CTET Paper 2 Social Science 24th Dec 2021 (English-Hindi-Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects associated with development.

The life span perspective argues that significant modifications take place throughout development. It consists of the development of humans in multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual factors. The development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation.

Key Points Characteristics of life span development:

• Development is Lifelong: The potential for development extends across the entire life span: there is no assumption that the life course must reach a plateau or decline during adulthood and old age.
• Development is Multidimensional: Multidimensionality refers to the fact that development cannot be described by a single criterion such as increases or decreases in a behavior. It occurs in the biological, cognitive, and social-emotional domains.
• Development is Multidirectional: Development is often comprised of multiple abilities which take different directions, showing different types of change or constancy. Some dimensions or aspects of development may be increasing while others are declining or not changing.
• The development follows a definite and predictable pattern: It follows a definite and predictable pattern. There are orderly patterns of physical, motor, intellectual and speech development. Development is governed by certain laws: (i) Cephalocaudal Law- and Proximodistal Law.
• Development is affected by cultural changes: An individual’s development is molded to conform to cultural standards and norms, while changes in these standards affect the developmental pattern.
• So Option (2) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Human development periods span the lifetime from conception to the end of life. These periods are as follows, prenatal, early, middle and late childhood, puberty, adolescence, young adulthood, early, middle, and later adulthood old age.
• Cephalocaudal Law- It means that development spreads over the body from head to foot.
• Proximodistal Law- It means that development spreads outward from the central axis of the body to the extremities.

Cognitive development involves areas such as problem-solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development, and self-concept and identity formation. The risk factors and interventions influencing cognitive development in children can be divided into three domains: nutrition, environment, and maternal-child interactions.

There are many theories on cognitive development are given such as:

• Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory
• Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Perspective on Learning and Cognitive Development.​

Key PointsAccording to Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective on learning and cognitive development:

• Children continuously learn in their everyday engagements with peers and adults. And thinking and knowledge developed in this process of learning.
• Children’s sociocultural milieu (environment) guides their development towards adult-like thinking.
• Cognitive abilities are substantially influenced by genes, with approximately half of the variance in general cognition attributed to genetic factors.
• So by all these, we can say that Cognitive development is the result of both heredity and environment.
• Hence option (3) is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Piaget ignores heredity and environment in the cognitive development of the child, according to him, the child learns by his perceptions and his thought processes.
• Piaget's theory of cognitive development is divided into four stages, sensory-motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
• Vygotsky's theory also considers the three basic needs for the development of the students as-  social interaction, culture, and language.

Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects associated with development.

Basically, the development of a child is considered in five stages-

• Pre-natal period (conception period)
• Infancy period (0 to 2 years)
• Early childhood period (2 to 6 years)
• Later childhood (7 to 11 years)
• Adolescence ( 12 to 19 years)

​ 

Key Points​

The sensitive period the period when a child is particularly sensitive to the conditions in his environment is referred to as critical periods or sensitive periods.

• The sensitive period is from birth to 5 years which covers the Infancy stage, and early childhood period.

 Characteristics of a sensitive period of development is the period in which:

• The child is crucial for development and learning, they can acquire skills rapidly.
• During these periods if the child has favourable experiences, his development will be fostered.
• If in these periods experiences are unfavourable, development suffers. At times, the damage done because of unfavourable experiences may be irreversible.
• So option (1) is the correct answer.​

Important Points

• Zone of proximal development (ZPD): ZPD is the difference between the present level of development attained without anyone’s assistance and the potential level of development that can be attained under the guidance of MKO (more knowledgeable others).
• Developmental delay: The condition of a child being less developed mentally or physically than is normal for its age.

The process of learning to internalize the values and norms into itself or the mode of learning to live in society is called the process of socialization. It may be defined more comprehensively as a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values, and symbols of the social system in which he participates and the expression of those values and norms in the roles he enacts.

 Some important characteristics of socialization:

• It is a lifelong process.
• The roles a person enacts are the expressions of his social nature.
• The nature of what one communicates in society is determined by the influence of one's interaction with society.

Key Points There are many sources of socialization such as School, College, Friends, Society, Neighbourhood, Religion, Caste, Media, newspapers, Meetings, Events, etc.

• Media: Media is the source in which observational skills are considered, media such as Television, magazines, Mobile phone, reality shows, newspapers, etc.
• In the question, Jafar observes a dance reality shows and then clapped for them. This shows the act is a part of media socialization.

So, Option (1) is the correct answer. ​

Additional Information 

• Educational institutions: In educational institutions students socialized by learning various subjects,  interacting in different activities, Peer groups, teachers, textbooks, TLMs, etc.
• Neighbourhood: Children learn many skills by interacting with their neighbourhood, Neighbours play an important role in the socialization of the child.
• Religion: Religion makes child socially active, it gives them knowledge about religions, and Gods, and make them familiar with them.

Jean Piaget made a systematic study of cognitive development among children of different age groups and he categorized it into different developmental stages. These stages are-

• Sensory-motor stage (0 to 2 years)
• pre-operational stage (2 to 6 years)
• Concrete operational stage (6 to 11 years)
• Formal Operational stage (11+ years to adolescence).​

Key Points

• Hypothetical deductive reasoning:  Hypothetical deductive reasoning is the ability to think scientifically through generating predictions, or hypotheses, about the world to answer questions.
• Piaget stated that “hypothetical-deductive reasoning” becomes important during the formal operational stage. This type of thinking involves hypothetical “what-if” situations that are not always rooted in reality, i.e. counterfactual thinking.
• It is often required in science and mathematics.​
• ​So option (4) is the correct answer.

Important Points

Additional Information 

• According to Jean Piaget, Development in a child is only based on two factors, which are-
• ​Physical Environment.
• Biological abilities.​
• But in reference to Language development, he only recognizes cognition, According to him language is developed in a child only by his cognition, there is no interference from the environmental factor during language development.

Jean Piaget made a systematic study of cognitive development among children of different age groups and he categorized it into different developmental stages. These stages are-

• Sensory-motor stage (0 to 2 years)
• Pre-operational stage (2 to 6 years)
• Concrete operational stage (6 to 11 years)
• Formal Operational stage (11+ years to adolescence).​

Key PointsCollective Monologue: A form of egocentric, unsocialized speech in which children talk among themselves without apparently communicating with each other in a meaningful way.

• This concept of the collective monologue is given by Jean Piaget in his Pre- Operational stage.
• So Option (1) is the correct answer.

Important Points

Additional Information

Vygotsky’s theory of Sociocultural development is proposed by Lev Vygotsky. He is a Russian scientist and he emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child.

Key Points Vygotsky proposed three needs of the children in his theory during learning:

• Zone of proximal development
• Scaffolding
• More knowledgeable others (MKO).

 In the Vygotskian classroom, Vygotsky considered these three needs of the children.

• When a group of students works on the same task, where they help each other (scaffolding), they lead one another, they consider the thought of each student, and they cooperate with each other this type of teaching skill are known as Cooperative teaching.
• In the given question, the task performed by the students is an example of cooperative teaching.
• So, Option (2) is the correct answer.

Important Points Characteristics of the Cooperative teaching:

• Positive interdependence: refers to the fact that students should work together in order to achieve the goal. In this case, they can also learn from each other.
• Group processing: it requires group members to assess their functions in a group with a focus on positive behavior and actions.
• Interpersonal and social skills: constructive feedback that students receive in a group can help them build their interpersonal and social skills.
• Promotive interactions: it refers to the students’ interactions to achieve the goal. They interact verbally in a group which can also result in their own learning of speaking and communicative skills. ​

Additional Information

• Reciprocal teaching: Reciprocal teaching refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions.
• Scaffolding: Temporary help is given to a child in learning by their peers, family members, teachers, etc.
• Inner speech: It is also known as silent speech, In this type of speech children remember things in their mind, they speak in their mind without sounding even a single word. this type of ability comes from approx 7 years.

Lev Vygotsky is a Russian Psychologist who proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development. In this theory, Vygotsky emphasizes the role of society and culture in the development of the child. According to him, there are three main needs for the development of the child and these are-

• Social Interaction
• Culture
• Language

 Vygotsky also proposed three basic needs of students during learning, these are:

• Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
• Scaffolding
• More knowledgeable others (MKO)

Key Points

• Scaffolding: Scaffolding is the term, given by Vygotsky, in which he proposed that the temporary help given by the teachers, family, friends, etc. to the children in his learning.
• “Scaffolding is one of the principles of effective instruction that enables teachers to accommodate individual student needs.”
• In scaffolding, hints are given to the children, to improve their learning.
• So, Option (2) is the correct answer. ​

Important Points

• When students should not be provided any help by teachers or by others on the new concepts or on an existing concept, they can not get it well and it may be possible that they may lead towards rote learning.
• Interaction with others is much important to gain much core knowledge about any concepts, so interaction with adults or other who has experience or knowledge is must necessary for the students.
• Rewards and gifts gave students short-term happiness, this is not considered by Lev Vygotsky.

Additional Information 

• ZPD (zone of proximal development):  The difference between the learning of a child by self and the learning of a child with the help of others(society, culture, etc).
• MKO (more knowledgeable others)- Vygotsky defined the “More Knowledgeable Other” (MKO) as anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, particularly in regards to a specific task, concept, or process. MKO could be teachers, parents, tutors, and even peers.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development. He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized into 3 levels and 6 stages.

Gilligan felt that women went through the same three stages (Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post Conventional) of development developed by Kohlberg, but that women reasoned differently than men on moral issues due to having different perspectives on moral issues.

Key PointsCarol Gilligan was one of Kohlberg's research assistants. She believed that Kohlberg's theory was inherently biased against women. Gilligan is an important psychologist who focuses on gender differences particular moral problems.

• She argues that the difference between men and women is the product of social influences and gender conditioning.
• She emphasizes that women's ways of thinking are often undervalued compared to men.
• She based her theory on the ethics of caring mentioning women’s concerns.
• So ***Option (1) is the correct answer.*​

Important Points

• Gilligan’s work on moral development focuses on how women’s morality is influenced by social interactions and relationships.
• She further stated that women form their moral and ethical foundation based on how their decisions will affect others.

Pedagogy refers to the set of principles that influence the approaches to the teaching-learning process. It consists of a learning environment, teaching-learning arrangements, methods, general educational principles, etc.

Key Points Child-centered pedagogy refers to a pedagogy that emphasizes to shift teaching to learning as it emphasizes upon:

• Learning should be child-centered instead of teacher-centered, concepts should be learned through Individual experiences.
• Enabling children to express their ideas freely.
• Providing opportunities to students to foster their own strategy of learning.
• Catering totality of students' experience that occurs in the educational process.
• Planing the process of learning after understanding the psychology and interests of children.
• So, by all these explanations we can understand that child-centered learning is totally dependent on children's needs, and it is done in the context of their previous knowledge and experiences.
• Hence option (1) is the correct answer.

There are many theories of intelligence. Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligence. Gardner defines intelligence as "a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture.

Key Points The theory of Multiple Intelligence consists of eight different kinds of intelligence-

• Visual-spatial: Learners think about physical space and their surrounding environments.
• For example puzzles, maps, charts, videos, etc. In this class, students use a graphic organizer to map out the differences between facts and opinions.
• Bodily Kinaesthetic: Learners use the body effectively and have body awareness. In this class, students are using their bodies to spell new words.
• For example movement, role-playing, hands-on learning, and using real objects.
• Musical:  Learners understand and are sensitive to rhythm and sound.
• For example, music, speaking rhythmically, music, instruments, etc.
• Interpersonal Intelligence- In Interpersonal Intelligence, Learners understand people’s moods and intentions.
• Example: interacting with others, group activities, writing, etc.
• Intrapersonal: Learners understand themselves and their own goals.
• For Example independent learning, creative materials, and private time.
• Linguistic: Learners understand words effectively.
• For Example, word games, reading, stories/poetry
• Logic mathematical: Learners understand the reasoning and calculating.
• For Example, logic games and puzzles, mysteries, experiments, etc
• Naturalistic:  Learners can identify plants, animals, etc.
• For example, animals, nature, being outside, gardening, etc.
• So we can say that Creative intelligence is not a part of Garder's  multiple intelligence theory
• Hence, Option (4) is the correct answer.

Hint

• Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation, Creative Intelligence is given by Robert Stenberg.

Gender disparity is a social phenomenon in which men and women are not treated equally. There are several distinctions in their treatment as biology, psychology, or cultural norms prevalent in the society. Some of these distinctions are empirically grounded, while others appear to be social constructs.

Children face many problems due to gender disparity such as:

• There are many restrictions for girls or boys in different conditions, such as Many people think that cricket is a game for boys and badminton for girls.
• They are separated in school, classrooms to sit separately.

Key Points Gender stereotype is an oversimplified and unfair belief or idea that groups of people have particular characteristics or that all people in a group are the same.  Gender disparity can be reduced by encouraging gender-stereotype flexibility.

• In a classroom, teachers should have to treat boys and girls equally.
• Making the environment of the classroom flexible for all, all as treated as students instead of girls or a boy.
• Teachers should provide equal opportunities to both girls and boys.
• There is no place for particularized activities for girls and some for boys. Everything is for both.
• So that by all these, gender gap/gender stereotypes are reduced. Hence **option (3) is the correct answer.**​

Important Points

• Gender segregated seating promotes gender inequality so that it is irrelevant to the question.
• Gender roles and modeling gender type, always promote the gender gap, they never reduced the gap between the genders.

Individual differences are characteristic of all living organisms, variations in individuals of the same age in height, weight, body build, and behavior. Personality, intelligence, and attitudes are also the main focus of individual differences.

• Example: A child is taller than his friend, here 2 children one is dwarf and another one is tall, which shows individual differences between them.

Key Points

• Individual differences are the term, which shows diversity in the classroom, and a teacher always respects diversity.
• Students of different abilities have different mindsets, which makes the learning process interesting for all learners.
• Students of different languages and cultures are admitted into the classroom, which affects the knowledge of all the students.
• Individual differences are the concept of inclusive education, and in inclusive education, all the students of abilites and disabilities learn under the same roof.
• Activities organized by the teacher, students of different abilities take part in it so that weak students can also get knowledge by involving with others.
• So by all these points, here we can conclude that a teacher should respect learners with individual differences. Hence option (1) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

  The individual difference depends on many factors such as -

• Genetic - This is a factor by which there are many types of individual differences are formed such as eye color, hair color, body shape, muscle growth, skin color, etc.
• Environmental factor- Environmental factor makes much impact on the child, such as their developmental pace, their thought power, etc.
• Cognitive ability- Every child's cognition is different, their learning power is also different, so it also makes the individual difference between the students.
• Physical disability- If the child has some physical disability such as tilted bone, a fractured hand, dyslexia, dysgraphia, etc. these types of things make individual differences.

Education Policy lays particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual. It is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities - both the ‘foundational capacities ’of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ cognitive capacities, such as critical thinking and problem solving – but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions.

National Education Policy 2020-

According to NEP 2020, A good educational institution is one in which every student feels welcomed and cared for, where a safe and stimulating learning environment exists, where a wide range of learning experiences are offered, and where good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources conducive to learning are available to all students.

Key Points  Some important fundamental principles of the NEP 2020 are- 

• Full equity and inclusion as the cornerstone of all educational decisions to ensure that all students are able to thrive in the education system.
• It includes the overall development of the leader, it covers all three aspects as Cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain.
• Emphasis on conceptual understanding rather than rote learning and learning-for-exams.
• Promoting self-assessment and the peer assessment done by the student in the classroom.
• Respect for diversity and respect for the local context in all curriculum, pedagogy, and policy, always keeping in mind that education is a concurrent subject.
• Establishment of the linkage of the concepts with the environment or we can say that the linkage of the school with the home.
• Promoting multilingualism and the power of language in teaching and learning.
• It emphasizes group work as well as individual work, NEP 2020 links the study to the curriculum.
• So by all these references, we can say that option (4) is the correct answer.

Thinking is the basis of all cognitive activities or processes and is unique to human beings. It involves the manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment. There are different kinds of thinking styles which include creative, logical, concrete thinking, etc.

Creative Thinking: This type of thinking is associated with one’s ability to create or construct something new or unusual.

Key Points Some important characteristics of creative thinking are:

• Creative thinking involves divergent thinking and is not restricted by any pre-established rules.
• The mind must have complete freedom to wander around to create a new idea.
• Creative thinking involves the production of novel and original ideas or solutions to problems.
• Evaluation of creative thinking is done by asking questions and taking analysis on the responses of the learner.
• Creative thinking thus refers to the originality and uniqueness of ideas or solutions that did not previously exist.
• So by all these references, ***Option (1) is the correct answer.*​

Important Points

 Below are given a few methods that a teacher can think of in order to inculcate the skill of creative thinking in the students:

• Engage students in problem-solving situations by providing problems that have multiple solutions.
• Do reward students who come up with innovative ideas.
• Develop the quality of persistence. Do not get bored while solving problems.
• Develop a risk-taking ability and engage in creative activities.
• Avoid the rigid and fixed patterns of solving problems.
• Promote interaction with teachers and among peers.

Inclusive education essentially refers to the educational philosophy that students with disabilities should be placed in the same classroom environment as other students of their age who do not have special needs.

• Inclusive education in its real sense is nothing but a process of creating a system of education that caters to the needs of all children.

Key Point  In Inclusive education the main objectives are-

• All the students of different abilities, differences, and disabilities are treated equally.
• Inclusive education provides barrier-free access for all students.
• Creating an environment in which the child can learn with diversity, not creating a special environment for learning.
• Emphasis on their learning to read instead of emphasizing teaching.
• To use different teaching methods according to the needs of each student, so that every child can have access to the knowledge.
• Equitable education for all, including challenging, backward, disabled children.
• So, by all these, we can say that there is no barrier for the student with a disability. they can admit as the same as others. Hence option (4) is the correct answer.

Additional Information  Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Learning Disability: It is a neurological disorder that prevents a person from learning a skill and using it effectively. Generally, it occurs in childhood and is characterized by difficulty with certain skills such as reading, writing, speaking, etc.

Key Points Dyslexia: It is a Reading disability, which is not due to mental retardation, brain damage, or a lack of intelligence. It is caused by an impairment in the brain’s ability to translate images received from the eyes or ears into understandable language.

​Problem faced by the students with Dyslexia:

• Read the words oppositely.
• Unable to recognize mirror images of the letters.
• Reading wrong due to lack of understanding of the words and letters.
• They are unable to correct the letters if reverse letters are provided to them.
• Students found confusing while reading, they are unable to figure out the correct letter.
• So that's why option (3) is the correct answer,

Important Points 

Dyslexia should be avoided by applying the following -

• Engaged the students who are suffering from dyslexia in different types of activities among other students.
• Using different types of pedagogical approaches as per the student's abilities.
• By setting individualized goals.
• Make the environment of the classroom free for the student in that they can enjoy their learning with their interest.
• Using Multisensory pedagogical approaches.
• Using different types of teaching-learning materials that make the curriculum relevant to the students.

Additional Information

• Some Other Common Learning Disabilities in Children:

‘Locomotor Disability’ refers to a person’s inability to execute distinctive activities associated with the movement of self and manipulation of objects resulting from affliction of the musculoskeletal and/or nervous system.

Key Points

• Persons with locomotor disabilities face difficulties to use one or more of their extremities or may have a lack of strength to walk, grasp, or lift objects.
• A locomotor disability could be the result of disease, injury, or malformation of bones, joints, muscles, nerves, spinal cord, and brain. This may be Congenital or acquired.
• People with locomotor disabilities are not able to use their muscles and bones, so they are not able to do activities such as object shifting, object holding, etc.
• Hence option (3) is the correct answer.

Important Points Some common conditions that can cause locomotor disability are

• Soft Tissues
• Muscular Dystrophies
• Dwarfism
• Spinal Injuries
• Injuries of Head
• Amputation
• Fractures.

Additional Information

• Some Other Common Learning Disabilities in Children:

Learning Disability:  It is a neurological disorder that prevents a person from learning a skill and using it effectively. Generally, it occurs in childhood and is characterized by difficulty with certain skills such as reading, writing, speaking, etc.​

 Dysgraphia: Dysgraphia is a disability in which student faces difficulties related to writing, they can not write properly.

• Example: A student writes a number "0' in place of the alphabet "O".​​

Key Points

• Teachers should respect all the students including the disabled.
• For the student who has a problem in writing, the best way to cater to that student is by the Oral way, so they also do not feel bad.
• Teachers should have to use different techniques which helps that students tackle disabilities.
• Learning of the disabled child should be done using TLMs, play-way methods, activities, etc.
• So option (4) is the correct answer.​

Important Points

• Increasing the writing amount make disabled student frustrated also they have to face more problem during writing which makes a negative impact on their learning.
• Criticizing those disabled students is not a good way of teaching, it is irrelevant in the context of teaching.
• Restrictions of time or limitations of time make students frustrated and it also impacts students' learning negatively.

Additional Information

• Some Other Common Learning Disabilities in Children:

Gifted students: Gifted students are those who display evidence of high-performance capabilities, in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership quality, or specific academic subjects, in comparison to others of the same age.

Key Points Characteristics of Gifted and talented students:

• These children have divergent thinking and are very curious about nature.
• Gifted students learn things conceptually, they want to know the roots of the concepts
• Talented and Gifted students are ready to take on challenges, they are always very curious to be engaged in a challenging learning environment.
• They cover all the possible aspects of the problem.
• They are fully active and took part in competitive environment
• So option (3) is the correct answer.

Hint 

• For gifted and talented students, teachers not only approved learning opportunities but also gave them the opportunity to engage in a challenging environment, competitive environment, etc.
• Talented students never learn by rote memorization, their learning should be based on concepts, so that there is no need to recall facts to them.​

Learning may be defined as a relatively durable change in behavior due to experience. Thus, if the change in behavior is temporary, or due to instinct or maturation, it is not learning. The key feature of learning is experience. Any change in behavior in the absence of practice or experience does not qualify as learning.

Conceptual learning: Conceptual learning is that type of learning in which the learner covers all the aspects related to the problem, they get the logic behind the problems by analyzing, observing, etc.​

Key Points

 ​​Characteristics of Conceptual learning:

• Conceptual learning makes learners thought processes divergent, by which students can think all the possible positive and negative aspects related to the problem.
• It opposes rote memorization.
• It improves the analysis and observational skills of the learners.
• The path of conceptual learning is from simple to complex, first students have to learn simple concepts, and then they have to learn complex concepts on the basis of simple concepts.
• Conceptual learners always think divergently, they cover all the possible ways to solve the problem,
• So by all these, Option (2) is the correct answer.

Important Points A teacher should always try to build conceptual learning among the student, some of the ways to build concepts are:

• By asking students to present their views related to the problem.
• By establishing the inter-relation between the previous knowledge of the students and the concepts.
• Organizing activities, seminars, and visits, so that students get socially active which helps them to think conceptually.

Cognition is the mental processing of information, which is the function of the human mind that allows perceptions to grow into conceptions. When we have control over our own cognitive functions that are termed metacognition.

Key Points 

• Metacognitive strategies include Self-correction as it refers to methods used to help students understand the way they learn; in other words, it means processes designed for students to 'think' about their 'thinking'.
• In a given question, a teacher asked the student about their views or what are the steps he should take toward the problem? which shows that teacher wants to enhance the thoughts of the students to explain the steps of the problem.
• So, ***Option (1) is the correct answer.***​

Important Points Characteristics of Metacognitive skills:

• Metacognition makes students' thoughts divergent and gives them control over their own functionalities.
• A teacher should promote the development of the metacognition of the students through different activities, experiments, and hand-on-performances.
• It pertains to the student’s capability of setting goals for learning, estimating the success with which the goals are being met, and selecting alternative strategies to meet the goals.
• It deals with the individual's awareness of the self as a knower and processor of information.
• Metacognitive capabilities as a way to access the process and learning. The metacognitive strategies provided teachers with concrete actions and thought processes to reflect upon.
• If a student is able to think about their thinking/way of thinking, it is much more beneficial for their learning, they can improve their learning by changing their thoughts.

Meaningful learning: Meaningful learning results when a person consciously and explicitly ties new knowledge to relevant concepts they already possess. When meaningful learning occurs, it produces a series of changes within our entire cognitive structure, modifying existing concepts and forming new linkages between concepts.

Key Points Characteristics of Meaningful Learning:

• Meaningful learning is possible only when learners make a deliberate effort to relate new knowledge to the relevant concept they already know.
• It stresses the ability of the learner to apply what is learned because of the involvement of the learners.
• It is the active creation of knowledge structures from personal experience.
• Meaningful learning is possible when the learns thoughts are divergent and they are able to collect knowledge, i.e. discovery learning.
• So by all these, we can conclude that option (1) is the correct answer.

Hint

• Meaningful learning never promotes rote learning or memorization, it is always based on concepts and logic.
• By making a competitive environment by the teacher, it makes negative impacts on the learners because not all the students are the same in the classroom as per their performance and cognition.
• The environment of meaningful learning is always child-centered instead of teacher-centered because it focuses on the needs and abilities of the students.

Effective teacher: An effective teacher is one who is more than just an expert in the academic field. Effective teaching happens when a teacher is successful in keeping the students actively involved in learning by providing a variety of learning experiences.

Key Points Characteristics of an effective teacher:

• It is a place where there is a lively and healthy interaction between students and teachers.
• Learning should go beyond the book and should be focused on instilling curiosity and inquisitiveness.
• An effective teacher should focus on how well the students have understood a particular topic and motivate them to learn.
• An effective classroom is one where the teacher is a facilitator and a role model and not merely an instructor.
• The teacher can provide real-life examples to inspire students to learn and to connect the concepts with daily life.
• The teacher should value the needs, emotions, and abilities of the students.
• Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

Hint

• The teacher should help them to gain concepts instead of punishing them for mistakes and errors.
• The effective teacher tries to build new knowledge of the student based on the previous experiences.
• Teaching should be flexible ineffective teachers classroom, it is not an instructional based teaching.

Middle school: Middle schools are those school that is from grade six to grade eight. Students who passed out from class fifth took admission in class sixth in a middle school.

Students of middle school are in the later childhood or in the adolescence stage of development. 

Key Points A teacher of the middle school:

• Teacher in a classroom tries to make up the mind of the students in the middle classroom because this is the best age to gain concepts.
• A teacher should use different techniques to teach students by which they can easily get the concept behind the problems.
• The teaching of the students should be based on their basic needs of the students such as their interest, their abilities, capacities, emotions, etc.

So, Option (1) is the correct answer.

Hint 

• Using a single method for teaching in middle classes is not a good way of teaching, because the abilities and capacities of all the students are different, and using multiple methods can help the students to get the concept easily.
• Instruction-based teaching or step-by-step teaching makes a negative impact on the student, this method of teaching leads students towards rote learning.
• Students should be engaged in the different activities, experiments group discussions, etc. so that they can build their concepts well.

Motivation: The term motivation has been derived from the Latin word ‘movere’, which means ‘to move. “the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms”.

Motivation encourages a learner to work in a specific direction to achieve a particular goal. It helps in channelizing the focus of the student to achieve the target. Motivation is of two types, which are:

1. Extrinsic motivation
2. Intrinsic motivation.

Key Points Characteristics of intrinsic motivation are:

• Intrinsic motivation is an inner drive that propels a person to pursue an activity, not for external rewards.
• The student is motivated internally for a long time when he is achieving his goals continuously in their learning.
• An intrinsically motivated person will work on a solution to a problem because the challenge of finding a solution provides a sense of pleasure.
• So Option (3) is the correct answer.​

Important Points

• Intrinsic Motivation:​ Intrinsic motivation can be defined as “motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy”.
• Example: There could be an activity that an individual enjoys doing.
• Extrinsic motivation  refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome and comes from outside of the individual. ​
• Example: Motivation by parents, teachers, society, peer groups, etc.

Hint

• Performance-oriented, and competition-oriented goals will not keep students intrinsically motivated, because performance is not always the same, and competition is more or less in various conditons.

Misconceptions refer to a wrong or inaccurate idea that takes place due to the mismatch in previously assimilated and the newly accommodated knowledge. 

• misconceptions in students' life are playing important role in the teaching-learning process. They are necessary for the learning process to give insight into students' thinking.

Key Points Misconceptions in student's life are:

• a significant step in the teaching-learning process.
• helping the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, and to cater to them according to their needs.
• Very normal among children in the learning process because it is a natural thought process and no two minds can think alike exactly.
• The misconception is an important topic among teachers because it can shape how students learn. It helps the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, to cater to them according to their need
• Hence, we can conclude that misconception is the normal part of learning process, so option (2) is the correct answer.

Hint

• Misconceptions are baseless but it is not necessary that they are illogical, they may behave with some logics which is concluded by the learners.
• Misconceptions are the part of the learning process, it can promote the thought process and learning process, and it is not a hindrance to the teaching-learning process.

Observational learning: Observational learning is also used in acquiring new skills by observing the behavior of others. It is a part of everyday life. Observational learning depends on the existence of an appropriate model in one’s environment. 

Key Points Learners can learn by:

• Observe the surroundings, scenarios, and incidents, and learn from them, that what is good and bad for them.
• Students can make self theories regarding the problem by observation and analysis of the situation.
• When teachers should encourage students to involve in different activities and to interact with others.
• expressing their thoughts, casual explanation of the situation, which helps the student to make an improvement in their observation.
• Observing the situation, learners thought processes become divergent to thought all the possible aspects of the situation.
• Learners can acquire more knowledge from their surroundings and experiences instead of textbooks, or lectures. so teachers should have to focus on making the environment of the classroom as per the student's interests.
• Hence by all the above explanations, we can conclude that option (1) is the correct answer.

Learning is a continuous life-long process that is not inherited but can begin right from birth by providing constant interaction and stimulation received from the physical, social, and cultural environment and it does not stop till the end.

• Learning is considered meaningful when it is purposeful, goal-directed, progressive, and brings a permanent change in someone's behavior.

Key Points  A teacher can improve learning by:

• Making the environment of the classroom according to the needs, ablilites, capacities of the learners.
• Teaching should not be instruction based, it should be done by different activities, experiments, group discussions, that's why learners can enjoy their learning.
• Learning can be improved when the teacher starts linking the new concepts with the previous knowledge/experiences of the students, which helps the student to get the logic of the new concepts.
• Learning is more interesting by using TLMs for the students.
• Learning should be related to the real world and the surroundings of the students, which make students familiar with the new concepts.
• So, option (1) is the correct answer.​

Hint 

• Learning is done by different sources, it will be done by people in our surroundings, neighbors, media, newspapers, etc. so we can say that learning is a lifelong process and continuous process that takes place outside the school as well.

Learning may be defined as a relatively durable change in behavior due to experience. Thus, if the change in behavior is temporary, or due to instinct or maturation, it is not learning. The key feature of learning is experience. Any change in behavior in the absence of practice or experience does not qualify as learning.

• A teacher uses various methods and techniques to make the learning meaningful and purposeful and a concept map is one such method.

Key PointsConcepts maps: Concepts maps include graphical and diagrammatical representations to illustrate the meaningful acquisition of various sub-topics of a concept.

• It helps the learners to draw an outline of the topic/concept or briefly explain the concept or to link any two concepts of any subject by summarizing it.
• It shows the inter-relationships and cross-links among concepts under a subject matter which helps the learner in identifying the gaps in their knowledge.
• The arrangement of the concepts is from top to bottom, or be can say that general concept to complex.
• Concept mapping is a linkage of new concepts with previous knowledge.
• So we can conclude that a graphical tool for organizing, making linkages, and representing knowledge on a topic is called concept mapping.
• Hence option (3) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Analogy: An analogy is saying something is like something else to make some sort of explanatory point.
• Example: You're as sweet as sugar.
• ​Algorithm: Algorithms are a set of instructions for solving a problem.
• Example: Recipe of the baking cape.
• Verbalisation: Verbalisation is a process by which different psychological events in individual are made in verbal form.

The correct answer is slaves.

Key Points

• The term 'bandagan' was used in medieval times for slaves.
• The Bandagans were special slaves purchased for military service by early sultans, especially Iltutmish.
• They were carefully trained to maintain important political offices in the kingdom.
• They were totally dependent on the masters and the Sultan could trust them implicitly.

Thus, we can say that the term 'bandagan' was used in medieval times for slaves.

The correct answer is Only B.

Key Points

• The first farmers and herders were discovered by archaeologists in various regions such as Mehrgarh, Chirand, Hallur and many more.
• Grains and bones were also discovered in several locations around the globe.
• We have no written records of that time because the script wasn't developed during the period of early farmers and herders.
• Wheat, barley, rice were grown in Mehrgarh, lentil in Burzahom.

 Thus, we can say that we come to know about the first farmers and herders as we have evidence of grains and animal bones.

The correct answer is (A) and (B) are true.

Key Points

• Ain-i-Akbari is third volume of Akbarnama.
• It was written by Abul Fazl in the 16^th century.
• It has rich statistical details about crops, prices, revenues and wages etc.
• It also describes details about the traditions and cultures of the people of India.
• Ain-i-Akbari is divided into five books.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements about Ain-i-Akbari are true.

Additional Information

• The details about Akbar's ancestors are mentioned in the first book of Akbarnama.

The correct answer is Both A and B.

Key Points

• Statement A is correct. The title Iqtadar was used during the Delhi Sultanate, while Jagirdar was used during the Mughal period.
• Both were granted control over specific territories in return for military and administrative services.
• Statement B is also correct. The territories assigned to them were known as Iqta and Jagir respectively.
• They generally resided in or supervised these territories through officials and managed revenue collection and local administration.
• Thus, both statements correctly describe the roles of Iqtadar and Jagirdar.

Additional Information

• Iqta System:
• Introduced and developed during the Delhi Sultanate.
• An Iqta was a territorial assignment given in lieu of salary.
• Jagir System:
• Prominent during the Mughal Empire.
• A Jagir was a revenue assignment granted to nobles and mansabdars.

Important Points

• Iqtadar and Jagirdar were not hereditary owners of land in principle.
• Their main duty was revenue collection and maintaining troops for the ruler.
• These systems helped strengthen administrative control over vast territories.

The correct answer is a- (ii), b- (iv), c- (iii), d - (i)

Key Points

• William Jones had great respect for ancient cultures, both Indian and Western.
• He thought that it was important to discover sacred texts in order to understand India.
• Rabindranath Tagore initiated learning in a natural environment.
• Mahatma Gandhi was critical to English education.
• He thought that teaching English created a sense of inferiority among Indians.
• Thomas Macaulay laid emphasis on the promotion of English.
• He thought that Indians should be made familiar with the advances being made by the West.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

The correct answer is that Only (B) is true.

Key Points

• Ashoka's Dhamma did not involve worship of God, the performance of a sacrifice or the performance of yagna.
• Ashoka's Dhamma was inspired by the teachings of Buddha.
• It was based on unifying principles of all major religions of the world.
• The ultimate goal of Ashoka's dhamma was to create a harmonious atmosphere in the state.

 Thus, we can say that Ashoka's dhamma was inspired by the teachings of the buddha.

The correct answer is (A) is false, and (B) is true.

Key Points

• The colonials decided that they would give jhum cultivators small patches of land in the forests.
• And allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those who lived in the villages would have to provide labour to the Forest department and look after the forests.
• So in many regions, the Forest department established forest villages to ensure a regular supply of cheap labour.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements about colonialism in India are correct.

The correct answer is Both A and B.

Key Points

• By the 19^th-century, tribal people in different parts of India were involved in a variety of activities.
• Some of them practised jhum cultivation, that is, shifting cultivation.
• In many regions, tribal groups lived by hunting animals and gathering forest produce.
• Many tribal groups lived by herding and rearing animals.
• Many tribal groups had begun settling in one place instead of moving from place to place, even before the 19^th-century.
• They began using ploughs and gradually started to get the rights to the land where they lived.

 Thus, we can say that tribal groups in the 19^th-century practised jhum cultivation, hunting animals and gathering forest produce while some of them practised settled cultivation, herding and rearing animals.

The correct answer is a- (ii), b- (iii), c- (i).

Key Points

• Veda Samaj was established by the efforts of Keshab Chandra Sen and K. Sridharalu Naidu in 1864 at Madras.
• Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious and social reform in Bombay.
• Singh Sabha was a 19^th-century movement within Sikhism that began as a defence against the proselytizing activities of Christians and Hindus.
• It was formed in Amritsar.

 Thus, we can say that Veda samaj was formed in Madras, Prarthana Samaj in Bombay and Singh Sabha in Amritsar.

The correct answer is Rammohan Roy translated a Buddhist text challenging caste inequality.

Key Points

• Some social reformers criticized caste inequalities.
• Rammohan Roy translated an old Buddhist text that was critical of caste.
• Rammohan Roy was an Indian reformer.
• He was one of the founding members of Brahmo Samaj in 1828.

 Thus, we can say that Rammohan Roy translated a Buddhist text challenging caste inequality.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (B) are true and (B) is the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• Henry Louis Vivian Derozia was a radical thinker and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science.
• He constantly encouraged his students to think freely, to question, and not to accept anything blindly.
• His teachings inspired the development of the spirit of liberty, equality and freedom.
• They also tried to remove social evils, improve the conditions of women and peasants, and promoted liberty through freedom of the press, trial by jury and so on.

 Thus, we can say that Henry Louis Vivian Derozia's students attached tradition and custom, demanded education for women and campaigned for freedom of thought and expression and that Henry had radical ideas and encouraged his pupils to question all authority.

The correct answer is Only (B) is true.

Key Points

• The radicals emphasised the importance of self-reliance and construction work.
• They argued that people must rely on their own strength, and not on the 'good intentions' of the government.
• The radicals opposed 'politics of prayers' followed by moderates within the Congress.
• They believed that people must fight for swaraj.

 Thus, we can say that the radicals argued that people must not rely on the 'good intentions' of the government.

The correct answer is Both (B) and (C) are true.

Key Points

• The Non-Cooperation movement gained momentum from 1921-to 1922.
• During the Non-Cooperation movement:
• import of foreign cloth fell drastically;
• British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted;
• People lit bonfires of foreign cloth;
• Thousands of students left government-controlled schools

 Thus, we can say that the above statements about the non-cooperation movement are true.

The correct answer is 21.

Key Points

• Universal Adult Franchise gives the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of wealth, gender, social status, race, ethnicity or any other restriction.
• It was granted to India on 26 January 1950 when the constitution of India formally came into effect.
• The Universal Adult Franchise during that time was proposed above the age of 21 years of age.

 Thus, we can say that when the constitution of India was first adopted, the universal adult franchise was proposed above the age of  21 years.

The correct answer is Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Key Points

• The order of the planets in the solar system, starting nearest the sun and working outward is the following:
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• The Solar System is made up of Sun and everything that orbits around it including planets, moons, asteroids, comets and meteoroids.

 Thus, we can say that the correct sequence of planets in order of their distance from the Sun is given above.

The correct answer is 82°30 E.

Key Points

• Longitudes are measured by imaginary lines that run around the Earth vertically and meet at the North and the South Pole.
• The local longitude of 82°30 E has been taken as the standard meridian of India.
• From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours.
• Hence, the time along the standard meridian of India (82°30 E) passing through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh is taken as the standard time for the whole country.

 Thus, we can say that 82°30 E is the longitude termed as the standard meridian of India.

The correct answer is (a) only

Key Points

• A Map is a representation or a drawing of the earth's surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale.
• Maps have a universal language that is understood by all.
• There is an international agreement on the use of these symbols. These symbols are called Conventional Symbols.
• A sketch is a drawing mainly based on memory and spot observation and not to scale.
• A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale.

 Thus, we can say that Conventional symbols are a universal language of a map that is understood by all.

The correct option is 'Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)'.

Key Points

• The latitudinal extent of some countries is indeed quite high.
• This statement is true.
• Countries with a large latitudinal extent, such as Russia and the United States, span multiple climate zones and experience diverse weather patterns across their territories.
• The latitudinal extent of a country refers to the north-south range it covers, affecting its climate and daylight hours.
• Some countries have adopted more than one standard time.
• This statement is true.
• Countries like Russia and the United States use multiple time zones due to their vast geographical spread.
• Adopting multiple standard times helps manage time differences across large territories, ensuring that local times are more aligned with the solar day.
• While both statements (A) and (R) are true, Statement (R) is not the correct explanation of Statement (A).
• The reason provided in Statement (R) discusses the adoption of multiple standard times, which is a logistical necessity for large countries.
• However, it does not directly explain or support the specific assertion in Statement (A) regarding the high latitudinal extent of some countries.
• The two statements provide related information but do not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

The correct answer is a- (iii), b- (i), c- (ii), d- (iv)

Key Points

• The climate of a place is affected by its location, altitude, distance from the sea and relief.
• Jaisalmer in Rajasthan has a hot climate.
• Drass region of Jammu and Kashmir is extremely cold.
• Mawsynram receives the world's highest rainfall, therefore the climate there is rainy.
• Mumbai is neither very hot nor too cold and thus, has a humid climate.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

The correct answer is Himalayas.

Key Points

• The Himalayas has almost all varieties of vegetation which one can see moving from the Equator to the Polar region.
• The five types of vegetation found In India are:
• Tropical evergreen forests
• Tropical deciduous forests
• Tropical thorn forests
• Montane forests
• Mangrove forests

 Thus, we can say that the Himalayas has all varieties of vegetation in India and can be seen while moving from the Equator to the Polar region.

Key Points

• The earth changes constantly, rivers, lakes, islands, and mountains come and go all the time, but it changes so slowly that we hardly notice anything.
• The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as Endogenic forces.
• The forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as Exogenic forces.

​

Important Points 

• Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface.
• Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.
• The river enters the plain it twists and turns forming large bends known as Meanders.
• The meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off lake, also called an ox-bow lake
• The raised banks are called levees.

Hence the correct match is a - (ii), b - (i), c - (iv), d - (iii).

The blanket of air that surrounds our planet is called the atmosphere. It is made of many gases, and it is very important for the existence of life on the Earth. 

Important Points

• The atmosphere is divided into 5 layers, starting from the Earth's surface. They are: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
• Thermosphere-
• In thermosphere temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height.
• Ionosphere is a part of this layer. It extends between 80-400 km.
• This layer helps in radio transmission. In fact, radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.

Additional Information

• ​​ Troposphere: Its average height is 13 km.
• The air we breathe exists here. Almost all the weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.
• Stratosphere: It extends up to a height of 50 km.
• This layer is free of clouds, air is dry and contains very little moisture, so the airplanes fly in this layer.
• It contains a layer of Ozone gas (it protects us from the harmful radiations of the sun)
• Mesosphere: It extends up to the height of 80 km.  
• This is where most of the meteorites burn up upon entering, due to the friction between the air.
• The coldest place on Earth is at the top of the mesosphere.
• Exosphere:
• This layer starts from about the height of 600 km from earth's surface and extends till space.
• This is the last and the thinnest layer of the atmosphere.

​

The temperature of a place is also highly influenced by insolation. Insolation is the amount of solar radiation received by an area.

Important Points 

• Poles are covered with snow because the amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles, therefore the temperature also reduces.  But if the earth's temperature rises too high, it would be too warm to raise crops.

Thus we conclude that( statement A) Poles are covered with snow because insolation increases from equator to poles is wrong.

• At higher latitudes, the angle of solar radiation is smaller, causing energy to be spread over a larger area of the surface and cooler temperatures.

Thus we can conclude that statement (B) Poles are at higher latitude and receive slanted rays of the sun is true.

• For six months the sun does not set at the poles while for the other six months the sun does not rise. In winters, the temperature can be as low as –37°C.

Desert: It is an arid region characterized by extremely high or low temperatures and has scarce vegetation. 

Key Points

• Water is necessary for life on earth and it is very difficult to survive without water.
• Deserts are places with very little rainfall, scanty vegetation, and extreme temperatures, and depending on the temperatures we have two types of deserts: hot and cold.

Important Point 

• A hot desert is a part of the world that has high average temperatures and very low precipitation.
• These areas need to have less than 250mm of rainfall per year to be classified as a desert.
• The Sahara desert covering a large part of North Africa. It is the world’s largest desert
• The climate of the Sahara desert is scorching hot and parch dry. It has a short rainy season. The sky is cloudless and clear.  The temperatures during the day may soar as high as 50°C,.
• The nights may be freezing cold with temperatures nearing zero degrees.
• Ladakh is a cold desert lying in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Due to its high altitude, the climate is extremely cold and dry, So the temperature is cold and dry and the air so thin that the heat of the sun can be felt strongly.
• Day*-time* temperatures are mildly cold, but temperatures at night are below -30° C, and during winters they fall below -40° C.
• Because Ladakh is in the rain shadow region of the Himalayas, there is very little rainfall, as little as 10 cm a year, and the area experiences both freezing winds and burning hot sunlight.

So, Above points shows that Both statements are true.

The correct answer is Only (A) is true.

Key Points

• A population pyramid is a graphical illustration of the distribution by age group and sex.
• The shape of the pyramid indicates the characteristics of the population.
• If the pyramid has a broad base, it indicates that a relatively high proportion of the population lives at the youngest age of 0 to 14 years.
• **A broader base indicates an expanding labour force in the future.**​

Additional Information

• The population pyramid of a country in which death rates and birth rates are both high is broad at the base and narrows towards the top.

 Thus, we can say that the above statement  A is correct.

Important Points

• Human impact on the environment refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems, biodiversity and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans.
• Changes of climate and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals.
• Due to the rapid cutting down of forests, a number of species of wildlife are declining rapidly and many are already extinct.
• The animals are poached for collection and illegal trade of hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns as well as feathers. Some of these animals are tiger, lion, elephant, deer, black buck, crocodile, rhinoceros, snow leopard, ostrich and peacock.
• These can be conserved by increasing awareness.
• Many sanctuaries, national parks and bio-reserves have been built to protect the wildlife and projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant have been started.
• Awareness programmes like social forestry and Vanamohatasava should be encouraged at the regional and community level.
• Many countries have passed laws against the trade as well as killing of birds and animals.
• In India, killing lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks is illegal.

​So, above points clearly shows that statement A and B are correct

Important Points

Rice-

• India is one of the leading producers of this crop.
• Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant, it flourishes comfortably in a hot and humid climate.
• Rice is mainly grown in rain-fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall. That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India.
• it has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in different agro-climatic regions.

 Additional InformationWheat-

1. This is a Rabi crop.
2. It requires a cool growing season(Winter) and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
3. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
4. It is the second most important cereal crop and main food crop, in the north and north-western part of India.

Maize-

• It is a Kharif crop.
• It requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old alluvial soil
• It is used both as food and fodder.
• Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Jowar-

• 3^rd most important food crop with respect to area and production.
• It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas.

​

So, above points clearly shows that both statement about Rice crop.

The correct answer is Inequality.

Key Points

• Poverty nowadays is looked at through indicators of illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc.
• Poverty is seen in terms of the poor having to live in poor surroundings with other poor people, excluded from better-off people.
• Example: Many people living in their surroundings are poor and do not have enough to eat and wear and sometimes no place to live.
• This is caused due to the process of Inequality, which means differences between groups in society because one has more money, advantages, etc. than the others.

Additional Information 

• Socialization means the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society.
• Illiteracy means the quality or state of being illiterate especially: inability to read or write
• political alienation refers to an individual citizen's relatively enduring sense of estrangement from, or rejection of, the prevailing political system.

Thus, Many people living in their surroundings are poor and do not have enough to eat and wear and sometimes no place to live. This is caused due to Inequality.

The correct answer is - Baiga

Key Points

• Baiga
• The Baiga is a Scheduled Tribe predominantly found in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and other central Indian states.
• They often face social inequality and economic hardships due to their marginalized status within the broader societal framework.
• In the context of teaching about equality and inequality, the Baiga community serves as a relevant example to highlight issues such as access to resources, education, and opportunities.
• This makes them a locally relevant group to discuss such themes in a village setting in Chhattisgarh.

Additional Information

• Scheduled Tribes in India
• Scheduled Tribes are officially recognized groups under the Constitution of India, falling under Article 342.
• They are often considered socially and economically disadvantaged, and the government provides them with special benefits like reservations in education and employment.
• Baiga Community: Challenges
• The Baiga community traditionally relies on shifting agriculture and forest-based livelihoods.
• They face challenges such as land displacement, limited access to education, and healthcare.
• Their socio-economic status makes them an important group to discuss inequalities in rural India.
• Other Tribal Groups Mentioned
• Chenchus: A tribe from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, not locally relevant in Chhattisgarh.
• Mishmis: A tribe from Arunachal Pradesh, again not contextually relevant.
• Manganiyars: A community of musicians from Rajasthan, unrelated to the local Chhattisgarh context.

Lekhapal, Patwari or Kanungo is related to Maintenance of Land Records of village.

Hint

• Teacher is using the words like Lekhapal, Patwari or Kanungo, to teach local govrnment and its function.
• Lekhapal, Patwari or Kanungo is same name for the post who Maintenance of Land Records​.
• The role of patwari involves managing the land records of the villages under his administration and recording the number of crops grown in his respective villages, and reporting it back to the government.

Additional Information

• Sher Shah Suri, the Mughal emperor, introduced the patwari system in India. During the British rule, certain amendments were made, but more or less, the original patwari system was maintained.

Police Administration: 

• Police is the coercive arm of the State, which is entrusted to perform the basic duty of the State that is maintenance of law and order. Therefore, law and order administration has acquired signif cance at the Central, State, Range, District and Sub-District level in rural and urban areas.

Panchayati Raj:

• A three-tier structure of the Indian administration for rural development is called Panchayati Raj. The aim of the Panchayati Raj is to develop local self-governments in districts, zones and villages.

The correct answer is the company deliberately ignored the essential safety measures in order to cut costs.

Key Points

• One of the world's worst industrial tragedies took place in Bhopal in the year 1984.
• It was a gas leak accident on the night of 2-3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
• Union Carbide, an American company had a factory from where it started.
• It was not merely an accident because the company deliberately ignored the essential safety measures in order to cut costs.
• Investigators later established that substandard operating and safety procedures at the unstaffed plant led to the catastrophe.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are true.

People engaged in fishing activity cannot go to the sea during the monsoon because this is the time when the fish breed.

Key Points 

• Fishing during monsoon is prohibited during monsoon.
• Earlier, the duration of the ban was 41 days, but now it has been raised to 61 days.
• The main objective of this seasonal ban on fishing is to protect fish wealth.
• It is also commercially important for fish breeding.
• During the monsoon period, fishermen survive by borrowing from the trader.

 Thus, we can say that people engaged in fishing activity cannot go to the sea during the monsoon because this is the time when fish breed.

The correct answer is that (A) is true but (R) is false.

Key Points

• Agricultural labourers migrate to cities in search of work.
• Nearly two-fifth of all rural families are agricultural labourers in our country.
• There are some who have small plots of land while others are landless.
• Not being able to earn money throughout the year forces people in many rural areas to travel long distances in search of work.
• This travel, or migration, takes place during particular seasons.​

Thus, we can say that the statement A is correct.

Mistake Points

• Casual Workers are required to come as and when the employer needs them.
• They are employed when the employer gets large orders or during certain seasons.
• At other times of the year they have to find some other work.
• You may have noticed that many people migrate to an urban area, pick up a job and stay there for some time, but come back to their home villages as soon as the rainy season begins.
• This is because work in agriculture is seasonal; there are no employment opportunities in the village for all months in the year.
• When there is no work to do on farms, people go to urban areas and look for jobs.
• This kind of unemployment is known as seasonal unemployment.
• This is also a common form of unemployment prevailing in India.
• Firstly, the seasonal nature of both agricultural and factory work is not convenient for people.
• Yes, it is true that they'll be engaged as both agricultural labourers and casual workers. But, it is not guaranteed and they might be unemployed for the whole season.

Thus, statement R is false.

The correct answer is every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.

Key Points

• Democracy is a form of government in which people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.
• Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.
• In a democracy, every citizen has the right to vote and the right to be elected.
• For democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that citizens should have the right to express their opinion, form political parties and take part in other political activities.
• Besides, in democratic countries, special provisions are made for the protection of rights.
• Our Constitution also has a list of Fundamental Rights which are protected by the judiciary.
• There are many countries which are not democratic but citizens have got certain rights. So, statement 2 is not correct.

 Thus, we can say that every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens is a more valid interrelationship between democracy and rights.

The correct answer is they set agendas for deciding stories.

Key Points

• Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large number of audience via mass communication.
• Mass media sets agendas for deciding stories.
• Setting an agenda by the media means that the media plays an important role in shaping our thoughts.
• By setting agendas, the media influences the way we think and makes us aware of issues which it thinks are important.

 Thus, we can say that mass media sets agendas for deciding stories.

The correct answer is political institution of sovereign people who occupy a definite territory.

Key Points

• Indian state is secular and works in various ways to prevent the religious domination.
• The word state in the statement refers to political institution of  sovereign people who occupy a definite territory.
• Secular state is the one that does not confer any privilege or favor on any particular region.
• India is a perfect example of a secular state.

 Thus, we can say that the word state refers to political institution of sovereign people who occupy a definite territory.

The correct answer is inter-community domination.

Key Points

• Indian Constitution prevents domination by the majority of a minority i.e. situation where a community can enforce decisions continuously that exclude other communities and go against their interests.
• This situation refers to as inter-community domination.
• Having a constitution is precise to prevent tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

The correct answer is Dispute with respect to sharing of the river water.

Key Points

• The Supreme Court has a very high appellate jurisdiction.
• It can settle disputes between state and central governments, between two states and between citizens and state.
• The dispute between two states can be resolved by the Supreme Court under its Original Jurisdiction.
• If a teacher asks students to provide an instance of a dispute between two states to be resolved by the Supreme Court. Then the student can quote an example of a dispute with respect to sharing of the river water.
• An example of such a dispute is the sharing of waters of the river Kaveri between two states: Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

The correct answer is (A), (B) and (C).

Key Points

• If during the midday meal distribution in a school a group of students belonging to a Dalit community were asked to sit separately.
• This situation is an example of inequality and violation of fundamental rights.
• In this case, the group of students can:
• complain against the act to school authorities.
• write to the chairperson of the National Commission for SCs and STs.
• approach the court and file a case against the school administration.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are correct.

The correct answer is to present tribal history.

Key Points

• Marginalization is the act of treating someone or something as if they are not important.
• The marginalization of certain groups can lead to social unrest.
• Tribals live away from urban life and live in dense forests and most of the food is dependent on farming.
• One way to counter the marginalization of tribals is to present their history.
• This would help to reduce stereotypes against them while simultaneously showcasing how important they are in society.

 Thus, we can say that an appropriate way to counter the marginalization of tribals is by presenting tribal history.

Additional Information

• Portraying tribals as exotic and vibrant would further lead to their marginalization as it would strengthen the stereotypes against them.

The constructivist approach or constructivism is a learner-centric and contextual approach to teaching-learning. This approach states that learning occurs in a social environment and a child must be given maximum freedom to construct his / her knowledge in the environment.

Key Points

• Social constructivism is founded on the thesis that social processes are central to learning and cognitive development. It regards knowledge as a social construct and prioritizes the social aspects of learning and cognitive development. Some of these social aspects are language, culture, everyday practices, material objects, interpersonal interaction, peer interaction, tools, and symbols
• Social constructivism in social science teaching focuses on experiential learning.
• Experiential learning refers to the process of learning through experience, and it is also defined as "learning through reflection on doing"
• The social science teacher takes the students on the field trip for their experience learning which helps them in gaining knowledge regarding the source.
• The teacher provides opportunities for learners to discuss and share their ideas freely, probing, doing their experiments, and other problem-solving activities.

Thus, it is concluded that Social constructivism in social science teaching focuses on experiential learning.

History is the study of life in society in the past, in all its aspects, in relation to present developments and future hopes.

Key Points

• The teacher can adopt interesting methods to teach history so that students do not find History boring.
• To make the teaching history interesting, the teacher engages students in role-play about different events.
• In a role-play, the student has to act out a person or character. It is an activity that is often taken up in classrooms to promote learning of different kinds
• Roleplay mainly aims at:
• projecting ideas.
• promoting social values
• developing observational skills
• enhancing imagination power
• inculcating lifelong learning skills
• Linking knowledge with experience
• It makes history interesting and does not find it boring.

Thus, it is concluded that  As a teacher of social science engaging students in role-play about different events activity emphasizes dispelling such a time-related conception.

The student's learning pace or performance level gets highly influenced by the teacher's activities. The teacher conducts various activities in a teaching-learning process to facilitate the students' learning experiences. 

Key Points Here, the teacher is preparing students to participate in the discussion on the topic 'Muslims are a marginalized community'.

• Discussion is an open-ended exchange of ideas, experiences, and knowledge where the teacher gives a topic of general discussion to students so that they can share their ideas.
• The teacher can help them in the following ways:-
• By asking them to look at the Census of India - 2011
• By asking them to read about constitutional provisions for Minorities.
• By taking them to a Muslim neighborhood

Thus, it is concluded that a,b and c are correct.

The teaching method or strategy is a way to put theory into practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently. There are various strategies through which a teacher can teach their topics.

Key Points Here, the teacher is explaining the topic of "New Religious Development in Northern India from Thirteenth-century onwards". She can adopt various strategies:-

• The teacher can sing a Nirgun bhajan to create interest of the students.
• The teacher can play the recording of Shabad Keertan, here the students enjoy the keertan and adopt religious values.
• The teacher can recite chaupai from Ramcharit Manas.
• She can take her students to visit Namghars for the experiential learning.

Thus, it is concluded that a,b,c, and d are correct.

Social Science is a branch of science that deals with human behavior and social relationships, which rely primarily on empirical approaches

 Key PointsThere are various strategies through which a teacher can teach different topics.

Here, the teacher is teaching industries and their functions, she is showing some photographs of waste drainage into rivers. The purpose of a teacher is to

• strengthen the concept of the industry:- It will help them to know about the structure of the industry and will strengthen this concept.
• understand the drainage system of factories:- It will help them in understanding the purpose of the drainage system, how it works etc.
• make sensitive towards pollution:- It will make them sensitive towards pollution by looking at the photographs of waste in the river.

Thus, it is concluded that  A, B, and D are correct statements.

Social Sciences constitute a broad field of knowledge and deal with human beings in relation to their social behavior. 

• A concept refers to a general idea or meaning usually expressed by a word, symbol, sign, or attribute.
• It is formed by means of a combination of several elements, characteristics, or features of the objects concerned, which are gathered through different sources and are stored in the forms of experiences.

Key Points

Following are the correct steps to teach new concepts in the social science classroom:-

• Determine student's knowledge of appropriate pre-concepts:- The teacher checks the knowledge of the students of their pre-concepts before starting a new concept.
• Define the concept clearly:- Now, the second step is to define or explain the new concept properly.
• Ask students to link new concepts with previously acquired concepts:- The teacher asks the students to link the concept with the previous knowledge for a better understanding of the concept.
• Present examples and non-examples of concept:- Teacher presents the examples and non-examples of the concept for the effective learning of the students.
• Ask students to apply the concept to new instances:- After understanding the concept, students will try to apply the concept to the new instances for practical learning.

​The textbook is a tool to be used in the teaching-learning process to facilitate effective and meaningful learning. It contains questions that promote exploration and divergent thinking.

Key Points

Role of textbooks in the classroom processes:-

• Textbooks help the learning and teaching process. The educational philosophy of the textbook will influence the class and the learning process.
• Exercise given in the textbook helps a teacher to gauge the extent to which the student has understood what has been discussed in the chapter.
• They help students to recall and make connections with what has been taught earlier.
• Textbooks make it possible for students to review and prepare their lessons. They are efficient in terms of time and money.

Thus, it is concluded that Only A and C statements are correct.

In the teaching of the social sciences, the teacher uses various strategies, materials, and resources that make the teaching and learning process effective.

Key Points Here, the teacher wants to discuss rural administration concept to the students, she can adopt the following teaching-learning strategy:-

• Role play:- Role play is very helpful in sensitizing the students to certain issues and making them understand the difficulties involved by placing them in the given roles. It develops in their confidence, communication skills, etc. which are also a part of life skills. If the student plays the role he would be able to understand the concept better.
• Open-ended questions:- The teacher asks questions and the responses given by the students are strengthened and elaborated. Through this, the teacher delivers a lot of learning experience to students.

Thus, it is concluded that to teach the topic rural administration, the teacher adopt role play and open-ended questions teaching-learning strategy.

Cognitive skills are the basic mental abilities that we use to think, study, and learn. They are regarded as any mental skills that are used in the process of acquiring knowledge, covering a wide variety of mental processes such as; the ability to identify images, analyze sounds, recapitulate information, search facts in memory, associate and dissociate different pieces of information and use them in appropriate contexts.

• Cognitive skills accelerate learners’ efficiency and strengthen their ability and capability in learning activities.

Key Points To develop cognitive skills among students, the teacher:-

• Encourage students to paraphrase and make their own notes:- The teacher encourages students to make their own notes for their self-learning and helps in developing cognitive skills.
• Allow students to design their own investigations:- The teacher encourages students to develop their own investigations for their better learning and developing their skills.
• Engaging students in problem-solving situations:- The teacher encourages the students to solve the problems, so the student will think and implement their creative ideas in solving them.

Hence, it is concluded that A, C, and D statements are correct.

Hint Give mainly questions that require simple recall will not develop their cognitive skills as they are not thinking much and answering it simply.

Critical thinking involves the interpretation and analysis of different problems and issues one come across in an individual life.

Key Points

• The objective of the social science subject is to develop the skill of inquiry and decision making in the learners in order to develop their critical thinking where the learner is able to recognize the problem, analyze the problem, hypothesize the problem, explore the problems, support the hypothesis by providing evidence and finally find the conclusion for the problem.
• Critical thinking helps in developing our thinking process ideas and beliefs by fostering creativity and thinking outside the situation.

Important Points​ While working with a news clipping related to a historical event, a social science teacher should focus on the following to promote critical thinking:- 

• Assessing the point of view of the author and source:- The teacher assesses the source of the news clipping that helps in promoting critical thinking.
• Placing the arguments in the context in which the event took place:- To place the arguments regarding the context that helps in exploring it and develops critical thinking.
• Validating the veracity of the argument:- To justify the source of the argument, the teacher explores the problems, search for evidence that helps in promoting critical thinking.

​Thus, it is concluded that A, B, and C statements are correct.

Social science is a body of knowledge, that deals with social and cultural aspects of human life because of their immense importance for achieving better social cohesion, solidarity, and development.

Key Points To teach different topics in social sciences and to achieve learning objectives associated with these topics, the teacher uses a number of teaching-learning methods or techniques which constitute various teaching-learning strategies.

• Here, while discussing the theme of Adivasis, a teacher is expected to introduce a variety of local examples.
• It is always a good idea to teach students using local examples, better if they are practical and related to real life. Students visualize things with the help of examples they relate things and think over them.
• It can be given orally which develops a pupil's thought, logic, and imagination.

Hence, it is concluded that When discussing the theme 'Adivasis,' a social science teacher is expected to introduce a variety of local examples during class discussions.

Social Science is the study of relations of humans with society and their social life. It includes a number of disciplines (history, political science, economics, psychology, science, etc.) that deal with human society.

Key Points

• Objectives are general goals or targets to be achieved to form the base of a subject.
• History is the study of life in society in the past, in all its aspects, in relation to present developments and future hopes.

Following are the objectives of teaching history at the elementary level:-

• History should be taught to students to understand and place themselves in context. The person, who does not understand himself/herself, will not be a well-balanced human being.
• Build an understanding of the processes of change and development through which human societies and civilizations have evolved.
• History should be taught to provide students with the concepts of time, space, and society and their relationships that link the present with the past, the local with the distant, the personal life with the national life, lives, and cultures of men and women with those elsewhere in time and space.
• History also tells the stories of great men, kings, and thinkers, which help students to assess their own values and achievements.

Thus, it is concluded that the main objective of teaching history at an elementary level is to build an understanding of the processes of change and development through which human societies and civilizations have evolved.

Hint

• understand and appreciate the diversities in land and people of India in relation to their own place- the objective of teaching geography
• **develop as responsible and active citizens in a democracy-**objective of teaching political science.
• understand economic policies- objective of teaching economics

The teaching-learning process is aimed to bring relatively permanent change in the behavior of an individual (knowledge, skill, and attitude) that can be acquired consciously. It involves planning and execution of several activities and experiences to bring the desired outcomes.

Key Points

• Children are aware of social conflicts and this awareness may make them anxious about future as they are learning social science which make them aware about the social confilcts.
• It is the responsibility of the social science teacher to provide them the opportunities to express their anxiety and provide the discussion regarding the social conflicts that make them aware of the conflicts and helps them to deal with them better.

​Thus, it is concluded that Both (A) and (B) are true and (B) is the correct explanation of (A).

Children learn in a variety of ways both individually and in groups.  NCF (2005) states that the children require opportunities to learn through making and doing things, experiencing, experimenting, reading, discussing, listening, thinking, and reflecting and expressing themselves in speech, movement, and writing. 

Key Points

• Direction is defined as an imaginary straight line on a map or ground showing the angular position of various points with respect to a common base direction which is normally north.
• The best resource to teach directions is a map.
• A map is a visual representation of an area, drawn on a flat surface. It is used as an effective teaching tool to:
• make information comprehensible to understand.
• provide authentic and accurate information to learners.
• facilitate effective visual learning to introduce a concept.
• Maps build interest in learning directions.

Thus, it is concluded that Map could be the best teaching-learning resource to introduce the concept of 'direction' to students at the primary level.

The correct answer is only B, C and D are true.

Key Points

• If a student wants to study the impact of government schemes on livelihood, she may require:
• the ability to use statistical tools,
• to gather the details of the scheme, and
• formulate comparison groups.
• One cannot just collect secondary data as primary data is also essential.

 Thus, we can say that the above statements are true.

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

Key Points

• Assessment of learning is used as valuable information for discussion on placement or promotion as it provides the overall results of the teaching-learning process.
• Assessment of learning is generally summative in nature occurring at the end of a class, course, semester, or academic year and intended to measure learning outcomes and report these outcomes to students, parents, and administrators.
• The purpose of this type of evaluation is the classification and promotion of the students.

Thus, it is concluded that Assessment of learning is generally used as valuable information for discussion on placement or promotion.

Additional Information 

• Assessment for learning is, generally, formative in nature and helps teachers to monitor their students’ progress and to modify the instruction accordingly. It also helps students to monitor their own progress as they get feedback from their peers and the teacher and find opportunities to revise and refine their thinking.
• Assessment as learning is entirely student-controlled and emphasizes the role of the student as the critical connector between assessment and learning.
• The formative assessment is a part of the assessment for learning.

Factual Knowledge is the knowledge that is basic to specific disciplines. This dimension refers to essential facts, terminology, details, or elements students must know or be familiar with in order to understand a discipline or solve a problem in it.

Key Points

• How did the last Mughal emperor live the last years of his life?:- This question is based on facts about the Mughal emperor that checks factual knowledge.
• If you were a Member of Parliament (MP), list two types of questions that you would ask.:- This question is also based on facts as two questions asked on Parliament are based on factual knowledge.

Thus, it is concluded that B and D are correct.

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

Key Points

• During instruction, the assessment can be used to determine what students are learning so that if there is a need, the teacher can adjust their teaching method.
• Formative assessment is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures employed by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. It is an ongoing process usually carried out by the teacher to continuously monitor students’ progress in a non-threatening and supportive environment.
• A diagnostic assessment is an assessment made before the learning of a unit commences in order to determine what a student does and does not know about a topic. This form of assessment helps to identify where your students are in their learning and what course of action is appropriate to the learning levels of the students are needed to be taken for continuing or improving their learning.

Thus, it is concluded that assessment that happens during the instructional process are formative and diagnostic assessment.

Additional Information

• Summative assessment is conducted at the end of a course or a unit of a course. It does not provide feedback instead it provides the overall results of the teaching-learning process.
• Placement assessment is conducted before the organization of teaching-learning activities to measure the entry behavior or previous knowledge of the learners.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: It is a hierarchical ordering of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and each domain has some objectives that can help teachers teach and students learn.

Key Points Cognitive domains\process: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember. 

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition power. 

Stages& Subdomains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Understanding: It refers to the process of interpreting and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials

Important Points​ Following are the questions that assess the 'understand' aspect of the cognitive process:-

• What do you understand by the term 'agricultural development?
• Why are people considered as a resource?
• What role do citizens play in the enactment of a new law?

These all questions assess the understanding aspect as if they have an understanding of the concepts then they can answer these questions.

Thus, it is concluded that A, B, and E are correct.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: It is a hierarchical ordering of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and each domain has some objectives that can help teachers teach and students learn.

Key PointsCognitive domains\process: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember. 

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition of power. 

Stages& Subdomains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Understanding: It refers to the process of interpreting and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials.

Important Points Following are the questions that analyzed the cognitive process:-

• Distinguish between longitudes and latitudes:- In this question, students analyze latitudes and latitudes then they will be able to differentiate them.
• How did the East India Company plan to bring an end to the Mughal dynasty?:- Analyse the east India company and the Mughal dynasty.
• Why were the Indian sepoys employed by the East India Company disconnected? Analyze about east India company.

​Thus, it is concluded that **A, D, and E are correct.**​

The correct answer is 'sense of smell plays a deeply significant, yet often undervalued, role in our lives.'

Key Points

• If we go through the passage carefully, we can infer that: to establish the fact that the sense of smell plays a deeply significant, yet often undervalued, role in our lives.
• It asserts that olfactory perception is not only about sensing odours but also about the emotions and experiences associated with those smells. Our likes and dislikes of certain smells are often rooted in our emotional memories and experiences. The research also points out the crucial role of odours in social bonding, highlighting that physical closeness—including the ability to smell a loved one—is a critical aspect of building emotional connections. Moreover, despite the common belief that human olfactory abilities are inferior to those of some animals, this study suggests that humans can use their sense of smell with remarkable accuracy, such as distinguishing the smell of clothing worn by different people.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.