RRB NTPC CBT-I Official Paper (Held On: 28 Jan 2021 Shift 1) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct option is Jhumpa Lahiri.

Key Points

• The Booker Prize is also known as the Booker Prize for Fiction or The Man Booker Prize.
• In 2014 it was widened to any English-language novel but before that novels written by Commonwealth, Irish, and South African citizens were eligible to receive the prize.
• Nilanjana Sudeshna "Jhumpa" Lahiri was born on July 11, 1967.
• She is an American author known for her short stories, novels and essays in English.
• Some of her novels include "The Namesake" (2003), "The Lowland" (2013), "Whereabouts" (2021).

Additional Information

• The first booker prize was given in 1969.
• In 1970, Bernice Rubens became the first woman to win the Booker Prize, for "The Elected Member".
• Alice Munro's, "The Beggar Maid" was shortlisted in 1980 and remained the only short story collection to be shortlisted.
• Kiran Desai is an Indian author.Her novel "The Inheritance of Loss" won the 2006 Man Booker Prize.
• Arundhati Roy is an Indian author best known for her novel "The God of Small Things", which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997.
• Aravind Adiga is an Indian writer and journalist. His debut novel, "The White Tiger", won the 2008 Man Booker Prize.

The correct option is Roberto Azevedo.

Key Points

• Roberto Azevedo was born on 3 October 1957, is a Brazilian career diplomat.
• He had served as Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from 2013 until 2020.
• Since 2020, he has been Executive Vice President and Director of Corporate Affairs at PepsiCo.
• He succeeded Pascal Lamy as Director-General of the World Trade Organization in May 2013.
• On 14 May 2020, he announced that he would resign as the Director-General of the World Trade Organization on 31 August 2020.

Additional Information

• WTO (World Trade Organization) was formed on 1 January 1995.
• The WTO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Peter Sutherland
• ​He was an Irish businessman, barrister and Fine Gael, politician.
• He was the 1st Director General of WTO, serving from July 1993 to May 1995.
• He is also known as the Father of Globalization.
• Arthur Dunkel
• Arthur Dunkel (26 August 1932 – 8 June 2005) was a Swiss (Portuguese-born) administrator.
• He served as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Director-General between 1980 and 1993.
• Pascal Lamy
• Pascal Lamy is a French political consultant and businessman.
• He was the Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 1 September 2005 to 1 September 2013 for 8 years.

The correct option is NaCl.

Key Points

• The chemical name of common salt is Sodium Chloride.
• Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl).
• Salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.
• Salt can be easily obtained from seawater.
• The open ocean has about 35 g (1.2 oz) of solids per litre of seawater, a salinity of 3.5%.

Additional Information

• NaOH
• Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is also known as lye and caustic soda.
• Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid with a melting point of 318 °C.
• Some of its industrial uses are in the manufacturing of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents etc.
• KOH
• Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commonly called caustic potash.
• KOH is a prototypical strong base.
• It is a white solid that is dangerously corrosive.
• HCL
• Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is also known as muriatic acid.
• It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell.
• It is classified as a strong acid.

The correct option is Tomato.

Key Points

• Tomato was originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America.
• The tomato is the edible berry of the plant Solanum Lycopersicum, commonly known as the tomato plant.
• Tomatoes are a significant source of umami flavour.
• Tomatoes are fruits—botanically classified as berries—they are commonly used culinarily as a vegetable ingredient or side dish.
• In India, Uttarakhand is one of the main producers.

Additional Information

• Turnip
• The turnip or white turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide.
• Timpsila Turnip is also known as 'Indian Turnip'.
• Boiled turnip is 94% water, 5% carbohydrates, and 1% protein, with negligible fat.
• Radish
• ​The radish is an edible root vegetable.
• It is produced mainly by China, Japan, and South Korea.
• West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab and Assam are major radish growing states in India.
• Potato
• The potato is a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum and is a root vegetable native to the Americas.
• India ranks as the world's third largest potato producing nation.
• Uttar Pradesh produces almost 34 percent of total production in India.

The correct option is iTunes.

Key Points

• The iTunes Store is a digital media store operated by Apple Inc.
• It opened on April 28, 2003, as a result of Steve Jobs.
• Tim Cook is the CEO of Apple Inc. since 2011.
• Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
• Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015, replacing Larry Page.

Additional Information

• On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.
• YouTube
• YouTube is an American online video-sharing and social media platform.
• Its headquarter is in San Bruno, California.
• It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim.
• Blogger
• Blogger is an American online content management system.
• It was developed by Pyra Labs and its founders are Evan Williams, Meg Hourihan.
• It was acquired by Google in 2003.
• Gmail
• Gmail is a free email service provided by Google.
• It was launched by Google in 2004.

Given:

If A, B, and C are the angles of a triangle then

2∠A = 3∠B = 6∠C

Concept Used:

Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°

Calculation:

According to the question,

2∠A = 3∠B = 6∠C.

⇒ ∠A = 3∠C

⇒ ∠B = 2∠C

Now, according to the concept used,

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

⇒ 3∠C + 2∠C + ∠C = 180°

⇒ 6∠C = 180°

⇒ ∠C = 30°

∴ The value of ∠C is 30°.

Given:

3-digit numbers leave the remainder 1 when divided by 7

Concept used:

Arithmetic Progression = a_n = a + (n -1)d

Where, a_n = last term, a =  first term, n = no. of terms, and d = common difference

Calculations:

The first three-digit number divisible by 7 is 105

The last three-digit number divisible by 7 is 994

The sequence of numbers 105, 112,..., and 994 which are divisible by 7 is an Arithmetic progression with 1st term 105 and the common difference of 7

According to the question,

The n^th term of an arithmetic progression is given by

Here, a = 105, a_n = 994, d = 7

⇒ 994 = 105 + (n - 1)7

⇒ 994 - 105 = (n - 1)7

⇒ 889 = 7n - 7

⇒ 7n = 896

⇒ n = $\frac{896}{7}$ = 128

∴ 128 digits are divisible by 7 leaving the remainder 1.

Given:

Tap A filled = 6 hours

Tap B filled = 8 hours

Tap C empty = 4 hours

Concept used:

Total capacity LCM

The efficiency of the inlet tap is always positive and the efficiency of the outlet tap is always negative

Formula used:

Efficiency = $\frac{Total \ capacity}{Time}$

Calculation:

Total capacity LCM of 6, 8, 4 = 24

Efficiency of A = 24/6 = 4

Efficiency of B = 24/8 = 3

Efficiency of C = 24/4 = -6

Total efficiency of A, B, and C = 4 + 3 - 6 = 7 - 6 = 1

Total time taken by A, B, and C to fill the tank = $\frac{24}{1}$ = 24 hours  

∴ The total time taken by A, B, and C to fill the tank is 24 hours.

Given:

The greatest number is when 76, 151, and 226 are divided by it, the remainders are the same.

Concept Used:

In this type of question, the HCF of the difference of numbers is taken.

Formula Used:

If there are 3 numbers 'a', 'b', and 'c' and a > b > c, = {HCF [(a - b), (b - c)]} 

Calculation:

According to the question,

Greatest number = HCF [(226 - 151), (151 - 76)]

⇒ HCF [(75), (75)] = 75

∴ 75 will be the greatest number such that when 76, 151, and 226 are divided by it, the remainders are the same.

Given:

x2 = y + z, y2 = z + x and z2 = x + y

Calculations:

According to question, we have:

x2 = y + z

On addition of x both sides, we get:

⇒x² + x = x + y + z ------------(1)

And,

y2 = z + x

On addition of y both sides, we get:

⇒y2 + y = x + y + z -------------(2)

And, 

z2 = x + y

On addition of z both sides, we get:

⇒z2 + z = x + y + z ---------------(3)

We have to find:

 $\frac{1}{x + 1}$ + $\frac{1}{y + 1}$ + $\frac{1}{z + 1}$

On multiplying x, y and z to both the numerator and denominator of the first, the second and the third terms of the equation respectively, we get:

=  $\frac{1}{x + 1}$ × $\frac{x}{x}$+ $\frac{1}{y + 1}$ × $\frac{y}{y}$+ $\frac{1}{z + 1}$ × $\frac{z}{z}$

= $\frac{x}{x² + x}$ + $\frac{y}{y² + y}$ + $\frac{z}{z² + 1}$

Using equations (1), (2) and (3), we get:

= $\frac{x}{x + y +z}$ + $\frac{y}{x + y +z}$ + $\frac{z}{x +y+z}$

= $\frac{x+y+z}{x+y+z}$

= 1

Hence, The Required value is 1.

From the given information:

A + B means A is the husband of B

A/B means A is the sister of B 

A* B means A is the son of B

Now we consider the given options:

1) M/P*N → M is the sister of P, and P is the son of N.

Here M is the daughter of N.

2) M*N/O → M is the son of N, and N is the sister of O.

Here we can clearly see that M is the son of N so M cannot be the daughter of N.

3) M + O*N → M is the husband of O, and O is the son of N.

Here M is the son-in-law of N.

4) P*M + O/N → P is the son of M, M is the husband of O, and O is the sister of N.

Here M is the brother-in-law of N.

Hence the correct answer is option 1).

Given:

5 × 0.5 × 0.05 × 0.005 × 500

Calculations:

5 × 0.5 × 0.05 × 0.005 × 500

⇒ 2.5 × 0.05 × 0.005 × 500

⇒ 0.125 × 0.005 × 500

⇒ 0.000625 × 500 = 0.3125

∴ The value of the given equation is 0.3125.

Statements:

I. Some beds are side-tables.

II. All side-tables are lamps.

Venn diagram:

Conclusions:

1. All beds are side-tables. → Does not follow (because it is given that some beds are side-tables, not all beds.)
2. Some lamps are beds. → Follows (because all side-tables are lamps and some beds are side-tables, so some lamps are definitely beds.)
3. Some lamps are side-tables. → Follows (because all side-tables are lamps and some lamps are definitely side-tables.)
4. All side-tables are beds. → Does not follow (because only some side-tables are beds, not all side-tables.)

Hence, “Both conclusions 2 and 3 follow.”.

The correct option is Maharashtra.

Key Points

• The Aravalli Range is a mountain range in Northern-Western India.
• Its total length is about 670 km (430 mi).
• Aravalli Hills can be found in Southern Haryana, Rajasthan and some parts of Gujrat.
• The highest peak is Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu at 1,722 metres (5,650 ft).
• The Aravalli Range is arguably the oldest geological feature on Earth.

Additional Information

• The origin of Aravalli Hills is estimated of the Proterozoic era.
• The Great Himalayan Ranges are 2,400 km (1500 miles) in length. It separates Tibetan Plateau from the Indian Subcontinent.
• The highest peak in the world is Mount Everest with a height of 8,850 m.
• The Vindhya range extends up to Gujarat in the west, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in the north, and Chhattisgarh in the east.
• Narmada river travels parallel to the Vindhya ranges.

The correct option is 543.

Key Points

• Lok Sabha is also known as the House of the People.
• It's the lower house of the Parliament.
• Its term limit is 5 years.
• The maximum membership of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552.
• PM Narendra Modi is the Leader of the House and Defence Minister Rajnath Singh is the Deputy Leader of the House.

Additional Information

• The President of India, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha are the three pillars of the Indian Legislature.
• Shrim. Draupadi Murmu is the President of India.
• Om Birla is the speaker of Lok Sabha.
• Jagdeep Dhankhar is the Vice President of India & Chairman of the Rajya Sabha since 11 August 2022.

The correct option is Feline.

Key Points

• Feline or Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats.
• Wild cats occur in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas.
• The Lion, Tiger, Jaguar, Cheetah, Panther etc. are wild cats.
• These are predators by nature and can be harmful if domesticated.
• All the members of cat family are mammals.

Additional Information

• Canine
• ​Canine is also called Canid.
• Any of 36 living species of foxes, wolves, jackals, and other members of the dog family.
• The dog was the first species to be domesticated, by hunter-gatherers.
• Bovine
• ​Bovines is a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates.
• It includes cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes.
• The largest extant bovine is the gaur.
• Caprine
• The subfamily Caprinae, is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids.
• A member of this subfamily is called a Caprine, or, more informally, a goat-antelope.
• Within this tribe, a prominent clade includes sheep and goats.

The correct option is Bering Strait.

Key Points

• The Bering Strait is located between the Pacific and Arctic oceans.
• It separates the Russia from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
• The Strait is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer in the service of the Russian Empire.
• It is believed that it was a land bridge Asia to North America known as Beringia.
• The Bering Strait is about 82 kilometers (51 mi) wide.
• Its deepest point is 90 m (300 ft).

Additional Information

• Palk Strait
• ​The Palk Strait lies between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Jaffna District of Sri Lanka.
• It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with Palk Bay in the southwest.
• It is 40 to 85 miles (64 to 137 km) wide and 85 miles long.
• The strait is named after Robert Palk.
• Strait of Magellan
• The Strait of Magellan separates South America and Tierra del Fuego.
• It is a natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
• It was discovered by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1520.
• Strait of Dover
• ​ Dover Strait marks the boundary between the English Channel and the North Sea.
• It separates The Great Britain from Continental Europe.
• The shortest distance across the strait is approximately 20 miles (32 kilometers).

Given:

The simple interest on a certain sum for 3 years at 8% per annum

The simple interest on the same sum for 2 years at 9% per annum.

The difference between both schemes = Rs. 96

Concept used:

Simple interest = $\frac{(P × R × T)}{100}$

Calculations:

According to the question,

[$\frac{(P × 8 × 3)}{100}$] - [$\frac{(P × 9 × 2)}{100}$] = 96

⇒ $\frac{ [P(24 - 18)]}{100}$ = 96

⇒ 6P = 9600

⇒ P = $\frac{9600}{6}$ = Rs. 1600

∴ The sum is Rs. 1600.

The correct option is UNCED.

Key Points

• The full form of UNCED is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
• It is also known as the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference or the Earth Summit.
• This was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992.
• The main issue addressed in this summit was Climate change.
• The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:
• Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
• Agenda 21
• Forest Principles

Additional Information

• UNICEF
• It ​is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.
• Its full form is United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
• It was founded on 11 December 1946. Its headquater is New York, USA.
• UNCTAD
• ​Its full form is United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
• It was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to promote the interests of developing states in world trade.
• Its headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland.
• UNESCO
• ​Its full form is United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
• Its United Nations' aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
• Its headquarter is in Paris, France.

Given:

A tree broke at a height of 8 m from its foot  

The broken upper part touches the ground at a point of 6 m from its foot.

Concept used:

Pythagorean Theorem:

(Hypotenuse)²  =  (Perpendicular)² + (Base)²  

Calculations:

Here, H = Broken upper part

⇒ P = height at which tree broke

⇒ B = point at which broken part touches the ground 

The length of the upper broken part,

H² = (8)² + (6)² 

⇒ H2 = 64 + 36

⇒ H = $\sqrt{100}$ = 10 m

According to the question,

Total height of tree = 8 + 10 = 18 m

∴ The height of the tree is 18 m.

Given:

 $\frac{3\sqrt5 - 5}{3\sqrt5 + 5}$ = a + b $\sqrt5$

Concept used:

(1) Factorisation: Multiplication of conjugate pair of the denominator to both numerator and denominator of an irrational term.

(2) If a + b√c = 2 + 3√c

Then, a = 2 and b = 3 and this method is called comparison method.

Calculations:

According to question, we have:

 $\frac{3\sqrt5 - 5}{3\sqrt5 + 5}$ 

On Factorisation, we get:

=  $\frac{3\sqrt5 - 5}{3\sqrt5 + 5}$ × $\frac{3\sqrt{5}-5}{3\sqrt{5}-5}$

=  $\frac{(3\sqrt5 - 5)²}{(3\sqrt{5})² - 5²}$

= $\frac{(3√5)² + 5² - 2×(3√5)×5}{45 - 25}$

= $\frac{70 - 30\sqrt{5}}{20}$

= $\frac{7}{2}$ - $\frac{3\sqrt{5}}{2}$ 

=  a + b$\sqrt{5}$  (given)

By comparing we get,

So, b = - $\frac{3}{2}$

Hence, The Required value of b is $\frac{-3}{2}$ .

The pattern followed in the given series is:

The difference between the terms is multiple of 3.

Hence the correct answer is option 1)

The correct answer is Harish Salve.

Key Points

• Harish Salve  fought the case of Kulbhushan Jadhav at the International Court of Justice.
• Kulbhushan Sudhir Jadhav is an Indian national. It is alleged by the Pakistani government that he was arrested in the Pakistani province of Balochistan on charges of terrorism and spying for India's intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing.
• Harish Salve is an Indian senior advocate who practices at the Supreme Court of India. He served as the Solicitor General of India.

Additional Information

• The International Court of Justice, sometimes known as the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
• It settles disputes between states in accordance with international law and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues.

Given:

Total distance = 360 km

Total time taken = 4 hrs

Formula used:

Distance = Speed × Time

Calculation:

According to the question,

Time taken if he travels only by air = 4 - 2 = 2 hrs

Speed of man if he travels by air = $\frac{360}{2}$ = 180 km/hr

He saved $\frac{4}{5}$th of time taken by train = 2 hrs

Time taken by train = 2 × $(\frac{5}{4}) = \frac{5}{2}\ hrs$

Time taken by air = 4 - $(\frac{5}{2}) = \frac{3}{2}\ hrs$

Distance covered by air  

⇒ 180 × $(\frac{3}{2})$

⇒ 90 × 3 = 270 km

∴ The distance he traveled by air is 270 km.

The correct answer is South America.

Key Points

• Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago at South America’s southernmost tip, shared by Chile and Argentina.
• It’s known for its dramatic landscape of snowy mountains, glaciers, tundra and wind-sculpted trees.

Additional Information

• Its main island, Isla Grande, is home to the Argentine resort town of Ushuaia.
• Tierra del Fuego is divided between Chile and Argentina, with the latter controlling the eastern half of the main island and the former the western half plus the islands south of Beagle Channel and the southernmost islands.
• The southernmost extent of the archipelago is just north of latitude 56 degrees.

Given question:

Should private schools be banned in India?

According to given information,

Arguments:

1. Yes, they are the reason for commercialisation of education.

⇒It is a valid argument because it shows a fact and can be seen in today's society that because of private schools, education is commercialised.

2. No, because the rich people cannot send their child to government schools.

⇒It is a baseless argument because there is no reason why rich people can't send their child to government schools.

Hence, Only argument 1 is strong.

The correct answer is Delhi.

Key Points

• The National Capital Territory of Delhi has a legislative assembly and council of ministers.
• At present, it consists of 70 members, directly elected from 70 constituencies.
• Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India.
• Delhi elects 7 members and they are directly elected by the state electorates of Delhi. Members are elected for a term of five years.
• The number of seats, allocated to the state/union territory is determined by the population of the state/union territory.

Additional Information 

• ​Union Territories without legislature
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Chandigarh
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli
• Daman and Diu
• Lakshadweep
• Ladakh
• Union Territories with the legislature:
• National Capital Territory of Delhi
• Puducherry
• Jammu and Kashmir

The pattern followed here is:

The number written in the coded words is the sum of the positional values of the letters in the word.

In EDUCATION → 92 .​​

Sum of all positional values = 5 + 4 + 21 + 3 + 1 + 20 + 9 +15 + 14 = 92

Similarly,

In KNOWLEDGE → ​?

Sum of all positional values = 11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96

Hence, Option 4) is the correct answer.

Correct answer is Jet Airways.

Key Points

• Jet Airways stop operations in April 2019.
• The company has declared plan to proceed operations in early 2022.
• On the 29th anniversary of its authorizing on 5 May 2022, it performed a test flight, which is a step in obtaining an Air Operators Permit (AOP).
• Jet Airways is be one of most important Indian airlines established on 1st April 1992.

Additional Information

• ​ Air Sahara was established in 1991 and made its inaugural flights in late 1993.
• The airline was established as a private company by Rahul Bhatia of InterGlobe Enterprises and Rakesh Gangwal in 2006.
• Kingfisher Airlines was started in 2003 and closed operations when its license was cancelled on 20 October 2012.

The correct answer Anil Prakash Joshi.

Key Points

• Dr Anil Prakash Joshi is an environmentalist, green activist, and the founder of Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organization, a Dehradun-based voluntary organization
• His work majorly includes developing sustainable technologies that are ecology-inclusive economies for ecosystem development.

Additional Information

• Aruna Roy is an Indian social activist, professor, union organiser and former civil servant. She is the president of the National Federation of Indian Women and founder of the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti SangathanKisan
• "Anna" Hazare is an Indian social activist who led movements to promote rural development, increase government transparency, and investigate and punish corruption in public life.
• Medha Patkar née Khanolkar is an Indian social activist and former Politician working on various crucial political and economic issues raised by tribals, dalits, farmers, labourers and women facing injustice in India.

The logic followed here is:

Only 729 is a perfect cube among all of the options.

⇒ 743 = (743)^1/3 = 9.057

⇒ 716 = (716)1/3 = 8.946

⇒ 729 = (729)1/3 = 9

⇒ 741 = (741)1/3 = 9.049

Hence, option 3) is different from the rest.

Given:

Length = 18 m 72 cm = 1872 cm

Width = 13 m 20 cm = 1320 cm

Concept used:

Area of rectangle = l × b

Area of square = a²

Calculations:

The edge of the square tile must be the common divisor of the dimensions of the courtyard.

The maximum edge of square tile = HCF of 1872 and 1320 = 24 cm

According to the question,

The required number of tiles = Area of courtyard/ Area of square tile

⇒ $\frac{(1872 × 1320)}{(24)^2}$

⇒ $\frac{(2471040)}{576}$ = 4290

∴ The least number of tiles required to cover the courtyard is 4290.

Given:

The six-digit number 87937A is divisible by 6

Where A is the least natural number.

Concept used:

Hit and trial method

Calculations:

According to the question,

Keeping the values of options, and applying divisibility rule of 6. we get

⇒ 879378 / 6 = remainder 0

⇒ 879374 / 6 = remainder 2

⇒ 879376 / 6 = remainder 4

⇒ 879372 / 6 = remainder 0

Between 8 and 2, the least natural number is 2

∴ The value of A is 2.

The correct answer is Belgaum

Key Points

• In 1924, Mahatma Gandhi presided over the Belgaum session of the Indian National Congress.
• The Belgaum session was the only Congress session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Gandhiji became the president of the Indian National Congress in 1924 and showed great respect to the land by touching its soil immediately after landing there.

Additional Information

• In Surat Session (1907), The Radicals or Extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Tilak as a presidential candidate, and the Moderates supported Rash Behari Ghosh to be the President.
• But Lala Lajpat Rai stepped down and Rash Behari Ghosh became the President.
• In 1939, this Session of Congress was held at Tripuri which is a small town situated in the state of Madhya Pradesh. This session is famous as in this Pattabhi Sitaramayya was standing against Subhas Chandra Bose. Pattabhi Sitaramayya was the closest candidate appointed by Mahatma Gandhi on his behalf.
• In 1920, the Nagpur session of Congress adopted a resolution for the Non-Cooperation Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

The pattern followed here is:

On continuing the same pattern, we get,

Hence, ‘TUV’ is the correct answer.

Given:

M1 = 425, D1 = 30

M2 = 375, D2 =?

Concept used:

M1 D1  = M2 D2 

As the provisions are the same

Calculations:

According to the question,

425 × 30 = 375 × D2 

⇒ 12750 = 375 × D2 

⇒ D₂ = $\frac{12750}{375}$ = 34 days

∴ The provisions last for 34 days.

The correct answer is Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.

Key Points

• The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf is a centrist political party in Pakistan.
• It was founded in 1996 by the Pakistani cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan.
• Imran Khan is a Pakistani politician and the former Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• Before joining politics, Khan was a cricket player. He was the captain of the Pakistan national cricket team which won the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

Additional Information

• The All-India Muslim League was a political party established in 1906 in British India. The party arose out of the need for the political representation of Muslims in British India, especially in the event of the Indian National Congress-sponsored massive Hindu opposition to the 1905 partition of Bengal
• The Sind United Party was a political party in Sind, British India. The party was founded in June 1936, the same year that the Sind province had been created. The party was modelled on the Punjab Unionist Party.
• The Pakistan People's Party is a centre-left, social-democratic political party in Pakistan. It is currently the third largest party in the National Assembly.

Given:

Currency, Economy, Rupee

Venn diagram to establish the relationship between Currency, Economy, and Rupee is:

As Currency is a part of an economy, so currency will come inside the economy.

Rupee is a type of currency, So it'll come inside the currency.

Hence, option 2) is the correct answer.

Given:

The smallest number when diminished by 3 is divisible by 21, 24, 30 and 45

Calculations:

LCM of (21, 24, 30, 45) = 2520

According to the question,

2520 is completely divisible by 21, 24, 30 and 45.

2523 is the smallest number which when diminished by 3 is divisible by 21, 24, 30 and 45

∴ The smallest number is 2523.

The correct answer is Buddhism.

Key Points

• Buddhism is one of the world's largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India.
• Buddhists believe that human life is one of suffering and that meditation, spiritual and physical labour and good behaviour are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.
• The biggest fundamental difference between Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism is the worship of gods and goddesses.
• Mahayana workshops the bodhisattvas, while Hinayana Buddhists think that Buddha was the human instead of God because Hinayana thinks that Buddha was simply a man who found a way to Nirvana.

Additional Information

• Jainism is one of the world's oldest religions, originating in India at least 2,500 years ago. The spiritual goal of Jainism is to become liberated from the endless cycle of rebirth and to achieve an all-knowing state called moksha
• Sikhism is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, around the end of the 15th century CE. Sikhism advocates equality, social justice, service to humanity, and tolerance for other religions.
• Hinduism is variously defined as an Indian religion, a set of religious beliefs or practices, a religious tradition, a way of life, or dharma—a religious and universal order by which followers abide

The correct answer is Palash

Key Points

• Butea monosperma is the botanical name of Palash.
• It is a species of Butea native to tropical and sub-tropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, ranging across Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and western Indonesia.

Additional Information

• Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina that belongs to Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree, pippala tree, peepul tree, peepal tree, pipal tree, or ashvattha tree
• Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, It is typically grown in tropical and semi-tropical.
• lbizia lebbeck is a species of Albizia, which is a botanical name of Shirish.

Given:

Length of train = 300 m

Time = 5 s

Concept used:

Speed = Distance / Time

Calculations:

Considering the train as stationary and pole mobile

According to the question,

Speed = $\frac{300}{5}$ = 60 m/s

Now converting m/s to km/h = $\frac{ (60 × 18)}{5 }=\frac{ 1080}{5}$ = 216 km/h

∴ The speed of the train is 216 km/h.

The correct answer is Sir John Simon.

Key Points

• John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War.
• The Indian Statutory Commission, commonly referred to as the Simon Commission after its chairman Sir John Allsebrook Simon, was sent to India in 1928.
• The British government constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.
• The commission was made to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

Additional Information

• Albert Victor Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough was a British Labour and Co-operative politician. He was three times First Lord of the Admiralty, including during the Second World War, and then Minister of Defence under Clement Attlee.
• Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence, PC was a British Labour politician who, among other things, campaigned for women's suffrage from 1945 to 1947 he was Secretary of State for India and Burma and was involved in the negotiations that led to India's independence in 1947. Prime Minister Clement Attlee, however, made all the government's major decisions regarding India
• Sir Richard Stafford Cripps was a British Labour Party politician, barrister, and diplomat. A wealthy lawyer by background, he first entered Parliament at a by-election in 1931.

Given: 

Two cars are running towards the foot of the tower at a distance of 120 m from each other

Angles of depression α and β such that α > β  

tan α = $\sqrt{3}$ and tan β  = $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$

Concept used:

tanθ = $\frac{Perpendicular}{Base} =\frac{ P}{B}$

Calculation:

According to the question,

In Triangle CBD,

tanα = $\frac{CB}{DB} = \frac{h}{x}$

⇒ $\sqrt{3} =\frac{ h}{x}$

⇒ $x = \frac{h}{\sqrt{3}}$

Again in Triangle ABC,

tanβ = $\frac{CB}{AB }= \frac{h}{(120 \ +\ x)}$

⇒ 1/√3 = h/[120 + (h/√3)]

⇒ 1/√3 = h√3/[120√3 + h]

⇒ 120√3 + h = (√3)(√3)h

⇒ 120√3 + h = 3h

⇒ 120√3 = 2h

⇒ h = (120√3)/2 = 60√3 m

∴ The height of the tower is 60√3 m.

Given:

80, 90, 40, 30, 20, 10, 70, 60, 50

30 is replaced by 100

Concept used:

Median for odd no. of values = $\frac{(n +1)}{2}$^th term

Calculations:

On Writing in ascending order to the given number, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90

Where, n = 9

Median = $\frac{(9 + 1)}{2} =\frac{ 10}{2}$ = 5^th term

Median = 50

Now replacing 30 by 100

On Writing in ascending order to the given number, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100

Where, n = 9

Median = $\frac{(9 + 1)}{2 }= \frac{10}{2}$ = 5th term

Median = 60

According to the question,

The difference in Median of both observations = 60 - 50 = 10

∴ The difference between the two medians is 10.

Given:

 

Concept used:

Mean = $\frac{Sum\ of \ observation}{Number\ of\ observation}$

Mean = $\frac{(∑ fixi)}{(∑ fi) }$

Calculation:

According to the question,

Mean = $\frac{2800}{20}$ = 140 cm

∴ The mean height is 140 cm.

Given:

SP of 12 cakes =  ₹84

Profit % = 12%

Concept used:

SP = CP(1 + P%)

Calculations:

According to the question,

SP of 12 cake = ₹84

⇒ 84 = CP(1 + 12%)

⇒ 84 = CP(1 + 0.12)

⇒ 84 = CP × 1.12

⇒ CP = $\frac{84}{1.12}$ = ₹75

⇒ CP of 12 cakes = ₹75

⇒ CP of 1 cake = $\frac{75}{12}$ = ₹6.25

Profit on 1 cake is 20%

SP of 1 cake = 6.25(1 + 20%) 

⇒ SP = 6.25(1 + 0.20)

⇒ SP = 6.25 × 1.20 = ₹7.5

∴ He sells each cake for ₹7.5.

The correct answer is Morarji Desai.

Key Points

• Morarji Ranchhodji Desai was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as the 4th Prime Minister of India between 1977 to 1979 leading the government formed by the Janata Party.
• He is the oldest person to hold the office of prime minister, at the age of 81, in the history of Indian politics.

Additional Information

• Chaudhary Charan Singh served as the 5th Prime Minister of India. Historians and people alike frequently refer to him as the 'champion of India's peasants.
• V. P. Singh, was an Indian politician who was the 7th Prime Minister of India from 1989 to 1990 and the 41st Raja Bahadur of Manda. He is India's only prime minister to have been former royalty. He brought, Land Holding Act 1960 which was aimed at lowering the ceiling on land holdings to make it uniform throughout the State.
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee was an Indian politician and diplomat who served three terms as the 10th prime minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004.

The correct answer is Dalal Street

Key Points

• BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay Stock Exchange, Established in 1875 by cotton merchant Premchand Roychand.
• It is the oldest stock exchange in Asia, and also the tenth oldest in the world.

Additional Information

• BSE is Asia's first and the Fastest Stock Exchange in world with the speed of 6 micro seconds and is one of India's leading exchange groups.
• In 2013, BSE upgraded its technology platform to Bolt Plus, which is based on the business architecture of global giant.
• The BSE is the 8th largest stock exchange with an overall market capitalisation.
• The Indian stock exchange BSE and NSE have been engulfed in a series of corruption scandals such as the 1992 Indian stock market scam and others

Given:

Increase in Price of petrol = 20%

Calculation:

Let the price of petrol be Rs.100.

After increasing,

Price of petrol = 100(1 + 20%)  = Rs.120

Now, to keep same expenditure, the consumption should be reduced by x% (say).

x = $[\frac{(120 - 100)}{120}]$ × 100 

⇒ x = [$\frac{20}{120}$] × 100

⇒ x = $\frac{1}{6}$ × 100

⇒ x = $\frac{50}{3}$ = 16$\frac{2}{3}$%

∴ To keep same expenditure, the consumption should be reduced by 16$\frac{2}{3}$%.

The pattern followed here is:

On continuing the same pattern, we get,

Hence, ‘20U22’ is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

(First number in square box)^1/2 = (Second number in square box) 

(Second number in square box) × (Second number in square box + 2) = Number in circle 

⇒ 

 → 3 × (3 + 2) = 3 × 5 = 15

⇒ 

 → 4 × (4 + 2) = 4 × 6 = 24

⇒ 

 → 5 × (5 + 2) = 5 × 7 = 35

Hence, option 4) is the correct answer.

Given:

Perimeter of the rhombus = 164 cm

Length of one diagonal = 80 cm

Formula used:

Perimeter of Rhombus = 4 × Side

Side = $\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{(d_1^2 + d_2^2)}$

Area of rhombus = $\frac{1}{2}$(d1 × d2)

Calculation:

According to the question,

Perimeter of the rhombus = 164 cm

4 × Side = 164

⇒ Side = $\frac{164}{4}$ = 41 cm

Also, d₁ = 80 cm (given)

Side = $\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{(d_1^2 + d_2^2)}$

⇒ 41 × 2 = $\sqrt{(80^2 + d_2^2)}$

⇒ d22 = 82² - 80²

⇒ d22 = 6724 - 6400

⇒ d22 = 324

⇒ d2 = 18 cm

Now Area of the rhombus,

Area of rhombus = $\frac{1}{2}$(d1 × d2)

⇒ A = $\frac{1}{2}$ (80 × 18)

⇒ A = $\frac{1440}{2}$ = 720 cm² 

∴ The area of the rhombus is 720 cm2 .

The correct answer is Ganges-Brahmputra.

Key Points

• Ganges delta, or Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, Region in West Bengal state, India, and Bangladesh.
• It is covered by the network of streams forming the mouths of the Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers.
• The Ganges Delta is a river delta in the Bengal region of South Asia, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Benga
• It is the world's largest river delta and it empties into the Bay of Bengal with the combined waters of several river systems, mainly those of the Brahmaputra river and the Ganges river

Additional Information

• The Amazon River in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river in the world in comparison to the Nile
• The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest river in the world.
• The Congo River, formerly also known as the Zaire River, is the second longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume, following only the Amazon

The correct answer is Sriperumbudur

Key Points

• Sriperumbudur is a town panchayat in the Kanchipuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
• It is located 40 kilometres southwest of the capital city of Chennai on National Highway 4 and is just outside the Chennai Metropolitan Area and part of the Chennai suburban area.

Additional Information

• Satish Dhawan Space Centre - SDSC (formerly Sriharikota Range - SHAR) is a rocket launch centre (spaceport) operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. Sriharikota Range was renamed in 2002 after ISRO's former chairman Satish Dhawan.
• Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station is an Indian spaceport established on 21 November 1963. Operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation, it is located in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, which is near the southern tip of mainland India, very close to the earth's magnetic equator.
• Dr Abdul Kalam Island, formerly known as Wheeler Island, is an island off the coast of Odisha, India, approximately 150 kilometres east of the state capital Bhubaneswar.

Given:

3$\frac{2}{3}$ + 6$\frac{7}{12}$ + 4$\frac{9}{36}$ + 5 + 7$\frac{1}{12}$ + ? = whole number

Calculation:

According to the question,

3$\frac{2}{3}$ + 6$\frac{7}{12}$ + 4$\frac{9}{36}$ + 5 + 7$\frac{1}{12}$ 

⇒ $\frac{11}{3}\ +\ \frac{ 79}{12}\ +\ \frac{ 153}{36}\ +\ { 5}\ +\ \frac{ 85}{12}$

⇒ $\frac{11}{3}\ +\ \frac{ 79}{12}\ +\ \frac{ 85}{12}\ +\ \frac{ 153}{36}\ +\ 5$

⇒ $\frac{11}{3}\ +\ \frac{ 41}{3}\ +\ \frac{ 153}{36}\ +\ 5$

⇒ $\frac{52}{3}\ +\ \frac {153}{36}\ +\ 5$

⇒ $\frac{(624 + 153 + 180)}{36}$

⇒ $\frac{957}{36} = \frac{319}{12}$ or 26$\frac{7}{12}$

Now to make it a whole no. the next whole no. is 27 then

⇒ 26$\frac{7}{12}$ + x = 27

⇒ x = 27 - 26$\frac{7}{12}$ = $\frac{5}{12}$

∴ To make the sum a whole number we have to add $\frac{5}{12}$.

The logic followed here is:

On continuing the same logic, we get,

Hence, ‘MNOPQ’ is the correct answer.

Given: 

Symbols used in a hexadecimal number system 

Solution:

The hexadecimal number system is a type of number system, that has a base value equal to 16. It is also pronounced sometimes as ‘hex’.

Hexadecimal numbers are represented by only 16 symbols.

These symbols or values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Each digit represents a decimal value.

For example, D is equal to base-10 13.

Hexadecimal number systems can be converted to other number systems such as binary numbers (base-2), octal numbers (base-8), and decimal number systems (base-10).

 

∴ 16 distinct symbols are used in the hexadecimal number system.

The correct answer is Humayun: Mughal.

Key Points

• Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad, better known by his regnal name, Humayun, was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India, and Bangladesh from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556.
• Humayun's most noted achievement was in the sphere of painting.
• His devotion to the early Safavid School, developed during his stay in Iran, led him to recruit Persian painters of merit to accompany him back to India

Additional Information

• Gurū Nānak, also referred to as Bābā Nānak, was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His birth is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on Katak Pooranmashi, i.e. October–November
• Mahavira also known as Vardhamana, was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha. Mahavira was born in the early part of the 6th century BCE into a royal Kshatriya Jain family in ancient India
• Gautama Buddha was an ascetic and spiritual teacher of ancient India who lived during the 6th or 5th century BCE. He was the founder of Buddhism and is revered by Buddhists as a fully enlightened being who taught a path to Nirvana, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth and suffering.

Given:

$4\frac{1}{10} - [2\frac{1}{2} - {\frac{5}{6} - (\frac{2}{5} + \frac{3}{10})}]$

Concept used:

BODMAS:

Calculations:

$\frac{41}{10}$ - $[\frac{5}{2} - {\frac{5}{6} - (\frac{2}{5} + \frac{3}{10})}]$

⇒ $\frac{41}{10}$ - $[\frac{5}{2} - {\frac{5}{6} - (\frac{4\ +\ 3}{10})}]$

⇒ $\frac{41}{10}$ - $[\frac{5}{2} - (\frac{5}{6} - \frac{7}{10})]$

⇒ $\frac{41}{10}$ - $[\frac{5}{2} - {\frac{25 - 21}{30}}]$

⇒ $\frac{41}{10}$ - $[\frac{5}{2} - \frac{4}{30}]$

⇒ $\frac{41}{10}$ - $\frac{[75 - 4]}{30}$

⇒ $\frac{41}{10}$ - $\frac{71}{30}$

⇒ $\frac{(123\ - \ 71)}{30} = \frac{52}{30}$ = $\frac{26}{15}$

∴ The value of given equation is $\frac{26}{15}$.

The correct answer is Interpreter

Key Points

The question describes a system program that:

1. Translates an instruction (converts high-level code to machine code).
2. Executes it immediately (line by line).

This matches the definition of an Interpreter:

• Interpreters translate and execute code one instruction at a time.
• Examples: Python, JavaScript, and BASIC use interpreters.

Why Not Other Options?

• Assembler (Option 2):
• Converts assembly language to machine code (does not execute it).
• Works on whole programs, not line by line.
• Compiler (Option 3):
• Translates the entire program at once (does not execute immediately).
• Produces an executable file (e.g., C, C++).
• Operating System (Option 4):
• Manages hardware and software resources but does not translate or execute programs directly

Additional Information 

• An operating system (OS) is a program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs in a computer.
• The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface.
• A compiler translates the entire source code in a single run. An interpreter translates the entire source code line by line. It consumes less time i.e., it is faster than an interpreter.
• It consumes much more time than the compiler i.e., it is slower than the compiler. It is more efficient.

Given:

The numbers 23, 40, 57 and 108

Calculations:

Let the no. to be subtracted be x. Then,

According to the question,

(23 - x) : (40 - x) :: (57 - x) : (108 - x)

⇒ (23 - x)/(40 - x) = (57 - x)/(108 - x)

⇒ (23 - x)(108 - x)=(40 - x)(57 - x)

⇒ 2484 - 131x + 2x = 2280 - 97 + 2x

⇒ 34x = 204 

⇒ x = 204/34 = 6

∴ 6 must be subtracted from each of the numbers 23, 40, 57, and 108 so that the remainders are in proportion.

Shortcut Trick

Area covered in 1 revolution = Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2πrh

Total Area = 96.8 m² = 968,000 cm² (since 1 m² = 10,000 cm²)

Number of revolutions = Total Area ÷ (2 × 22/7 × r × h)

n = 968,000 ÷ (2 × 22/7 × 77 × 80) = 968,000 ÷ 38,720 = 25

∴ The correct answer is 25.

Alternate Method

Given:

Radius (r) of the road roller = 77 cm

Width (h) of the road roller = 80 cm

Total Area to be covered = 96.8 m²

Formula Used:

Area covered in one revolution = Curved Surface Area of the cylinder = 2πrh

Total Area = Number of revolutions (n) × CSA

Calculations:

⇒ Convert units: Total Area = 96.8 × 10,000 = 968,000 cm²

⇒ CSA = 2 × (22/7) × 77 × 80

⇒ CSA = 2 × 22 × 11 × 80

⇒ CSA = 44 × 880 = 38,720 cm²

⇒ Number of revolutions (n) = Total Area ÷ CSA

⇒ n = 968,000 ÷ 38,720

⇒ n = 25

∴ The correct answer is 25.

Additional Information

Curved Surface Area of Cylinder

The area of the side surface of a cylinder is given by 2πrh, where r is the radius and h is the height/width.

Total Surface Area of Cylinder

The sum of the CSA and the areas of the two circular bases: TSA = 2πr(r + h).

Volume of a Cylinder

The space occupied by the cylinder is calculated as V = πr²h.

Distance/Area in Revolutions

For a rolling cylinder, Area covered = n × (2πrh) and Linear distance covered = n × (2πr).

The correct answer is Act of 1935.

Key Points

• The 1935 Government of India Act was a piece of legislation modified by the British Parliament.
• It called for the creation of all-Indian federations with units made up of provinces and princely states.
• The Reserve Bank of India was to be established under the act. ​

Additional Information

• The 1919 Government of India Act includes a provision for the handover of power to the Indians.
• The Morley-Minto Reform is also known as the Indian Council Act of 1909.
• The British Parliament passed the Indian Councils Act 1892, which expanded the size of India's legislative councils.

The correct answer is Panama Canal.

Key Points

• The 82 km long Panama Canal, a man-made waterway, separates North and South America by joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
• Among the biggest and most challenging engineering undertakings ever.
• Of the five oceanic regions of the planet, the Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest.
• Of the five oceans in the world, the Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest. ​

Additional Information

• Egypt's Suez Canal is a man-made waterway that runs along sea level.
• A 98-kilometre-long freshwater canal in Germany is called the Kiel Canal.
• Greece has a man-made canal called the Corinth Canal.

The correct answer is Nambi Narayanan.

Key Points

• ​S. Nambi Narayanan is an Indian aerospace engineer, who worked for the Indian Space Research Organisation.
• In 2019, the Government of India bestowed upon him the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award.
• The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honours of India announced annually on the eve of Republic Day.​

Additional Information

• ​​UR Rao was an Indian space scientist and former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation.
• K Kasturirangan is an Indian space scientist who headed the Indian Space Research Organisation from 2004 to 2003.
• Madhavan Nair is an Indian space scientist and a former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation.