (R+S) = 8 days.

Formula: Total Work = Efficiency × Time

⇒ Total Work = LCM of (24, 8) = 24 units.

⇒ Efficiency of (P + Q) = 24 ÷ 24 = 1 unit/day.

⇒ Efficiency of (R + S) = 24 ÷ 8 = 3 units/day.

⇒ Total combined efficiency of (P + Q + R + S) = 1 + 3 = 4 units/day.

⇒ Days taken together = Total Work ÷ Combined Efficiency

⇒ Required Days = 24 ÷ 4 = 6 days.

∴ The correct answer is 6 days.

Additional Information

Work and Efficiency Relation

Efficiency is inversely proportional to the time taken to complete a work. If A takes x days and B takes y days, the ratio of their efficiencies is y : x.

Combined Work Formula

If two groups A and B take x and y days respectively, they together take (x × y) ÷ (x + y) days to finish the work.

Work and Wages

Wages are always distributed in the ratio of the total work done by each individual or group (or efficiency ratio if they work for the same duration).

Shortcut Trick

Radius (r) = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 m, Height (h) = 8 m.

Using the Pythagorean triplet (8, 15, 17), the slant height (l) = 17 m.

Canvas required = Curved Surface Area = πrl

⇒ Area = 3.14 × 15 × 17 = 3.14 × 255 = 800.7

∴ The correct answer is 800.7 m².

Alternate Method

Given:

Diameter of the base of the cone (d) = 30 m

⇒ Radius (r) = d ÷ 2 = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 m

Height of the cone (h) = 8 m

Value of π = 3.14

h = 8 m

r = 15 m l = 17 m Canvas Area = Curved Surface Area

Formula Used:

Slant height of a cone (l) = √(r² + h²)

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of a cone = πrl

Calculations:

⇒ First, find the slant height (l) of the conical heap:

⇒ l = √(15² + 8²)

⇒ l = √(225 + 64)

⇒ l = √289 = 17 m

⇒ The area of the canvas required to just cover the heap is equal to its Curved Surface Area.

⇒ Canvas required = πrl

⇒ Canvas required = 3.14 × 15 × 17

⇒ Canvas required = 3.14 × 255

⇒ Canvas required = 800.7 m²

∴ The correct answer is 800.7 m².

Additional Information

Total Surface Area of a Cone

The total surface area includes both the curved surface and the flat circular base: TSA = πrl + πr² = πr(l + r).

Volume of a Cone

The volume of a cone is exactly one-third the volume of a cylinder that has the same base radius and height: Volume = (1/3)πr²h.

Pythagorean Triplets

Using standard right-angle triangle triplets such as (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), and (8, 15, 17) helps in quickly finding the missing side lengths in 2D and 3D geometry problems.

Given:

Simple interest = Rs. 3720

Time (T) = 3 years

Rate (R) = 8%

Concept:

Simple interest is the interest calculated on the principal portion of the loan or the original contribution to the saving account.

Formula Used:

Simple Interest = (P × R × T)/100

Calculation: 

Let the principal be 'P' 

Simple Interest = (P × R × T)/100

⇒ 3720 = (P × 8 × 3)/(100)

⇒ 3720 = 24P/100

⇒ P = 372000 ÷ 24

⇒ P = Rs. 15500

∴ The principal or the amount borrowed from the bank is Rs. 15500.

Shortcut Trick

Radius (r) = 42 cm.

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of a hemisphere = 2πr².