CTET Paper 2 Maths & Science December 2018 (English-Hindi-Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Motor development in the human body does not occur haphazardly. It follows a definite sequence which may differ from individual to individual, due to the degree and timing of development.

Proximodistal Progression:  

• In this progression**, growth starts at the centre of the body and moves towards the peripheries or extremities.**
• It describes the direction of growth and development occurring from the centre to outward in an infant.
• For example, infants gain control first over their torso and arms and then their hands and  fingers.​

Important Points

Cephalocaudal Progression: 

• It tends to proceed along head-to-feet and centre-to-periphery. It starts, first from the head, and then develops the organs, which are below the head, towards feet.
• For example, infants gain control first over their heads and then their legs.

Hence, it becomes clear that the development from the central part of the body towards peripheries or extremities denotes the principles of proximodistal development.

Socialization is a process by which an individual becomes a member of society through a mechanism of interaction. Its purpose is to prepare individuals for future roles.

• Socialization is a life-long process that continues throughout life from birth to adulthood.
• A school is a place designed to provide an adequate learning environment for effective teaching-learning process.

School is a child-centered social institution where school children:-

• occupy the central position.
• enjoy maximum autonomy in the learning process.
• develop the ability to assimilate the concepts efficiently.
• perform a task or classroom activities at their own pace.
• avail ample opportunities to foster their strategy of learning.
• inculcate the informal cues about social roles through interaction.

Hence, it becomes clear that school is an institution of socialization of children where school children occupy the central position.

Teachers play the most crucial role in moulding the behaviour of learners. This shaping of behaviour is achieved through planning and dedication.

• Being a part of a teacher fraternity and choosing to dress like most of the others in the group, is just like exhibiting conformity.
• Conformity is a kind of social influence that refers to the act of acquiring changes in behaviour, attitude and beliefs to fit in with a group standard or being socially acceptable.

Hence, if you join a teacher fraternity and choose to dress like most of the others in your group, you are exhibiting conformity.

Swiss biologist and psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and eventually developed a four-stage model of how the mind processes new information encountered. He explained that children progress through four stages and in the same order.

The Four Stages of Cognitive Development are:

• The Sensorimotor Stage (0 to 2yrs):  During this stage, children learn about the world through their senses and by manipulating objects around them. E.g. the sucking reflex. The main achievement during this stage is object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.
• The Preoperational Stage (2 to 7):  During this stage, children develop memory and imagination. The main achievements are language acquisition and symbolic thought.
• The Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12): The child can reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. It is able to perform reversible mental operations.
• The Formal Operational Stage (12 to adulthood): During this stage, the adolescent can apply logic more abstractly as well as reason hypothetically.

Hence, we conclude that the concept of object permanence is attained during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development.

Individualized Education Program, commonly known as IEP,  the main purpose of IEP is to provide appropriate education and training to every child with a disability, including those with mental retardation.

• IEP is a written statement, planned from the perspective of 'Child-centred Education Program' to give primacy to children's experience and needs.
• It is important that the IEP be prepared in consultation with all those who will be involved in providing services to the child.

Important Points

Characteristics of IEP:

• To meet learner's individual needs and goals beyond their current strength.
• Focuses on making students work together to improve educational results.
• Outline adaptions and modifications to provide quality education to all children.
• Uses cooperative learning strategies by including students, teachers, parents, school administrators, etc.

Additional Information

Hence, it becomes clear that the Individualized Education Programme is planned from the perspective of child-centred education programme.

Language development is a process that starts early in life by which children begin to understand and express feelings through languages.

• Between 18 and 24 months of age, most children begin to combine words into short sentences while speaking.
• At this age, they use around 50 words and start placing two words together in short sentences.

Note: Refer to the Table to be aware of the stages of language acquisition in a child:

Hence, it becomes clear that between 18 and 24 months of age, most children begin to combine words into short sentences while speaking.

Definitions of Intelligence:

• According to Binet, ‘Intelligence means the capacity to judge well, to reason well and to comprehend well’.
• According to Terman, ‘Intelligence means the ability to think in terms of abstract ideas’.
• According to Wechsler, ‘Intelligence means the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.’

Key Points

• The first test to measure intelligence was developed by Binet and Simon in 1905.
• Stern in 1912 revised the test and devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient.
• Intelligence Quotient: It is commonly known as IQ refers to the score of standardized test which assesses and measures human intelligence.
• An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula given below,

${\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100$

• Where, Mental Age is based on intellectual development.
• Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

Hence, it becomes clear from the above-mentioned points, the concept of Intelligence Quotient or IQ was developed by Stern.

Additional Information

Thinking is the base of all cognitive activities or processes and is unique to human beings. It involves manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment. 

Creativity refers to a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. Creativity is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful.

It is thought to be related to the concept of 'divergent thinking' because it refers to:

• a way of solving problems by more than one approach.
• an act of working with open-ended questions using creativity and ingenuity.
• a process which includes brainstorming, imagination, out of the box thinking in it.
• the ability possesses by the people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.

Note: Open-ended question is the one which can't be answered in yes or no, rather requires a full answer with proper explanation.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that creativity is thought to be related to the concept of divergent thinking.

Key PointsLanguage is a rule-governed system that organises its proper use and dictates how words relate to one another. The acceptable sound combinations of a language are specified in its phonological rules as it:

• promotes the ability to manipulate sounds in spoken language.
• controls the way the sounds change during vocal communication.
• explains how a speaker deals with the underlining representation of a sound while pronouncing the same.
• Eg: 'S' may be pronounced as 's' in "cats" while 'z' in "peas".

Thus, it is concluded that the acceptable sound combinations of a language are specified in its phonological rules.

Linguistics determination makes an assumption that language both reflects and limits human mentality and its ability to make cross-cultural connections.

• It refers to the position where thought patterns are influenced by language.
• language and its structure determine one's thought process.
• people speaking different languages have different thinking patterns.
• people experience the world through the language they practically use.

Hint

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the position where thought patterns are influenced by language is called linguistic determination.

A hypothesis refers to a reasonable guess about the solution of a problem, which the researcher goes on to verify based on the relevant information collected by him/her. 

• From the above-mentioned procedure of problem-solving, it could be interpreted that Ravi is using 'heuristic' which is a problem-solving method proposed by 'H.E. Armstrong'.
• It makes the process of problem-solving quick and efficient by:
• Promoting the use of critical and imaginative thinking.
• raising problems before students to activate their thinking power.
• emphasizing the active involvement of learners to boost their understanding.
• enabling students to  acquire knowledge by discovering the facts themselves.

The purpose of the hypothesis is to define the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Hence, Ravi repairs appliances by a testing hypothesis about the cause of the malfunction based on his experiences with the symptoms. He uses 'heuristics'.

From the above-mentioned process, it could be interpreted that Divya is using 'subgoal analysis'. It is a way of breaking tasks in small pieces which helps in:

• achieving the desired goal easily.
• organising information systematically.
• reducing the extraneous cognitive load.
• recognizing the basic components of the task.

Hence, Divya often divides the assigned job into small tasks that she can handle easily. She is using a subgoal analysis.

Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between men and women.

Key Points The above-mentioned statement articulates gender as a social construct as gender refers to the socially constructed attributes of femininity and masculinity. 

It is a negative concept or unfair idea which leads to:-

• narrow expectations for gender behavior.
• the belief that one gender is superior to another.
• inequality between individuals based on their genders.

Note: Sex refers to the biological attributes of femininity and masculinity.

Hence, it becomes clear that “Society determines the roles of male and female.” This statement articulates gender as a social construct.

Additional Information

• Gender Discrimination: It is referred to as the differential treatment of individuals based on their gender. Societies around the world, particularly Indian society indulge in gender discrimination.
• Gender Equity: Gender equity exists when both males and females are expected and encouraged to pursue interests, subjects, careers, and lifestyles that are determined by individual interest and ability, rather than according to sex-role stereotypes.

Assessment is conducted in different phases of the teaching-learning process. Some assessments are conducted before the beginning of the teaching-learning process, some are carried out during the process, and others conducted at the end of the instructional process.

Grading, coding, marking and credit accumulation system are some of the examples of scoring procedures of assessment of learner's achievement.

Let's Understand it Further:

• Grading system: It assesses learner's achievement based upon points alone.
• Coding system: It assesses learner's achievement by assigning code to number.
• Marking system: It assesses learner's achievement by allocating marks to the individual item.
• Credit accumulation system: It assesses learner's achievement in terms of credit and determines the requirement for awarding a degree.

Note: Remaining options are not suitable in the context as these four terms are highly related to the procedures of assessment.

Hence, Grading, coding, marking and credit accumulation systems are some of the examples of scoring procedure of assessment of learners’ achievement.

Assessment is a process of collecting, receiving, and using data for improvement in the learning process.

Key Points

Assessment of learner's achievement helps the teacher to:

• evaluate the effectiveness of pedagogy.
• assess the actual task performance of the learners.
• monitor the learner's progress in the learning process.
• find out and diagnose learner's individual needs by appropriate strategy.

Note: Remaining options are not suitable in the context because they are representing assessment as a product-oriented activity while assessment is concerned with process-oriented activity.

Hence, Assessment of learners’ achievement helps the teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of pedagogy.

Inclusive Education: It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

NOTE:

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Inclusive Education is based on the principle of equity and equal opportunities.

“Person with Disability” means a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others.

Key Points

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act has been enacted in 2016. It is an act which:

• ensures equal opportunities for the people who suffer from 40% of disability.
• covers 21 disabilities like blindness, dwarfism, haemophilia, mental illness, etc.
• enhances the reservation quota (3% to 4%) in government jobs for disabled persons.
• focuses on making all public buildings disabled-friendly by providing ramps, slopes, auditory signals, etc.

Note:

• 'The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016' has replaced 'The Person with Disabilities Act, 1995' which used to cover only 7 disabilities in it.
• The "International Day of Persons with Disabilities" is observed on 3^rd December.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act has been enacted in the year 2016.

Individual difference refers to the difference which distinguishes an individual from another on the basis of physical, emotional, or psychological characteristics.

Key Points

Children with individual differences should be taught in a school having teachers trained to:

• use different pedagogy to meet their diverse learning needs.
• perceive the significance of individual differences and needs.
• operate innovative teaching tools to address the learning gaps.
• understand the sociology of learning and major principles of child psychology.

NOTE: Remaining options are segregating children based on their abilities and skills, thus not suitable in the context.

Hence, it could be concluded that children with individual differences should be taught in a school having teachers trained to use different pedagogy to meet their diverse learning needs.

The Right to Education Act commonly known as RTE Act 2009 is an act which aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under the Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.

• No child shall be held back, expelled or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education.
• It provides free education from 6 to 18 years for children with disabilities.
• According to the RTE Act, a teacher will spend a minimum of 45 hours in teaching including preparation hours in a week.

Whereas the Act Ensures the Right of Children with Disabilities by:

• Providing free education from 6 to 18 years.
• Promoting their integration in normal schools.
• Bringing them in the mainstream with other children.
• Facilitating them with special training in an appropriate environment.

Note: The RTE Act, 2009 ensures to provide free and compulsory education to normal children from 6 to 14 years of age. 

Hence, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 ensures the rights of children with disabilities to free education from 6 years to 18 years.

Teaching Learning Materials (TLMs):

• These are a set of tools that facilitate learning by providing the required input that meets the objectives.
• It consists of a variety of resources that are used by a teacher to teach the concepts outlined in the curriculum, and by the learner in learning and deriving knowledge out of the course.

Universal Design of Learning is an educational framework that implies providing teaching-learning materials in accessible formats to diverse learners.

It is a dynamic side of education which benefit the learners by:

• planning the class curriculum effectively.
• developing a flexible learning environment.
• improving accessibility to ample opportunities.
• providing a variety of strategies and resources.

Note: Universal Humanistic Approach of teaching allows students for social personal development and gives importance to learner's thoughts, feelings, and emotions in overall development.

Hence, providing teaching-learning materials in accessible formats to the diverse learners implies Universal Design of Learning.

Metacognition refers to an individual's awareness of his/her cognition and knowledge.

• It refers to the knowledge about cognitive processes and the way they function.
• It involves self-awareness and control of cognitive abilities, e.g., planning, reviewing and revising, etc.
• It deals with the individual's awareness of the self as a knower and processor of information.
• It pertains to the student’s capability of setting goals for learning, estimating the success with which the goals are being met, and selecting alternative strategies to meet the goals.

Characteristics of Metacognition:

• Relatively independent of age - age doesn't influence it.
• Late developing - mostly in the last stage of development.
• Largely procedural and subconscious process - need active regulation.

Hence, it becomes clear that Metacognition involves self-awareness and control of cognitive abilities, e.g., planning, revising, etc.

Thinking is a cognitive activity. It refers to a pattern of behaviour in which one makes use of internal representations of external events such as symbols and signs of the events for the solution of some specific problem.

Concrete thinking refers to the thinking process by which children think to interpret the received information according to their experiences.

It is a kind of lateral thinking which doesn't have any depth. It relies solely on the physical world that's why concrete thinkers can't think of what is beyond their sight.

Hence, when children think to interpret the received information according to their experience, it is called Concrete thinking.

Differentiated instruction refers to the way of teaching learners at varying levels of difficulty based on the ability of the individual learner.

Key Points

It is an activity-driven approach to education in which teacher:

• adjusts teaching content and process according to the learner's ability.
• works as a coordinator and maximizes student's involvement in learning.
• focuses on teaching the same concept to all using variety of strategies.
• targets students' learning strengths and needs and helps them accordingly.

Hence, it could be concluded that teaching learners at varying levels of difficulty based on the ability of individual learners is known as differentiated instruction.

Additional Information

Learning is a comprehensive process that results in a change in behaviour, knowledge, and skills. It emphasizes goal orientation which helps to improve performance skills to achieve the goal.

• There are four basic stages of learning which work as an instructional hierarchy in the learning process.
• Among these stages, maintenance is the specific stage and is antecedent to the generalization stage of learning.

Stages of Learning:-

• Acquisition – new skill or concept
• Fluency – the ability to immediately use the skill or concept without a prompt
• Maintenance – Counting to use the skill or concept over time
• Generalization – applying the skill or concept to new situations, people, activities, ideas, and settings

Additional Information

Hence, maintenance is the specific stage of learning which is antecedent to the generalization stage of learning.

Robert Zajonc, an American social psychologist is known for his crucial contribution to the field of the social and cognitive process.

Key Points

According to Robert Zajonc:

• Cognition and emotion are independent.
• He justified his beliefs by stating that:
• all emotion doesn't involve deliberate thinking.
• some emotions skip the thinking part of the brain.
• some emotions occur separately from our cognitive interpretation of them.
• Emotions are global in nature in contrast to cognitions. So according to him emotion and cognition are categorically different.

Note: However the recent research deviates from Zajonc's beliefs because they suggest that cognition and emotion are highly independent**.**

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Zajonc believes that cognition and emotion are independent.

Teachers play the most crucial role in moulding the behaviour of learners. This shaping of behaviour is achieved through planning and dedication.

Here, the teacher is using the modelling method of teaching which refers to an instructional strategy in which a teacher demonstrates concepts and students learn through observation.

Characteristics of the Modelling Method:

• Gives importance to observation and imitation in the learning process.
• Creates a proper teaching-learning environment to meet specific goals.
• Ensures systematized efforts for the desired modification in learner's behaviour.

A teacher is teaching children by the demonstration of a task to correct the performances of an already learned task. He is using the modelling method of teaching.

Irving Janis and Leon Mann are psychologists who proposed a model of decision making in which they advocate that the above-mentioned characteristics of children reflect their vigilant behaviour.

• It is the ideal pattern of decision making which results in high-quality decisions.
• Procedures for Vigilant Decision Making:
• A systematized search for relevant information.
• Detailed consideration of available alternatives.
• Allocation of sufficient time to evaluate each alternative.
• Re-evaluation and review of data before making decisions.

Hence, given characteristics of children reflect their vigilant behaviour.

Logical thinking refers to the process of analysing the situation to draw a conclusion. In logical thinking, a child as a problem solver evaluates the truth or likelihood of statements.

Characteristics of logical thinking:

• increases the child's capability to think creatively.
• incorporates logic into the child's thinking process.
• makes the child able to think in a disciplined manner.
• emphasizes to organise thoughts together to arrive at a solution.

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about logical thinking.

Additional Information

Task-based learning is an approach in which students get involved to do a piece of work or activity which exposes them to meaningful learning.

• Consumer-type task refers to the task in which the children get to experience while enjoying themselves.
• It helps the learners to foster their strategy of learning and to gain quality experience by making them work at their own pace.

• Drill and practice tasks refer to the task which promotes the acquisition of knowledge by practicing and repeating the concept again and again.

Hence, the task in which the children get to experience while enjoying themselves is known as Consumer type task.

Multisensory Approach:

• In this type of approach, the counselor helps the children to use their multiple senses.
• in teaching refers to the use of multisensory techniques to make children learn through more than one sense at a time.
• It is the simultaneous use of visual, auditory, tactile and kinesthetic senses to enhance learning.
• These tools enrich learner's knowledge by activating and developing all the senses like hearing, vision, tactile recognition, etc.
• Shared reading, sandpaper letters are examples of multisensory techniques.

Hence, The multisensory approach in teaching-learning is the simultaneous use of visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic senses to enhance learning.

Given:

Female member in the meeting = 4/25

Calculation:

Total members in the meeting = 25

Female members in the meeting = 4

Percentage of female members in the meeting = (female member in the meeting) / (total members in the meeting) × 100

⇒ Percentage of female member in the meeting = {4 / 25} × 100

⇒ 16%

∴ required percentage = 16%

Given:

Shopkeeper reduce its price by 10%

Previous price of item = Rs.500

Calculation:

According to the question:

The previous price of item = Rs.500

Reduction in price = 10%

So, 10% of 500 = {10/100} × 500 = 50

The new price of item = old price – reduction in the price of the item

⇒ New price = 500 – 50

⇒ Rs.450

Hence, required amount = Rs.450

Given:

-6, - 8, - 2, 3, 2, 0, 5, 4, 8

Concept:

The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and the lowest value

Calculation:

The highest value in the data = 8

The lowest value in the data = -8

Difference between the highest and the lowest data = 8 - (-8) = 16

∴ The required temperature is 16 ºC

Given:

The outcomes are observed as : H, T, H, T, T, H, H, T, H, H

⇒ Total number of Outcomes = 10

Formula Used: 

P(A) = $\frac{n\left( A \right)}{n\left( S \right)}$, where n(A) = No. of favourable cases for event A and n(S) = cardinality of sample space.

Concept:

If a coin is tossed 10 times,

Total number of possible outcomes = 2¹⁰ = 1024

In the question, the total number of outcomes is already mentioned.

So, we take the number of outcomes mentioned in the question, not the calculated one.

 Explanation:

Number of times Head appeared in sample space = {H, H, H, H, H, H}

⇒ Total number of favorable Outcomes = 6 

Required Probability of getting head:

A = {H, H, H, H, H, H}

$P\left( A \right) = \frac{6}{10}$

$= \frac{3}{5}$

∴ the probability of getting Head is $\frac{3}{5}$.

Given:

⇒ 3/7 + (-7/8) = -25/56

Concept used:

The rule is that when adding 2 rational numbers gives a rational number. i.e. meaning of rational numbers are closed under addition

Calculation:

From given, let a = 3/7 is a rational number

b = (-7/8)  is a rational number

Adding c = a + b, lcm is 56

c = (24-49)/56 = (-25)/56

c is also rational number

Hence proved.

Note:- The question is missing a "-" in equation 3/7+(-7) /8=(-25) /56

Taking the LHS of the above expression

⇒ 3/8 + (-5/7) = 3/8 – 5/7

Taking LCM, we get

⇒ (21 – 40)/56 = (-19)/56 = RHS

∴ The rational number are closed under addition

Given:

which of the above mention figures does not have vertex

Concept:

Sphere does not have a vertex like football, because they are circular in shape and they had no vertices like cone, pyramid and prism

Given:

$\left(\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^4 × \left(\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^{-3} = \left(\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^{5x-2}$

Concept used:

a^b × a^c = a^{b + c}

Calculation:

bases are same

∴ 4 + (-3) = 5x - 2

⇒ 1 = 5x - 2

⇒ 3 = 5x

⇒ x = 3/5

Given:

$a=\dfrac{3}{5}, b = \dfrac{2}{3}$ $c = \dfrac{-5}{6}$

Calculation:

According to option1

a × (b + c ) = b × (a + c )

Putting the value of a, b, c in the equation

⇒ (3/5) × {(2/3) + (-5/6)} = 2/3 × {(3/5) + (-5/6)}

⇒ 2/5 – 5/6 = 2/3 × {(3/5 – 5/6)}

⇒ (12 – 25)/30 = 2/3 × {(18 – 25)/30}

⇒ -13/30 = -14/90

Not satisfied

According to option2

(a ÷ b + c ) = b ÷ (a + c )  

⇒ Putting value of a, b, c in the equation

⇒ {(3/5) ÷ (2/3) + (-5/6)} = 2/3 ÷ {3/5 + (-5/6)}

⇒ {9/10 – 5/6} = 2/3 ÷ {(18 – 25)/30}

⇒ 1/15 = 2/3 × -30/7

⇒ 1/15 = -20/7

Not satisfied

According to option3

a + (b + c ) = c + (a + b)

Putting value of a, b, c in the equation

⇒ 3/5 + 2/3 - 5/6 = -5/6 + 3/5 + 2/3

⇒ LCM of 5, 3, 6 = 30

⇒ (18 + 20 – 25) /30 = (-25 + 18 + 20)/30

⇒ 13/30 = 13/30

Satisfied

∴ Option3 is the right answer

According to option4

a - (b - c ) = c - (a - b)

Putting value of a, b, c in the above equation

⇒ 3/5 – [2/3 – (-5/6)] = -5/6 – (3/5 – 2/3)

⇒ LCM of 3, 5, 6 = 30

⇒ {(18 – 20 – 25) /30} = {(-25 -18 + 20) /30}

⇒ -27/30 = -23/30

Not satisfied

Geometric representation that shows the relationship between the object as a whole and its part is called as Pie Chart.

Explanation:

A pie-chart is circular in shape and is divided into multiple parts. Every part of that circle represents a part of the overall feature expressed as the whole circle. So we can conclude that its a relationship between whole i.e. circle and it parts

Given:

If q is the square of a natural number p

Calculation:

Let the value of p be 5

According to question

Square of 5 = 25

∴ q = 25

⇒ √25 = 5

So p is the square root of q

First we will solve the inner square root and then we will come to the outer part of the square root.

Also we have to note that every number in this equation has simultaneous square root i.e. 121 has square root along with outer square root i.e. 70 + 121

⇒ √121 = 11

⇒ √70 + 11 = √81 = 9

⇒ √91 + 9 = √100 = 10

Given: 

784 plants has to be arranged

number of plants and number of rows are same, Let it be = n

Concept Used:

Number of plants to be arranged = number of plants × number of rows

Calculation:

Number of plants to be arranged = n × n

⇒ n² = 784

∴ n = number of plants in each row = 28

Calculation:

Given that x and y are inversely proportional.

⇒ x α 1/y

⇒ x = k/y where k is constant

⇒ xy = k

∴ Product of x and y is constant

Concept:

If y y is a 2 digit number then it is written as (10 × y + y)

If y y y is a 3 digit number then it is written as 100 × y + 10 × y + y = 111 × y

Calculation:

7 y = 7 × 10 + y = 70 + y

⇒ (70 + y) × 6 = y y y = 111 × y

⇒ 420 + 6 × y = 111 × y

⇒ y = 420/105 = 4

Short Method:

Use the option method to save the calculation:

Let y = 4

⇒ 74 × 6 = y y y = 444

444 = 444, 

∴ y = 4 satisfied the equation

Formula used:

Given base area of rectangle = l × b

Volume of cuboid = Area of base × height = l × b × h

Where l, b and h are length, breadth and height

Calculation:

Given base area of rectangle = l × b = 700 m²

Volume of water = 140 m³ =  l × b × h

140 m³ = 700 m² × h

⇒ h = 1/5 m = 100/5 cm = 20 cm

∴ Height of the water level in the tank = 20 cm

Teaching effectively involves not only the use of tools, techniques, and strategies to optimize student learning but an understanding of context, in particular how your students learn, how they process information, what motivates them to learn more, and what impedes the learning process. There are different kinds of teaching-learning methods in a fashion which makes learning a fruitful process.

Role Play: This method is based on playing the roles of some people from the areas of concern to the participants who play the roles. This method emphasizes the active participation of the learner.

• In this technique, participants create believable and realistic characters that have a vested interest in the character.
• Role play is the most suitable strategy to teach the skill of the addition of money.
• The learner should however concentrate on how accurately he/she thinks through the mind of the person or model whose role is being played.
• The main purpose of role-playing is the development of social skills or the ability to develop interpersonal relationships and to understand interpersonal problems.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Role play is the most suitable strategy to teach the skill of the addition of money.

Learning strategy is 'the sum of an individual's preferences for physical, social, emotional, and environmental elements in the course of learning'. Each learner develops his/her strategy to learning which is rooted in his/her interests and habits.

It is not very likely that any two students learn the same thing in the same way and at the same pace. Students learn in several ways and teachers have to evolve and identify different styles of learning adopted by the learners.

In the above-mentioned situation, it could be interpreted that he/she understood multiplication as repeated addition as it is the easiest strategy of multiplication in which:

• number is added the number of times by which it is multiplied.
• students add numbers one by one to get the required multiple.
• Eg: 25 × 5 = 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25.

Hence, it could be concluded that in the above-mentioned situation he/she understood multiplication as repeated addition.

Introducing the concept of ‘time’ to young learners could be difficult for teachers so it is important to discuss about the prior experiences with phrases related to the time before proceeding with this lesson.  

Key Points

It will help the teacher to maintain the interest of students in the topic by giving ample opportunity to students for discussion or deliberations. 

Discussion is a teaching methodology which facilitates meaningful learning by emphasizing upon:

• sharing ideas and experiences with peers and teachers.
• learning through meaningful interaction in group settings.
• looking at any issues from different angles and points of view.
• developing a democratic way of thinking and the spirit of tolerance.
• increasing the maximum participation of students in the learning process.

Hence, it could be concluded that discussing about the prior experiences with phrases related to time should be taken up as initial activity in introducing the concept of ‘time’ to young learners.

Assessment is a process of collecting relevant information on student learning. It is one of the crucial components of the teaching-learning process. Assessment does more than just measuring learning. Assessment is integral to the teaching-learning process which helps in facilitating student learning and improving instruction.

Purpose of the Assessment:

• Assessment is a process of collecting, receiving, and using data for the purpose of improvement in the learning process.
• It determines the effectiveness of the curriculum and learning process or program.
• Assessment monitors student’s growth and provides feedback.
• It helps teachers in evaluating their teaching methods to meet expected learning objectives.
• Assessment of a student helps in making the instructional decision.

NOTE: 

• Ranking the children based on performance is not the purpose of assessment.
• Separating students based on their marks or performance leads to discouraging them

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that ranking the children based on performance is not the purpose of assessment.

There are different kinds of teaching-learning approach to facilitate effective learning and Problem-solving is one of them. It is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes learner's active involvement in the learning process.

• In this approach, teachers create a problematic situation for students and then assist them in perceiving, defining, and stating the problems in a fear-free classroom environment.

Key Points

Problem-solving method is most suitable for teaching mathematics at the upper primary level as it:​

• develops divergent thinking among students.
• boosts student's understanding of the concept.
• promotes the use of critical and imaginative thinking.
• helps students to gain the ability of scientific problem-solving.
• makes students able to utilize creativity in decision-making process.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Problem-solving method' is most suitable for teaching mathematics at the upper primary level.

Additional Information

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. Mathematics is the ‘queen of all sciences’ and its presence is there in all the subjects. It acts as the basis and structure of other subjects.

• During the Upper primary stage, slowly children must be given the opportunity to deal with abstract concepts.
• In order to sustain their interest and make them learn mathematics without fear and boredom, care must be taken to provide various mathematical games, puzzles, shortcuts, and recreational activities.

Aims and Objectives of Learning Mathematics at Upper Primary Level:

• To acquire knowledge and understanding of concepts, facts, principles, etc. related to commercial mathematics, mensuration, elementary statistic.
• Exploring different ways of solving a problem.
• To develop abilities to read and interpret data from statistical graphs, charts, etc.
• To understand meaning of mathematization and ways of the mathematisation of Aims and Objectives of mind.
• To acquire knowledge and understanding of the properties of geometrical figures through activities, experimentation, verification, etc. in mathematical contexts.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that 'exploring different ways of solving a problem' is most essential in learning mathematics at upper primary level.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. Mathematics is the ‘queen of all sciences’ and its presence is there in all the subjects. It acts as the basis and structure of other subjects. 

Mathematics at Upper Primary Level: Mathematics is a subject where the active participation of a child is necessary. So those skills which target in the direction of involving students actively, need to be promoted in the upper primary stage.

• Mathematics at upper primary level focus on acquiring knowledge and understanding of concepts, facts, principles, etc. related to commercial mathematics, mensuration, elementary statistic.
• To develop abilities to read and interpret data from statistical graphs, charts, etc.
• To acquire knowledge and understanding of the properties of geometrical figures through activities, experimentation, verification, etc. in mathematical contexts.

Questioning: Questioning in teaching and learning not only promotes critical thinking among students, but it also helps teachers to determine whether their students understand a specific concept.

• The strategy of questioning used in the mathematics class at the upper primary level helps children to express their thoughts or understanding and think critically.
• Questioning helps the teacher in knowing which student is facing difficulty and in which specific lesson so that he/she can provide more clarity.
• The purpose of questioning is to get a clear idea about how much the students have learned and understood the lesson.
• Teachers often use questioning skills in classroom to assess student’s understanding.

Hence, the strategy of questioning used in the mathematics class at upper primary level helps children to express their thoughts or understanding and think critically.

Learning mathematics is meaningful when children are given opportunities to construct their own understanding, and when they can relate what is being learned with their day-to-day experiences.

• Learning mathematics eventually requires the ability to understand and internalize abstract ideas.
• When teaching child mathematics, we need to begin with what she already knows and can do.
• Mathematical concepts need to be presented in sequential order.

In the given task to children, the teacher has taught measurement of the area to class VIII children, but many of her students are confused between the usage of different units of area and volume.

Reason for confusion in children could be:-

• Children may not understand properly the measurement of the area.
• The teacher may teach the topic directly without relating with their daily life. So, they had to remember the concept, and it could be the reason children get confused.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that in the above case the reason for such confusion in children's units has been introduced all together without relating them with their daily life.

Mathematical Communication refers to the Communication by which learners discuss, share, analyze, and make their sense of maths. It used to express mathematical thoughts and ideas.

Communication in Mathematics develops the ability to organize, consolidate, and express mathematical thinking among the students.

Aims of encouraging mathematical communication in the classroom:

• Enabling learners to reason logically.
• Enhancing mathematical understanding.
• Making learners able to assimilate mathematical terms.
• Enabling learners to express mathematical thoughts and ideas.
• Developing the ability to recognize the patterns of mathematical thought.
• Enabling learners to use precise language while talking about mathematical statements and using them.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'children should be able to use a precise language while talking about mathematical statements and using them' can be the most appropriate aim of encouraging mathematical communication in classroom.

Diagnostic teaching: It helps the teachers to know the learning difficulties or gaps in learner's understanding and identifying learner's strengths, weaknesses, skills, etc. To locate and identify the areas of learning difficulties leads to Diagnostic Testing.

Steps of Diagnostic Testing:

• Identifying students who are having trouble or need help
• Locating the errors and learning difficulties/gaps
• Discovering the causal factors of slow learning
• Removing difficulties through remedial teaching

Key Points

The Purpose of Diagnostic Test in Mathematics:

• It is specially conducted for removing the learning difficulties of learners.
• It is a comprehensive test that provides feedback to teachers and students on their strengths and weaknesses.
• This test helps to know the gaps in children’s understanding.
• The diagnostic test enables the educator and students to recognize issues that they have with the subject.
• This test provides a way to identify the part which makes the child slow down in the learning process and provide appropriate feedback to the child.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the purpose of a diagnostic test in mathematics is to know the gaps in children’s understanding.

Remedial teaching refers to the teaching which is intended to improve the ability of slow learners to learn something.

Important Points

• It is an integral part of the teaching-learning program, also known as compensatory or corrective teaching.
• The objective of remedial teaching is to give additional help to learners who have fallen behind the rest of the class in any topic or subject.
• It is the process of identifying slow learners and providing them with the necessary help and guidance to overcome their problems.

Key Points

Purpose of Remedial Teaching:

• To eliminate ineffective habits
• To remove the learning difficulties of weak students
• To make learners learn better by giving additional help
• To teach again the language items not properly learned
• To arise learners’ interest in learning with stimulating approaches
• To transmit practical experiences to learners according to their diverse needs

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that remedial teaching is helpful for removing the learning difficulties of weak students.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. Mathematics is the ‘queen of all sciences’ and its presence is there in all the subjects. It acts as the basis and structure of other subjects.

Mathematics is an active subject where the child needs to think on their feet actively. 

Visualization, Transposition, Measurement, Generalisation, and Estimation are mathematical processes that are promoted by mathematics at the upper primary stage.

These can be understood briefly as follows:

• Visualization: Any technique to create images, scenes, diagrams, or animations to convey a message is visualization. Visualization through visual imagery is an effective way to communicate abstract or concrete ideas. Hence it is considered as a Mathematical process.
• Estimation: It is the process to find approx or estimate values or the process of approximation is termed as an estimation. It is one of the most effective processes used in Mathematics.
• Transposition: The process in which the transfer or exchange of two or more elements or data takes place is called transposition. It is the most effective process used in algebra in Mathematics.
• Mathematics is also called the numerical and calculation part of man's life and knowledge.
• It deals with calculations, measurement of objects, geometrical shapes, mathematical operations, numbers, etc.

​

Memorization is the term linked to the rote method which is negated in the subject like mathematics.

• Memorization is a passive process and can be done where you know prior events and then memorize the answers accordingly.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Measurement is not a mathematical process.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. Mathematics is the ‘queen of all sciences’ and its presence is there in all the subjects. It acts as the basis and structure of other subjects.

Role of Errors in Mathematics: Error analysis in mathematics teaching strives to identify the nature of errors a learner may commit in dealing with a particular type of assignment.

• Errors and mistakes form an integral part of learning Mathematics. So, learning mathematics also involves making mistakes or errors.

• Students also learn from their mistakes and errors.

• Errors play a crucial role in the learning of mathematics because errors reflect the thinking of a child.

• Errors are the window of a child's thinking, the error they make represent the way they are thinking.

• Errors are not just careless answers but sometimes they are intelligent generalization making by students with their previous experience.

• Approaches to use errors as learning opportunities can help to overcome the traditional transmission view of mathematics teaching and learning.

• The students should be appreciated for every correct attempt and the mistakes/errors must be immediately corrected without any criticism.

• Errors in mathematics can be factual, procedural, or conceptual, and may occur for a number of reasons.

Educational trip is the best approach to make learning alive. It is about to take students at a certain place where they can earn knowledge by direct contact with real situations.

Educational trip introduces such concepts and ideas that can't be provided in a classroom environment. It bridges the gap between the theoretical and practical aspects of learning.

Important Points

While teaching ‘shapes’, a teacher can plan a trip to historical places, as it would be an opportunity to improve communication skills and shapes are an integral part of every architecture and such trips encourage connections across disciplines. 

Key Points

While teaching ‘shapes’, a teacher can plan a trip to historical places as educational trip**:**

• helps in improving communication skills.
• encourages connections across disciplines.
• helps in creating a sense of responsibility and leads to self-growth.
• helps in exchange of information and dissemination of newer ideas.
• provides a chance to learn from a new set of experiences in a non-formal setting.
• develops a close bond among students and teachers through healthy interactions.

Hence, it could be concluded that while teaching ‘shapes’, a teacher can plan a trip to historical places.

Learning mathematics is meaningful when children are given opportunities to construct their own understanding, and when they can relate what is being learned with their day-to-day experiences.

• Learning mathematics eventually requires the ability to understand and internalize abstract ideas.
• When teaching child mathematics, we need to begin with what she already knows and can do.
• Mathematical concepts need to be presented in sequential order.

Failure of a student to perform well in any task in the classroom leads us to believe that the student is not able to understand the concept.

• In the given case, a student was asked to calculate the surface area of a cube and he calculated the volume. So, there could be a possibility that the student is not able to understand the concept of surface area and volume.
• Students come across situations to solve such problems, mathematical reasoning is used.

Hence, the student calculated the volume instead of the surface area because the student is not able to understand the concept of surface area and volume.

The correct answer is Reticulated pythons.

Important Points

• Green anacondas can grow to more than 29 feet, weigh more than 550 pounds, and measure more than 12 inches in diameter. Females are significantly larger than males.
• Viper: They average around 2 feet (61 cm) in length and are one of the smallest poisonous snakes in their range.
• Boas: The snake's adult length is typically about 10 feet (3 metres).
• Reticulated pythons: The reticulated python holds the record for the world's longest snake. it is about 33 feet long.

Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India.

• Yoga is a type of exercise in which you move your body into various positions in order to become more fit or flexible, to improve your breathing, and to relax your mind.
• Yoga keeps people healthy. So people in the world practice it.
• Yoga is well known for its postures and poses, but they were not a key part of original yoga traditions in India.
• Practitioners yogic tradition focused instead on other practices, such as expanding spiritual energy using breathing methods and mental focus.

The correct answer is Edward Jenner

• The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed.

Additional Information

• Sir Ronald Ross is famous for being the discoverer of the mosquito transmission of malaria and the first Briton to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine.
• Robert Koch discovered the anthrax disease cycle and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and cholera. He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis.
• Alexander Fleming was a doctor and bacteriologist who discovered penicillin, receiving the Nobel Prize in 1945.

Explanation

• Preservative: Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth.
• The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar, vegetable oils and sodium benzoate, C₆H₅COONa.
• Sodium benzoate is used in limited quantities and is metabolised in the body.
• Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid are also used as preservatives.

Additional Information

• Common Salt is used as a preservative to check the growth of bacteria. It is used in raw mangoes, amla, etc.
• Sugar also acts as a preservative by reducing the moisture content.
• Vinegar and vegetable oil also act as food preservatives.

Explanation:

Fermentation: 

• In fermentation, the incomplete oxidation of glucose (by yeast) is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO₂ and ethanol (Alcohol).
• Organisms like some bacteria produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid.
• The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these reactions.
• Through the process of fermentation, yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol.

Additional Information

• Curd: Lactobacillus bacteria convert the milk into curd and cheese.
• Sugar: It is made after purification and solidification of sugarcane juice.
• Common salt: It is made after purification and solidification of salty water of the ocean.

• A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. The cell contains various parts like ribosome, cytoplasm, cell membrane, lysosome, Golgi body, Nucleus, Vacuole, mitochondria.

• Mitochondria is the energy house of the cell. The system releases enough energy that is trapped to synthesize ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

• This energy is utilized by the cell to keep functioning.

• Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.

• Mitochondria release energy on breaking down food.

• Protein is required for many cell activities such as damage repair and other chemical processes.

• Ribosomes are the organelles that help in protein synthesis. They are found floating in the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Concept:

​Simple Pendulum:

• A simple pendulum consists of a small metallic ball or a piece of stone suspended from a rigid stand by a thread.

The metallic ball is called Bob.

• A pendulum swings from one extreme position to another and comes back to the same position, this completes one oscillation.
• One oscillation can also be defined as the pendulum starting from the mean position, going to one extreme, and coming back to the same mean position.
• The time duration to compete for one oscillation is called time period and the is reciprocal of time period is frequency.
• Frequency: The number of oscillations per unit time is called frequency.

$frequncy =\frac{Oscillation}{Time}$

Calculation:

Given that : Frequency = 2 hz and time = 16 sec.

In a sec pendulum completes 2 oscillations per second.

⇒ Oscillations = Frequency × time

⇒ Oscillations = 2×16

⇒ Oscillations = 32

Additional Information

The time period of a simple pendulum depends upon on the length of the string and acceleration due to gravity.

$T = 2 \pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}$

l is length, g is acceleration due to gravity.

• Sodium is stored under kerosene oil to prevent their reaction with the oxygen, moisture, and carbon dioxide of air.
• They are so reactive that they react vigorously with oxygen. They catch fire and start burning when kept open in the air.
• Magnesium is also burning in air, but it is less reactive than sodium.
• Aluminium and Zinc are less reactive than sodium and magnesium, they did not catch fire in the open air but made a layer of oxide on their surface.

EXPLANATION:

• The antacids neutralise the excess acid in the stomach.
• Magnesium hydroxide [Mg (OH)2]  (Milk of magnesia), a mild base, is often used for this purpose.
• Oxidizing agent:  The half-reactions that involve the gain of electrons is called reduction reactions. The acceptor of electron(s) is called oxidising agent.
• Reducing agent: The half-reactions that involve loss of electrons is called oxidation reactions.The donor of electron(s) is called reducing agent.
• Fermentation agent: Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions.

EXPLANATION:

• The pop sound comes from the small explosion formed by the burning of Hydrogen with oxygen.
• Because during burning the hydrogen released excessive energy.
• Other common gasses, such as water vapour, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide will not burn with oxygen, so will not give a pop sound.

Force: A push or a pull on an object is called a force.  It has a magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the direction of the force and the application of force is the point where force is applied. 

It has two types as explained below:-

Magnetic Force:

• The attractive or repulsive force that arises between two electrically charged particles because of their motion is called Magnetic force.
• Compass, Motor, and train tracks are the few examples of magnetic force.

Gravitational Force: 

• It is a type of conservative force because the work done to move an object to and away in the gravitational field is independent of the path taken.
• Gravitational force does not depend on the intervening medium between the objects.

Muscular force:

• It is a force that results because of the action of muscles and is a contact force since there is contact between the surfaces.
• All our body activities like lifting, getting up from a seat, crossing a leg, running, bending, etc require muscular force.

Hormone: Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts. The harmons Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, and gonads (testis in males and ovary in females) are the organized endocrine bodies in the human body.

• Diabetes occurs when the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach, does not produce enough of the hormone insulin, or the body can't use insulin properly.
• Diabetes is controlled bt insulin hormone, produced by the pancreas or take it as in the form of a tablet or injection.
• Insulin helps carry sugar from the bloodstream into the cells.
• Once inside the cells, sugar is converted into energy for immediate use or stored for the future.

EXPLANATION:

• Fuel:  The sources of energy for domestic and industrial purposes are mainly wood, charcoal, petrol, kerosene etc. These substances are called fuels.
• A good fuel is one which is readily available, cheap, burns easily in the air at a moderate rate and produces a large amount of heat.
• Petroleum is extracted from crude oil.
• Petroleum was formed from dead organisms that got buried in the sea millions of years ago.
• These dead bodies got covered with layers of sand and clay.
• Lack of air, high temperature, and high pressure transformed these dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.
• With the help of fractional distillation of crude oil, not just petroleum but also a large number of by-products are extracted. Like Petroleum, gasoline, Naptha, paraffin, Diesel, Fuel oil, Lubricating oils, Bitumen and some solid carbons.

• CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is not obtained from petroleum. It is compressed methane.

Red Data Book keeps a record of all endangered animals, plants, and species. It contains a list of species that are in danger of becoming extinct.

• Endangered species are those that are at risk of extinction due to sudden rapid decline in their population or loss of their critical habitat.
• An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Development can also endanger species indirectly.

Important Points

• Extinct Species: Extinct animals are those species that are no longer living. This group includes prehistoric animals like dinosaurs and ice-age mammals, as well as modern species like the Dodo.
• The terms flora relates to all plant life and the term fauna represents all animal life.

The correct answer is To increase friction.

CONCEPT:

• Friction: Friction is a contact force when two surfaces interact.
• Friction, a force that resists the sliding or rolling of one solid object over another.

EXPLANATION:

• Insoles of the shoes, they are treated to make their surface rough so that the frictional force is increased when they are used.
• The tyres of the vehicle are also treaded to increase friction and prevent slipping.
• For example, tires are treaded to reduce the risk of slipping and increase friction during the rainy or wet road, the same case is true for treaded shoes.

Important Points

• Friction finds application during matchsticks are ignited.
• The motion of pistons in a cylinder is an application of friction.
• It is possible to write on books and board because there is friction between the pen and the board.

The correct answer is It is a poor conductor of electricity.

EXPLANATION:

• The conductivity of Electricity in liquid: Solutions of most acids, bases and salts dissolved in water are good conductors of electricity.
• Liquids like lemon juice, liquid soap, rainwater, salt solution, etc. conduct electricity, whereas liquids like distilled water, oil, alcohol, etc. do not conduct electricity.
• Small amounts of mineral and salts are naturally present in tap water. So tap water is a good conductor of electricity.
• On the other hand, distilled water is free of salts and is a poor conductor.

EXPLANATION:

• Fuse: A fuse is an electrical safety device that protects an electric circuit from excessive electric current. Fuses are destroyed during overload conditions and short-circuiting.
• Wires made from some special materials melt quickly and break when large electric currents are passed through them. These wires are used for making electric fuses. Generally, fuse wire is made of pure tin or of an alloy of copper and tin.

${\rm{H}} = {{\rm{i}}^2}{\rm{Rt}}$.

H = heat generated in the fuse, i = current flowing in the fuse, R = resistance of the fuse, t = time.

• In all the buildings fuses are inserted in all electrical circuits. There is a maximum limit on the current which can safely flow through a circuit

CONCEPT:

• Cyclone: A cyclone is a rotating low-pressure weather system with inward-spiralling winds, which spins clockwise in the southern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere.
• The eastern coastal states are Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal.
• The western coastal states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.
• The 4 union territories lying on the coast-line are Daman & Diu, Puducherry, Lakshadweep Islands and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

EXPLANATION:

• Puri is most likely to be affected by a cyclone because the east coast is more prone to cyclones and puri is situated on the East coast of India.

The reason is more prone to the cyclone is:

• The temperature and salinity of the Bay of Bengal are more than the Arabian sea.
• Prevailing of Easterly Subtropical Jetstream.
• The Bay of Bengal is very active during the end of the monsoon (Oct to Dec) because a lot of freshwater mixes in it via great rivers Ganga Brahmaputra etc.

NOTE: Porbandar, Mumbai, and Goa are situated on the western coast of India. Only Puri is situated on the eastern coast of India.

The correct answer is option 2.

• The seasons are created due to the Earth’s axis. This axis or the imaginary line would go through the Earth and around the spinning of the earth, would be tilted.

• Not only Earth, but other planets whose axis rotations are tilted would also experience seasonal changes.

• ​The change in the ‘seasons’ on the earth occurs because the axis of ‘rotation of the earth’ is tilted with respect to the ‘plane of its orbit’.

• Canopy: Tree canopy is the layer of leaves, branches of a tall tree, and stems of trees that cover the ground when viewed from above.
• Decomposers: A decomposer is defined as an organism or microorganism that decomposes or breaks down the organic material including the remains of dead organisms.
• Humus: Humus is a brown or black organic substance found in soil that provides nutrients for plants. It consists of decayed plants or animal tissues.
• Porcupine: A porcupine is a prickly rodent, a forest animal that's covered in sharp, protective quills. The porcupines found in North and South America are good climbers and spend much of their time in trees.

The correct match of the table is:

Assessment is a process of collecting relevant information on student learning. It is an integral part of the teaching-learning process. Assessment is conducted in different phases of the teaching-learning process. 

• The assessment process measures personality, attitude, cognitive, social functioning, and intelligence.
• Some assessments are conducted before the beginning of the teaching-learning process, some are carried out during the process, and others conducted at the end of the instructional process.
• Assessment is collecting relevant information on student learning. It is one of the crucial components of the teaching-learning process. Assessment does more than just measuring learning.

Key Points

Formative assessment refers to a wide variety of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or course.

• It is conducted more than once during the teaching-learning process to improve and enhance learning.
• Formative assessment is used by the teacher in the classroom to monitor the progress of learners and to provide them appropriate support for enhancing their learning.
• Formative assessment diagnostic in nature, because it helps to determine what learners know and where s/he is lacking behind. So, formative assessment important in science.
• It is used to know about learners’ strengths, weaknesses, level of their existing knowledge, and the skills, they possess.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that formative assessment important in science because it is diagnostic in nature.

Science aims at enabling students to develop their communication skills to be able to understand scientific information, such as data, ideas, arguments, and investigations, and communicate it using appropriate scientific language in a variety of communication modes. Science Teachers help middle and high school learners understand scientific phenomena.

• Co-curricular activities organized outside the classroom to provide opportunities for students to develop their special talents and to creatively express themselves through various forms.
• For example, participation in the science clubs, field trips, science fairs, etc involve in science dramas, social welfare activities, etc.

Key Points

Importance of Science Fairs in School:

• The science fair is an important factor to motivate the students toward science.
• They help in nurturing creativity and experimentation in science among students.
• The science fair increases the skills of the presentation.
• Science fairs naturally bring science to the community, but they also create a focal event in school.
• The mere purpose of science fairs is to create a scientific attitude in the young generation to make them realize the interdependence of science, technology, and society.
• Science fair provides a platform for the students and teachers where they can learn from each other’s experiences and get motivated to design and develop something new and innovative.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that science fairs organized in schools to nurture creativity and experimentation in science among students.

Scientific approach to teaching refers to the approach which promotes scientific thinking in learners to make them able to manipulate scientific information to generate scientific ideas.

Key Points

Asking the students to perform activities related to the concepts is most appropriate for scientific approach to teaching as learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of one's own actions helps students in:

• retaining information and concepts for a longer period.
• enhancing skills and a better understanding of the concept.
• nurturing their curiosity and interest in the learning process.
• gaining concrete experience by actively engaging with content.
• assimilating practical knowledge by applying theoretical knowledge.

Hence, it could be concluded that asking the students to perform activities related to the concepts is most appropriate for scientific approach to teaching.

Science education is related to the environment of the students and prepares them for the world. It should promote concerns about the preservation of the environment among the students.

Key Points

Science Education as recommended by NCF-2005: NCF 2005 provides ample scope for the holistic development of the learners.

• It recommends various initiatives and approaches such as activity-based learning, experiential learning, collaborative learning, and so on.
• The relation between the ‘nature of science’ and technology help us in formulating the ‘vision of science education.
• According to NCF-2005, good science education is one that is true to the learner, true to life, true to the environment of the learner, and true to science.
• True to Learner: It means that the science we teach should be understandable to the child and be able to engage the child in meaningful and joyful learning.
• True to Life: The science we teach should relate to the environment of the child, prepare her for the world of work, and promote in her concerns for life and the preservation of the environment.
• True to Science: It means the science we teach should convey significant aspects of science content at the appropriate level and engage the child in learning the processes of acquiring and validating scientific knowledge.
• Science in general is used to explain the environmental phenomenon and physical world around us.
• Science is also equated to technology; technology employs the various principles of science.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that “good science education is true to life”, which means science should prepare the child for the world of work.

Science aims at enabling students to develop their communication skills to be able to understand scientific information, such as data, ideas, arguments, and investigations, and communicate it using appropriate scientific language in a variety of communication modes.

Key Points

Scientific Attitude: Scientific attitude is caring about evidence and being willing to change theories on the basis of new evidence.

• The scientific attitude reveals why even a failed theory can help us to understand what is special about science.
• It is the grounding of science in evidence that offers a uniquely powerful tool in the defense of science.
• Scientific attitude helps to tackle problems objectively without bias promoting logical thinking.

The Characteristics of Scientific Attitude: 

• Scientific attitude refers to critical observation, inquisitiveness, broadmindedness, and open-mindedness.
• An individual is an open-mindedness, curiosity, judgment based on verified facts, ready to test and verify conclusion, faith in cause and effect relationship, collecting and reporting scientific data, being critical in observations, accepting no conclusions a final or ultimate and more faith in the books written by specialists in their respective fields, etc.
• Scientific attitude includes the following habits of thinking, the habit of accuracy in all operations, have objectivity in approach to problems, including accuracy in calculation, observation, and report.
• Scientific attitude is the combination of many qualities and virtues, which is reflected through the behavior and action of the person.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Hard work is not a quality of scientific attitude.

In Science class, class discussions, activity-based teaching, etc. are important to learning in all disciplines because it helps students process information rather than simply receive it. In effective classroom discussions, we ask students to offer their ideas, waiting for students to think must trump the rush to finish. 

Key Points

Activity-Based Teaching in Class: These encourage students to manipulate their environments or a particular learning tool.

• The activity provides opportunities to make 'new' shapes and explore them.
• Activities in the class can be based on experimenting, recording, and analyzing.
• It uses child-friendly educational aids to foster self-learning and allows a child to study according to his or her aptitude and skill.
• An object is said to be in a circular motion if it moves from one point to another in such a way that its distance from a fixed point always remains constant.
• For example, moving the car’s wheel, movement of the blades of a fan, the movement of the tip of the hand of a watch. All the above examples can be best described by activity-based teaching.

Discussion, Demonstration, and Giving examples can also be used for teaching the circular motion to class VI students but the best method is Activity-based teaching.

Hence, Hari should use the activity-based teaching method to teach the circular motion to class VI students.

Science aims at enabling students to develop their communication skills to be able to understand scientific information, such as data, ideas, arguments, and investigations, and communicate it using appropriate scientific language in a variety of communication modes.

Key Points

The Important Aims of Learning Science:

• To provide practical knowledge of the subject matter content.
• To provide the latest knowledge to develop scientific knowledge scientific appreciation and scientific temper among the students.
• To know the facts and principles of science and its applications.
• To imbibe the values of honesty, integrity, and cooperation among learners.
• To encourage them to learn about nature develop a love for nature and try to conserve natural resources and prevent pollution.
• To imbibe (acquire) the values of honesty, integrity, and cooperation.
• To develop the scientific attitude and to use it for development works to have the open-mindedness for objective decision making and critical thinking.
• Students should be aware of the global dimension of science, as a universal activity with consequences for our lives and subject to social, economic, political, environmental, cultural, and ethical factors.
• To nurture natural curiosity, aesthetic sense, and creativity in science and technology.
• Students should be able to understand how science and technology are interdependent and assist each other in the development of knowledge and technological applications.