UGC NET Paper 2: Library & Information Science 13 Jun 2023 (Shift 2) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is B, D, and E only.

Key Points

• Grey literature refers to non-commercial and non-academic materials
• These are created by organizations outside traditional publishing avenues.
• It includes reports (e.g., research, technical), working papers, government documents, white papers, and evaluations.
• Producers of grey literature encompass government bodies, non-profit organizations, academic departments, and private firms.
• These are protected under IPR policies.
• Grey literature means both published and unpublished materials that somehow **do not have an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN).**​

Additional Information

• In a 1978 conference hosted by the British Lending Library Division, Auger coined the term "grey literature" for the first time.
• The "Luxembourg definition," established during the Third International Conference on Grey Literature in 1997, defines grey literature as information generated by government, academic, business, and industry sectors in both print and electronic forms, outside the control of commercial publishers.

The correct answer is A and D only.

Key Points

• OpenDOAR is a globally recognized Directory of Open Access Repositories, ensuring the quality of repositories offering free access to academic resources.
• Established in 2005 through a collaborative effort between the University of Nottingham and Lund University, this service was made possible with funding from OSI, Jisc, SPARC Europe, and CURL.
• the University of Nottingham maintains it under the SHERPA umbrella.
• In 2015, OpenDOAR and the UK-based Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) were recognized as the two leading global open-access directories.
• **Japan is the second largest participant country.**​

Additional Information

• The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ):
• ​DOAJ is a website that houses a community-curated catalog of open-access journals.
• IS4OA (Infrastructure Services for Open Access) manages and maintains it.
• OAJ was introduced in 2003, initially featuring 300 open-access journals.
• Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition:
• ​The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) is an international alliance of academic and research libraries established by the Association of Research Libraries in 1998.
• SPARC advocates for open access to scholarly content and has around 800 member institutions across North America, Europe, Japan, China, and Australia.
• Registry of Open Access Repositories:
• ​The Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) is a global, searchable database that tracks the establishment, location, and expansion of open-access institutional repositories and their contents.
• ROAR was originally developed by EPrints at the University of Southampton, UK, in 2003.
• Initially called the Institutional Archives Registry, it was later renamed the Registry of Open Access Repositories in 2006.

The correct answer is the Point System.

Key Points

• Job Evaluation:
• ​Job evaluation is a systematic process for identifying the job’s relative value concerning others’ roles and responsibilities in an organization.
• Job Evaluation methods:
• Analytical/ Qualitative:
• Ranking System:
• ​The ranking system job evaluation method systematically assesses job worth within an organization by assigning jobs a rank based on their value.
• Job Classification or Grading Method:
• ​Job classification groups similar jobs together and assigns a value to each job, indicating its relative importance in the organization.
• Non Analytical/ Qualitative:
• Points Rating System:
• ​The point rating system assigns points to jobs based on their value within the organization.
• Jobs are ranked by their total point scores, making it a widely used job evaluation method.
• Factor Comparison System:
• ​Flanders created the factor comparison method, which rates job evaluation factors by their significance in the role.
• More important factors get higher weights, while less influential ones get lower weigh.

The correct answer is Artificial Super Intelligence

Key Points

• Artificial Intelligence, a computer science field, aims to mimic human intelligence in machines, enabling them to execute tasks usually requiring human intellect.
• Programmable AI functions encompass planning, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
• Artificial intelligence systems, whether existing or theoretical, can be categorized into three distinct types:
• ​Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), exhibiting limited abilities;
• ​Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), matching human capabilities; and
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), surpasses human capabilities.​
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI),
• It is commonly known as weak AI or narrow AI, and represents the sole form of artificial intelligence that has been effectively developed so far.
• Narrow AI is purpose-driven, designed to excel in specific tasks such as facial recognition, speech recognition, driving vehicles, and internet searches.
• It showcases remarkable intelligence in executing the particular task it has been programmed for.
• ​Artificial General Intelligence (AGI),
• ​Sometimes called strong AI or deep AI, envisions a machine possessing broad intellectual capabilities akin to human intelligence and behaviors.
• AGI exhibits learning capacity and can employ its intelligence to address diverse problems.
• It has the potential to think, comprehend, and respond like a human across a wide range of situations.
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
• It is the theoretical form of AI that transcends mere imitation or comprehension of human intelligence and behavior.
• ASI entails machines achieving self-awareness and **exceeding the capabilities of human intelligence and proficiency.**​

The correct answer is the Collection and preparation of data.

Key Points

• Non-sampling errors, which can be observed in various types of surveys, including censuses and administrative data collection, originate from factors like incomplete frames, inaccuracies in respondent data reporting, and the absence of data for certain respondents.
• Non-sampling errors occur during the collection and preparation stages of data in a research or survey process. These errors are distinct from sampling errors, which are related to the process of selecting a subset (sample) from a larger population for analysis.
• Non-sampling errors come in two types: random and systematic.
• Random Errors: These errors tend to balance out with a larger sample, causing increased variability.
• Systematic Errors: They consistently affect data in the same way, leading to a bias that doesn't diminish with a larger sample. Systematic errors are the primary concern for data quality, but they are challenging to measure accurately
• Non-sampling errors can manifest throughout the entire survey process and fall into several categories: coverage error, measurement error, nonresponse error, and processing error.

Additional Information

• Sampling errors:
• ​Sampling errors happen when a sample doesn't fully represent the entire population. Researchers routinely account for this by including a margin of error in their findings as a statistical standard.
• Types of Sampling Errors:
• Population-Specific Error: This error arises when researchers don't properly identify the population to be surveyed.
• Selection Error: It occurs when survey participants self-select or only those interested in the survey respond. Researchers can address this by encouraging broader participation.
• Sample Frame Error: This error happens when a sample is drawn from the incorrect population data.
• Non-response Error: Non-response error occurs when researchers can't obtain useful responses because potential respondents were either unreachable or declined to participate.

The correct answer is UNESCO.

Key Points

• The Memory of the World Programme-
• UNESCO established the "Memory of the World Programme" in 1992.
• The program was envisioned to protect and preserve documents that are endangered due to natural or man-made disasters.
• This program provides access to the documentary heritage of the world.

Additional Information

• UNESCO-
• UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization which was founded in 1945.
• It's headquartered in Paris, France.
• The IFAP program was launched by UNESCO in 2001.
• It launched the "Memory of the World Programme" in 1992.
• It established the Records and Archive Management Programme (RAMP) in 1979.
• The UNESCO's School Library Manifesto was adopted in 1999 to advance the role of school libraries and resource centers.
• IFLA-
• IFLA stands for The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.
• It was founded in 1927 in Scotland and is headquartered in The Hague, in the National Library of the Netherlands "The Royal Library".
• It has the motto "Let's Work Together".
• SLA:
• SLA's Tagline is “connecting people and information.
• SLA (Special Library Association) was founded in 1909 at the Bretton conference of ALA  by John Coton Dana.
• Its present headquarters is in Alexandria, Virginia, USA.
• SLA published a Bimonthly online magazine,' Information Outlook.'​
• SCONUL
• ​SCONUL is the membership organization for all academic and national libraries in the UK and Ireland.
• SCONUL was founded in 1950 as the Standing Conference of National and University Libraries.
• In 1994 when British polytechnics became universities it merged with COPOL, the Council of Polytechnic Librarians,

The correct answer is Preference Theory

Key Points

• Preference theory, primarily rooted in sociology and developed by Catherine Hakim
• Preference theory delves into the core elements of individual decision-making, including the identification and quantification of an individual's preferences among various choices, as well as the creation of suitable preference representation models to aid in decision-making processes.
• A significant aspect of preference theory is its foundation on well-defined axioms that provide a rigorous framework for understanding individual decision-making behavior.
• Preference theory in economics and decision theory suggests that individuals have varying risk preferences when making choices, reflecting differences from person to person.

Additional Information

• Scientific Management Theory:
• The term “Scientific Management” was first of all given by Louis Brandeis in 1910.
• According to him, the workers in the organisation are economically motivated and they would do their best if they are rewarded financially.
• The emphasis is on maximum output with minimum strain, eliminating waste and inefficiency
• Taylor is often considered the father of scientific management, also known as Taylorism.
• Herzberg Two - Factor Theory:
• i​t was developed by American psychologist Frederick Irving Herzberg.
• He developed this theory in 1968.
• The two-factor theory is a concept that states the factors that affect an individual's satisfaction and motivation level.
• These two factors are:Job satisfaction (affective/hygiene)
• Job dissatisfaction (motivational).
• Hierarchy of Need Theory:
• The hierarchy of Need Theory was given by A. Maslaw.
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
• From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.
• Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.

The correct answer is Canon of Array

Key Points

The Canon of Context, Canon of Enumeration, and Canon of Currency Belong to the Verbal Plane while as Canon of Array belongs to the Idea Plane.

• Ranganathan's canons-
• Ranganathan formulated 43 canons and grouped them into three planes of work. They are-
• ​Canons for Idea Plane - 15 Canons
• ​Canons for Verbal. Plane - 4 Canons
• Canons of Notational Plane - 24 canons
• Canons for Idea Plane-
• It is a plane of foremost importance where core intellectual work is done.
• Ranganathan has given five sets of canon for the work on Idea Plane. They are-
• canons for characteristics
• Canons for Succession of Characteristics
• Canons for Array
• Canons for Chain
• Canons for Filiatory Sequence
• ​Canons for Verbal Plane-
• It has four canons. They are- 
• Canon of Context​
• Canon of Enumeration
• Canon of Currency
• Canon of Reticence
• it deals with the language and terminology aspects in a scheme of classification.
• ​ Canons of Notational Plane-
• It deals with a system of ordinal symbols representing classes in a scheme of library classification.
• basic canons,
• canons for mnemonics
• canons for growing

The correct answer is Generation Y

Key Points

• As per P.S. Jeesmitha's definition in 2019, social media refers to a group of applications and websites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp, LinkedIn, YouTube, and more, designed to connect individuals for sharing information and raising awareness about events through social networking.
• As per Shivarama Rao, K. Subangi, M. C., and Malhan (2019), social software in the Web 2.0 era not only improves library practicality but also adds value to the librarian's role, enhancing the profession itself.
• **In 2011, E. Botha, M. Farshid, and L. Pitt observed that members of Generation 'Y' were increasingly turning to Facebook as a substitute for traditional email communication.**​

Additional Information

• Academic social networking sites (ASNS) are digital platforms where users share academic content, track article demand, and engage in professional interactions and discussions.
• Academia.edu:
• ​Founded by Richard Price in 2008 in San Francisco as part of the Open Science movement, aims to promote and facilitate the publication of studies.
• Research Gate:
• ​Founded in 2008 in Berlin by Ijad Madisch, Horst Fickenscher, and Sören Hofmayer, ResearchGate aims to connect researchers globally, fostering continuous communication without geographical limitations.
• Method Space:
• ​Sponsored by SAGE Publishing, is an online network designed for researchers of all levels, including students and professors, interested in research methods. It serves as a platform for networking, sharing research, and resources, and engaging in academic debates.

The correct answer is B, D, and E only.

Key Points

• Library users can be categorized in various ways.
• Ranganathan proposed grouping them based on different types of services.
• The Fresher: This category comprises newcomers to the library, often referred to as freshmen. They require guidance and orientation to the library, including how to discover books tailored to their interests.
• Ordinary Reader: These are individuals seeking ordinary books and basic services from the library. Their reading needs are typically general and straightforward.
• Specialist Reader: Expert readers are users who have specialized knowledge in a specific niche or field of study. They have precise, research-oriented demands for books and resources that cater to their specialization.
• General Reader: The diverse reader group encompasses individuals who do not fit neatly into any of the aforementioned categories. They have a wide range of interests and reading preferences, making them a diverse and varied user group.

Additional Information

• Whittaker also proposed a classification system for library users based on their predominant use of library services:
• General Readers: These users primarily focus on accessing light reading materials available in the library.
• Subject Readers: Subject readers direct their attention to library materials related to a specific field of interest.
• Special Readers: This category includes users with unique information needs that require specialized library services. Examples may include readers with physical or visual disabilities in academic libraries.
• Non-Reading Users: This group comprises sub-categories of users who utilize library resources but not for reading materials. An instance could be a user visiting the library solely to borrow a video.
• Werner Kunz et al. also introduced a classification system for library users based on their interaction with library information:
• Potential User: These individuals require information but may have difficulty articulating their needs. Specific library services tailored to their requirements can assist them.
• Expected User: Expected users are those who have expressed their intention to utilize specific information services.
• Actual User: Actual users are individuals who have utilized an information service, regardless of whether they benefited from it or not.
• Beneficiary User: Beneficiary users are those who have gained measurable advantages from the information services provided by the library.

The correct answer is Fodor's Guide to India.

Key Points

• A "documentation list" typically refers to a compilation or inventory of documents, papers, files, or other written or digital records.
• These lists are created to keep track of important documents, provide a record of what documents exist, and ensure that they are organized and accessible when needed.
• Documentation lists are commonly used in various contexts, such as in offices, legal proceedings, research projects, and more.
• Examples are, the Science Citation Index, Annual Review of Psychology, Keesing's Record of World Events​

Additional Information

• Science Citation Index:
• ​The Science Citation Index Expanded, previously known as the Science Citation Index, is a citation database initially developed by Eugene Garfield and produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).
• Launched in 1964, it is currently owned by Clarivate (formerly Thomson Reuters' Intellectual Property and Science business).
• The Annual Review of Psychology:
• The Annual Review of Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles on psychology.
• Established in 1950, it has had long-serving editors like Mark Rosenzweig (1969–1994) and Susan Fiske (2000–present).
• Starting in 2023, the Annual Review of Psychology is available as open access through the Subscribe to Open model.
• Keesing's Record of World Events:
• ​It was a long-running printed summary of world news published from 1931 to 1988 recently It is presented on the Internet as Keesing's Record of World Events.
• Its purpose is to provide a detailed, factual, and neutral account of events.
• It is a Monthly digest of worldwide political, diplomatic, and economic affairs.
• Fodor's Guide to India:
• Fodor's Guide to India" likely refers to a travel guidebook or series of travel guidebooks published by Fodor's Travel.
• Fodor's is a well-known publisher of travel guides and resources that provide detailed information, recommendations, and advice for travelers visiting various destinations around the world.

The correct answer is Full - text peer-reviewed Indian Bio-medical Journal database.

Key Points

• MedIND is a full - text peer peer-reviewed Indian Bio-medical journal database
• MedIND provides online access to full-text of Indian biomedical periodicals to users in and outside India.
• Medindia's establishment was a collaborative effort involving Dr. Sunil Shroff, Arun Shroff, and Sanjay Shroff.
• Medindia.net began its journey as a website in 2001, officially becoming a business entity in 2004.
• Medindia4u.com Pvt. Ltd., headquartered in Chennai, India, and with additional offices in the USA and the UK, privately owns and operates Medindia.

Confusion Points

• IndMED indexes Indian Biomedical journals.
• It is accessible from (http://indmed.nic.in) to medical professionals, free of cost.
• IndMED has been created as part of a project funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) titled "National Databases of Indian Medical Journals."
• ICMR-NIC Centre for Biomedical Information also referred to as Indian MEDLARS Centre (IMC) was set up in 1986 to cater to the information needs of biomedical professionals in India.

Additional Information Difference between MEDLINE, PubMed, and PMC (PUBMED Central)

• MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine (NLM) journal citation
  

database. Started in the 1960s,

• PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.
• The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of
  

the Entrez system of information retrieval.

• PubMed Central (PMC) is a free archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institute of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM).

The correct answer is Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Key Points

• Statement I: "One of the important functions of an R & D library is having a provision of reference service."
• ​This statement is correct. Research and Development (R&D) libraries typically have a significant role in providing reference services to their users.
• Reference services involve assisting users in locating relevant information, answering queries, and helping them access resources needed for their research and development activities.
• R&D libraries are expected to offer such services to support researchers in their work.
• Statement II: "The users have no time to use the library as they are totally involved in research."
• ​This statement is incorrect or at least overly generalized. While it is true that researchers can be very busy with their research projects, it does not mean that they have "no time" for library use.
• In fact, libraries, including R&D libraries, are crucial resources for researchers.
• Researchers often need access to specialized collections, databases, journals, and reference materials that libraries provide to support their work.

The correct answer is S R Ranganathan.

Key Points

• The Government of India appointed a committee in 1948 to suggest the possibility of establishing a National Central Library in New Delhi.
• Dr. Ranganathan submitted his report titled Library Development Plan: Thirty-Year Programme for India with Draft Library Bill for the Union and the Constituent States.
• The following are the salient features of the Model Act :
• Establishment of a State Library Authority;
• State Library Committee;
• Department of Public Libraries headed by State Librarian;
• Local library Authority at the District Level;
• Establishment of : (a) State Library Service; (b) State Bureau for the Blind; (c) State Bureau of Inter-Library Loan; (d) State Bureau of Technical Services; and
• State Library Fund with provision for Library Cess.​

Additional Information

• Model Public Libraries Bill, 1963:
• ​While accepting the recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Libraries, the Union Government constituted a Committee of Experts under the Chairmanship of Mr. Sen to prepare a Model Public Library Bill
• This Bill was released in 1963 and circulated to all the State Governments for necessary action; and national and State Library Associations for information, comments, and promotion.
• Model Public Libraries Bill, 1965:
• ​While preparing the IV-Five Year Plan, the Planning Commission appointed a Working Group on Libraries in 1964 with Dr. VKRV Rao as its Chairman.
• The report of the Working Group appended a **Model Public Libraries Bill.**​

Important Points 

• Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-1949): 
• University Education Commission (1948-49) was the first Commission on education after Independence. Its major emphasis was on higher education. The Commission was appointed under the chairmanship of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishan. The commission was appointed to report on Indian University Education and to suggest improvements to suit the present and future requirements of the country.
• Advisory Committee:
• GOI constituted an Advisory committee in 1957 under the chairmanship of K P Sinha, also known as Sinha Committee.
• "Public Libraries are stagnation pools of books" is mentioned in the Sinha committee.
• The working group on public Libraries was organized by the planning commission in 1964.

The correct answer is C, A, B, D.

Key Points

• Oral history:
• ​Typically involves open-ended conversations aimed at capturing personal stories and historical accounts.
• Oral history is a research method where individuals with personal experience of significant historical events are interviewed by knowledgeable interviewers.
• Narrative:
• ​Often characterized by a very open and unstructured format where the interviewee shares a story or narrative without specific questions.
• A narrative is a story or account of connected events or experiences, whether real (memoir, news report) or fictional (fairy tale, novel).
• Focused Group:
• Although unstructured in terms of specific questions, it involves a group discussion with a specific focus or topic, offering some structure compared to others.
• A focus group is a market research method where 6-10 people meet to provide feedback on a product, service, concept, or marketing campaign.
• Led by a trained moderator, this 30-90-minute discussion aims to collect valuable information.
• In-depth:
• Usually a one-on-one interview with open-ended questions that delve deeply into a subject, providing some structure while allowing for flexibility and depth.
• In-depth" is a phrase that means a comprehensive and thorough examination or analysis of a subject or topic.

The correct answer is B, C, and D only.

Key Points

• Library of the Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta, is rich in maps and reprints."
• This statement is as true as important collections in the Central Library of AnthropologicalSurvey of India include Maps (4715), Reprints (3519), CDs (200), Rare Manuscript collections (6), Unpublished Thesis/Papers (50), etc.
• The Central Library at the Kolkata Head Office has established itself as a significant repository for books and journals in the field of Anthropology and related subjects, boasting an impressive collection of 53,208 books and 13,245 bound journals, resulting in a combined total of 66,453 items.
• The National Forest Library and Information Center is situated at Dehradun:
• ​The National Forest Library and Information Centre (NFLIC) stands out as the most extensive repository of documents related to forestry and allied sciences in South and Southeast Asia.
• Its historical journey has been closely intertwined with the Forest Research Institute (FRI) since 1906, mirroring the institute's growth and development.
• The National Forest Library and Information Centre in Hardman Road, Dehradun, is a prominent library in the Dehradun region.
• Indian Institute of Science Library is named after JRD Tata:
• ​​The JRD Tata Memorial Library, also known as the Indian Institute of Science Library, is a premier Science and Technology library in India.
• Established in 1911, it has evolved into a valuable national resource center for Science and Technology.

Additional Information

• There were no Scientific Libraries before World War II."
• This statement is not accurate. There were scientific libraries in India before World War II, so this statement is false.
• CSIR was formed after the independence:
• ​This statement is not accurate as, The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), founded by the Government of India in September 1942
• It is now India's largest research and development organization and one of the world's largest publicly funded R&D institutions.
• It plays a significant role in advancing science and technology and promoting human resource development in the field.

The correct answer is the Institute of Knowledge and Data Engineering.

Key Points

• BibSonomy is a multifunctional platform that combines social bookmarking and publication sharing.
• It enables users to store, organize, and share their bookmarks and publication entries while fostering community and collaboration in the realm of literature exchange."
• The service was created collaboratively by students and researchers from the Institute of Knowledge and Data Engineering, the DMIR group at the University of Würzburg, and the L3S Learning Lab in Lower Saxony, Hannover.
• It is primarily hosted by the University of Kassel.
• Starting from November 17, 2008, the source code of BibSonomy became accessible under the GNU Lesser General Public License.
• "BibSonomy stores publication posts in BibTeX format and allows export in various formats, including EndNote and HTML."

Additional Information Some Web-Based Social Bookmarking Tools and Sharing Widgets

• AddThis
• AddToAny
• ShareThis
• Social Bookmark Link Generator"

The coorrect answer is ​A, B and C only.

Key Points

• Web OPAC, short for Web Online Public Access Catalog, is an internet-based system for users to search and access a library's collection, including books, journals, DVDs, and more, from any connected device.
• It has replaced traditional card catalogs, offering a user-friendly and efficient way to find and access library materials."
• A Dynamic Library Web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) enables users to:
• Renew Books: Many modern library OPAC systems allow users to renew their borrowed books online.
• Access the Content Page of Materials: OPACs often provide detailed information about library materials, including tables of contents, summaries, and other descriptive information.
• Ask for a Copy of a Document: Users can request copies of documents or materials through the OPAC. This might include requesting photocopies, scans, or digital copies of specific items in the library's collection

Additional Information

• OPAC-
• It stands for "Online Public Access Catalog".
• It is an online database of materials held by a particular library or group of libraries.
• It is used in synonym with "catalog" as it has replaced the traditional "analog card cataloging" system.
• The first large-scale online catalogs were developed at Ohio State University in 1975.
• ​Types of OPACs
• Command based OPAC
• Window based OPAC
• Web based OPAC

The correct answer is World Intellectuals Property Organisation.

Key Points

• The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was established on 14th July 1967.
• It works under the United Nations to protect intellectual property throughout the world.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The World Intellectual Property Indicators, an annual report is published by the organization covering areas of intellectual property. It was first published in 2009.
• Daren Tang, of Singapore, assumed his functions as WIPO’s Director General on October 1, 2020.
• The United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property is the predecessor of the World Intellectual Property Organization. It was established in 1893.

In News

• The Sixty-Fourth Series of Meetings of the Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO took place at the WIPO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland from July 6 to 14, 2023.
• WIPO GREEN is an online platform for technology exchange. It supports global efforts to address climate change by connecting providers and seekers of environmentally friendly technologies.

The correct answer is A, B, and E only.

Key Points

• KWIC
• ​The term KWIC was first coined by Hans Peter Luhn.
• It was first proposed for Manchester libraries in 1864 by Andrea Crestadoro.
• A KWIC index is formed by sorting and aligning the words within an article title to allow each word (except the stop words) in titles to be searchable alphabetically in the index.
• A KWIC index is a special case of a permuted index.
• This term refers to the fact that it indexes all cyclic permutations of the headings.
• Each KWIC index entry comprises three components:
• Keyword: Key title words used for access.
• Context: Remaining title terms that specify the document's context
• Identification Code: A unique code, often a social number, indicating where full bibliographical details can be found.
• KWIC indexing system consists of three steps
• Step I: Keyword selection
• Step II: Entry generation
• Step III: Filing

The correct answer is A, D, C, B.

Key Points

• FORTRAN;
• Fortran (FORMula TRANslator) was created in 1954, and its commercial release was in 1957.
• Developers are John Backus and IBM.
• Software for NASA probes voyager-1 (space probe) and voyager-2 (space probe) was initially written in FORTRAN 5.
• ALGOL:
• Algorithmic Language (ALGOL) -  Algorithmic Language (ALGOL) is a high-level programming language originally developed in 1958.
• ALGOL is specifically designed for expressing mathematical, symbolic programming, and scientific computations.
• ALGOL heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the Association for Computing Machinery in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years.
• BASIC:
• BASIC is one of the simplest and earliest high-level programming language supports in all operating systems.
• John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language DartmouthBasic in 1964.
• The main motto is that all students should be able to use computers in every field.
• With the use of BASIC, people started developing custom software on their personal computers for their business, profession, etc.
• PASCAL:
• The PASCAL is considered a high-level programming language and was developed in the year 1970 by Niklaus Wirth.
• PASCAL is using Algol-based language.
• PASCAL is very easy to learn.
• The computer platform can support PASCAL

Additional Information

• COBOL:
• ​It stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language
• In 1959, a group of programmers devised COBOL.
• Programs written in COBOL could run on more than one manufacturer’s computer.
• C:
• ​It is a general-purpose, procedural programming language and the most popular programming language now.
• C came into being in the years 1969-1973, in parallel with the early development of the Unix operating system; the most creative period occurred in 1972.
• All the code that was previously written in assembly language gets replaced by the C language like operating system, kernel, and many other applications.
• JAVA:
• Java was created at Sun Microsystems, Inc., where James Gosling led a team of researchers in an effort to create a new language that would allow consumer electronic devices to communicate with each other.
• Java was first released in 1995.

The correct answer is B, D, C, A.

Key Points

• E-Prints
• EPrints is a free and open-source software package for building open-access repositories.
• It was developed by the University of Southampton and released under GNU (General Public License) in 2000
• It runs on Unix machines and Apache, MySQL database.
• Perl language is necessary for its installation and operation.
• ​Dspace:
• It is an open-source repository software that can manage and preserve all types of digital content, it was initially released in 2002.
• The DSpace interface is available in 22 languages.
• It is most widely used as the institutional repository in the digital library.
• Fedora-
• Fedora Linux is a Linux distribution developed by the Fedora Project in 2003
• Fedora is a compilation of software packages, each under its own license
• The Fedora Project is a community of people working together to build a free and open-source software platform and to collaborate on and share user-focused solutions built on that platform.
• Islandora:
• ​Islandora is an open-source software framework initially created by the University of Prince Edward Island's Robertson Library in 2006.
• Its purpose is to facilitate collaborative management and discovery of digital assets by institutions, organizations, and their audiences, all within a best-practices framework.
• Today, Islandora benefits from contributions and implementations by a continually expanding global community.

The correct answer is A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III.

Key Points

• A periodical
• It is a publication released at regular intervals.
• They have scheduled release frequencies, which can be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually. Although the traditional concept of periodicity has evolved in the digital era, with 24/7 content production becoming more common, it still holds significance in scholarly publishing.
• A subject periodical,
• It is a periodical publication that focuses on organizing and presenting knowledge or information in a structured manner.
• "Knowledge Organisation" is an example of such a periodical that deals with information organization and management.
• A digesting periodical
• It is a publication that condenses and summarizes important events and information.
• "Keesing's Record of World Events" is an example of a digesting periodical that provides condensed summaries of key global events.
• A pamphlet:
• ​It  is a small, usually informative booklet or brochure.
• "UNESCO's Alcohol & Substance Abuse: A Curse to Society" is an example of a pamphlet that likely contains information and education on the topic of alcohol and substance abuse.
• An indexing periodical
• ​It is a publication that focuses on indexing and cataloging literature and information sources.
• "Library Literature" is an example of an indexing periodical that deals with literature related to libraries, library science, and information management.

Additional Information

• "Knowledge Organization
• It is a peer-reviewed academic journal, published by Ergon Verlag on behalf of the International Society for Knowledge Organization.
• It covers concept theory, classification, indexing, and knowledge representation.
• Established in 1974, it was originally titled International Classification until 1993, with Ingetraut Dahlberg as its founding editor-in-chief."
• Keesing's Record of World Events
• ​It was a long-running printed summary of world news published from 1931 to 1988 recently It is presented on the Internet as Keesing's Record of World Events.
• It's purpose is to provide a detailed, factual, and neutral account of events.
• It is a Monthly digest of worldwide political, diplomatic, and economic affairs.
• Library Literature and Information Science
• It is a bibliographic database.
• It is published by H. W. Wilson/ American Library Association.
• In 2011, the H. W. Wilson Company created the index.
• it was sold to EBSCO Publishing along with other H.W. Wilson indexes and databases.
• It covers Bibliographical indexing from 1984 to the present.

The correct answer is Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.

 Key Points

• EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an eight-bit character encoding primarily used on IBM mainframe and midrange computer systems.
• It evolved from the code originally used with punched cards and the six-bit binary-coded decimal code used with many of IBM's computer peripherals in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
• EBCDIC was introduced in 1963-1964.
• It was designed to expand upon the Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Interchange Code (BCDIC), which was initially developed to efficiently encode zone and numeric punches on punched cards using six bits.
• UTF-EBCDIC is a character encoding designed to encode the full range of 1,112,064 valid Unicode character code points using one to five one-byte (8-bit) code units, unlike UTF-8 which uses a maximum of four.

The correct answer is Hackers

Key Points

• A hacker is someone skilled in breaching cybersecurity defenses, and they are often categorized using a 'hat' system in the cybersecurity world.
• In the realm of cyberspace, there are three primary classifications of individuals:
• White Hats
• Grey Hats
• Black Hats
• ​White Hat:
• ​White hat hackers are individuals or cybersecurity professionals who use their skills and knowledge for ethical and legitimate purposes.
• They often work to protect computer systems, networks, and software from security vulnerabilities and threats.
• Black Hat:
• ​Black hat hackers are individuals or groups who engage in hacking and cyber-attacks with malicious intent.
• They often break into computer systems, steal sensitive information, distribute malware, and cause harm to individuals, organizations, or even nations for personal gain, financial profit, or other malicious purposes. Black hat hacking is illegal and unethical.
• Grey Hat:
• Grey hat hackers occupy a middle ground between white hats and black hats.
• Unlike white hats, they typically don't seek permission to hack systems. However, unlike black hats, they refrain from engaging in other illegal activities.

Additional Information

• Attackers:
• "Attackers" refers to individuals or entities that carry out malicious actions or activities with the intent to harm, exploit, or compromise computer systems, networks, or data.
• Spammers:
• ​"Spammers" are individuals or entities that engage in the practice of sending unsolicited and often irrelevant or inappropriate messages or content, typically through electronic means such as email, social media, or instant messaging.
• Phisher:
• A "phisher" is an individual or entity that engages in phishing, which is a form of cyber-attack where the attacker attempts to deceive people into divulging sensitive or confidential information, such as login credentials, financial information, or personal details. ​

The correct answer is ​Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation.

• Assertion A: A user is a systematic study of information requirements of users in order to facilitate meaningful exchange between information systems and users which is now preferred over library surveys.
• It states that a user study is a systematic way of understanding the information requirements of users, and it is now preferred over a library survey. This suggests that user studies are more comprehensive and effective in addressing user needs.
• Reason R: Studies of information needs or information use behavior focus upon a wider range of information sources and channels rather than simply libraries.
• It supports Assertion A by explaining that studies related to information needs or information use behavior focus on a broader range of information sources and channels, not just libraries. This implies that user studies take into account a wider spectrum of user interactions with information.

Both Assertion A and Reason R align and support the idea that user studies are more comprehensive and effective in understanding and addressing user information requirements.

The correct answer is A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II.

Key Points

• Clone:
• Cloning is a type of plagiarism where the individual copies an entire piece of work, such as an essay or article, without any modification and presents it as their own.
• Essentially, they "clone" the original work without any changes.
• Find-Replace:
• ​Find-replace plagiarism involves taking an existing source and replacing some keywords or terms with synonyms or slightly altering the text while keeping the core content and structure largely the same.
• This deceptive practice aims to make the work appear original while still heavily relying on the source material.
• Remix:
• ​Remixing occurs when a person takes content from various sources, often multiple sources, and rephrases or restructures it to create a new document. While it may involve paraphrasing, it can still be considered plagiarism if proper citations are not provided for the original sources.
• Recycle:
• Recycling, also known as self-plagiarism or autoplagiarism, occurs when an individual reuses substantial portions of their own previously published work in a new publication without proper citation or acknowledgment.
• It's a form of plagiarism because it presents recycled material as if it were new and original.

The correct answer is Job Evaluation.

Key Points

• Job Evaluation:
• The purpose of job evaluation is to determine the relative value or worth of different jobs within an organization. It is a systematic process used by employers to establish an internal job hierarchy and to ensure fair and equitable compensation practices.
• These are some of the primary methods of job evaluation explained below:
• Ranking Method
• Classification Method
• Point Method
• Factor Comparison Method
• Pay Survey Method
• Job Evaluation Committee
• Analytical Job Evaluation

Additional Information

• Job description:
• ​The job description is a broad statement of the purpose, duties, and responsibilities of a job or position.
• It is abbrivated as JD.
• it should always be made available to applicants for their study and review.
• Job specification:
• A job specification is an official document that describes the duties, required knowledge, skills and abilities, and minimum qualifications of State jobs.
• Job specification lists qualities that the employee should or sometimes, must have in order to qualify for the job.
• Job performance:
• ​Job performance assesses whether a person performs a job well.
• John P. Campbell describes job performance as an individual-level variable or something a single person does.
• Job performance is a consistent and important outcome of core self-evaluations (CSE).
• Job Enrichment:
• Job enrichment involves enhancing existing job roles by incorporating motivational elements to boost employee satisfaction and productivity.
• This enhancement can take the form of increasing autonomy, expanding skill requirements, introducing task variety, offering constructive feedback, and more.​
• Job analysis:
• ​Job analysis involves gathering and analyzing data about job content, human needs for jobs, and the job's contextual aspects, which is used to determine job placement.
• In NU Values, both units and Human Resources share the responsibility for decision**-making in this domain.**
• Job design:
• ​Job design organizes tasks or an entire job, influencing what tasks are performed and how they are carried out.

The correct answer is CeRA.

Key Points

• Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA) is an e-Consortium of Agricultural Libraries established in 2007.
• It is under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for National Agricultural Research System (NARS) libraries.
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous body responsible for co-ordinating agricultural education and research in India.
• It reports to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture.
• The Union Minister of Agriculture serves as its president.
• It is the largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.

Additional Information 

• FORSA-
• It stands for "Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy/Astrophysics".
• It was established on July 29, 1981, in its first meeting it at Raman Research Institute, Bangalore.
• It provides the following services- Access to OPAC,  Access to online journals, Interlibrary loans, and Document Delivery ( by e-mail, speed post, courier, and fax).
• CARLI (Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois)
• CARLI was formed in July 2005 to serve the consortia needs of academic and research libraries in Illinois.
• Services of CARLI:
• E-Resource Program.
• I-Share
• Document Delivery
• Training
• NISHTHA:
• ​NISHTHA is a program launched by the Department of School Education and Literacy in 2019-20.
• It's part of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Samagra Shiksha and is focused on improving learning outcomes at the elementary level through integrated teacher training.

The correct answer is ​A, C, E only.

Key Points

• The government of India appointed a Committee in 1957 on the Status of Public Library Development in the country.
• It is also known as the Sinha Committee after the name of its Chairman, Dr A P Sinha, who was the then Director of Public Instruction in Bihar.
• The Sinha Committee submitted its Report in 1959, which made landmark recommendations for the development of Public Libraries across the country. These are:
• Library service should be made free for every citizen of India
• Public Library systems across the country should follow the following pattern of hierarchy as below:
• National Library
• State Central Library.
• District Library.
• Block Library.
• Panchayat Level Library (Village Level).
• Every State should set up an independent “Directorate of Social Education and Libraries”. It should appoint a full-time Senior Class-I Officer equivalent to the rank of Deputy Director of Education to organize and administer state libraries.
• Central Government and State Government should bear the responsibility of establishing the public libraries in the State.
• An All India Advisory Council should be constituted to develop and maintain standards of the Public Library System across the country.
• A library cess (tax or fee) of six paise for each rupee of property tax should be levied with the permission of local bodies.

Additional Information

• Library Committee (1957)
• It was chaired by Dr. S R Ranganathan to look into the functioning of academic libraries.
• Review Committee on Library Science Education (1965)
• It was again chaired by Dr. S R Ranganathan.
• Curriculum Development Committees (1990 & 2001):
• UGC set up two curriculum development committees. The first was in 1990 chaired by Prof. P N Kaula.
• The Second was in 2001 headed by Dr. C R Karisiddappa.

The correct answer is Regional Network for Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and Asia Pacific.

Key Points

 ASTINFO:

• One of the Broad schemes for regional/cooperation by UNESCO  is  the Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific (ASTINFO),
• It is a follow-up to the recommendation of the Second Conference of Ministers Responsible for the Application of Science and Technology to Development and Those Responsible for Economic Planning in Asia and the Pacific (CASTASIA II) held in Manila in 1982.
• ASTINFO was initiated in 1984, and fifteen Member States in the region (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam) are now participating
• UNESCO maintains a Secretariat for ASTINFO in its Regional Office in Bangkok, Thailand, which is responsible for co-ordinating UNESCO's assistance to the region, totaling approximately US$ 1 million from 1983 to the present.
• The Secretariat also regularly publishes an ASTINFO Newsletter.
• ASTINFO with UNESCO has been the establishment of a regional information network in the area of medicinal and aromatic plants, called APINMAP.

The correct answer is Asynchronous.

Key Points

• Asynchronous Transmission,
• It is also known as character-based transmission and conveys data in the form of individual bytes or characters.
• This mode of transmission operates as a half-duplex communication method, meaning that data can flow in one direction at a time.
• It employs the inclusion of start and stop bits along with the data to facilitate proper framing. 
• START Bit: The transmission begins with the transmission of a START bit, which is always a logic 0 (low voltage level).
• This START bit alerts the receiving device that data is about to be transmitted, and it helps the receiver synchronize its internal clock with the sender's clock.
• Data Bits: Following the START bit, the actual data bits (typically 8 bits, but they can vary) are sent one by one.
• These represent the actual information being transmitted, such as a character or a piece of data.
• STOP Bit(s): After the data bits, one or more STOP bits are sent.
• The STOP bit(s) indicate the end of the data character.
• In most cases, one or two STOP bits are used, depending on the system configuration.
• These STOP bits are always logic 1 (high voltage level).

Additional Information

• Synchronous Transmission,
• It is characterized by the transfer of data in the form of blocks or frames, and operates in full-duplex mode, enabling simultaneous two-way communication between sender and receiver.
• This mode mandates precise synchronization between the communicating devices.
• Synchronous transmission maintains a continuous flow of data without any gaps.
• It is recognized for its efficiency and reliability, making it the preferred choice for transferring substantial volumes of data.

The correct answer is ​Library and Information professionals.

Explanation:

• The answer to this question can be found in this line of the passage.
• ​Librarians should set aside their assumption and prejudices to make sure they won't destroy the fundamental principle that underlies librarianship: the socail obligation to allow access to all perspectives.
• ​In the passage, it is suggested that librarians should set aside their own personal assumptions and biases.
• This means that they should not let their own beliefs or opinions influence their professional duties when it comes to providing information to library patrons.
• By doing so, they can uphold the fundamental principles of librarianship, which include providing access to all perspectives and ensuring intellectual freedom.

The correct answer is ​Code must embody the principles and conviction considered as value.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in these lines.
• ​Essential to Finks's thesis is the belief that a code of ethics for librarians and information professionals must not be a hollow statement written to satisfy the public library boards. It must embody the principles and conviction that librarians have historically considered of value, and should "Focus on the way we do our work and whether or not we perform in a way that can honestly be called professional".
• Finks' thesis underscores the importance of an authentic and meaningful code of ethics for librarianship.
• This code should not be superficial but should genuinely reflect the core principles and values of the profession.
• Additionally, it should guide librarians in conducting themselves professionally in their work.

The correct answer is Lee W. Finks.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in this line.
• In 1991, Le W Finks wrote about the need for librarianship to develop a new code of ethics.
• ​ In 1995, the ALA did just that. A perusal of the code leads to the conclusion that perhaps not all of his concerns were incorporated.
• Finks is the author who addressed this particular need in the context of librarianship.

The correct answer is 1995.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in this line.
• ​In 1995, the ALA did just that. A perusal of the code leads to the conclusion that perhaps not all of his concerns were incorporated.
• ​In 1991, Le W Finks wrote about the need for librarianship to develop a new code of ethics.

The correct answer is Johan Bekker.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in this line.
• ​Furthermore, as Johan Bekkar points out, since society judges a profession by its individual members, all members must follow a clearly defined set of ethical standards.
• ​​​Bekkar emphasizes the importance of all members of a profession adhering to a clearly defined set of ethical standards to maintain the profession's reputation and credibility.

The correct answer is Mind.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in this line.
• Reading is to the mind, what exercise is to the body. this line has been often used to describe the importance of reading.
• ​The importance of reading is highlighted in the passage.
• Reading is compared to exercise for the body, signifying its significance for the mind.
• The passage emphasizes that the joy of reading cannot be adequately described in words and must be experienced.

The correct answer is Those who read at least thirty minutes a day.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in this line.
• ​ A 2016 study revealed that people who read for at least 30 minutes every day are likely to enjoy a longer life.
• ​Reading has many benefits, it teaches us new vocabulary, improves our focus and imagination, makes us smarter, and most importantly, improves memory.

The correct answer is ​Yoga.

Explanation:

• The correct answer to the question can be found in this Line.
• ​Reading is something that can make one forget other thinks gives stress and gives one's mind complete relaxation, just like yoga.
• ​In the passage, the comparison between reading and yoga is used to emphasize the calming and stress-relieving effects of both activities. Here's an explanation:
• Reading: When people read, especially if they're engrossed in a book or text, it often leads to a sense of mental absorption and relaxation. It can transport the reader into the world of the story or subject matter, providing an escape from everyday stresses. Reading can be a form of mental relaxation, offering a break from the pressures of daily life.
• Yoga: Yoga is a physical and mental practice that incorporates various postures, breathing exercises, and meditation techniques. It is known for its ability to reduce stress and promote relaxation. Through yoga, individuals can achieve physical and mental balance, calmness, and a sense of inner peace.

The correct answer is Books.

Explanation:

• The correct answer to the question can be found in this Line**.**
• ​Books are no doubt very faithful friends of a reader. they never betray, always accompany.
• T​he passage states, "Books are no doubt very faithful friends of a reader. They never betray, always accompany." This suggests that books are considered trustworthy and loyal companions to those who enjoy reading.

The correct answer is Experience.

Explanation:

• The answer to the question can be found in this line**.**
• ​The joy of reading cannot be expressed in the words. It's something that can be understood only through experience.
• ​"The joy of reading cannot be expressed in words." This suggests that the joy of reading is something that cannot be adequately conveyed or described using language; instead, it must be experienced firsthand through the act of reading itself.

The correct answer is D, B, A, C, E.

Key Points

• Reordering Ranganathan: Shifting User Behaviors, Shifting Priorities is a book written by Lynn Silipigni Connaway and Ixchel Fanie and published by OCLC in 2014
• In this book, they have changed the order of Ranganathan's Five Laws as follows:
• Save the time of the reader
• Every Person his or her book
• Books are for use
• Every book its reader
• **A library is a growing organism.**​

Additional Information

• New Conceptions in the AI Era
• AI is for use
• Every citizen his/her AI
• Every AI is for citizen usage.
• AI saves the time of the user.
• AI Systems are constantly evolving.
• NEW INSIGHTS AND WIDER INTERPRETATION OF FIVE LAWS:
• James A. Retting in 1992 conceived a sixth law “Every reader his/her freedom” as applicable only to the type of service such as instruction or provision of information.
• Michael Gorman has reinterpreted Ranganathan’s laws in the context of today’s library and its likely future, and reformulated them calling them [Gorman’s] “Five New Laws of Librarianship”.
• ​1) Libraries serve humanity;
  

2. Respect all forms by which knowledge is communicated;
   

3. Use technology intelligently to enhance service;
   

4. Protect free access to knowledge; and
   

5. Honour the past and create the future.

• Kuromen and Pekkarinen Paivi proposed two new laws in their writings.
• These are 6th Law: “Every reader his library.
• 7th Law: “Every writer his contribution to the library”
• ​​Mentor Cana [2003] proposed five laws of the “Software Library.
• ​1) Software is for use
  

2. Every user his / her software (or software for all)
   

3. Every software its user
   

4. Save the time of the user
   

5. A Software Library is a growing organism.

• Alireza Noruzi A[2004] entitled “Application of Ranganathan’s Five Laws to the Web”.
• ​1) Web resources are for use.
  

2. Every user his / her Web resource.
   

3. Every Web resource its user.
   

4. Save the time of the user.
   

5. The Web is a growing organism.

The correct answer is Ackoff Russel:

Key Points

• Information is contained in descriptions, and answers to questions that begin with such words as who, what, when, where, and how many is the statement by Ackoff.
• Russel Ackoff initiated the DIKW pyramid.
• **He said "**Knowledge is conveyed by instructions, answers to how-to questions. Understanding is conveyed by explanations, and answers to why questions. Understanding is conveyed by explanations, and answers to why questions. Intelligence is the ability to increase efficiency; wisdom is the ability to increase effectiveness

Additional Information

• T. S. Eliot -
• Thomas Stearns Eliot was a poet, publisher, literary critic, and editor.
• He is a central figure in English-language Modernist poetry.
• His famous court is - "Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?"
• His quotes are associated with the DIKW model of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom.
• ​Ingetraut Dahlberg:
• ​Ingetraut Dahlberg (1927–2017) was a prominent German information scientist and philosopher known for creating the universal Information Coding Classification, spanning 6,500 subject fields.
• Her career encompassed research, teaching, editing, and publishing. She founded the journal International Classification (now Knowledge Organization) and established the Scientific Society for Classification and the International Society for Knowledge Organization.
• ​Gene Bellinge:
• ​Gene Bellinger (born March 9, 1948) is an American organizational theorist, systems thinker, and consultant known for his expertise in systems thinking and knowledge management.
• In 2009, he initiated the Systems Thinking World project, which he continues to host.

The correct answer is Location.

Key Points

• Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA):
• The frequency of the Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) Print version is Monthly.
• The frequency of the Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) Database is Fortnightly.
• LISA was started in 1969.
• It is an international abstracting and indexing tool specially designed for library professionals or information scientists.
• LISA is currently published by ProQuest since 2007.
• It contains 440 periodicals in 20 different languages.​
• A few examples of Fields and labels in LISA are as:

Additional Information

• Library of Congress-
• The Library of Congress in the USA is one of the largest R&D libraries in the world.
• It is the national library of the United States, established on April 24, 1800.
• Library of Congress Classification (LCC)​ is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress.
• Local Citation
• ​A local citation refers to any online reference containing the name, address, and phone number (NAP data) of a local business.
• These citations can appear on local business directories, websites, apps, and social platforms.
• They serve the purpose of aiding people in discovering local businesses and can influence a business's ranking in local search engine results.

The correct answer is A, B, and D only.

Key Points

• The Lens, formerly known as Patent Lens, is an online resource for searching patents and scholarly literature.
• It is provided by Cambia, a non-profit organization based in Australia.
• Patent Lens is an open-access database, which means that it provides free access to its content for users without any restrictions or subscription fees.
• Patent Lens offers a comprehensive collection of full-text patent documents. Users can access complete patent texts, including descriptions, claims, drawings, and other relevant information, without the need for payment.
• Patent Lens provides access to a wide range of patent documents, including those from reputable patent offices like WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office), and EPO (European Patent Office).
• Launched in the year 2000 under the name Patent Lens, this resource has undergone significant expansion and transformation throughout the years.
• In 2013, Cambia introduced its new website, The Lens, officially retiring the previous platform known as the Patent Lens.

The correct answer is ​DAISY format readers.

Key Points

• DAISY format readers are indeed a versatile and inclusive assistive technology designed to cater to users with various types of disabilities.
• Visual Impairments: For individuals who are blind or have low vision, DAISY format readers provide access to digital books and documents through text-to-speech technology.
• Print Disabilities: People with dyslexia or other print disabilities can benefit from DAISY readers as well. These readers allow users to change the font, font size, and spacing, making the text more readable and tailored to their specific needs.
• Physical Disabilities: DAISY readers can be controlled through various input methods, including switches, voice commands, or touchscreens.
• Cognitive Disabilities: Some DAISY readers offer features like text annotation, bookmarks, and summaries, which can be particularly helpful for users with cognitive disabilities.
• Multilingual Support: Many DAISY format readers offer support for multiple languages and accents, ensuring that individuals with diverse linguistic backgrounds can access content in their preferred language.
• Text and Audio Synchronization: Many DAISY readers synchronize the audio narration with the highlighted text on the screen, aiding users with visual and cognitive disabilities in tracking the content and improving comprehension.

Additional Information

• ​Assistive ICTs,s for Persons with Disabilities
• General Assistive Technology: General
• ​DAISY format readers: e.g. Victor Reader, Victor Reader Soft from VisuAide, LP Player from Labyrinten Data b. Text to MP3 Converters: e.g. TextAloud
• Assistive Technology: Learning Disabilities:
• ​Scanning, Reading and Writing Software: e.g. WYNN, Kurzweil 3000, Kurzweil 3000 for Mac, TextHelp.
• Reading Software: e.g. CAST eReader
• Assistive Technology: Blind/Low Vision.
• ​Screen Reading Software: e.g JAWS for Windows, Window-Eyes, CAST Reader, TextHelp.
• Screen Magnification Software: e.g. ZoomText,
• Web Access Software: e.g. Connect Outloud, IBM Home Page Reader
• Braille Notetakers, Embossers & Displays.

Additional Information

​Some Important organizations in India for Persons with Disabilities

• National Institute for Visually Handicapped (NIVH), Dehradun (July 1979).
• National Institute for the Orthopedically Handicapped (NIOH), Library Kolkata (April 1982.
• National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru (Karnataka) (1954.
• Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped (AYJNIHH), Mumbai August 9, 1983.
• National Institute for Rehabilitation, Training, and Research (NIRTAR), Cuttack (Feb 24, 1984).

The correct answer is A, B, and C only.

Key Points

• Ranganathan conceived the five laws in 1924:
• ​S.R. Ranganathan, an Indian librarian and library scientist, indeed conceived the Five Laws of Library Science in 1924.
• The book was first published in 1931.
• These laws are fundamental principles in library science that guide the organization and functioning of libraries.
• The first law was finalized only after the remaining four laws were framed.
• The second law desires free book service for all:
• ​The second law of library science, formulated by Ranganathan, emphasizes the desire for free and equal access to library materials and services for all individuals, without discrimination.
• It advocates making books and library resources available to everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status or background.
• The second law is “Every reader his/her book is the variant form of which is “books for all​

Additional Information

• ​The First Law of library science, "Books are for use,"
• It ​redefines the purpose of libraries.
• It emphasizes that books should not be locked away but made accessible to users.
• The Third Law of Library Science, "Every book its reader,":
• Emphasizes that every document has a purpose in the library, even if it appeals to a small audience.
• Dr. Ranganathan extended this principle to cover all types of documents, not just traditional books.
• The Fourth Law of library science, "Save the time of the reader,":
• ​It emphasizes efficient access to materials for all patrons, making it easy for them to find what they need quickly.
• This involves practical systems and services that benefit users while also saving time for library staff.
• The Fifth Law, "A library is a growing organism,":
• It underscores the dynamic nature of libraries.
• It means that libraries should evolve continuously.
• This evolution includes both expanding the collection in quantity and improving its quality by replacing materials.
• The growth also extends to updating the library's methods and physical space, which now includes embracing multiple formats and platforms in the digital age.

The correct answer is A- III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

Key Points

• Empiricism:
• ​Empiricism is an epistemological philosophy or approach to gaining knowledge.
• It emphasizes the importance of direct sensory experience, observation, and empirical evidence as the primary sources of knowledge.
• In essence, empiricists believe that knowledge is derived from what we can perceive and experience through our senses.
• ​Rationalism:
• ​Rationalism is the epistemological view that places a greater emphasis on the role of reason and logic in acquiring knowledge.
• Rationalists argue that some knowledge can be gained independently of sensory experience through the use of pure reason and logical deduction.
• Historicism:
• ​Historicism is an epistemological perspective that focuses on understanding knowledge within the context of historical and cultural factors.
• It often involves interpreting texts, ideas, or phenomena by considering the cultural and historical circumstances in which they originated.
• Pragmatism:
• ​Pragmatism is an epistemological philosophy that emphasizes the practical consequences and utility of knowledge.
• Pragmatists believe that the value of knowledge is determined by its usefulness in achieving specific goals and solving practical problems.

The correct answer is niscpr.res.in

Key Points 

• National Knowledge Commission (NKC)-
• National Knowledge Commission was set up in India on June 13, 2005, by the Government of India.
• Its aim was to prepare a blueprint for a reform in education, research Institutes, and intellectual property legislation.
• It consists of eight members, "Sam Pitroda" being the chairman of the commission.
• The commission became defunct As of July 2014.
• ​NKC Recommendations-
• National Knowledge Commission has given various recommendations for libraries some of them are given below:
• ​A National Mission on Libraries should be set up for a period of three years which should be converted into a permanent Commission.
• A national census of all libraries should be prepared by undertaking a nationwide survey.
• National Translation Mission (NTM): The National Translation Mission (NTM) originated from a suggestion by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister of India, during the inaugural meeting of the National Knowledge Commission (NKC).
• National Knowledge Network: The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) proposed a crucial recommendation: the creation of a high-speed data communication network to connect all knowledge institutions. In response to this recommendation, the Government announced the establishment of the National Knowledge Network (NKN) in 2008-09, allocating an initial budget of Rs.100 crore to the Department of Information Technology under the Ministry of Communications and IT.
• National Health Portal (NHP): The National Health Portal (NHP) was established by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) in line with the recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission (NKC). Its purpose is to offer healthcare information to citizens nationwide.

Additional Information

• CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NISCPR), New Delhi came into existence on 01-04-2021 with the merger of erstwhile CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (CSIR-NISCAIR), New Delhi and erstwhile CSIR-National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (CSIR-NISTADS).
• It was first announced on 14-01-2021 by Hon'ble Minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan, former Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Earth Sciences.

The correct answer is the Experience survey.

Key Points

• Exploratory Research.
• Exploratory research is conducted with the primary goal of elucidating unclear or ambiguous problems.
• It is undertaken with the expectation that further research may be required to furnish definitive evidence or conclusion.​
• Various Approaches to Exploratory Research Design:
• ​Review/Survey of concerned Literature: This approach not only conserves time, resources, and funds but also provides access to valuable insights, accessible through sources such as reputable research institutions, online platforms, newspapers, periodicals, government publications, and more.
• Experience Survey: Valuable insights often reside with individuals who possess extensive knowledge. The objective of such a survey is to obtain insight into the relationship between variables and new ideas relating to the research problem.
• Analysis of Insight Stimulating Cases: This entails the examination of a limited number of intricate situations where the interactions of multiple individuals are crucial.
• Focus Groups: Among research methods, focus groups are undeniably the most popular. These sessions typically involve a small number of participants (usually 8-12) gathered to discuss a topic of interest, with the discussion guided by a moderator.

Additional Information

• Population survey:
• A population survey is a research method or data collection technique that involves gathering information and data from a representative sample of individuals or elements within an entire population.
• Pilot survey:
• ​A pilot survey is a small-scale, preliminary study or survey conducted before the main or full-scale research project.
• Its primary purpose is to test and refine the research instruments, methodologies, procedures, and data collection tools that will be used in the larger study.
• Census survey:
• ​A census survey, often simply referred to as a "census," is a comprehensive and systematic data collection effort that aims to gather information from every individual or element within a specific population or geographic area.
• In a census survey, no sampling or estimation techniques are used; instead, data is collected from each and every member of the population being studied.

The correct answer is B and C only.

Key PointsCategorisation of Documentary Sources��

• S. R. Ranganathan:
• Ranganathan has categorized the documents from two different angles: i) by the volume of thought content; and ii) by recording media.
• Documents according to the first categorization are termed as macro and micro documents, and by the second categorization as conventional and non-conventional documents.​​
• ​Danis Grogan
• Danis Grogan in 1981 categorized information sources as Primary secondary and Tertiary Sources.
• According to Grogan Primary Sources are:
• Periodicals (solely devoted to reporting original work), Research Reports,  Conference Proceedings, Reports of Scientific Expeditions, Official Publications, Journal papers, Patents, Standards, etc.
• Secondary Sources Include:
• Review articles, Books, monographs, Encyclopedias and reference works, Biographical works, Databases, indexes, and News digests.
• Tertiary Sources include:
• Almanacs and yearbooks, Dictionaries, encyclopedias, Handbooks, manuals,
• C. W. Hanson:
• ​C. W. Hanson, former editor of the Journal of Documentation in an article entitled ‘Introduction to Science Information Work’ published in 1971 by ASLIB divided the documentary sources of information into two categories, namely, primary and secondary​

The correct answer is ​B, C, and D only.

Key Points

• A categorical variable comprises values categorized into distinct groups based on a characteristic.
• A categorical variable, also known as a qualitative variable, can assume a fixed number of distinct values.
• These values categorize individuals or units based on qualitative properties.
• Types of categorical variables:
• Constant Variable:
• ​A constant variable is a type of categorical variable that has only one category or value.
• In other words, all observations or units in the dataset have the same value for this variable.
• It does not vary among different individuals or units and is, therefore, considered a constant.
• A polytomous variable:
• A polytomous variable, in statistical terms, denotes a categorical variable with more than two potential categories or levels.
• This variable can assume more than two distinct values or groupings and is alternatively referred to as a multi-category, multi-class, or multi-level variable..
• Dichotomous Variable:
• A dichotomous variable is a specific type of categorical variable that has exactly two categories or levels.
• These categories are often binary, such as "yes" or "no," "true" or "false," or "0" or "1."
• Dichotomous variables are used to represent situations where there are only two possible outcomes or groups.
• This is also called a binary variable.

The correct answer is S R Ranganathan.

Key Points

• Document List:
• ​A "documentation list" typically refers to a list of documents or records that need to be collected, organized, or maintained for a specific purpose or project.
• The purpose of creating a documentation list is to ensure that all necessary documents are accounted for, easily accessible, and up to date.
• The documentation list emphasizes narrower literature, catering primarily to specialists.
• Ranganathan introduced the term "document bibliography," defining it as a list of books and/or articles, encompassing both macro and micro ideas, related to specialized subjects or even all subjects.
• This term appears to be a broad category encompassing both bibliographies and documentation lists.

Additional Information

• G. Bhattacharya-
• G. Bhattacharya is the father of  Postulate-Based Permute Subject Indexing (POPSI).
• His full name is Ganesh Bhattacharya.
• S.R. Ranganathan-
• He is regarded as the Father of Library Science in India.
• His most notable contribution to the field of library science is his "Five Laws of Library Science".
• He is also recognized for his development of a classification scheme widely known as Colon Classification.
• Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster-
• Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster was a British-American information scientist.
• He originated the concept of a "**Paperless Society".-**​
• W. C. B. Sayers-
• William Charles Berwick was a British Librarian and teacher.
• He was the president of the Library Association in the UK in 1938.
• He is referred to as the first grammarian of library classification.

The correct answer is the catalog cards are printed before the book is published.

 Key Points

• Prenatal cataloging is a term used by S.R. Ranganathan.
• Prenatal means before Birth.
• It is the cataloging and classification of a book prior to its release by the publisher.
• Since the cataloging is to be done before it is delivered(released) for sale or use he called the process Pre-natal Cataloguing.
• Pre-natal technical work is undertaken by the National Central Library of each country.
• The National Central Library prepares a master stencil of the catalog cards for the book before its release.

Additional Information

• Cataloguing in Publication-
• In publishing and library science, Cataloging in Publication (CIP, or Cataloguing in Publication) is basic cataloging data for a work, prepared before publication by the national library of the country where the work is principally published or by the library of a publishing organization, such as a government department.
• Ranganathan mooted the idea of cataloging and classification of a book prior to its release by the publisher hence, he called the process `Pre-natal Cataloguing'.
• In the United States, the Cataloging in Publication Program (CIP) was established by the Library of Congress in 1971 and has since developed in various ways.
• There are three products of Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP). Namely:
• Record of CIP cataloging data on MARC tape made available before the final cataloging copy appeared on the MARC tape.
• The LC cards were made available before the publication date of the book.
• Cataloging data printed in the book itself.

The correct answer is ​Reading Circles.

Key Points

• A reading circle
• Reading Circle typically refers to a group of individuals who gather together to read and discuss books or literary works collectively.
• These groups can take various forms, such as book clubs, literature discussion groups, or reading circles organized for educational or recreational purposes.
• Participants in a reading circle choose a book to read and then meet at regular intervals to share their thoughts, insights, and opinions about the chosen book.
• It's a social and engaging way for people to explore literature, exchange ideas, and foster a sense of community around a shared love for reading.

Additional Information

• Display of new additions:
• ​"Display of new additions" refers to the presentation or arrangement of recently acquired items or content in a specific location or context.
• This can apply to various settings such as libraries, bookstores, websites, or stores where the newest products, books, articles, or other items are showcased prominently for customers or users to see and access easily.
• The goal is to draw attention to the latest offerings and make it convenient for individuals to explore and engage with these new additions.
• Helping in the location of documents:
• ​"Assisting with document location" involves providing support and guidance to help individuals find specific documents or information within a collection, database, library, or archive.
• Publicity:
• ​"Publicity" refers to the practice of promoting, advertising, or creating awareness about a person, product, service, event, organization, or any entity to the general public or a specific target audience. I

The correct answer is A and B only.

Key Points

• Communication networks are systems that facilitate the exchange of information and data between devices or entities. These networks enable the transmission of data, voice, video, and other forms of communication. Communication networks can be classified into various types based on their purpose, size, and technology.
• Here are some common types of communication networks:
• Public Data Network (PDN): A network that supports data transmission services, including internet access and virtual private networks (VPNs).
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): A digital telecommunication standard for transmitting voice and data over traditional telephone lines.
• Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): A traditional circuit-switched network that provides voice communication services over copper wires.
• Cellular Networks: Wireless networks that enable mobile communication through cell towers, including 2G, 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G networks.
• Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects devices within a limited geographic area, typically within a single building or campus.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that spans a larger geographic area, connecting LANs across cities or even countries.
• Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi): A wireless network technology that allows devices to connect to a LAN without physical cables. etc

Additional Information

• DELNET
• ​DELNET (Delhi Library Network) was established in 1988 with the initial support of NISSAT.
• It was also supported by NIC and at the start of it, 30 Libraries in Delhi were added to this network.
• Later on, Its Name was changed to Developing Library Network.
• It is the Oldest and Largest Library Network in India.
• Presently in India, there are 250 libraries and in the world, 8 libraries are its members.
• It was registered as a society in 1992.

The correct answer is 025.32 SEH T.

Key Points

• Call Number-
• The call number is the number that distinctly identifies a book in a library.
• The call number of a book guides you to the area and to the exact place where the book is kept.
• The call number has three parts: class number, book number, and collection number which is usually provided by the classifier.
• Call Number = Class Number + Book Number + Collection Number
• The call Number in the Leading Section is recorded in Pencil.
• No full stop is given after the call number in the Leading Section.
• Books are organized in a sequential manner, and the initial number in a Dewey Decimal call number signifies the broad category to which it belongs.
• In this instance, the book falls under the 000, which is the category encompassing Generallia
• If additional numbers follow, they represent more specific divisions and subsections. For example, the presence of "025 denotes that the book focuses on Library operations i.e. Cataloguing.
• .32 Denotes the Manual and SEH T denotes the Name of the Author.

Additional Information

• How to Read the Call Number:
• 629.41 T939.
• Read 629 as a whole number.
• .41 as Decimal
• **T939 Read alphabetically and then decimally.**​
• Class Number-
• The notation used for a particular subject in a classification scheme is called its class number.
• At the time of classifying a document, the class number is written in pencil at the upper half portion of the verso (back) of the title page.
• Book Number-
• According to Dr. S R Ranganathan, “the book number of a book is a symbol used to fix its position relative to the other books having the same ultimate class”.
• Different books of the same subject will have the same class number but different book numbers.
• Collection Number-
• A book may be in any of the collections in the library and it is necessary to mention the collection where that book is.
• The indication of the collection is made by some symbols called collection numbers.
• A library may devise its own collection number scheme which may help in indicating the collection.

The correct answer is A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.

Key Points

• Mendin refers to significant restoration work that doesn't require replacing the entire volume, which aligns with the idea of major restoration not involving replacement.
• Repairing usually involves fixing or rehabilitating something that is damaged or worn, which matches the concept of partial rehabilitation of a worn volume.
• Reinforcing means making something stronger, which aligns with the idea of strengthening the structure of a weakened volume.
• Re-backing involves the process of attaching a new shelf back to a volume without completely rebinding it, which corresponds to **attaching a new shelf back without binding.**​

Additional Information

• Binding:
• ​The process of attaching the covers (front and back) to the pages or text blocks of a book.
• This can involve various styles and materials, such as leather, cloth, or paper.
• Conservation:
• The professional care and treatment of cultural heritage materials, including books and manuscripts, to slow down deterioration and ensure their long-term preservation.
• Restoration:
• ​The process of repairing and renewing a book or document to improve its condition.
• Restoration may involve cleaning, mending, and reassembling damaged parts.
• Lamination:
• ​The process of applying a protective plastic or adhesive layer to documents to shield them from environmental damage.
• Watermark:
• ​A recognizable design or pattern embedded into paper during its production is often used for dating and authenticity verification.
• Gilding:
• The application of a thin layer of gold or gold-colored material to the edges or covers of a book for decoration.

The correct answer is photo phone:

Key Points

• The photophone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter on February 19, 1880, in Washington, D.C., allowed speech transmission on a beam of light.
• Bell considered it his most significant invention, with four patents dedicated to it.
• The photophone resembled a traditional telephone of its time, with the key difference being that it utilized modulated light for wireless transmission, whereas conventional telephones relied on modulated electricity transmitted through conductive wire circuits.

Additional Information

• Photo diode:
• A photodiode is a semiconductor diode that generates current when exposed to light.
• Its package allows various types of radiation, such as light, infrared, ultraviolet, or X-rays, to reach its light-sensitive region, which may incorporate optical filters or lenses.
• Photo recorder;
• ​A "photo recorder" typically refers to a device or instrument that records or captures photographs or images.
• It can encompass various types of equipment, including digital cameras, film cameras, or specialized imaging devices used for scientific or industrial purposes.
• Smartphone:
• ​A smartphone is a mobile phone that goes beyond the traditional functionality of voice calls and text messaging. Smartphones are highly versatile and offer a wide range of features and capabilities,

The correct answer is ​M O Thomas.

Key Points

• The Indian Library Association (ILA) was established on September 13, 1933.
• It was formed on the occasion of the 1st All India Library Conference held at Calcutta (now Kolkata).
• The ILA is the largest and most renowned professional body in the field of Library and Information Science in India.
• The headquarters of ILA is situated in Delhi, India.
• It is the premier national association representing the library profession in the country.
• M O Thomas was the first president of ILA from 1933-1937.
• Dr. Mohan Rambhau Kherde is the current President of ILA.

Additional Information

• Publications:
• The Journal of the Indian Library Association (JILA) is an official organ of the Indian Library Association (ILA).JILA as an official organ of ILA started in 1965. The journal is issued as a quarterly publication.
• Since 1978, the Association has been publishing regularly the proceedings of the All India Library, Conference which includes the Seminar Papers discussed at the meeting.
• In 1985, it brought out the fourth edition of the Indian Library Directory
• An ILA Members Directory was published in 1987.
• In 1995, a database NALANDA of over 10,000 libraries (5336 Academic, 1470 Public, and 3280 Special) was created.
• ILA has instituted many awards for encouraging excellence in professional practices such as: 
• ILA-Kaula Best Librarian Award
• ILA- Vendanaikee Fellowship
• ILA-C D Sharma Award
• ILA- AG Verghese Award
• ILA-Dr. K Padma Umapathy and Dr. S K Umapathy Fellowship in Library and Information Sc.
• ILA-Dr. L M Padhya Best University Library Award
• ILA-S M Ganguly Award

The correct answer is A, C, B, D, E.

Key Points

• The process of conducting historical research is the same as for other kinds of research. The process involves the following steps:
• Identification of research topic: The first step is to decide on the specific topic or research question you want to explore in your historical research. This step sets the direction and focus for your study.
• Collection of background information: This helps you understand what has already been studied, what gaps exist in the current knowledge, and how your research fits into the broader historical context.
• Identify and locate primary/secondary sources: Once you have a clear understanding of your research topic, you can start searching for relevant primary and secondary sources.
• Evaluate the authenticity and accuracy of sources: It's crucial to critically assess the sources you've gathered.
• Analyze the data and develop a narrative exposition of the findings: After collecting and evaluating your sources, you can begin analyzing the data they provide. This involves organizing, synthesizing, and interpreting the information to answer your research question.

Additional Information

• Types of Research
• Action Research: 
• It refers to the application of research to educational problems in a particular classroom setting.
• Its primary aim is to improve practice (ameliorating the prevailing situations).
• According to Kurt Lewin, the founder of the term Action Research, it is an ongoing strategy; the cycle is repeated to form a spiral; reformulated plan, revised action, more fact-finding, and reanalysis.
• Applied Research​
• Aapplied research discovers ways of applying them to solve social problems. Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving social problems.
• It is called field research.
• It is that type of research work the results of which find direct application in the field.
• Historical research
• It is “the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of those events which may help to explain present events and anticipate future events”

The correct answer is B, D, and E only.

Key Points

• Scientific management, often referred to as Taylorism in honor of its founder Frederick Winslow Taylor, is a management theory focused on analyzing and streamlining workflows with the primary goal of enhancing economic efficiency, particularly in labor productivity.
• This approach represents one of the earliest endeavors to apply scientific principles to the optimization of management processes.
• Taylor gave much concentration on the supervisory level of management and the performance of managers and workers at an operational level.
• The principles of management by F.W Taylor.
• Science, not the Rule of Thumb: 
• ​This rule emphasizes improving organizational efficiency through scientific work analysis instead of relying on the 'Rule of Thumb' approach.
• Harmony, Not Discord: 
• Taylor believed in fostering a harmonious relationship between workers and management, as he saw no benefit in discord or differences between the two parties.
• Mental Revolution:
• This technique calls for a change in the attitude of both management and workers. It requires mutual understanding and a commitment to work together with full cooperation and participation.
• ​Maximum, not Restricted Output:
• ​Both management and workers should strive for maximum output rather than limiting their efforts. This benefits both parties, with higher wages for workers and increased profits for management.
• Cooperation, not Individualism: 
• Similar to 'Harmony, not discord,' this approach emphasizes mutual collaboration between workers and management. It promotes mutual cooperation, trust, and goodwill between managers and workers.
• Development of Every Person to His Greatest Efficiency:
• A company's effectiveness depends on its employees' abilities and skills. Therefore, adopting a scientific approach involves providing training, incorporating best practices, and leveraging technology to enhance employee skills.

The correct answer is A, C, and D only.

Key Points

• Hays and Becker have identified seven fundamental subsystems comprising the library system:
• acquisitions,
• serials control,
• circulation control,
• cataloging,
• interlibrary loans,
• reference and
• administrationand planning.
• ​These can be restated as
• acquisitions, serials control, information storage and retrieval, user services, and administration and planning.
• Chapman and others have presented the model library system
  

in the following manner:

• As explained by Stuart and Eastlick in 1981, A library functions as an open system, actively engaging with its broader environment by both receiving input from and contributing to that environment.

Additional Information

• Acquisition Control:
• Acquisition control refers to the process of acquiring new materials, resources, or items for a library's collection.
• This includes activities such as selecting, ordering, receiving, and cataloging books, journals, digital content, and other materials to ensure they are available for library users.
• Information Retrieval:
• ​Information retrieval is the process of searching for and obtaining information from a variety of sources, including databases, catalogs, the Internet, and library collections.
• It involves techniques and systems designed to efficiently locate and access relevant information in response to a user's query or request.
• Serials Control:
• ​Serials control involves managing and maintaining periodical publications, such as journals, magazines, newspapers, and other recurring publications, within a library's collection.
• This includes tasks like subscription management, tracking issues, and ensuring timely access for library patrons.
• Circulation Control:
• ​Circulation control encompasses the procedures and systems in place to manage the lending and borrowing of library materials.
• It includes tasks such as checking items in and out, renewing loans, handling reservations, and maintaining records of who has borrowed library resources.

The correct answer is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Key Points

• The Digital Millennium Copyright Act:
• The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a 1998 United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• The DMCA's principal innovation in the field of copyright is the exemption from direct and indirect liability of Internet service providers and other intermediaries.
• Passed on October 12, 1998, with unanimous support in the U.S. Senate and signed by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amends Title 17 of the United States Code. It broadens copyright protection and reduces the liability of online service providers for their users' copyright infringement.
• One key aspect of the DMCA is its exemption of internet service providers and other intermediaries from both direct and indirect liability.

The correct answer is A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV.

Key Points

• OSI divides Telecommunications into Seven Layers:
• Physical Layer.
• Data Link Layer.
• Network Layer.
• Transport Layer.
• Session Layer.
• Presentation Layer.
• Application Layer.
• Layer 1: The Physical Layer:
• The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium.
• It provides:
• Data encoding
• Transmission technique
• Physical medium transmission.
• Layer 2: The data-link layer:
• The data link layer ensures reliable data frame transfer between nodes over the physical layer.
• To do this, the data link layer provides:
• Frame Traffic Control:
• Frame Sequencing
• Frame Acknowledgment
• Frame Delimiting
• Link Establishment and Termination
• Frame Error Checking
• Layer 3: The Network Layer:]
• The network layer facilitates transferring variable-length data sequences between a source host on one network and a destination host on another network.
• This layer is concerned with two functions
• Routing and
• Fragmentation / Reassembly:
• Layer 4: The Transport Layer:
• The transport layer enables seamless data transfer between end users, offering dependable services to upper layers.
• The Basic Transport Layer Services are:
• Resource Utilization (multiplexing).
• Connection Management (establishing & terminating):
• Flow Control (Buffering / Windowing):
• Layer 5: The Session Layer:
• The session layer initiates, oversees, and concludes sessions between applications on various hosts in a network.
• It is Responsible for dialog control and synchronization
• Its primary role is to manage service requests and responses between hosts for applications.
• The established session between hosts can be Simplex, half duplex, or full duplex.
• Layer 6: The Presentation Layer:
• ​The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts.
• This layer is sometimes called the syntax layer or Translation layer.
• The Presentation Layer is responsible for the following services:
• Data representation:
• Data security:
• Data compression:
• Translation:
• Layer 7: The Application Layer:
• ​The application layer is in direct contact with end users and software applications.
• It interacts with applications that implement communication.
• It's the top layer, responsible for introducing data into the OSI stack.
• The Application Layer functions include:
• Resource sharing and device redirection
• Remote file and printer access
• Network management
• Directory services
• Electronic messaging (e.g., mail)

The correct answer is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Key Points

• The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) coined the term 'knowledge-based economy' in 1996, defining it as an economy centered on the generation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge and information.
• In a knowledge-based economy, ideas and technologies drive innovation, intellectual property is the commodity, consumers seek smarter and more convenient products, and technology leaders ignite innovation.
• Economies that primarily rely on the creation, dissemination, and application of information and knowledge are termed Knowledge-Based Economies (KBEs).
• APEC ( Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) defines a knowledge-based economy as one where knowledge plays a central role in driving economic growth, wealth creation, and employment across all industries.

Additional Information

• The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS):
• ​The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was a two-phase United Nations event held in 2003 (Geneva) and 2005 (Tunis) with subsequent periodic WSIS Forums.
• It aimed to reduce the global digital divide by improving internet access in developing countries, leading to the establishment of World Information Society Day on 17 May.
• The WSIS+10 Process marked its ten-year anniversary, concluding in 2015 with a High-Level UN General Assembly meeting in New York.
• The National Knowledge Commission (NKC):
• ​The National Knowledge Commission (NKC), established in 2005 by the Government of India, aimed to advise the Prime Minister on transforming India into a knowledge society.
• In 2009, the NKC submitted its final report with recommendations for enhancing education, research and development, and information technology infrastructure.
• Its vision for a knowledge-based society includes:
• Education for all: The NKC believes that all Indians should have access to quality education, regardless of their social or economic background.
• Research and development: The NKC believes that India needs to invest more in research and development to become a global leader in innovation.
• Information and communication technology: The NKC believes that information and communication technology (ICT) can be used to improve education, healthcare, and other services in India.
• Network society.
• ​The term "network society" was introduced by Jan van Dijk in his 1991 book "De Netwerkmaatschappij" (The Network Society) and later by Manuel Castells in "The Rise of the Network Society" (1996).
• James Martin also used a related term, "The Wired Society," in 1978 to describe a society connected through mass and telecommunication networks.

The correct answer is A, B, and D only.

Key Points

• Wilson and Tauber described the functions of a university as:
• ​Conservation of knowledge and ideas;
• Teaching;
• Research;
• Publication;
• Extension and service; and
• interpretation.
• ​In short, the university serves three important functions:
• instructional,
• research and
• **extension activities.**​

Additional Information

• ​Malcolm S. Adiseshaiah asserted that libraries are irreplaceable as the primary source of learning, especially in advanced education like post-graduation, doctoral, and post-doctoral levels. Scholars must rely on libraries to acquire and build knowledge as they pursue their academic goals.
• Nigel Cox analyses the functions of university libraries under five headings as follows:
• control - covering acquisition, accession, processing and shelving;
• archive - building up collection;
• service - including professional guidance to the readers;
• cooperation - linking the local and national network of library resources; and
• research and development - enhancing the library techniques.
• Srivastava and Verma sum up. the functions of the library in university as - "it serves the adult scholarship".

The correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I.

Key Points

• Trends:
• ​Trends refer to the significant developments or changes that have occurred in a specific field over a certain period, such as a year.
• These trends are indicative of the direction in which a field is moving.
• Current Awareness Services:
• ​Current Awareness Services are designed to keep individuals informed about the latest content and updates in various fields.
• Providing the content page of recent periodicals helps users quickly identify what's new and relevant in their area of interest.
• Translation Service:
• ​Translation services are essential for researchers who need to access information in languages they may not be proficient in.
• By providing translation services, researchers can save time and overcome language barriers to access valuable content.
• ​Illustrations:
• ​Illustrations encompass a wide range of visual aids, including diagrams, pictures, photographs, cartoons, slides, films, and recordings.
• These visuals are used to complement and enhance the understanding of textual information.

The correct answer is Function - as - a - Service 

Key Points

• FaaS, or Function-as-a-Service, is a cloud computing service that enables customers to execute code in response to events, eliminating the need for them to handle the intricate infrastructure traditionally linked with creating and deploying microservices applications.
• FaaS is an event-driven model that operates within stateless containers. These functions handle server-side logic and state-using services provided by a FaaS provider.
• Notable FaaS examples include:
• IBM Cloud Functions
• AWS Lambda by Amazon
• Google Cloud Functions
• Microsoft Azure Functions (open-source)
• OpenFaaS (open-source)

Additional Information

• Software as a Service (SaaS)-
• It is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is hosted centrally.
• It is also known as "on-demand software" and Web-based/Web-hosted software.
• It includes services such as - Google Doc, GoogleApps, OpenID, Adobe
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)-
• It is a category of cloud computing services that allow customers to instantiate, run, and manage a modular bundle comprising a computing platform and one or more applications.
• It removes the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching the application(s)
• It allows developers to create, develop, and package such software bundles.
• It includes Cloud Services such as - LibLime, OSSLab, N-LARN project in India, Polaris, and Exlibris.
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)-
• ​It is a cloud computing service model by means of which computing resources are supplied by a cloud services provider.
• This service enables users to free themselves from maintaining an on-premise data center.
• IaaS involves the use of a cloud orchestration technology like OpenStack, Apache CloudStack, or OpenNebula.
• It includes services such as - Amason Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Solution (S3), and Dropbox Cloud storage.

The correct answer is ​Monograph.

Key Points

• A monograph
• ​A monograph is a specialized scholarly work, often authored by a single individual, that explores a particular subject or aspect of a topic in depth.
• It presents original research, analysis, and arguments, maintaining a cohesive narrative even when written by multiple authors.
• In library cataloging, a monograph refers to a non-serial publication that is complete in a single volume or a fixed number of books, setting it apart from periodicals like magazines, academic journals, or newspapers.
• **Prolegomena to Library Classification' written by S R Ranganathan belongs to this category.**​

Additional Information

• Reference book:
• A reference book, also known as a reference work or reference material, is a type of publication that is designed to provide quick and concise information on a wide range of topics.
• These books are typically used for consultation rather than continuous reading and are intended to help users find specific facts, details, or explanations.
• Journal article:
• ​A journal article is a published research paper or scholarly work that appears in an academic or professional journal.
• Journal articles are a primary source of information in the fields of academia, research, and science.
• Manual:
• ​A manual is a written or printed document that provides instructions, guidance, or information on how to perform specific tasks, operate equipment or use a product.
• Manuals serve as reference guides or user guides, and they are designed to help individuals understand and follow procedures or protocols effectively.

 Important Points

• Prolegomena to Classification-
• Ranganathan proposed and published the first edition of "Prolegomena to Classification" in 1937
• Ranganathan has stated that "Sharpness in thinking, clarity in expression, and exactness in communication depend ultimately on classification" in his book "Prolegomena to Library Classification".
• The dynamic theory of library classification, developed by Ranganathan was presented for the first time in the second edition of his Prolegomena to Library Classification, published in 1957.

The correct asnwer is ​B and C only.

Key Points

• The term Management by objectives is coined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book, The Practice Management.
• Management By Objectives (MBO) is a tool by which managers can improve their performance and increase their effectiveness.
• The two main principles of MBO are:
• Results Orientation:
• ​MBO is fundamentally rooted in a results-oriented approach.
• It means that the focus of this management philosophy is on achieving specific and measurable outcomes.
• In an MBO system, organizations and individuals set clear and well-defined objectives or goals.
• Particular View of Human Behavior:
• MBO also encompasses a particular view of human behavior in the workplace.
• It is based on the assumption that employees are motivated and perform better when they have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities, as well as when they are actively involved in setting their own performance goals.
• There are three steps involved in the MBO process.
• Setting objectives in each key result area,
• Action planning, and
• Performance review.

Additional Information

• George Morrisey has identified “management by activities or reactions” and “management by objectives and results” as the two theoretical extremes.
• Peter Drucker has identified eight such KRAs common to all firms.
• These are: profitability, market standing, innovation, productivity, worker performance, financial and physical resources, managers’ performance and development, and public responsibility
• W.J. Reddin has identified five KRAs which are common to all managerial positions. These are: subordinate development, innovation, project implementation, managerial development and systems implementation

The correct answer is the mode.

Key Points 

• In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.
• A set of data may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all. 
• Unimodal: A data set with one mode
• Bimodal: A data set with two modes
• Multimodal: A data set with more than two modes
• No mode: A data set with no repeated values
• The mode is one of the three main measures of central tendency, the other two being the mean (average) and the median (middle value).
• It can be used for both numerical and categorical data.

Additional Information

• The median is the middle value among the observed set of values and is calculated by arranging the values in ascending order or in descending order and then choosing the middle value.
• Mean is the average of the data set which is calculated by adding all the data values together and dividing it by the total number of data sets.
• Range: The range is the simplest measure of dispersion and is calculated by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value in the dataset.
• Variance: Variance measures the average of the squared differences between each data point and the mean of the dataset.
• Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It represents the average deviation of data points from the mean.
• Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): MAD measures the average absolute difference between each data point and the mean.
• Percentiles: Percentiles are values that divide a dataset into hundredths (1st percentile, 2nd percentile, etc.).

The correct answer is C, B, A, D.

Key Points

• Know-what:
• This is still the most basic form of knowledge, involving factual information or data about something.
• It's about knowing "what" something is without necessarily understanding the reasons or principles behind it.
• Know-why:
• ​Know-why is a deeper level of knowledge that involves understanding the reasons, principles, or theories behind something.
• It delves into the underlying logic or rationale, which is more complex than simply knowing "what" something is.
• Know-how:
• Know-how involves practical skills and expertise in doing something.
• It's more complex than knowing facts (know-what) because it requires the ability to apply knowledge effectively in real-world situations.
• ​Know-who:
• Know who, in this context, can be considered the most complex form of knowledge among the options given.
• It involves knowledge of people, their connections, and their roles in a specific context.
• Understanding social dynamics, networking, and relationships can be quite complex, as it goes beyond facts, skills, and theories.

The correct answer is Increasing the capacity of an array with the aid of an empty digit.

Key Points

• Sectorising Digits/Device:
• ​This is an effective device to accommodate a subject at a proper place in an array even if no vacant place is there.
• For this Ranganathan invented an ingenious method of empty digits, now also called Sectorising Digits.
• To increase the capacity of an array, CC has introduced what is called an empty digit. An empty digit has no semantic value, but it retains the ordinal value.
• Ranganathan sets aside 0,9,z, and Z as empty digits.
• These digits are never used alone but are used as repeater digits to extend an array.

Additional Information

• Digits T, V, and X are set aside as emptying digits as these empty a preceding digit of its meaning but allow it to retain its ordinal value.
• To make further rather almost unlimited interpolation in the Colon Classification U, W
  

and Y have been postulated as Empty-Empty digits.

• The four major devices used in CC are:
• Chronological device
• Geographical device
• Subject device
• Alphabetical device

The correct answer is E, B, C, D, A.

Key Points

• Oral Communication:
• Oral communication, which involves spoken words and gestures, is the oldest and most primitive form of human communication.
• It predates recorded history and has been the primary means of communication for early human societies.
• Written Communication:
• Written communication emerged as civilizations developed writing systems.
• The earliest known writing systems date back to around 3200 BCE (such as cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphs in Egypt).
• This form of communication allowed information to be recorded and transmitted over time and space.
• Telecommunication:
• Telecommunication, which involves the transmission of information over long distances, began with inventions like the telegraph (1837) and later the telephone (1876).
• These innovations revolutionized long-distance communication by enabling real-time voice and text transmission over wires.
• Mass Communication:
• ​ Mass communication evolved as print media, such as newspapers and magazines, became widely available in the 17th and 18th centuries.
• Mass printing allowed information to be disseminated to a broad audience.
• Later developments, like radio (early 20th century) and television (mid-20th century), further expanded mass communication by reaching even larger audiences.
• Internet-Based Communication:
• ​Internet-based communication is the most recent form on this list.
• The internet became a widespread communication platform in the late 20th century, starting in the 1960s with the development of ARPANET.
• It has since evolved to include email, social media, video conferencing, and various other digital communication tools.
• Internet-based communication has transformed how people connect and share information on a global scale.

The correct answer is ​B, E, D, A, C.

Key Points

• The Biological Diversity Act, of 2002, passed by the Indian parliament, aims to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable resource management in collaboration with local communities.
• It aligns with India's commitments under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• The Designs Act was enacted in 2000.
• ​In accordance with Section 2(d) of the Designs Act, 2000, a 'design' is defined as the visual attributes such as shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or the arrangement of lines or colors, applied to any object, regardless of whether it is in two-dimensional or three-dimensional form, through various industrial processes or methods.
• Trademark Act 1999
• Trademark Act was came in 1999.
• It works under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Trademark deals with the mechanism of registration, protection of trademarks, and prevention of fraudulent trademarks.
• Patent Act 1970:​
• The Patents Act, of 1970 is the legislation that to date governs patents in India.
• It first came into force in 1972.
• A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention.
• Nagpur hosts the office of the Patent Information System.
• The Patent Office has its headquarters in Calcutta.
• ​Copyright Act 1957:​
• The Copyright Act was came in 1957.
• The Act is applicable from 21 January 1958.
• The Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence copyright legislation in India.
• The most recent amendment was in the year 2012, through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012.

The correct answer is Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Key Points

• Statement I: "Knowledge Management (KM) is a multidisciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge."
• ​This statement emphasizes that KM is a multidisciplinary approach, meaning it draws on various fields and methods to help organizations achieve their goals.
• It involves systematically capturing, organizing, and sharing knowledge to ensure that it is utilized optimally for the benefit of the organization.
• Statement II: "KM focuses on improved performance and competitive advantage, innovation, and continuous improvement of the organizations through knowledge sharing."
• ​This statement highlights some of the key objectives of KM. It mentions that KM aims to:
• Improve Performance:
• Gain Competitive Advantage:
• Foster Innovation:
• Achieve Continuous Improvement:

Additional Information

• According to Wikipedia, Knowledge Management (KM) is the process of capturing, developing, sharing, and effectively using organizational knowledge.
• There are five primary activities in KM followed by three secondary ones in an organization where it is fully implemented.
• Primary Activities:
• Represent knowledge:
• Store knowledge:
• Integrate knowledge:
• Deliver knowledge:
• Facilitate collaboration:​​
• Secondary Activities:
• Manage quality:
• Measure usage and benefits
• Nurture KM:
• The International Knowledge Management Network (IKMN) began in 1989.

The correct answer is A-II, B - III, C - IV, D - I.

Key Points

• Stock-taking method:
• Stock-taking, also known as "inventory checking" or "wall-to-wall," is the physical verification of item quantities and conditions within an inventory or warehouse.
• The stock-taking method involves using shelf registers or special columns to keep track of inventory.
• It serves the purpose of auditing existing stock and identifying discrepancies.
• This helps in determining the quantities of items in stock, and the method is often used in retail and warehousing.
• Budgeting:
• ​Budgeting is about planning how to use your money effectively.
• It involves creating a spending plan, often called a budget, to assess whether you'll have enough funds for your needs and desires in advance.
• PPBS is an approach to budgeting that focuses on the systematic analysis of programs and projects before allocating budgets.
• ​Charging method:
• ​A charging system in a library is how books are loaned to users and returned after the due date. This is a key function of libraries.
• The charging method can be associated with systems like the Browne system, which assesses financial needs or eligibility for assistance.
• ​Method of assessment of financial needs:
• ​The process involves collecting financial data, defining life goals, assessing your current financial situation, and devising a strategy to achieve your goals based on your present circumstances and future plans.
• The method of assessment of financial needs is more closely related to the per capita method.

The correct answer is A, B, and E only.

Key Points

• Sayajirao Gaekwad III (1862-1939):
• ​ He was born in March 1862. Maharani Jamanabai, the widow of Maharaja Khanderao adopted him as the heir and successor to the throne.
• He is regarded as the Apostle of the Indian Library Movement: Maharaj Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III is considered the "Apostle of the Indian Library Movement."  He played a significant role in promoting and advancing library services and education in India.
• In 1910 William Borden was invited to Baroda by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III to organize a system of 400 public libraries. He was designated as Director of Libraries and founded the first public library system in the world.
• In 1906-1907 the Maharaja of Baroda Sayajirao Gaekwad III introduced compulsory and free primary education and In the same year, he conceived the idea of a free public library system in all villages and towns of the State of Baroda.
• The Central Library of Baroda was started at Lakshmi Vilas Palace and later shifted to a newly constructed building at Sarkawada.
• Formally the library movement in India started in the year 1910 with Baroda Library Movement.
• The Maharaja initiated the publication of Gaekwad’s Oriental Series in 1915.​
• Baroda Library Association was started in 1926. Library Associations from the Taluk level organized ‘Mitra Mandal’ (friendly groups in the libraries) in the town and village libraries and organized regular library conferences.
• The Baroda State launched the publication of a quarterly journal called Library Miscellany in English, Gujarati, and Marathi in 1912 with Shri J. S. Kodalkar as its first editor. It is the first library journal in India.
• The glorious Baroda Public Library system had diminished after the death of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad and was reinstated after the implementation of the Gujarat Public Libraries Act in 2001.

The correct answer is A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II.

Key Points

• Maitreyee:
• CMC Ltd. has developed MAITRAYEE for the CALIBNET project.
• The project of developing the library computerization package for participating libraries of CALIBNET was commissioned by NISSAT, a government agency.
• The software package has been developed using a customizable RDBMS package called INGRES.
• MAITRAYEE has six different modules (sub-systems).
• Sanjay:​
• SANJAY: an Indian library automation package based on CDS/ISIS
• It is a library automation software package.
• SANJAY has been developed in the CDS/ISIS V2.3 environment
• It is developed extensively using the Pascal interface to meet the requirements of a model library.
• It was developed by **DESIDOC.**​
• Libsys-
• The LibSys is a group of integrated multi-user library management systems that runs on various platforms such as UNIX, NOVELL LAN, WINDOWS NT, WINDOWS XP, etc.
• Libeys is designed to be compatible with various operating systems, making it versatile and adaptable.
• It is built around its indigenous bibliographic database following ANSI Z39.2 format and supports variable field lengths for different types of documents
• The development of LibSys was started with Info-Tek Consultants Pvt. Ltd., a New Delhi-based software company that engaged in providing software solutions since the year 1984.
• e-Granthalaya
• It is a Digital Platform developed by the National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.
• Version 4.0 of e Granthalaya was the first version which is a Cloud Ready Application to facilitate web-based data entry with a Centralized Database.
• e-Granthalaya Version 4.0 utilizes the Postgre SQL database system for efficient data management.
• e-Granthalaya was started as an in-house project at 'The Karnataka State Centre of NIC in 2002 for the automation of public libraries in the Karnataka state.