CTET Paper 1 - 23rd Dec 2021 (English-Hindi-Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a product of the interaction of hereditary and the environment.

• Development takes place when environmental forces interact with the hereditary forces in an organism as they are the elements that play a vital role in determining the development of an individual.

Key Points

• The belief that children's behavior can be modified by reinforcers and punishers is based on the idea that development is primarily influenced by the environment only.
• A reinforcer increases the probability of a behavior it is contingent on; a punisher decreases the probability.
• Behavior modification involves assessing and modifying the current environmental events that are functionally related to the behavior.
• Human behavior is controlled by events in the immediate environment, and the goal of behavior modification is to identify those events.
• Environment refers to the circumstances in which an individual lives. Child's immediate environment strongly influenced their behavior, development, personality, and intelligence.
• All mental and social traits depend on the environment. Environment determines the numeric position of IQ within these limits.

Hence it could be concluded that the belief that children's behaviour can be modified by reinforcers and punishers is based on the idea that development is primarily influenced by environment only.

Additional Information 

• Heredity: It refers to the traits that pass down from the parents to their offspring. It is the most important personality and intelligence determinant.
• If the contingent event makes it more probable that the person will behave in a similar way when in a similar situation, the event is called a reinforcer.
• On the other hand, if the contingent event makes the behaviour less probable, then the event is called a punisher.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. A child develops in an orderly sequence which is almost similar in all children.

• The rate and speed of development may vary in individual cases but the sequence of development patterns is almost the same in all children. Thus human development is based on certain principles.

Key Points

Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot direction and the second is from near to distant  (center of the body to the peripheral).

Sequential pattern of development can be seen in two directions:

• Cephalo-caudal sequence: It means that development spreads over the body from head to foot, i.e. individual begins to grow from head region downwards.
• For example, The child first gain control on her head, then she could catch hold of objects, sit, crawl, and later she could stand and walk.
• Proximodistal sequence: It means that the development proceeds from the central part of the body towards the peripheries. In this sequence, the spinal cord of the individual develops first, and then outward development takes place.
• For example, the child could use her arms before her hands and use her hands before she could control the movement of her fingers.
• Children learn to throw the ball before holding a pencil and writing.

Thus, it is concluded that the above-mentioned situation illustrates the proximo-distal principle.

Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. It includes all aspects of human growth, including physical, emotional, intellectual, social, etc. 

• The major domains of development such as physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and language are developed in an integrated and holistic process.

Key Points

• Motor and cognitive development happen throughout the lifespan as development is a continuous process that continues throughout one’s life span, from the womb to the tomb.
• Development can be assessed not measured. It refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.
• It is concerned with the overall and progressive changes taking place in an individual including both quantitative as well as qualitative aspects.

Hence, motor and cognitive development happen throughout the lifespan.

Hint

• Cognitive development refers to the development of the ability to understand, learn, reason, think, perceive, and solve a problem.
• Motor development is related to the development of Motor skills. A motor skill is a function, which involves the precise movement of muscles with the intent to perform a specific act. Motor skill development is defined as the process by which movements are executed more quickly and accurately with practice.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

• It simply refers to acquire the socially approved ways of behavior and to take ideal expectations seriously.
• Socialization is the continuous process of negotiating identities and shaping one’s concept of self, identity, various attitudes, and behaviors.
• Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media.

Key Points

Primary Socialization: 

• It happens during infancy and childhood. It refers to the process where the child becomes socialized through the family in the early childhood years.
• This highlights that the key agent in the process of primary socialization is the family.
• For example, a very young child in a family has little knowledge of his culture. It is through the family that the child gets to know what is accepted and what is not in a particular society.

Hence, it could be concluded that Family is a primary agency of socialization for children.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points

• Piaget considered that cognitive development is independent of language and thought determines language.
• According to Piaget, thought emerges first and language becomes the intermediary providing the means by which later concepts and conceptual thinking are furthered.
• He emphasizes that "Thought not only determines language but also precedes it"

Hence, as per Jean Piaget's ideas on language and thought, thought determines language is true.

Hint According to Vygotsky:

• Language is essential for cognitive development.
• Language plays a powerful role in shaping individuals' thoughts.
• By acquiring language, a child modifies its higher mental functions.
• In the initial stage, thought & language are independent but merge at around two years of age.

Cognitive development refers to the way children learn and process information. It includes improvement in attention, perception, language, thinking, memory, and reasoning.

• According to Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, our thoughts and reasoning are part of adaptation. Cognitive development follows a definite sequence of stages. Piaget described four major stages of cognitive development.

Key Points

• 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the irreversibility of thought, the concept of conservation, and struggles with the idea of centration.
• Due to the Centration in thought, the child can focus his attention only on one aspect of the situation at a time and cannot reverse the direction of his thought.
• For example, A 6-year-old child reasons that a taller glass has more water than a shorter and wider container even though the liquid has been poured from the container to the glass in front of her eyes. This is showing centration.

Thus, it is concluded that according to Jean Piaget, this reasoning of Anu is due to Centration.

Hint

• Conservation: It refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. If you show a child four marbles in a row, then spread them out, the preoperational child will focus on the spread, and tend to believe that there are now more marbles than before.
• Seriation refers to the ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type. For example, they can arrange a set of pencils of different sizes in ascending or descending order.
• Maturation is a natural process of becoming emotionally, mentally and physically mature through an Interplay between heredity and environment.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points 

Reversibility - the ability to reverse actions is a basic accomplishment of the concrete operational stage as given in the Piagetian theory of Cognitive development.

• The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development.
• In this stage, children show attainment of the concept of reversibility, seriation, and transitivity as a cognitive capacity.
• Reversibility is the ability by which the child becomes capable of following a series of actions and then being able to follow back or in other words ‘reverse’ these series of actions mentally.
• The notion is that something which has been changed can be returned to its original state by reversing the process that leads to the change.
• For example, Lata knows that mixing yellow and blue colours gives green colour but when asked about the colour obtained by mixing blue and yellow colours she fails to answer. So, she lacks Reversibility. She doesn't know that yellow, blue mixing and blue-yellow mixing are the same.

Hence, it could be concluded reversibility - the ability to reverse actions is a basic accomplishment of the concrete operational stage as given in the Piagetian theory of Cognitive development.

Additional Information

Other Stages of Cognitive Development: 

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

• 'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the learner's development.

Important Points 

• From the above-mentioned information, it is clear that the teacher is trying to apply Lev Vygotsky's theory of Social constructivism in the class.
• According to Vygotsky, social interaction is the primary cause of learners' development as his theory emphasizes that children learn through interaction and collaboration with skilled and knowledgeable people.

Key Points

Lev Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of more skilled peers to support and guide the other students by introducing three concepts which are as follows:

 

Hence, we can conclude that teacher is trying to apply Lev Vygotsky's theory of Social constructivism in the class.

Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive ability. 

Key Points

Language and culture are the basis of Lev Vygotsky's views on development.​

Role of culture:

• Lev Vygotsky's social-cultural perspective of learning emphasizes the importance of cultural tools in the learning process.
• Culture plays a significant role in human intellectual development and how humans perceive the world. Learning takes place through the interaction between the child and culture.
• Different cultures play a vital role in shaping the abilities and behaviors of a child and work as a tool of intellectual adaptation.​

Role of language: 

• Lev Vygotsky stresses the impact of language on cognitive development. According to him, children speak to themselves for self-guidance.
• He emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development.
• He believed that in the initial stage, thought & language are independent but merge at around two years of age.

Hence, we conclude that language and culture are the basis of Lev Vygotsky's views on development.

The word gender gives the meaning not only to show the difference in body structure or other physical structure but also the different responsibilities they have in society, etc.

Key Points

• Gender is a social concept as it refers to the socially constructed differences between men and women.
• It refers to the masculine and feminine qualities, behavior, roles, and responsibilities that society upholds. Gender can be changed/re-oriented.
• Transvestites and transsexuals construct their gender status by dressing, speaking, walking, gesturing in the way prescribed for women or men whichever they want to be taken for and so does any normal person.
• Gendering is legitimated by religion, law, science, and society’s entire set of values.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Gender is a social concept.

Howard Gardner, an American Psychologist, proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In his book ‘Frames of Mind’, he pointed out that he did not believe there was “one form of cognition which cut across all human thinking. There are multiple intelligences with autonomous intelligence capacities.” So, intelligence cannot be viewed as a single entity.

• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence which later on he increased to nine. Thus Gardner views each individual as a unique combination of various intelligence, hence we cannot say that one is more intelligent and another is less intelligent.

Key Points 

From the above-mentioned information, it is clear that as per Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence, Neeta is demonstrating Naturalistic Intelligence.

• It is the ability to recognize and understand the various patterns in nature.
• It includes sensitivity to nature with all its features including flora, fauna, and all biodiversity.
• It involves complete awareness of our relationship with the natural world.
• Hunters, farmers, tourists, botanists, zoologists, etc. possess more naturalistic intelligence.

Hence, it could be concluded that Neeta is demonstrating Naturalistic Intelligence

Additional Information

The nine types of intelligence as given by Gardner:

• Linguistic Intelligence refers to the ability to use language. It is the capacity to use spoken and written words in a skilled way.
• Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to use logical reasoning and mathematical ability. Individuals high on this intelligence have good abstract reasoning, critical thinking, and good in dealing with numbers.
• Musical Intelligence is the ability to use rhythms, sounds, and patterns to create, compose and perform music. It involves sensitivity to music, and the ability to recognize and manipulate musical patterns.
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to use and control one’s body movements and actions. Dancers and sports persons are usually high in such intelligence.
• Spatial Intelligence is the capacity to perceive, understand and use spatial and visual information effectively. Such people are good at spatial orientation, forming visual images and patterns.
• Interpersonal Intelligence refers to the ability to understand others and social interactions. They can understand the emotions and the perspectives of others and relate well to others.
• Intrapersonal Intelligence is the ability to understand oneself and know one’s thoughts, emotions, feelings, motives, and desires, and how these influence their behavior.
• Existential Intelligence: Gardner added existential intelligence as the ninth intelligence which refers to the sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions beyond sensory data and about human existence. It concerns the ‘big picture in life and the ultimate truth of life. Cosmologists and philosophers are high on this aspect of intelligence.

Individual difference refers to the difference which distinguishes an individual from another on the basis of psychological characteristics. Individual differences could be seen in all domains of development such as physical, emotional, mental, etc.

Key Points 

To cater to individual differences in her class a primary school teacher should provide diverse learning experiences to students as it will help in:

• selecting relevant prompts to be suitable for their ability level.
• combining different types of prompts to make them inculcate skills.
• catering to the range of learning needs and requirements of diverse learners.
• making learning effective for students who learn differently either visually, auditory, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that to cater to individual differences in her class a primary school teacher should provide diverse learning experiences to students.

Additional Information 

Required steps to meet individual differences:

• Ability grouping.
• Enrichment of curriculum.
• Individualization of instruction.
• Identification of special talents.
• Adoption of modern method of teaching.
• Providing a variety of learning experiences.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'. He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized into 3 levels and 6 stages.

Key Points

From the above-mentioned information, it could be interpreted that Fatima comes under Good boy-good girl orientation stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.

• According to Kohlberg the 'Good Boy / Good Girl orientation' indicates​ 'Conventional Morality' as the reason for moral behaviour of child during this stage is 'gaining acceptance and avoiding censure by others'.
• Under the Good boy-good girl orientation stage:
• children make decisions to please others.
• children try to maintain interpersonal relations.
• children make efforts on the approval of others.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Kohlberg, the child falls under the 'Good boy'-'good girl' orientation stage.

Additional Information 

Refer to the table to be familiar with all the levels of Kohlberg's theory.

A portfolio is a tool for assessing a variety of skills not usually testable in a single setting of the traditional written paper and pencil tests. It keeps the students’ work of language use and uses it for assessing the learners’ achievement.

Key Points

• A collection of students' work on a variety of tasks throughout the meant for keeping a record of their performance is known as portfolio.
• It provides evidence of a learner’s abilities, thoughts, and attitudes.
• A portfolio shows children's gradual progress and paves way for development.
• It assesses team-based activities, social projects, and peer-related behavior and represents a blend of the instructional process and the evaluation process.
• It provides an insight into a child’s emotional, social and psychological development.

Hence, it could be concluded that a collection of students' work on a variety of tasks throughout the meant for keeping a record of their performance is known as portfolio.

Hint

• A rubric is a set of scoring guidelines for evaluating students' work. These may include descriptive details of the work, which depend on the feasibility of learners' available time, nature of the task, etc.

John Dewey, an American philosopher has proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

• A progressive school is a part of progressive education that believes in the capability and potential of every child.
• Progressive education emphasizes enhancing the skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.

Key Points

• In a progressive school, the education imparted will make the children active explorers as in a progressive classroom ample opportunities are provided to learners for the construction of knowledge.
• In a progressive school, learners play an active part in their learning, it emphasizes enhancing the skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.
• It promotes 'learning by doing' to make children self-reliant and productive to use their knowledge and talents effectively.
• Progressive school ensures the active participation of students by working in a group and applying practical knowledge to complete an activity.

Hence, it could be concluded that in a progressive school, the education imparted will make the children active explorers.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality.

• Creativity is the cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.
• It is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems with more than one approach.

Key Points

Characteristics of creativity:

• Guilford (1986) considered creative thinking as involving divergent thinking, which consists of four aspects such as fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration.

Let's Understand in Brief:

 

Hence, we conclude that fluency, elaboration and flexibility are characteristics of creativity.

Orthopedic impairment is the most common physical disability. It is a significant physical limitation that impairs the ability to move or to complete motor activities.

• The impairment results in varieties and degrees of difficulties in movement, coordination, and speech. An orthopedic disability requires a little adaptation and preparation.

Key Points 

Inclusion of students with orthopedic challenges requires:

• Infrastructure accessibility so that they could be self-reliant as much as they can.
• Least restrictive environment, ramps, hand bars rubber mats over the slippery floor, taping on desks.
• Provide assistive aids and modification in curriculum, evaluation, and teaching methods.
• Provision of allocating classes on the ground floor so that they can move around independently.

Hence, we can conclude that the inclusion of students with orthopedic. challenges require Infrastructural Accessibility. 

Hint

• A standardized curriculum, rigid attitudes toward authority, and placement in a special school can not help children with orthopedic disabilities.

Additional Information

Orthopedic impairment includes: 

• Diseases such as polio or tuberculosis.
• Accidents resulting in amputations, fractures, or burns.
• Damage to the central nervous system, such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida.
• Congenital anomalies such as club foot ( which is a deformation of the foot ) or absence of a body part.

Learning disabilities are diagnosed particularly when children start going to school and are engaged in academic activities with other children in the school. It may be caused due to premature birth, low birth weight, and malnutrition.

• The differently-abled children feel difficulty in performing the basic processes required in understanding or using language, spoken or written. It may be seen as the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.

Key Points

Dyslexia: 

• Dyslexia is generally categorized as a spectrum of learning disorders that affects the ability to speak, read, write, and pronouncing words. The children might read some words wrong and may be unable to read at all.
• It includes reading skills like reading comprehension, word recognition, oral reading skills, and even impairment in skills that require reading.
• When they face difficulty in reading, they can not spell the words properly and are unable to write them accurately as well.
• They can get confused between similar words, sounds of alphabets, and the same shapes of letters.
• Also, they will have problems in interpreting and understanding the letters and words. For example, the students can get confused between "69" and "96", and also they may read "saw" as "was".

Hence, it could be concluded that dyslexia is generally categorized as a spectrum of learning disorders.​

Inclusive teaching means education for all children (general and specific) in the same school. It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Important Points 

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive teaching improves the quality and makes provisions of education for all. It welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Key Points 

Basic Principles of Inclusive Teaching:

• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Systematic adaptation to diversity.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Acceptance of individual differences.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.
• Equity and equal opportunities for all.

Hence, it could be concluded that segregation and labeling are NOT a principle of inclusive teaching.

Hint

• Segregation and labeling are NOT a principle of inclusive teaching as inclusive teaching provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment instead of segregation and labeling them.

Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability that, according to Jean Piaget, develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11.

• Conservation refers to the ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite the adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.

Key Points

• Piaget believes that by seven years of age children are able to conserve numbers.

Some forms of conservation such as mass is understood earlier than others.

• Children belonging to the potter community learn conservation of mass earlier than conservation of number because learning and development take place in a socio-cultural context.
• Children belonging to the potter community daily observe their parents doing their work and also help their parents in their work that is why they learn conservation of mass earlier than conservation of number.
• Socio-cultural context emphasizes the role of culture and social interaction in the process of child development and learning and here the learning and development of potter community children are influenced by the sociocultural context in which they grow up.

Hence we can conclude that Both (A) and (R ) are true and (R ) is the correct explanation of (A).

Learning from observation is a common and natural method of human learning. Bandura's Observational learning (also known as vicarious learning, social learning, or modeling) is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining, and replicating novel behavior executed by others.

Key PointsThe correct steps to learn behavior through observation include:

Attention: 

• It refers to the process of paying attention to the model to observe in order to learn. We do not imitate the total behavior of a model rather we focus on specific aspects that we are interested to learn. We pay attention to significant features of the behavior we want to learn.
• For example, a child learning to write in good handwriting watches her teacher and keenly observes the way she is holding the pen, moving her fingers, where she is using capital letters and does not pay attention to how the teacher is dressed or how she walks.

Retention: 

• The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
• For example, if anyone is trying to bowl like Zahir Khan, then he should mentally rehearse the sequences of the bowling actions of Zahir after observing him in person or in TV telecasts and forming a visual image of the actions.

Reproduction: 

• It refers to the fact that the observer must be endowed with the physical and psychological capabilities and situational facilities to enact what has been observed. Unless it is given the scope of expression, it may become extinct.

Motivation: 

• The final phase is motivation and reinforcement. Enactment of observed behavior would require an expectancy of positive results. This may be learned by observing that the model had been rewarded for the same behavior. This factor of motivation as the external reward and internal self-reinforcement has been emphasized repeatedly by Bandura.

Hence, it is concluded that when students learn a behavior through observation, the first step of that process is that they must pay attention to the model.

All learners make mistakes. As someone has said: "You can't learn without goofing". Whether you are learning how to ride a bicycle, how to fly a kite or learn a language, everyone does make mistakes.

Key Points

• An error is an incorrect form and a sure indication that the learner has not mastered the core of the selective topic in a learning process.
• Understanding the errors made by learners is important for a teacher as it will help her to understand the learners' thought processes since they are a window to children's thinking.
• Errors are necessary for the learning process to give insight into children's thinking. It helps the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles and to cater to them according to their needs.
• Making such an error cannot be just due to negligence and carelessness. It may be so that students are thinking about it in a different manner other than what is the right process.
• To understand this, a teacher should analyze what mistake the students are doing, how the mistake is generated, and where exactly they tend to make mistakes.​

Hence, understanding the errors made by learners is important for a teacher as she can understand the learners' thought process.

The National Education Policy 2020 aims to bring transformational reforms in school and higher education and thus shape India into a global knowledge superpower.

• This policy will usher in sweeping changes to the education policy of the country, including a renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development as the Education Ministry.

Key Points

• NEP 2020 is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions.
• NEP-2020 has given emphasis on conceptual understanding, creativity and critical thinking, human ethical values, and constitutional values.
• It proposes that experiential learning should be encouraged to promote conceptual understanding as experiential learning refers to learning by gaining experience through active involvement.
• As per National education policy 2020, education must adopt experiential learning including hands-on learning, arts-integrated and sports-integrated education, story-telling-based pedagogy, etc.

Hence, it can be concluded that National Education Policy 2020 states that learning should be experiential.

Many people experience some degree of stress and anxiety before and during exams, test this exam anxiety can actually impair learning and learners' performance. 

Strategies to cope with anxiety include:

• Get enough sleep
• Eat well-balanced meals
• Take deep breaths: Inhale and exhale slowly
• Do your best. Instead of aiming for perfection, which isn't possible, be proud of however close you get.

Key Points

• Here, Tanvi practices deep breathing just before the onset of examination. She is using an emotional management strategy to cope with anxiety.
• Emotional management skills are abilities that help individuals to regulate their emotional responses to situations.

Hint

• Problem-solving: Problem-solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a solution.
• Avoidance: It refers to the practice or an instance of keeping away from particular situations, activities, environments, individuals, things, or subjects of thought because of either (a) the anticipated negative consequences of such or (b) the anticipated anxious or painful feelings associated with those things or events.
• Denial: Denial is a defense mechanism in which confrontation with a personal problem or with reality is avoided by denying the existence of the problem or reality.

Hence, we can conclude that Tanvi is using an emotional management strategy to cope with anxiety.

Motivation is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs. There are two primary types of motivation namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. 

• There are many methods of motivating learners which can either be categorized into extrinsic or intrinsic types of motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that is animated by personal enjoyment, interest, or pleasure. It is driven by an interest in the task itself and exists within the individual.

Key Points

• From the above-mentioned information, it is clear that Rohini is an intrinsically motivated learner as intrinsic motivation refers to the behavior which focuses on personal satisfaction and internal rewards.
• Intrinsic motivation is the internal condition or factor of learning. It directs behavior that leads to self-actualization in learning.
• It is the arousal of a tendency to act and produce results. It is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs.
• It arouses and sustains the interest of learners in the teaching-learning process which compels them to be active while learning a concept.

Hence, it could be concluded that Rohini is an intrinsically motivated learner.

Hint

• Extrinsic motivation refers to a behavior that is guided by earning rewards or avoiding punishment.
• Rewarding a student is an extrinsic type of motivation. It lures the learner to focus on studies for achieving a reward.
• Such kind of motivation creates a mindset where the learner expects to put effort only when there is a reward at the completion of work.

The human mind is a beautiful creation of god and is the most powerful tool in the world. It has the power to create, innovate, change and even destroy things in the world. 

• It is the virtue of the mind that we have the capability of creating our own thought processes. As each individual presents their viewpoint, it is obvious that people will have a conflict of opinions with each other. This creates the ideology of conceptions and misconceptions.

Key Points

• Alternative conceptions are generated as a concept is understood from different aspects, while the misconception is a thought process that goes in the wrong direction due to a lack of complete information or just ignorance.
• Alternative conceptions and misconceptions are not always baseless rather they represent children's intuitive ideas about particular concepts and the world around them​ as it shows their thinking and they can think and put forward their views.
• The formation of alternative conceptions and misconceptions is very natural among children as well as adults because it is a natural thought process and no two minds can think alike exactly.
• A teacher should definitely attend to these alternative conceptions and misconceptions as they are significant in process of teaching-learning because they are very helpful; in developing critical thinking. Without this, a child would not be able to put forward one's own views and would end up mugging things.

Thus, it is concluded that alternate conceptions and misconceptions hold by children represent intuitive ideas about particular concepts.

Pedagogical strategies play an important role in the teaching-learning process because it involves teachers' competencies in delivering the conceptual approach, relational understanding, and adaptive reasoning of the subject matter. These practices are vital for creating an inclusive learning environment and contributing to positive learning experiences.

Key PointsThe following pedagogical strategies are effective in a primary classroom:

Use of concept maps: 

• Concepts maps include graphical and diagrammatical representations to illustrate the meaningful acquisition of various sub-topics of a concept.
• It helps the learners to draw an outline of the topic/concept or briefly explain the concept or to link any two concepts of any subject by summarizing it.

Provisioning of diverse materials:

• Teachers who use diverse materials to teach concepts will make their teaching interesting.
• The use of diverse materials caters to the diverse needs of students to ensure effective learning.

Use of stories and anecdotes:

• Stories bind the students in studies. At the primary level, stories can help students to learn the important events and personalities in a fun way.
• An anecdotal record is an observation tool to be used in the teaching-learning process which is used by the teachers to assess learners' interests and provide guidance for their benefit.

Hint

• At the primary level, the teaching-learning process should move from concrete to abstract. Abstract is confusing, difficult to understand, and subjective. The acquisition of new knowledge may become a simpler task when it is supported by concrete examples, objects, and events.

Hence, Use of concept maps, Provisioning for diverse materials, and Use of stories and anecdotes are the pedagogical strategies that are effective in a primary classroom.

Teaching technique is a process, which is explicitly and systematically designed to, ensure that the learners accomplish the instructional objectives. The purpose of instruction is to improve performance.

Key Points

• There are many teaching techniques that are used by teachers to make learning effective and fruitful.
• Here, the above-mentioned technique would be ineffective since more rehearsal is not a suitable technique for meaningful learning.
• This technique would be quite boring and students would not be able to create anything new out of it, it would be a monotonous task.
• Meaningful learning refers to the process of acquiring information actively and properly with complete understanding.
• A primary teacher should use engaging and innovative tasks in her classroom as understanding as meaningful learning takes place only when learners are actively engaged in tasks and activities.

Hence, we can conclude that if a  primary teacher asks her students to write all the information at least five times in their notebooks, the technique would be ineffective since more rehearsal is not a suitable technique for meaningful learning.

Problem-solving is an important part of thinking processes. In general, a problem is any kind of conflict or difference between one situation and another that one wishes to produce, that which is the goal. 

• Problem-solving can be done either with or without insight and utilizes analytical, synthetic thinking along with metacognition.
• An individual uses various kinds of methods or strategies to solve problems.
• Some strategies when used take a long time but definitely give an answer. On the other hand, there are some other strategies that take lesser time but do not always guarantee success.

Key Points

Effective problem-solving strategies include:

Heuristics: 

• In this strategy, an individual does not go for all the alternatives to solve problems but choose the most relevant alternatives. This is a kind of shortcut rule which takes lesser time but does not guarantee success.
• Heuristics are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems. Heuristics do not guarantee a correct solution to a problem but when they work, they permit more rapid solutions.

Algorithms:

• An algorithm is a specific procedure for solving a type of problem. An algorithm invariably leads to the solution if it is used properly.
• It is a procedure of steps that does guarantee a solution if one follows the steps correctly. The rules of multiplication constitute an algorithm because a correct answer is guaranteed if one follows the rules.

Hint

• Functional fixedness is a characteristic where a person has a fixed mindset and is unable to visualize different functionalities of a particular object. It is not desirable for a problem solver.
• Trial and error without comprehension hinder problem-solving skills. To solve a problem effectively trial and error with comprehension is compulsory.

Hence, Algorithms and Heuristics are effective problem-solving strategies.

Prior knowledge is the information that one has before one acquires new ideas or concepts. This information could have been gathered over time from their social,  and cultural influences.

• Prior knowledge lays a base or foundation for learning new ideas. Children conceptualize content, make sense of new ideas and experiences with ease during the teaching and learning process based on prior knowledge that they have about the topic under discussion, and this strengthens their foundation for learning.

Key Points

Effective activities for making use of the previous knowledge of children for further learning: 

• Brainstorming is a very important decision-making skill because it is very effective at generating ideas to solve any problem using prior knowledge. It stimulates the thought process.
• Schema theory reinforces the importance of prior knowledge to learning and the use of tools such as advance organizers and memory aids to bridge new knowledge to older knowledge stored in the schema.
• A concept map is a tool that helps students to perform at higher cognitive levels and helps teachers to explain complicated subjects and assess student understanding. In concept mapping, teachers use students' prior knowledge to relate to new concepts.

Hint 

• Rote memorization: In rote memorization, we do not use prior knowledge because rote memorization is defined as a technique for learning that involves repeating pieces of information over and over. It is merely an ability to reproduce knowledge without knowing its meaning.

Hence, we can conclude that rote memorization is NOT effective for making use of the previous knowledge of children for further learning.

Concept:

Area of square = Side × Side 

Factors: Factors are whole numbers that are multiplied together to produce another number. 

Perfect Square: A perfect square is a number that can be expressed as the product of two equal integers.

Calculation:

If the numbers 4, 9 and 16 square can be made then the concept of area, factors and perfect square can be explained.

∴ The concept of volume cannot be explained.

The correct option is 1 i.e. 1

Calculation:

0.54 × 0.01 = 0.0054

0.0054 × 0.4 = 0.00216

∴ 0.54 × 0.01 × 0.4 = 0.00216

The correct option is 4 i.e. 0.00216.

Given:

Weight of packets in which sugar to be packed = 1/8 kg

Weight of one packet of sugar = \(2\frac{3}{4}\) kg

Weight of the second pack of sugar = \(3\frac{1}{4}\) kg 

Calculation:

\(2\frac{3}{4}kg = \frac{11}{4}kg\)

\(3\frac{1}{4}kg = \frac{13}{4}kg\)

⇒ Total weight of sugar = \(\frac{11}{4} + \frac{13}{4} = \frac{24}{4}\)

⇒ Total weight of sugar = 6 kg

Number of packets = Total weight/Weight of each packet

⇒ Number of packets = \(\frac{6}{\frac{1}{8}}\)

⇒ Number of packets = 6 × 8/1 = 48

∴ Total 48 packets can be made.

The correct option is 2 i.e. 2

Concept:

Perfect square = it is defined as the product of some integer with itself

Calculation:

1. 625

⇒ 25 × 25 = 25²

625 is a perfect square

2. 222

⇒ 2 × 3 × 37

222 is not a perfect square

3. 169

⇒ 13 × 13 = 13²

169 is a perfect square

4. 225

⇒ 15 × 15 = 15²

225 is a perfect square

∴ 222 is not a perfect square

The correct option is 2 i.e. 222

Given:

The sum of digits = 12

Calculation:

Let's assume that digit at one's place = y

Digit at ten's place = x

So, the number = 10x + y

According to the question:

x + y = 12     .........................

(1) And,

(10x + y) - 3(x + y) = 10y + x

⇒ 10x + y - 3x - 3y = 10y + x

⇒ 7x - 2y = 10y + x

⇒ 6x = 12y

⇒ x/y = 12/6

⇒ x/y = 2/1         ....................... (2) ⇒ x ∶ y = 2 ∶ 1

⇒ x ∶  y = 2p ∶ p      .................... (3) From equation (1) and (3)

⇒ 2p + p = 12

⇒ 3p = 12

⇒ p = 4

Digit at ten's place = 2 × 4 = 8

Digit at one's place = 1 × 4 = 4 

∴ Number is 84.

The correct option is 4 i.e. 84

Formula Used:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Calculation:

24879 ÷ 27

Q₁ = 921 

R₁ = 12

367842 ÷ 23 

Q₂ = 15993 

R₂ = 3

R₁ + R₂ = 12 + 3 = 15

Now,

15 ÷ 4 

Q = 3 

R = 3

∴ Remainder will be 3.

The correct option is 3 i.e. 3

Calculation:

If one of the numbers has exactly two zeroes on its extreme right, the other number will have maximum two zero on the extreme right.

Let's assume the 1^st number is 500 and the other number is 20 then the product is 10,000

The correct option is 2 i.e. 2

Given: 

Total distance = 800 m

You run a marathon = 20 km

Formula Used:

Number of rounds = Total Distance/Distance covered in 1 round

Calculation:

Total distance travelled = 20 km = 20000 m

Number of rounds = 20000/800 = 25

∴ 25 rounds we have to cover

The correct option is 3 i.e. 3

Concept:

Rectangle: A quadrilateral has opposite sides equal and all angles 90°.

Square: A quadrilateral has all sides equal and all angles 90°.

Line of symmetry: The line of symmetry is the line that passes through the centre of the shape/object and divides the shape into identical halves.

Calculation: 

Total Symmetry = 4

The correct option is 4

An angle is a figure formed by the two rays called the sides of an angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the center of the angle. 

Key PointsA Ruler is an instrument that is either used to find the length of a line drawn or to draw a straight line of fixed length. It cannot be used to measure angles.

The instrument with which we can measure a particular angle-

• A protractor is an instrument that is generally divided into 180 equal parts and is used for making and measuring angles.
• Cut out one angle (sector) and overlap it with the other.
• Using thread.
• A rectangular strip is fixed at one edge of a fixed rectangular strip and can be moved freely.

Hence, the Ruler cannot be used for verifying whether two angles are equal or not.

Formula used:

The area of the rectangle = Length × Breadth

Calculation:

Area of field A = 20 × 30 = 600 m² 

Area of field B = 23 × 27 = 621 m² 

Area of field C = 24 × 26 = 624 m² 

Area of field D = 25 × 25 = 625 m² 

The area of field D is maximum 

∴ She needs to buy Field D to plant maximum number of trees

Given:

Dehli to Shimla = 2.5 cm

Shimla to Mumbai = 4.5 cm

Shimla to Dehradun = 2 cm

Dehli to Dehradun = 1.5 cm

Calculation:

Dehradun to Shimla to Mumbai = 2 + 4.5 = 6.5 cm

1 cm = 250 km

⇒ 6.5 cm = 6.5 × 250 = 1625 km 

∴ She will have to cover 1625 km

The correct option is 4.

Solution:

Speed = 100 \(\times \frac{60}{1000}\) = 6 km/hr

⇒ Time = 5/6 hour

⇒ 5/6 hour = \(\frac{5}{6} \times 60\) = 50 minutes

⇒ End Time = 7:45 am + 50 minutes = 8:35 am

∴ The student will reach school at 8:35 am

Formula Used:

an = a + (n - 1)d

Sn = \(\frac{n}{2}(2a + (n-1)d)\)

Calculation:

-2 + 4 - 6 + 8 - 10 + 12 ................. + 100

{-2 - 6 - 10................. -98} + {4 + 8 + 12 ................. + 100}

In series {-2 - 6- 10................. -98}

a₁ = -2

d = a₂ - a₁

d = -6 - (-2)

d = -6 + 2 = -4

a_n = -98

a_n = a + (n - 1)d

-98 = -2 + (n - 1)(-4)

-98 +2 = (n - 1)(-4)

(-96)/(-4) = (n - 1)

24 = n-1

25 = n

Sn = \(\frac{n}{2}(2a + (n-1)d)\)

Sn = \(\frac{25}{2}(2\times -2 + (25-1)\times-4)\) 

Sn = \(\frac{25}{2}(-4 + 24\times-4)\)

Sn = \(\frac{25}{2}(-4 -96)\)

Sn = -1250

In series {4 + 8 + 12 ................. + 100}

a = 4 

d = a₂ - a₁

d = 8 - 4 = 4

an = 100

an = a + (n - 1)d

100 = 4 + (n - 1)(4)

96 = (n - 1)(4)

(96)/(4) = (n - 1)

24 = n-1

25 = n

Sn = \(\frac{n}{2}(2a + (n-1)d)\)

Sn = \(\frac{25}{2}(2\times4 + (25-1)\times4)\) 

Sn = \(\frac{25}{2}(8 + 24\times4)\)

Sn = \(\frac{25}{2}(8 +96)\)

Sn = 1300

Now,

1300 -1250 = 50

-2 + 4 - 6 + 8 - 10 + 12 ................. + 100 = 50

The correct option is 4 i.e. 50

Given:

2 notes of Rs.100

3 notes of Rs. 20

10 notes of Rs. 10

50 coins of Rs. 5

77 coins of Rs. 1

98 coins of Rs. 0.50 

Calculation:

Total amount = Rs. 736

No. of coins of Rs. 2 = 736/2 = 368

∴ She will get 368 coins of Rs. 2 

The correct option is 3i.e. 3

The teaching of mathematics should be done in the way, in which a student learns the best i.e., following the child-centered approach by engaging students actively in the learning process.

Key PointsHere, the Teacher is providing the task based on drill and practice and should be discouraged at the primary level.

• Rote-learning and drill are the conventional way of teaching mathematics but at present, the teacher should focus more on providing practical exercises and abstract knowledge to students to foster their individualized discovery-oriented learning.
• A learner who makes use of sufficient drill work, practice work, revision, and review of his learning can be expected to harvest a good yield in terms of its good retention, reproduction, and utilization at the proper time.
• Drill includes the repetition of the content or the subject matter over a period of time to retain and internalized it in a better and more effective way. However, it becomes monotonous for students after a period of time.
• A good drill should follow the learning and understanding of basics as only the learned or the concepts that are taught in the classroom should be given for drill practice.
• The students should use varied methods of the drill as practicing in the same way for a very long period can be monotonous and uninteresting to them.

Hence, we can conclude that option 4 is correct.

"Learning by doing" means Activities based learning.

"Learning by doing" is the process of doing my own hands practically.it encourages the students to participate in their own learning experiences.

Key PointsBenefits of Activity-based Learning-

• The students in primary classes should be taught by various activities and hands-on experiences.
• Learning the concept in mathematics by doing meaningful, hands-on activities related to the concept.
• The teacher teaches their students according to their needs and interest. Teaching should be child-centered.
• The teaching should be connected with real life. The teachers should take examples from the daily life of students so that they feel connected and interested.
• The teacher should use teaching aids from their real environment, nothing is better than this. For example, teachers should use pebbles to teach their students how to add and subtract
• In classes I & II mathematics is not taught as a separate subject, it is taught in an integrated manner with other subjects like language.

Therefore, learning by doing” in the context of mathematics is Learning the concept in mathematics by doing meaningful, hands-on activities related to the concept.

Data Handling refers to the process of gathering, recording, and presenting information in a way that is helpful for analyzing, making predictions, and choices.

Key Points

The steps involved in the data handling process are as follows:

1. Problem Identification- In the data handing process, the purpose or problem statement has to be identified and well defined.
2. Data Collection- The data relevant to the problem statement is collected.
3. Data Presentation- The collected data should be presented in a meaningful manner and it should be easily understood.
4. Graphical Representation- the visual or graphical representation of the data makes the analysis and understanding easier, the presented data can be plotted in graphs, charts such as bar graphs, pie charts, and so on.
5. Data Analysis- The data should undergo data analysis so that the necessary information can be concluded from the data, which helps in taking further actions.
6. Conclusion- From the analysis of the data, we can derive the solution to our problem statement.

Thus, the concept of ‘Data handling’ in a classroom has Representation of data Analysis of data, and Collection of data.

Important Points Data handling is usually represented in the form of pictographs, bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, line graphs, stem and leaf plots, etc.

All of them have different purpose to serve. Anything that can be grouped based on certain comparable parameters can be thought of as data. Parameters mean the context in which the comparison is made between the objects.

Technology in education gives free hand to children to adjust to their own pace of learning. Learners who need extra time can spend more time going over exercises until they understand, while others who need less support can continue ahead. 

Key PointsAccording to the National Curriculum Framework (2005)-

• Technology can aid the process of Mathematical Exploration and can help engage students as it can be used to facilitate the teaching-learning of abstract concepts in mathematics.
• With technology and access to resources beyond classroom walls, students are inspired to become problem-solvers, critical thinkers, collaborators, and creators.
• Where technology has been successfully integrated into classrooms, students develop a lifelong love of learning.

Therefore, we can conclude that According to the National Curriculum Framework (2005), ‘Technology can aid the process of Mathematical Exploration and can help engage students, hence technology can be used to facilitate the teaching-learning of abstract concepts in mathematics.

BALA  is termed as  Building as Learning Aid.It is about developing school spaces — the classrooms, the floors, walls, doors, windows, pillars, corridors, the outdoor spaces, and the natural environment — as learning resources.

Key PointsThe idea of BALA  was developed after comprehensive research in the following areas-

• For facilitation of all-around growth and development.
• Need for a literacy environment.
• Socio-cultural-educational background at home.
• Spatial aspirations from school.
• Natural behavioral patterns in school space.

Thus, the ‘BALA’ concept which is an initiative supported by UNICEF is Built as Learning Aid.

Additional Information What can BALA do?

For children, it can help in developing

1. Language and Communication skills
2. Numeracy skills
3. Abstract notions through concrete examples
4. Respect for nature and the environment
5. Capability to realize the potential of available resources
6. Power of observation

Pattern is defined as the phenomenon that repeats regularly based on a set rule or condition.

The pattern recognition approach is used for the discovery, imaging, and interpretation of temporal patterns in seismic array recordings.

Key Points

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning, quantitative calculation, practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter, etc. Mathematics plays a vital role in daily life.

• Pattern recognition requires the repetition of experience.

All discoveries and inventions to date are a result of the pattern recognition skills of humans.

• The main goal of NCF 2005 is to mathematize the child's mind.
• The NCF focuses on conceptual understanding of any topic. It discourages rote memorization.
• Mathematics increases logical thinking.
• The teaching-learning process should not focus on robotic learning of steps of solving any question.
• The questions which only check the procedural learning, rote memorization, and drill do not initiate the mathematical thinking of students.

Hence, ‘Recognition of patterns and their completion’ is an essential part of the mathematics curriculum at the primary level as it Promotes creativity amongst students and helps them to understand the properties of numbers and operations.

Assessment in Education is defined as the wide variety of methods or tools that educators use to evaluate, measure, and document the academic readiness, learning progress, skill acquisition, or educational needs of students.

Key PointsThe importance of Assessment in the Teaching- learning process-

• Assessment is the process of gathering and discussing information from multiple and diverse sources that aim to develop a deep understanding of what students know, understand, and can do with their knowledge as a result of their educational experiences.
• The process culminates when assessment results are used to improve subsequent learning.
• It helps in understanding the attitude of the students.
• it also enables the teacher to understand the questions that are answered incorrectly by the students.
• It Provides feedback to the student and develops need-based teaching plans.
• Assessment is the systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and development of students. It is the process of defining, selecting, designing, collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and using the information to increase students' learning and development.
• Assessment is the educational program undertaken for the purpose of improving student learning and development.

Thus, For assessment in class Ill, a mathematics teacher creates a record of the progress of the students using the following parameters: - conceptual understanding, mathematical reasoning, attitude towards mathematics, solving new problems, and finding multiple ways to solve the problems. The data from this type of assessment is least useful for ranking the students according to their scores.

A misconception in mathematics is a misunderstanding or incorrect belief about a mathematical concept, process, or relationship.

Key PointsTechniques helpful to clear misconception:

• Giving the pictorial representation of the two fractions: Visual representations, such as pie charts or bar diagrams, can help the child see the relative sizes of 1/2 and 1/3. This visual aid can make it clear that 1/2 is larger than 1/3.
• Taking help of paper folding in different examples and comparing the fractions: Paper folding is a hands-on activity that allows the child to physically manipulate and compare different fractions. By folding paper into halves and thirds, the child can directly observe that half of a paper is larger than a third.
• Helping child visualize the two fractions by using real-life object: Using real-life objects like slices of pizza, pieces of chocolate, or segments of an apple can help the child see and understand the size difference between 1/2 and 1/3 in a tangible way.

Hint

• Lecturing child that in fractions, bigger number in the denominator of the fraction means the value of the fraction is small: It is least helpful as a lecture-based approach may not effectively address the child's misconception because it is more abstract and less engaging. Simply telling the child the rule without providing visual or practical examples might not help him understand why the rule is true.

Hence, we conclude that lecturing him that in fractions, bigger number in the denominator of the fraction means the value of the fraction is small would be least helpful for the child to clear his misconception.

The word "heuristic" is derived from the Greek word heuristics" meaning "To discover " and the "Heuristic Method" is one in which the students are left to find out or discover things for themselves.

 Key Points

• Heuristic means discovery in Greek.
• Professor Henry Edward  Armstrong gave the Heuristic method.  According to him, "The soul of the learning of science is exploration.  The students should explore the facts and principles themselves".
• In this method, the students learn by exploring.
• The teacher's role is to rectify the faults at the proper time. As the children work perform experiments, they gain new knowledge.
• In this method, the student works like an explorer. It does not have knowledge of experiments in the beginning. He has to perform several experiments to obtain the required information and principles.

Thus, the meaning of the word ‘Heurisco’ is to Discover.

Additional Information Advantages of Heuristic Method 

1. The students develop a scientific temper. 

2. It leads them exactly and brings them closer to the truth. 

3. The student's observation power is developed and his thinking  

ability is enhanced. 

4. learners develop qualities of activeness, self-confidence, and self-dependence. 

5. The knowledge that is obtained is more stable.

Place value plays a  crucial in the identification and computation of problems in mathematics. Children must understand what each digit represents and how to use this knowledge when solving problems.

Key Points

Students often have difficulty when applying this very complicated concept, A teacher should :

• The mistakes children make when learning place value generally are of two types: errors and misconceptions. Errors are mistakes made due to lack of attention, working too fast, missing an important part of a problem, or overtaxing memory. With these types of errors, students can usually identify their mistakes and correct them.
• Strengthening the concept of place value by providing hands-on experiences.
• Errors do not affect a student's overall progress in mathematics. Misconceptions define as a student's misunderstanding of the central concept. Misconceptions tend to be consistent; identifiable from mistakes made repeatedly in the course of a student's work.
• Real-World Connection: It is important to help children connect the concept of place value to the real world. Often, children do not see how mathematical concepts apply to their individual lives. Teachers can resolve this by giving real-world examples when teaching place value. Manipulative and coins are useful for achieving this connection.

Thus, A teacher should Facilitate the child in conceptualizing the addition by Strengthening the concept of place value by providing hands-on experiences.

Measurement is one of the math skills that is used very much every day. So, while teaching measurement it is crucial that we give our students the chance to experience working on their measuring skills in a meaningful way.

Key PointsSkills directly associated with measuring time:

• Finding duration of an event: Involves calculating the length of time an event lasts.
• Reading time on a clock: Directly involves measuring and understanding the current time.
• Establishing relationship between different units of measuring time: Involves converting and understanding different units (like hours to minutes, days to weeks, etc.).

Hint

• Estimating the position of stars at night is related to astronomy rather than directly measuring time.

Hence, the correct answer is 'estimation of position of stars at night'.

Manipulatives are concrete objects that allow students to engage in active, hands-on exploration of a concept. For example- tangrams, tiles, rods, Diene's blocks, etc. The use of manipulative helps children to learn concepts through hands-on experience.

Key Points

• Importance of manipulatives in the mathematics classroom
• It helps the children connect mathematical ideas and symbols to physical objects, thus promoting better understanding.
• It provides support in dealing with a subject that can be difficult and confusing and help students build confidence by giving them away to test and confirm their reasoning.
• Manipulative is imperative for exploration and experimentation with math ideas as students develop meaning.
• It facilitates students understanding of mathematical concepts and links them to representation and abstract ideas.
• It makes learning math interesting and enjoyable and also motivates children to learn.

Hence, we conclude that manipulative models, static pictures, written symbols, spoken and written language, and real-world situations or contexts are five ways to represent mathematical ideas.

Additional Information

• Math Manipulatives help make abstract ideas concrete.
• Math Manipulatives lift math off textbook pages. While we want students to become comfortable and proficient with the language of math--everything from the plus sign to the notations of algebra--words and symbols only represent ideas.
• Ideas exist in learners' minds, and manipulatives help them construct an understanding of ideas that they can then connect to mathematical vocabulary and symbols.
• Math Manipulatives build learners' confidence by giving them away to test and confirm their reasoning.
• In the same way, manipulative materials serve as concrete models for students to use to solve problems.,Math Manipulatives make learning math interesting and enjoyable.

Mathematics is a science that deals with logical reasoning, quantitative calculation, practices of counting describing shapes, abstraction of subject matter, etc. Mathematics plays a vital role in daily life.

Key Points 

Benefits of solving mathematical puzzles-

• It enhances divergent thinking.
• Solving math makes our brains strong and quick.
• boosts our cognitive skills and we start thinking differently with unique ideas.
• It enhances our logical thinking. Hence, increases our decision-making skills.
• It enhances our problem-solving ability and makes us more creative.
• It increases our aptitude skills, hence, we may solve later problems quicker than before.
• It enhances our memory power.

Hence, solving mathematical puzzles at the primary level helps in Promoting problem-solving skills.

Mathematics is not just the study of numbers and statistical data but also studies the different types of shapes, figures, and patterns.

Van Heile's theory provides an insight to the teacher about how the students learn geometry at different levels.

It helps in describing how the students learn at each level and pass to another level and shapes their learning of geometry at each level of learning.

Key Points 

The Van Hiele levels are described below:

• Level 0: Visualization-The students can recognize shapes by their whole appearance that should just like the exact shape. They can also compare the figures with their prototypes (exemplar) or everyday things but can not identify the properties of geometric figures. For example, they can compare the shape of a circle with bangles, coins, wheels, etc. but are unable to identify and describe the properties of a circle.

They will not be able to recognize the shapes if they are rotated upside down. It belongs mostly to the elementary level classes.

• Level 1: Analysis -They will learn the functions and parts of a figure**. They can describe the properties of a figure and recognize the figures with the same properties.** For example, they can identify the shapes and describe their properties such as a circle is a closed rounded figure with no corners.

It belongs to the upper level of elementary level classes.

• Level 2: Abstraction or informal deduction -The students will be able to understand the relationships between the properties of a figure. They can take part in informal deductive discussions and can discuss the different characteristics of figures*.* For example, the opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. The opposite sides of a square and rectangle are also parallel which means the square and rectangle are also a parallelogram.

It generally belongs to the upper elementary classes.

• Level 3: Deduction or formal deduction -At this level, the students become aware of the more complex geometrical concepts. They can prove an abstract statement on geometric properties to conclude*.* For example, they can prove that the square is a rectangle but a rectangle can not be a square.

It belongs to the higher level of classes where students usually combine a certain set of elements to prove any theorem to draw conclusions or do the evaluation.

• Level 4:Rigor -The last level of geometrical learning belongs to the senior secondary and university-level classes. The students are able to compare different geometrical results*.* For example, the sum of all three angles of a triangle is 180 degrees and is compared to the other properties or other results (to find exterior or interior angles of a triangle) related to the triangle to solve geometrical problems.

Hence, it is concluded that option 1 is correct.

Gender bias refers to a preference for one gender over another. It is often based on prejudices and stereotypes.

Key PointsGender bias is the tendency to prefer one gender over another. It is a form of unconscious bias, or implicit bias, that occurs when one individual unconsciously attributes certain attitudes and stereotypes to another person or group of people. These behaviors affect how the individual understands and engages with others.

Mathematics is free from gender bias, irrespective of prejudice and stereotypes, that's why-

• It is important to have references to the achievements of women mathematicians in math textbooks.
• Both boys and girls should set equal opportunities for higher education in mathematics.
• Girls and boys should be given equal opportunities to learn mathematics.

Therefore***, Boys' mathematical success is attributed to their abilities and girls' success in their efforts is indicative of Gender Bias in mathematics learning in a classroom.***

Observation is a method of inquiry that requires systematic registering of events without any deliberate attempt to interfere with variables operating in the event which is being studied. 

Key Points

Techniques of observation:-

• This method is used in natural(naturalistic observation) as well as laboratory settings(laboratory observation).
• Based on the role of the observer – is divided into participant observation (observer mixes up with the event) and nonparticipant observation (observer has little impact on the study).
• A student portfolio is a collection of pieces of students’ work selected to serve a particular purpose. It not only contains the works of the student but also the best works of the students.
• Student portfolios are often used as an effective instrument for assessing students. Portfolio act as a tool that is based on the technique of observation.

​Features of portfolio:-

• Develops skills among students in evaluating the strength and weaknesses of their work.
• Provides an excellent opportunity for teachers to observe students know more about them.
• Helps students to take responsibility for setting goals and evaluating their progress.
• Creates an opportunity for parents to assess the performance of their children.

 Additional Information

Hence it can be concluded that the portfolio tool is based on the technique of observation.

Sustainable development: development that will allow all future generations to have a potential average quality of life that is at least as high as that which is being enjoyed by the current generation. 

Key Points

• Sustainable development is a development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.
• All citizens should be treated equally in terms of the distribution of resources.
• There should be no struggle for the future generations due to lack of resources, they should enjoy the peace and equal rights provided by their previous generations.

Additional Information

The concept of sustainable development was emphasized by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which defined it as: ‘Development that meets the need

of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

Actions leading to sustainable development 

• Promotion of natural resources, conservation, preserving the regenerative capacity of the ecological system
• Avoiding the imposition of environmental risks on future generations would lead to sustainable development.

Hence the objective of teaching to critically address the concern of equality, justice, peace, and respect for human dignity and rights shows the concern for sustainable development.

The correct answer is Corbett Park.

Concept:

National Park:

• A national park is an area dedicated to the conservation of wildlife along with its environment.
• It is usually a small reserve covering an area of about 100 to 500 km2.
• Within biosphere reserves, one or more national parks may also exist.

Key Points 

Jim Corbett National Park :

• It is the oldest national park in India, located in Uttarakhand.
• It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the endangered Bengal tiger.
• Jim Corbett National Park is the largest tiger reserve located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand.
• It was established in the year 1936.
• It is famous for being home to a large number of tigers, the highest among any Indian national park.
• The Park itself occupies 520 square kilometres, and its whole area comprises hills, marshy depressions, riverine belts, grasslands and a large lake.
• It is India's oldest and most prestigious National Park.

Thus, the park is associated with the conservation of the Tiger is Corbett Park.

Additional Information

The following National parks are most famous in India:

Explanation:

• There are mainly three types of crops produced in Jharkhand.
• Rice is the major crop of Jharkhand.
• Other major crops are Wheat and Maize.
• Minor Crops are Arhar, Urad, Moong, Gram, Mustard, etc.

Important Points 

Thus, rice is the major crop of Jharkhand.

Additional Information 

Soil found in Jharkhand

• Sandy soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad.
• The Black soil, found in the Rajmahal area.
• Laterite soil, found in the western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum.

Explanation:

Mountain:

• A mountain is a landform that rises high above its surroundings.
• Taller than a hill, it usually has steep slopes and a rounded or sharp peak.
• Not a source of water.

Spring:

• Spring is a place where water naturally flows from the ground.
• Many rivers begin as springs, and many people depend on springs for their water supplies.
• They are a source of water.

Pond:

• A pond is a small area of still, freshwater.
• It is different from a river or a stream because it does not have moving water.
• It differs from a lake because it has a small area and is no more than around 1.8m deep.
• They are a source of water.

River:

• A river is a large natural stream of water that flows overland.
• Rivers carry freshwater to people, plants, and animals all across Earth.
• They are a source of water.

​Thus, in this list mountain is different from the others.

Concept:

• Humans carry seeds from one place to another, knowingly or unknowingly.
• People bring the seeds of plants that they find beautiful or useful, to grow in the garden.
• Later the seeds of these plants spread to other places.
• Many years later people may not even remember that these plants did not grow there earlier.

Explanation:

Vegetables and their country of origin: 

Thus, tomatoes are originally from South America.

The correct option is Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra

Concept:

• India is a country of vast geographical expanse.
• In the north, it is bound by the lofty Himalayas.
• The Arabian Sea in the west.
• The Bay of Bengal in the east.
• The Indian Ocean in the south.

Explanation:

Indian States / Union Territories with the coast on the Arabian Sea:

• Gujarat
• Maharashtra
• Goa
• Daman and Diu
• Karnataka
• Kerela
• Lakshwadeep
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Additional Information

Indian States / Union Territories with the coast on the Bay of Bengal:

• West Bengal
• Odisha
• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu
• Puducherry
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Explanation: 

Khunti:

• Khunti is an iron rod to dig the soil, loosen it and make it soft.
• It is called a khurpi in north India.
• In south Indian states, it is called a Khunti.

Thus, a farmer in Karnataka uses a khunti to make his soil soft.

Additional Information 

Illige: 

• The illige is a sharp tool used to cut objects like dried leaves.
• One has to be careful not to cut their fingers.

Kurige:

• It is attached to the bullocks.
• it is used to plough the fields for the sowing of seeds.

Concept:

India is known to be a boiling pot of art and culture with every region having its own traditional artform or painting.

Explanation:

About Madhubani painting:

• Mithila painting, popularly known as Madhubani art.
• It is from the district of the same name in Bihar and is now well-known all over the world.
• The colours used in Madhubani paintings are usually derived from plants and other natural sources.
• Women usually paint their homes to celebrate festivals and the theme of the painting can be varied from nature to myths.
• Women decorate the nuptial chamber and the inner walls of their homes to celebrate festivals.
• The return of Ram from exile and Krishna playing with gopis are the preferred subject matter.
• Artists often show scenes of nature, an abundant harvest, tantric images of snake worship, and even city scenes if they have visited one.
• The United Nations in India decided to display Indian folk paintings for the eighth Millenium Development Goals programme.
• For which Madhubani artists Satya Narain and Moti Karn created a beautiful expression of prevention of child mortality.
• They showed it by showing how elephants and other animals protect their young ones.

​

Thus, Madhubani is a traditional art form named after a village in the state of Bihar.​

Additional Information

Other states and their traditional art forms:

A Field Trip is an activity where students are taken to the real world where they can see the real objects and learn through real experiences. 

Key Points

• The structured Worksheet shows all the activities the students ought to be completed through their field trip to get a complete understanding of that particular topic.
• Formal instructions for the visit should be given compulsorily to the students because this ensures the safety of the students by providing dos and don'ts in the field trip.
• Creating a group of students and their leader decreases the stress on teachers and increases the pace of learning which is the primary objective of field trips.

Additional Information

• An unstructured worksheet may lead the student in the wrong direction due to which he or she may not be able to gain proper knowledge from that field trip, and the purpose of the field trip may not be fulfilled.

Hence A and C & D are the correct options for this question.

Integration:- The act of combining or adding parts that are related to each other to make a unified whole or Integration is the act of bringing together smaller components into a single system that functions as one. 

Key Points

Integrated nature of EVS:-  EVS in elementary education is visualized as an integrated subject area that draws upon insights from sciences (physical, chemical, and biological), social studies (history, geography, civics, etc), and environmental education (protection and conservation).

Interrelated themes of EVS at the primary level

• Family and friends
• Food
• Shelter
• Water
• Travel
• Things we make and do

Here it can be easily noticed that themes are interrelated as food, water and shelter are related to human and human families as they are basic needs of humans. Travel and Things we make and do show the activities of humans which are again interrelated.

Hence the themes of EVS at the primary level are connected and interrelated because of the integrated nature of EVS.

Additional Information

Arts and crafts describe a wide variety of activities involving making things with one's own hands. Arts and crafts are usually a hobby. 

Key Points

Both children and adults enjoy arts and crafts. Children in schools may learn skills such as woodworking, wood carving, sewing, or making things with all sorts of materials. Many community centers and schools have evening or day classes and workshops where one can learn arts and craft skills.

Some Arts and crafts for kids

• Paper flowers
• Clay models
• Building objects through blocks
• Ribbon sticks

Students generally like to be active rather than passive listening to the teacher or taking notes from the blackboard. Arts and crafts are various activities children may love to do which include a lot of creativity and new ideas, hence students in evs class may like arts and crafts more than blackboard summary, individual work, or assessment.

Theme refers to an idea or topic introduced expanded in the syllabus on which all the units and lessons depend. Sub-themes are the parts of main themes which help to understand the main themes in a detailed and descriptive way. 

Key Points

Main themes in EVS 

• Family and Friends
• Food
• Shelter
• Water
• Travel
• Things We Make and Do

Sub-themes of "Family and friends":-

    

• Relationships;
• Work and Play;
• Animals;
• Plants.

    

We can clearly distinguish that "Relationships" is not the main theme but it's the sub-theme of "Family and friends", hence "Relationships" is the only sub-theme in the above-given options.

Concept:

• Different means of transport have been used by humans throughout ages.
• Using these reduces the travel time considerably compared to walking.
• Tongas, chariots, boats etc are traditional means of transport.
• Cars, ships, aeroplanes are all modern means of transport.

Waterways

• Inland waterways: ​Navigable rivers and lakes are used as inland waterways.
• Seaways​: These are the oceanic routes and used for transporting goods from one country to another. These routes are connected with the ports.

Explanation:

Train, Bus, Ship, Tonga, Bicycle, Rickshaw

• Train - Railways (Ground)
• Bus - Road ways (Ground)
• Ship - Water ways - Water
• Tonga - Road ways (Ground)
• Bicycle - Road ways (Ground)
• Rickshaw - Road ways (Ground)

Additional Information

Roadways are the most commonly used means of transport, especially for short-distance travel.

• Roads may be metalled or unmetalled.
• There is a dense network of roads in the plains.
• Roads can be built in deserts, high mountains, and forests too.
• Roads built underground are called subways or under paths.

Railways are economical and faster.

• Steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electrical engines.
• Railway network is well developed in plain areas.
• It is present in hilly terrain too, but not as much as in the plain areas.

Airways 

• ​It is the most expensive mode due to the high cost of fuel.
• It is vulnerable to bad weather like fog and storms.
• It is the only mode to reach even the most distant and remote locations which do not have a road/rail network.

Explanation:

About Gregor Mendel:

• Gregor Mendel, a 19^th-century Augustinian monk.
• He was born in a poor farmer’s family in Austria in 1822.
• He is called the father of modern genetics.
• He found that the pea plant has some traits which come in pairs (called an allele).
• Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the fundamental laws of heredity.
• It is now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

Gregor Johann Mendels Theory:

• Mendel used a number of contrasting visible characters of garden peas- round/wrinkled seeds, tall/short plants, white/violet flowers, and so on.
• He took pea plants with different characteristics- a tall plant and a short plant, produced progeny from them and calculated the percentages of tall or short progeny.

Thus, the correct answer is Gregor Mendal.

Additional Information

Darwin Theory: 

• Darwin gave the theory of natural selection.
• Each species reproduces to maintain its race.
• The species struggle for survival with changing environmental conditions.
• The species adapts with the surroundings survives and rest extinctions.

MS Swaminathan:

• He was a geneticist.
• He is remembered as he had introduced a high-yielding variety of wheat.
• Book "The Quest for a World Without Hunger" was released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on MS Swaminathan.

George Mestral:

• In 1948, one day George Mestral came back from a walk with his dog.
• He was amazed to find seeds sticking all over his clothes and on his dog’s fur.
• He wondered what made them stick.
• So he observed these seeds under a microscope.
• He saw that the seeds had many tiny hooks which got stuck to clothes or fur.
• This gave Mestral the idea of making Velcro.
• He made a material with similar tiny hooks that would stick.
• Velcro is used to stick together many things – clothes, shoes, bags, belts and many more.

Asking questions is one of the great opportunities students get in the EVS class. A good EVS class is not the one that involves only teaching, writing on the blackboard, checking if students are copying, and giving them homework. Students should get the opportunity to ask their doubts and clarify them.

Key PointsBenefits of asking questions

• Students remain active in the classroom.
• Teachers can assess the knowledge of students.
• The classroom remains student-centered.
• Every doubt can be clarified without leading to another doubt.
• The lecture method can be avoided.

Stating concepts and giving descriptions will be done by the teacher, hence in an EVS class students get an opportunity to ask questions.

Food is one of the main themes of EVS. Everything related to food like who produces the food, various types of food, how much time will it take to produce the food, and what are the tools used to produce the food should be addressed to the learners, 

Key Points

• Sharing of farmers' narratives:- Farmers give all the information about the whole process of producing food, the reason why they are producing the food, challenges faced by them while producing the food so this would be a great option for addressing the question from the theme 'Food' "Who produces the food we eat".
• Visiting and observing the farm:-This is the most suitable way to make students understand the theme 'Food' "Who produces the food we eat because students get a direct experience of watching farmers producing the food and various activities involved in the production of food.
• Experimenting to know the condition suitable for germination is a great idea in terms of food theme because it involves the active involvement of students to know the reasons as the activity progresses from beginning to end.

 Additional Information

• On the other hand, keeping some bread or other types of food for some days with them will not be suitable for addressing the question from the theme 'Food' "Who produces the food we eat" because it involves zero activity students don't get an idea by simply staring at the food items present with them.

Hence A, B, and C will be the right options for these questions.

The Correct Answer is: A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Key Points

Sloth:

• Sloths sleep for almost 17 hours per day.
• That leaves only nine hours to lumber through the trees.
• They maintain a low body temperature of about 86°F-93°F.
• They move in and out of shade to regulate their body temperature.
• The sloth eats the leaves of the same tree on which it lives.
• It hardly needs anything else.
• When it has eaten enough leaves from that tree, it moves to the nearby tree.
• Sloths live for about 40 years.
• In that time they move around only eight trees.
• Once a week it comes down from the tree to relieve itself.

Eagle: 

• Eagles are large birds of prey, meaning that they hunt and eat animals for food.
• They fly high in the sky and aim at their prey.
• They prey upon mouse, snakes, fishes and other small animals.
• They are diurnal birds, which means they sleep at night.
• They have eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field.
• It is useful for detecting preys.
• They can focus on two different things at a time.
• When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object.
• They don't have to move their heads to see around.
• They can see four times as far as we can.
• Eagles have a long feathered tail that opens like a fan when it flies giving it a grooved appearance.

Silkworm: 

• The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of the Bombyx mori moth.
• The moth is important because it makes silk.
• It is entirely dependent on humans, and it no longer lives in the wild.
• Silkworms eat mulberry leaves and are native to northern China.
• Some male insects can recognise their females by their smell.
• Silkworms can find their female worm from many kilometres away by their smell.​

Owl:

• An owl is a nocturnal bird, which means it sleeps during the day and is awake at night.
• They have eyes on the front of their head.
• Owls are carnivores.
• They eat rodents, small and medium-sized mammals, insects, fish, and other birds.
• Owls can rotate their neck back up to 270 degrees.

​Thus, the correct match is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) -(I), (D) - (II)

Giving information is an easy task for a teacher in an EVS classroom because it depends on the teacher only. There is no need for compulsory involvement of learners. The teacher may just give the information he has regarding this topic. This is easy but also the least effective method of teaching. 

Key Points

• Engaging students is not that easy because it involves the planning of a lot of activities. Presenting the content in a very innovative way also requires a lot of teaching-learning materials.
• Addressing students' ideas and Providing opportunities to students for learning is also difficult compared to providing information because this requires a lot of time and patience due to which the syllabus completion may get delayed for some time.

Hence giving information to students is easy for a teacher in an EVS classroom but is also the least effective method compared to the other three.

Formative assessment is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures employed by teachers during the learning process to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.

Key Points

Features of formative assessment

• Builds on students’ prior knowledge and experience in designing what is taught.
• Is conducted on an informal basis.
• Is diagnostic and remedial.
• Ensures provision for effective feedback.
• Provides a platform for the active involvement of students in their learning.
• Provides feedback enabling teachers to adjust their classroom interaction strategies to the emerging needs of the students.

Important Points

• Peer assessment provides a structured learning process for students to critique and provide feedback to each other on their work. It helps students develop lifelong skills in assessing and providing feedback to others and improving their skills through the feedback provided by their peers then and there.

Additional Information

Since peer assessment provides immediate feedback and an opportunity for the student to know his/her mistakes and improve immediately, hence peer assessment is a technique of formative assessment.

The Correct Answer is A, B and D

Key Points

Earthworm:

• The earthworm is a reddish-brown terrestrial invertebrate.
• They inhabit the upper layer of the moist soil.
• During day time, they live in burrows made by boring and swallowing the soil.
• Earthworms play a vital role in the natural cycle of the earth.
• The Earthworms soften the soil by digging underneath to make tunnels.
• They play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter and fertilising the soil, simply through their constant eating and pooping.
• Earthworms can be used for fishing and compost.
• Worms are important to the ecosystems in which they live and breed.
• They are known as farmers friends as their compost helps in enriching the soil and give bountiful produce.
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Annelida
• Class: Clitellata
• Family: Lumbricidia

Important Points 

Earthworms are useful in several ways for farmers:

• Earthworms make the soil porous by digging burrows in the soil. Hence they are called friends of the farmers.
• The nitrogenous wastes and other waste products of the earthworms form food for plants. This process of increasing the fertility of the soil by earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Earthworms are used as fish bait to catch fish.
• Some tribals in India use earthworms as medicine to cure jaundice, piles, diarrhoea, bladder stones, etc.
• The earthworms reduce both acidity and alkalinity of the soil and create optimum conditions for plant growth.
• The density of earthworms in the soil is considered to be a good indicator of healthy soil because they increase the soil's water-holding capacity and moisture content.

Thus,

A) Earthworms soften the soil of the field in which they live by digging the soil underneath. - Correct

B) The tunnels dug by earthworms provide easy passage for air and water into the soil. - Correct

C) The earthworms eat the weeds and save the main crop. - Incorrect

D) The earthworms eat the dead leaves and plants. The dropping of the earthworms make the soil more fertile - Correct.

"Like father, like daughter" lesson focuses on providing students an idea about genetics topics that they have never heard about before. This gives them clarity why people say that " you are like your mother or father ". 

Key Points

An extract from Mendel's story

• He found that the pea plant has some traits which come in pairs. Like the seed is either rough or smooth. It is either yellow or green, and the height of the plant is either tall or short. Nothing in between.
• The next generation (the children) of a plant that has either rough or smooth seeds will also have seeds that are rough or smooth. No seed is mixed – a bit smooth and a bit rough.

Hence by reading the extract from Mendel's story we can conclude that B, C, and D are the correct options. 

Additional Information

• Option (A) focuses on the principles of genetics which is not given in his story but, his experimentation with plants is given, his commitment to never stop the experiments is given.

Discussion methods are a variety of forums for the open-ended, collaborative exchange of ideas among a teacher and students or among students to further students thinking, learning problem-solving, understanding, or literary appreciation. 

Key Points

Benefits of discussion method

• Develops a great relationship between teachers and students.
• Provides all the information regarding any topic from different perspectives.
• Allows the teacher to understand the child and his learning techniques.
• Makes teachers clear about the areas where students are lagging due to a lack of understanding.
• Make it easy for a teacher to select an appropriate method of teaching after discussion.

Additional Information

• Remember, Recall and State processes lead to the rote learning method where student can just remember and state the information even if he understands nothing.

Hence discussion is most appropriate for assessment in EVS to record how students are learning.

In EVS, methods or teaching strategies such as surveys, projects, field trips, games, brainstorming, narratives, discussion, experimental investigations, etc., have been found more effective in maximizing learners’ participation in the teaching-learning process (directly or indirectly).

Key Points

• A narrative, story, or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional or fictional.
• Narratives suggested as ‘resources’ are meant to provide creative opportunities for bringing in experiences of other children/people, who may be very different, but to whom children can relate.
• These can sensitize the students to have empathized with the characters given in the play.
• For example, topics like farming and preservation of food narratives from experts and farmers regarding those topics enhance the learning.

Hence, narratives are an effective resource for the learning of EVS.

Additional Information

 

The Correct Answer is: A, B and D

Concept:

• A honey bee is a flying insect.
• It is well known for its ability to produce honey by collecting nectar from flowers.
• Hence the name honey bee.

Key Points

About Honey bees:

• Honeybees are attracted to flowers.
• Honey bees live in a beehive, which is commonly used to describe the nest of any bee colony.
• Honeybees lay their eggs from October to December.
• Honey bees like to feed on sugar syrup.
• Every bee colony consists of three types of bees:
• Queen Bee: 
• Every beehive has one Queen Bee that lays eggs.
• Male Bee: 
• There are only a few males in the hive.
• The male bees have no special role as workers.
• Worker Bee: 
• Most of the bees in the hive are worker-bees.
• These bees work all day.
• They make the hive and also look after the baby bees.
• They fly around flowers in search of nectar.
• The worker bees are very important for the hive.
• Without worker-bees, there would be neither hive nor any nectar collection.
• When one bee finds flowers with nectar, it does a special kind of dance by which the other bees can know where the nectar is.
• Honey bees play a very important role in the pollination of flowers like the Litchi, coffee, and cocoa flower.

Therefore,

A) Every beehive has one queen bee that lays eggs. - Correct

B) There are only a few male bees in the hive. - Correct

C) Male bees are very important for the hives. - Incorrect

D) Most of the bees in the hive are worker bees. - Correct

E) The male bees collect nectar from flowers. - Incorrect

Additional Information

About Beekeeping:

• Beekeeping is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives, by humans.
• A beekeeper keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces.
• The purpose of beekeeping includes products like beeswax, honey, bee pollen, and royal jelly.
• Beekeeping is also done for pollination of crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers.
• A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard".
• An apiarist is a fancy word for a beekeeper.

Concept: 

• Time taken for journey = Arrival time - Departure time
• Speed = Distance/Time

Explanation:

• Duration of Journey = 22:30 - 7:30 = 15 hrs
• Total distance =  540 km
• Average speed = 540/15 = 36 km/hr

We know that,

• To convert Km/hr into m/sec we multiply the speed by 5/18.
• To convert m/sec into km/hr we multiply the speed by 18/5.

∴ Average speed (meter/second) = 36 × 5/18 = 10 m/sec

Concept:

• People eat different types of fruits and vegetables.
• Different parts or all parts of various plants can be eaten as food.
• In different places, different parts of a plant are eaten.
• Flowers can be used in different ways.
• Flowers can be eaten as well.
• Many flowers are cooked as vegetables.

Explanation:

• In Uttar Pradesh, people enjoy eating a vegetable made of kachnar flowers.
• In Kerala and West Bengal, people cook a vegetable made of banana flowers.
• People who are from Maharashtra love pakoras made of drumsticks (sahjan) flowers.

Thus,

A) People of Maharashtra love to eat pakoras made of sahjan flowers. - Correct

B) In Jammu and Kashmir people like to eat vegetables made of banana flowers -  Incorrect

C) In Uttar Pradesh people enjoy eating a vegetable made of kachnar flowers. - Correct

Important Points

Additional Information 

Other uses of flowers:

Colours are made from many flowers like marigolds, zenia, etc.

• These colours can also be used to dye cloth.

The Kannauj district in Uttar Pradesh is famous for Itr.

• Itr is made from lots and lots of flowers.
• Truckloads of flowers are brought from neighbouring areas for this purpose.
• Itr, rose water, kewra water are prepared from flowers here.
• Thousands of people in Kannauj are engaged in this work.

Child-centered learning primarily revolves around the child, maximum involvement of the child will be there in the teaching-learning process. The child is no more a passive listener. 

Key Points

• In the traditional methods, the teacher controlled the classroom processes and the learners were passive recipients but this is the opposite.
• The underlying philosophy in child-centered approaches is ‘constructivism’, according to which learners construct new knowledge based on their previous experiences. Learners devise their learning strategies.
• The teacher’s role is that of a facilitator, who designs the learning tasks and guides the learner during the process.
• A child-centered approach can be adopted through strategies like experiential learning. Here the process of learning begins with action and promotes reflective thinking by the learner

Hence Child-centered nature of EVS is because of its focus on learning through experience.

Concept:

• Every region follows different agricultural practices.
• Depending on the type of crop and scale of farming various agricultural practices are adopted.

Explanation:

Lottery farming:

• This type of farming is practised in Mizoram.
• In the village council (panchayat) the lottery system is organized for which family will get how much land for the farming.
• They believe that the land belongs to the whole village and not to separate people.
• So, they take turns doing farming in different parts of the village.
• The chit (Lottery) system decide who get the land.
• A beautiful pot made of bamboo was shaken well.
• One chit was taken out.
• People ask for the land on the basis of Tin.
• The land on which we grow one tin of seeds is called one tin of land.

​Thus, in Mizoram the land belongs to the whole village, not to separate people.

Pochampalli chapter 23 of the fourth class is about Pochampalli a place (Mandal) in Telangana. Most of the families here are weavers. That's why the special cloth that they weave is called Pochampalli.

Key Points

An extract from Pochampalli's chapter:

Vani and Prasad live in a village called Mukhtapur. Their home is always filled with bundles of bright-colored threads. Their mother and father and everyone else in the family is weavers. The weaving that they do is very beautiful and special. Mukhtapur village is in the Pochampalli town (Mandal) of Telangana. Most of the families in this town are weavers. That is why the special cloth that they weave is called Pochampalli.

Hence by reading the above extract from the lesson Pochampalli it is clear that Pochampalli's chapter 23 of NCERT EVS is based on "real places".

The correct answer is 'she was very eager to learn and educate herself'.

Key Points

• As we can see in the first paragraph of the passage, it is clearly mentioned that "It was her husband(Jyotirao Phule) who taught her(Savitribai) to read and write after he saw her eagerness to learn and educate herself".
• Thus, it is concluded that Jyotirao Phule decided to teach his wife to read and write because she was very eager to learn and educate herself.

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.