Official Paper

UPTET 2018 Paper 2 (Maths & Science) (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

150 questions · 150 minutes · with answers · free

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Child Development and Pedagogy (30 questions)

Where is Bureau of Psychology, Uttar Pradesh situated?

((a))
Lucknow
((b))
Allahabad
((c))
Agra
((d))
Varanasi

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Allahabad

Bureau of Psychology situated is situated at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

It was established:

by the U.P. Government in 1947.
on the recommendations of the Acharya Narendra Deo Committee.
with an motive to provide educational guidance to school-going children.

Hence, it coul be concluded that Bureau of Psychology situated is situated at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

The relation which Skinner has with rats and Thorndike has with cats, same relation Kohler has with

((a))
dogs
((b))
hens
((c))
monkeys
((d))
chimpanzees

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

chimpanzees

Kohler’s Insightful Theory of Learning: It says that the solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling. For this, Kohler demonstrated the following experiment:

He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
They would ‘suddenly’ stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.

Hence, we conclude that the relation which Skinner has with rats and Thorndike has with cats, the same relation Kohler has with chimpanzees.

Learning plateau is

((a))
arrested growth in learning
((b))
defect in learning
((c))
cessation of learning
((d))
obstruction in learning

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

arrested growth in learning

‘Plateaus’ are often seen in the pattern of development, indicating periods of no apparent improvement. Learning plateau is arrested growth in learning as it is a long flat and horizontal stretch in the learning curve which:

represents a stationary stage, where apparently no progress in learning is recorded.
represents a period in the learning process where no improvement occurs even with any number of practices.

Stages of Learning

Stage 1: In this stage, the learner slowly increasing speed to understanding the concept in learning. This is the beginning stage of learning, in which learner is motivated to gain new information.
Stage 2: In this stage, the learner steeps accelerating in learning the concepts. After some time the learner gains a total understanding of the concept and reaches the boom stage of learning.
Stage 3: In this stage the learning plateau occurs, after gaining the mastery on the concept, the learner feels bore and want to learn new thing. So the teacher should always introduce the same concept with the innovative methods, this will overcome the boredom.

Ways of Eliminating Learning Plateau

Provide proper rest
Use appropriate audio-visual aids
Adopt efficient methods of teaching
Provide incentives to arouse interest

Hence, it could be concluded that learning plateau is arrested growth in learning.

The writer of the book, The Behaviour of Organisms is

((a))
Skinner
((b))
Hull
((c))
Pavlov
((d))
Thorndike

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Skinner

B.F. Skinner is considered as the most influential psychologist advocating the role of operant conditioning in learning. He developed an experimental chamber (called Skinner Box) to study the learning process in rats. The book "The Behaviour of Organisms" was launched by BF Skinner in 1938 in which he explained that behaviour changes lifetime. Also, he wrote about the basic unit of behaviour i.e. operant which is explained below.

Operant Conditioning: Modification of Behaviour through Reinforcement

If a child completes the homework she is praised (rewarded) by the parents and the child learns to perform the task.
If the child breaks a plate, he/she is scolded (punished) and she will learn not to repeat the behaviour. This is called Operant Conditioning or instrumental conditioning.
In other words, we learn to perform behaviours that produce positive outcomes and avoid behaviours that yield negative outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that the writer of the book "The Behaviour of Organisms" is Skinner.

What is the most important for the training of right behaviour in students?

((a))
Praise
((b))
Punishment
((c))
Reward
((d))
Presentation of right behaviour

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Presentation of right behaviour

Albert Bandura proposed 'Social Learning Theory' which states the fact that learning takes place by observing behaviours and imitating what others do. His theory was based on observation of other’s behaviour to situations and then using them as a guide by the learner.

His theory also explains that human behaviour is an interaction that is continuous and reciprocal with the influences through cognitive, behavioural, and environmental sources.
Bandura emphasized that Observation and Modeling of other human behaviour, emotions, and attitudes helps a lot in learning. There are many ‘models’ one can observe. For example, behaving in a good manner before students.

The following are the Modeling Processes:

Attention: When a child urges to learn something, he pays attention to the model to observe or to imitate.
Retention: It is the process of recalling the learned activity for later use.
Reproduction: As the name suggests, reproduction is the process of reproducing the action that is learned.
Motivation: If the action succeeds, the child is motivated to do the action again.

Hence, we conclude that by presenting the right behaviour is the most important for the training of right behaviour in students.

Who had proposed the 'Goal gradient' concept in problem solving?

((a))
Hull
((b))
Kendler
((c))
Kohler
((d))
Brich

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Hull

Concept of 'Goal gradient' Hypothesis in problem solving was prposed by the behaviorist Clark Hull in 1932. It is a measure of advancement towards the accomplishment of a goal.

'Goal gradient' Hypothesis states that:

the tendency to approach a goal increases with proximity to the goal.
perception of progress intrinsically motivated individuals to reach the ultimate target.
steeper goal gradient has been generated by an increased drive (e.g., hunger) to attain the reward.
Eg: Rats in a straight alley ran progressively faster as they proceeded from the starting box to the food.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Goal gradient' concept in problem solving was prposed by Clark Hull.

NOTE:

Kendler	An American psychiyatrist who is widely known for his research related to the genetic cause of schizophrenia.
Kohler	A German psychologist who has proposed the "Theory of Insight" which advocates a sudden solution to the problem as insight doesn't rely on behaviour or observation.

Who is not associated with the idea of micro-teaching from the following?

((a))
Bush
((b))
David Hume
((c))
D. W. Allen
((d))
Achison

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

David Hume

The idea of Microteaching originated for the first time at Stanford University in the USA, when an Experimental Project on the identification of teaching skills was in progress under the guidance and supervision of the faculty members (Bush, Allen, McDonald Acheson and many others).

According to Allen, Microteaching is a laboratory situation training procedure aimed at simplifying the complexities of the regular teaching-learning process. The learner is engaged in a scaled-down and focused situation, scaled-down in terms class size and lesson length, and focused on certain teaching tasks such as practice and mastering of specific skills such as lecturing, questioning, probing, leading a discussion, managing classroom, etc.

Bush (1968) described micro teaching as a teacher education device of imparting training to the inexperienced or experienced teachers for learning the art of teaching by practising specific teaching skills reducing the complexities of class teaching in terms of the size of the class, time and content.

The micro-teaching cycle includes Planning, Teaching, Feedback, Re-Planning, Re-Teaching, Re-Feedback. In this:

The teacher reviews a recording of a teaching session, to get constructive feedback.
The teacher observes the real classroom teaching program and notes the feedbacks.
It is a short duration program which basically aims to bring the student to the topic.
It is a scaled-down process in terms of class size, length of the lesson, teaching duration and teaching complexity and at the same time receiving effective feedback.
In this technique, the student-teacher is required to teach a small group of students for up to 15-20 minutes, focusing on a particular aspect of teaching. E.g. Skill of set induction, Skill of Questioning, Skill of Blackboard Writing, etc.
It directs what has worked and what improvements can be made to their teaching technique.

Hence, we conclude that David Hume is not related to micro-teaching.

Which of the following is not the level of teaching-learning?

((a))
Understanding level
((b))
Reflective level
((c))
Memory level
((d))
Distance level

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Distance level

Teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. Teachers must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

Key Points

Three Levels of Teaching includes:

Memory Level: It involves memorizing factual information and it is the least thoughtful method since it encourages rote memorization. It is mostly employed by the teachers at the primary classes to teach basic skills such as rules of grammar, arithmetic, spelling, etc.
Understanding Level: This level focuses on comprehension and understanding of the meaning of the topic being studied. It involves breaking down complex topics into a logical sequence of steps.
Reflective Level: It implies the highest level of thoughtfulness on the part of the learners. It involves the method of the scientific method of understanding a problem. It makes use of the ‘problem-solving approach’ to find a solution to a difficult problem. This level of teaching is usually employed at the college/university level.

Hence, it could be concluded that ‘distance’ is not the level of teaching-learning.

Which of the following is not democratic strategy in classroom teaching?

((a))
Lecture
((b))
Project
((c))
Heuristic
((d))
Brainstorming

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Lecture

Promoting a Democratic Environment in school: The school should emphasize the need to establish a democratic school environment. It states that the children should have the opportunity to express their views and they should be given due weight. Teachers have to contribute to a democratic atmosphere and to welcome pupil participation in classroom processes. The following are a few strategies to make a class democratic:

Project Method: It was jointly contributed by John Dewey and W.H. Kilpatrick. It is a method which promotes voluntary participation of students by working in a group, personal experiences of students as the basis of knowledge, application of practical knowledge to complete a specific project, the transmission of practical knowledge to the students for quality experiences, active learning by association and mutual co-operation of a group of peers.
Brainstorming Method: Proposed by Alex Osborn, it is named so since it refers to the idea that problems are to be attacked by storms of ideas. It is a creative technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific task by gathering a list of ideas before starting the task. Every participant puts forward any idea which comes to his/her mind.

No member of the group is allowed to discuss the merits or demerits, practicability or impracticability of a particular idea put forward by another member.

Heuristic Method: Discovered by H. E. Armstrong, this method of teaching involves placing students as far as possible in the altitude of the discoverer. This method can also be named as the 'discovery method'. It involves finding out instead of being merely told about things.

Hence, we conclude that Lecture is not a democratic strategy in classroom teaching.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inclusive education?

((a))
It enhances learning only for students with special needs.
((b))
It is the shift in service from the care of disabled children to their education and personal development.
((c))
Inclusive education is a continuous process, not an achieved state or product.
((d))
It seeks to maximize the potential of all students.

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

It enhances learning only for students with special needs.

Inclusive education: It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions.

Inclusive Education:

acknowledges that all children can learn (does not merely focus on students with special needs).
acknowledges and respects differences in children: age, gender, ethnicity, language, disability, HIV and TB status etc.
enables education structures, systems, and methodologies to meet the needs of all children.
is part of a wider strategy to promote an inclusive society.
is a dynamic process that is constantly evolving.
seeks to maximize the potential of all students.
is a continuous process, not an achieved state or product.
is the shift in service from the care of disabled children to their education and personal development.

Hence, we conclude that inclusive education does not merely enhance learning only for students with special needs.

Which one of the following is not related to Flander's interaction analysis system?

((a))
Student talk
((b))
Guardian talk
((c))
Teacher talk
((d))
Silence

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Guardian talk

Flanders Interaction Analysis Category System (FIACS) technique was developed by Dr Ned A. Flander. It is an observation technique which records classroom interaction in ten categories. This system measures only the verbal behaviour of teachers. This tool-related children's attitudes to patterns of teacher influence. It is primarily concerned with analyzing the influence patterns of the teacher, and distinguishes those acts of the teacher which increase pupils' freedom of action from those acts that decrease it. In the Flanders ten category system all the events that occur in the classroom are classified into three major sections:

Teacher-talk: It includes-
Indirect Influence: Accepting Feelings, Praising/Encouraging, Accepting Ideas and Asking Question
Direct Influence: Lecturing, Giving Directions, Criticizing/Justifying Authority
Student-talk: It includes-
Responding Teacher
Initiating Talk
Silence or confusion: It is used to handle anything else that is not a teacher or student talk.

Hence, we conclude that the Guardian talk is not related to Flander's interaction analysis system.

In speech, the smallest unit of meaning is

((a))
morpheme
((b))
syllable
((c))
phoneme
((d))
words

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

morpheme

In speech, the smallest unit of meaning is 'morpheme' as it is the smallest unit of meaning that can't be broken up. Eg- 'un' in the word unable.

Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit of a word which:

can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
repeatedly convey lexical/grammatical meaning.
assign a particular grammatical property to a word.

Hence, it could be concluded that in speech, the smallest unit of meaning is 'morpheme'.

NOTE:

syllable	The smallest unit of speech that normally occurs in isolation, or a distinct sound element within a word.
Phoneme	The smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in pronunciation and meaning. Eg- thin: /th/, chin: /ch/
Words	It refers to a single unit of written/spoken language or a meaningfull element of speech or writing.

''We learn by doing." Who said?

((a))
Yokam
((b))
Simpson
((c))
Dr. Mace
((d))
Kolesnik

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Simpson

Along with John Dewey, the promoter of the Philosophy of Pragmatism, Simpson also supported the of learning by doing which has the following key points:

Key Points

It emphasizes that reality must be experienced and students must interact with their environment in order to adapt and learn.
It promotes self-learning and self-assessment and gives real experience of solving real-life problems.
It is a way of combining thinking and reasoning with the practical act of manipulating objects for solving a problem.
Learning by doing ensures the development of self-learning skills, emotional growth, physical coordination, and cognition as they gain knowledge by engaging with the contents and objects and gains real experience in real-life situations.

Hence, we conclude that Simpson said: "We learn by doing".

Which of the following is not the level of teaching?

((a))
Understanding
((b))
Reflective
((c))
Memory
((d))
Descriptive

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Descriptive

There are three different levels of teaching and teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. They must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

Memory level of teaching (MLT): Least thoughtful teaching

It is the initial stage of teaching.
It involves the habit of rote memorization. In such type of act, memory plays a key role.
The teacher presents factual information before the learner. The learner tries to memorize these facts with the least involvement of his/her thinking and reasoning power. It represents the involvement of the least thoughtful behaviour.
The evaluation includes oral, written, and essay-type examinations.

Understanding level of teaching (ULT): thoughtful teaching

Understanding something is to perceive the meaning, grasp the idea, and comprehend the meaning.
It focuses on the mastery of the subject.
The teaching at the understanding level is of a higher quality than the one at the memory level.
At this level of teaching, the teacher explains the student about the relationship between principles and facts and teaches them how these principles can be applied.
The learner and the teacher are actively involved in this level of teaching.
The evaluation includes both essay and objective type questions.

Reflective level of teaching (ULT): Most thoughtful level

It is a problem-centric approach to teaching.
Teaching at the reflective level represents the highest level of the teaching activities that can be carried out in the most thoughtful modes of operation providing the desirable quality of teaching situation and experience to the learner for utilizing and enhancing their cognitive abilities to the maximum.
At this level, the student is made to face a real problematic situation. The student by understanding the situation and using his critical abilities succeeds in solving the problem.
At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it, and finding a solution to it. The student’s original thinking and creative-abilities develop at this level.
The aim is to develop the reflective power of learners so that they can solve problems of their lives by reasoning, logic, and imagination and lead successful and happy lives.

Hence, Descriptive level is not the level of teaching.

The main operation in interactive stage of teaching is

((a))
diagnosis
((b))
perception
((c))
action and reaction
((d))
All of the above

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

All of the above

Teaching can be performed with such skill and grace so that both teachers, as well as learners, experience the whole process aesthetically. It involves various facets of it. Philip Jackson divided teaching operations into three phases and they are Pre-active, Interactive, and post-active phases.

Pre-active stage: This stage involves the following activities:
Ascertaining entry competence
Stating learning outcomes
Analyzing content and subordinate concepts
Identifying types of learning
Interactive stage: This stage involves the following activities like deciding methods/approaches of stimulus presentation, deciding on expected learners’ responses, Giving feedback. Major Operations in the interactive stage are:
Perception: As soon as the teacher enters the class, he tries to percept class atmosphere, and then according to it, he adjusts his abilities for teaching. Students too, try to percept the ability of the teacher.
Diagnosis: It involves activities like asking questions to know how much a student knows. The teacher tries to figure out students' abilities.
Reaction: In this, the teacher observes students' reaction to how they are answering, what they are answering. By this, students learn how to react and respond to stimuli. It helps in making verbal and non-verbal interaction.
Evaluative stage: This stage involves determining the tools to check for the achievement of the intended learning outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that the main operation in the interactive stage of teaching is all the above-mentioned points.

A child starts fearing after seeing a black cow, black dog and black objects. This type of conditioning includes

((a))
response conditioning
((b))
stimulus generalization
((c))
response generalization
((d))
None of the above

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

stimulus generalization

Classical Conditioning: This is the simplest form of conditioning, described Pavlov, a Russian Psychologist. Conditioning is a term used to describe the process by which neutral stimulus gains the power to elicit a specific conditioned response. This is explained through the experiments done by Pavlov. He associated the presentation of food to the dog with another stimulus as the sound of the bell. After giving some trials in which bell preceded the presentation of food, the dog started salivating at the sound of the bell. There are some aspects of classical conditioning which require consideration:

Acquisition: For acquisition, each paired presentation of the conditioned stimulus (Sound of bell) and the unconditioned stimulus (Food) should be presented a number of times and the interval between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus should be short.
Stimulus Substitution: With conditioning a link a bond is formed between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus and as a result of this conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes equivalent to the unconditioned stimulus (food) in eliciting a response. We mean thereby that an association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus enables one to substitute conditioned stimulus for unconditioned stimulus in evoking a response.
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization: When conditioning has occurred or when the conditioned response to a stimulus has been acquired, then other similar stimuli can also elicit the same response. This is known as stimulus generalization. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog gave CR (salivation) to a slightly different bell also. Another example is: A child starts fearing after seeing a black cow, black dog and black objects.
Stimulus Discrimination: Stimulus Discrimination is to make one response to one stimulus and different response or no response to another. In experiments it is demonstrated by using two different tones (SCI) (bell). On one trial CS (1) is paired with US (food) and on the other trial CS (2) given without US (food). The s learns to respond only to CS (I).
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery: Repetition of the conditioned stimulus (bell) without unconditioned stimulus repeatedly gradually diminishes the response. This is called Extinction. A response that has been extinguished, does come-up later on its own, this is called spontaneous recovery. At this stage, if reinforcement (US) is not presented with CS, the response extinguishes permanently.

Hence, we conclude that the above type of conditioning includes stimulus generalization.

Which of the follwoing should not be kept in mind while selecting a teaching method?

((a))
Individual distinction
((b))
Parental background
((c))
Mental level of the students
((d))
Specific nature of subject

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Parental background

Teaching method: Different teaching methods are used by teachers as per the requirements of students. For choosing the one, the teacher may classify students based on their abilities (ability grouping) or he can choose it based on the compatibility of the topic.

Efficient teaching methods are the essential tools that can help teachers to make the students achieve success in the classroom.
Each student has a different personality and their learning ability also differs.
There are several factors that a teacher must consider when choosing a teaching method for the students.
Some determining factors for selecting a teaching method include the students’ interest and background knowledge, as well as their environment and learning abilities, mental level of students, nature of the subject, and individual difference.

Hence, we conclude that parental background should not be kept in mind while selecting a teaching method.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of childhood?

((a))
Extreme gregariousness
((b))
Lack of curiosity
((c))
Stability in growth
((d))
Participation in group and games

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Lack of curiosity

Development can be defined as the change of shape, size, health or change in psychology.

The development of human beings is divided into different stages: Infancy, Early childhood, Late Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood.

Early Childhood (3-5 yrs): This is also called the toy age as kids are more engaged with toys rather than playing with other people.

He learns various actions by imitating others.
He asks questions whenever he gets to know about a new object. Hence, they are curious.
When it comes to intellectual development he can recognize colour, shape, size of objects. Also his imagination develops, he wants to know about things around him and thus he questions about it.
He can walk, uses the toilet (growth), interacts with his family members (gregarious).

Stage	Characteristics
Infancy (0-2 yrs)	Rapid physical movements, no intellectual development, social with parents
Late childhood (6-12 yrs)	Slow growth, improved motor skills, better thinking ability, social with friends, neighbours along with parents, participate in groups and games
Adolescence (12-18 years)	Physically strong, sexually active, emotionally vulnerable

Hence, we can conclude from the above description that Lack of curiosity is not a characteristic of childhood.

Which one of the following is not related to creative process?

((a))
Incubation
((b))
Motivation
((c))
Preparation
((d))
Illumination

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Motivation

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality. It is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful.

Key Points

Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences and investigating in all possible directions.
Incubation: In this stage, the solution exists but there is a lack of clarity. It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem.
Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.

Hence, it could be concluded that motivation is not related to creative process.

Which of the following is the first step of growth and development?

((a))
Physical development
((b))
Social development
((c))
Moral development
((d))
Mental development

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Physical development

Development, which is continuous change, is a phenomenon which is observed both in terms of quality and quantity. In quantity, we measure terms like height, weight.

Measuring quantitively is called growth. i.e. growth in terms of structural and physiological changes, which is a subset of development.
Growth is a ceaseless change measurable in terms of weight, height, and size. When measured qualitatively as well that is, in terms of skills, it becomes development.

Key Points

Physical & Motor Development:

It refers to the growth of body parts both internally and externally. It is the first step of growth and development.

While motor development is the ability to move body parts and is of two types: Gross Motor Skills and Fine Motor Skills
Gross Motor Skill is the ability to use large body parts like kicking a football with legs.
On the other hand, fin motor skill refers to use small body parts like writing with a pen using fingers.

Additional Information

The following are types of development:

Types of development	Characteristics
Cognitive	It refers to the mental development of a child, the ability to think
Social	How a child interacts with people around him is a representation of his social development.
Emotional	Fearing, crying, anger, etc are terms that clarify emotional development.
Moral	The ability to distinguish between right and wrong

Hence, we conclude that Physical development is the first step of growth and development.

Learning is a form of behavioural

((a))
withdrawal
((b))
continuation
((c))
modification
((d))
extension

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

modification

Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviours, skills.

Characteristics of learning:

Learning is transferable.
Learning requires interaction.
Learning is a lifelong process.
It can be observed directly.
It can be retained through practice.
Learning is the growth of organisms.
Learning is a goal-directed process.
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour.
Learning is the relationship between stimulus and response.

Hence, we conclude that Learning is a form of behavioural modification.

A Skinner box is used for

((a))
verbal learning
((b))
operant conditioning
((c))
motor learning
((d))
incidental learning

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner is considered as the most influential psychologist advocating the role of operant conditioning in learning. He developed an experimental chamber (called Skinner Box) to study the learning process in rats. The book "The Behaviour of Organisms" was launched by BF Skinner in 1938 in which he explained that behaviour changes lifetime. Also, he wrote about the basic unit of behaviour i.e. operant which is explained below.

Operant Conditioning: Modification of Behaviour through Reinforcement

If a child completes the homework she is praised (rewarded) by the parents and the child learns to perform the task.
If the child breaks a plate, he/she is scolded (punished) and she will learn not to repeat the behaviour. This is called Operant Conditioning or instrumental conditioning.
In other words, we learn to perform behaviours that produce positive outcomes and avoid behaviours that yield negative outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that a Skinner box is used for operant conditioning

Bhatia battery test of intelligence has

((a))
5 sub-tests
((b))
8 sub-tests
((c))
4 sub-tests
((d))
7 sub-tests

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

5 sub-tests

Performance test, also known as a non-verbal intelligence test is a test that:

assesses learner's ability to understand and interpret visual information like pictures or diagrams.
emphasizes to activate learner's logical, spatial, and abstract reasoning to solve a particular task.

Key Points

Bhatia Battery test is a performance test of intelligence which is developed by C.M. Bhatia in 1955. It includes cards with different patterns and the children are required to draw these patterns without lifting the pencil.

Bhatia Battery Test includes five sub-tests, namely:

Pattern Drawing Test
Kohs' Block Design Test
Picture construction Testx
Alexander Pass along Test
Immediate Memory Test for Digits

Let's Understand the Sub-tests in Brief:

Pattern Drawing Test	It is a test in which there are 8 cards on each of which there is a particular form. The subject draw particular figure of pattern after seeing the form.
Kohs' Block Design Test	It is designed to measure spatial visualization ability, mental coordination, motor skills, and the ability of analysis and synthesis.
Picture construction Test	It is a test in which pieces of five different pictures are placed before the subject who puts them in order and constructs the picture.
Alexander Pass along Test	It is designed to measure intelligence when subjects involve in activities such as shifting colored pieces in an open box and placing them with similar designs.
Immediate Memory Test for Digits	It is designed to measure the immediate memory of the subject when he/she immediately repeats the recited digits or words.

Hence, it could be concluded that Bhatia battery test of intelligence has '5 sub-sets'.

Who was the founder of Kindergarten method?

((a))
Froebel
((b))
Cook
((c))
Montessori
((d))
Dalton

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Froebel

Kindergarten system of teaching is propounded by Friedrich Frobel, a German pedagogue who established the first Kindergarten school in Germany in 1837. Note that:

In this method, he characterized children as 'plants' and the teachers as the 'gardeners' because they are the optimistic one who could foster the potential of young seedlings to grow and bloom.
The purpose of this method is to provide children with a rich, meaningful and balanced learning through appropriate activities at their own pace in a collaborative environment.
It is based on the physiological principle of development and growth to keep the child fit and enables the overall development of child and understanding of the subject to make learning more effective.

Hence, we conclude that Froebel was the founder of the Kindergarten method.

Propounder of collective counselling is

((a))
Thorn
((b))
Rogers
((c))
Williamson
((d))
None of them

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Thorn

Counseling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to society and to solve his own problems through a face-to-face relationship with the counselor.

Key Points

There are different types of counseling approaches which include Collective/eclectic, Directive, and Non-directive counseling. Collective counseling is a combination of Directive and Non-directive counseling.

Key Points

Collective counselling was propounded by 'F.C.Thorn'. It is a more flexible type of counselling approch which:

uses techniques drawn from several different schools of thought.
allows the therapist to adapt to each client’s individual diverse needs.
combines different counselling methods to deal with counsellee's problems.
collaborates behavioral and psychodynamic therapeutic techniques effectively.

Hence, it could be concluded that collective counselling was propounded by **'**F.C. Thorn'.

Additional Information

Directive Counselling	- It was propounded by E.G. Williamson. - It refers to a type of counseling in which counselor plays an important role and prescribes course of action to deal with the counsellee's problems.
Non-directive Counselling	- It was propounded by Carl Roger. - It refers to a type of counseling in which opportunities are provided to counsellees to create positive changes for themselves.

In order to modify the undesirable behaviour of student the most effective method is:

((a))
To inflict punishment
((b))
To ignore it
((c))
To ask the parents to deal with it
((d))
To find out the reasons and attempt to provide remedies

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

To find out the reasons and attempt to provide remedies

Classroom Management consists of the teacher’s thoughts, plans, and actions that create an orderly environment and promote learning. Classroom management stands for the management of resources, pupils’ learning activities, and behaviours in the classroom. It is essentially a human relation skill.

In order to modify the undesirable behaviour of students the most effective method is to find out the reasons and attempt to provide remedies. The modification of undesirable behaviour is part of classroom management.

Classroom management is complex and many variables need to be considered when making decisions about specific situations. Planning and organizations, procedures used for handling various types of behaviours of learners are all parts of classroom management. Components of Classroom management

It focuses on ways to establish and maintain workable systems for classroom groups, rather than ways to identify misbehaviour, resolve behavioural disorders, or capture the attention of individual students.
One of these ways is to reinforce (praise) the good (desirable) behaviours and try to ignore the bad (undesirable) ones. Praise for appropriate behaviours is probably the key behaviour for achieving effective classroom management.
A teacher should always keep an eye on each pupil in the classroom with a view to watching everyone’s behaviour.
Give directions to pupils for a number of purposes. If your direction is not clear, it may disrupt the teaching-learning process in the classroom.
For effective classroom management, it is necessary that pupils are engaged in work. For this purpose, she should direct his/her pupils to take down notes of what she is teaching in the classroom.
In order to manage the classroom effectively, there is a need on the part of a teacher to generate interaction in the classroom.
Securing and sustaining pupils' attention to the learning task is very helpful in managing the classroom effectively. If the students do not pay attention to the learning task there is always a tendency on their part to engage in disruptive behaviour.

Hence, we conclude that In order to modify the undesirable behaviour of student the most effective method is to find out the reasons and attempt to provide remedies.

Dyslexia is related with

((a))
problem in reading
((b))
problem in calculating
((c))
problem in writing
((d))
language disorder

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

problem in reading

Learning disability refers to the neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the example of learning disability.

'Dyslexia' is the most common learning disability which is related with problem in reading as it makes learners:

confuse with the same shapes and sounds of alphabet.
unable to read, interpret, and understand letters and words.
bewilder in identifying and relating speech sounds with letters and words.

Hence, it could be concluded that Dyslexia is related with problem in reading.

Additional Information

Other Disabilities in Brief:

Dysgraphia	It is a deficiency that affects the ability to write coherently.
Dyscalculia	It is a disability that affects learner's ability to perform mathematical calculations.
Dysphasia	A language disorder that affects communication skills and comprehension abilities.
Dyspraxia	It is a motor disorder that affects the coordination of tongue and lips to produce sounds.
Aphasia	An impairment of language that affects the ability to communicate.
Dysarthria	A neurological disorder that leads to imprecise speech.
Dystopia	An imagined world in which people lead wretched and fearful life.
Stuttering	A speech disorder that affects the flow of the speech by repeating the same word again and again.

Braille method and tape-recording can be used as educational provision for

((a))
visually-impaired students
((b))
orthopedic impaired students
((c))
hearing impaired students
((d))
physically handicapped students

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

visually-impaired students

A visually impaired child is the one who has a problem seeing with the naked eyes or is not able to see completely.

Key Points

Strategies for Addressing the Needs of Visually Challenged Learners:

Speaking clearly and loudly with appropriate pauses and reiterations.
Using the braille system as it's raised dots help in studying words through the pattern.
Teaching can be done by a skilled teacher in Braille script or by using a tape recorder.
Braille System: It refers to a pattern of raised dots called "Braille" to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, that can be felt with a finger.
Tape recorder: An audio teaching-learning material, it is used for recording and replaying sounds can be used as a teaching aid.
Designing alternate teaching-learning and assessment methods.
Changing the objective/subject due to any inefficiency or problem is not a part of the teaching method to solve the problem or alternative formal steps will be taken.

Hence, we conclude that the Braille method and tape-recording can be used as educational provision for visually-impaired students.

CWSN stands for

((a))
Children with Strong Needs
((b))
Children with Single Need
((c))
Children with Special Needs
((d))
Creature with Soft Need

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Children with Special Needs

As any individual knows, every child comes into a family with an abundance of needs: to be loved and cared for, nurtured, fed, clothed and educated, among other things. A child with special needs (acronymed as CWSN) is basically a child who, because of his or her unique medical or developmental difficulties, has needs in addition to those of his or her peers.

Key Points

Key points related to it:

Special needs may range from mild to more severe. Most special needs respond well to treatment or special programs and services.
The teacher plays a very important role in accomplishing most of the needs of the child.
The Disability Act 1995 and UNCRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) rights is an important aspect for the teacher to explain it to the parents and other stakeholders.
Role of the teacher is very crucial while dealing with CWSN, she has to understand the meanings of each disability, identify the child and classify it to which group of disability it belongs to, and later send the child to a professional for assessment and once the assessment is done, she can plan for further intervention jointly working with professionals, parents.

Hence, we conclude that CWSN stands for Children with Special Needs.

Which of the following is not an element of counselling?

((a))
Interview
((b))
Confidence
((c))
Professional growth
((d))
Communication

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Professional growth

Counseling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to the society and to solve his own problems through a face to face relationship with the counselor.

In educational settings, counselling refers to the process which gives importance to recognize the root of the learner's problems.
Counseling helps the teacher to better relate to the unacceptable behavior of learners and to help them with the proper guidance.

Important Points

For effective counseling, the counselor should keep in mind the element of counseling which includes:

Interview
The interview is one of the main techniques employed in assisting the individual to understand himself. It is the fundamental operation in the counseling process.
By interview, the actual causes can be listed, and then the counselor should take efforts to eliminate the effects of the factors that cause the problem and should work for a permanent solution.
Confidence
An expert counselor can arouse confidence in the counsellee that they are close enough for his free expression of any of his feelings which he cannot talk openly with others.
The counselor builds up the confidence of the counsellee through positive strokes, warmth, acceptance, support, and encouragement, and makes him see the more positive side of himself.
Communication
Counselling provides a relationship and communications which help the client to develop understanding, explore options, and start the change.
Counselor is responsible to establish a helping relationship based on trust, freedom, positive regard and mutual respect, genuineness, accurate empathy, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that professional growth is not an element of counselling.

Hindi (30 questions)

‘चिरंतन’ शब्द का विलोम निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा होगा?

((a))
सनातन
((b))
अविच्छिन्न
((c))
शाश्वत
((d))
नश्वर

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

नश्वर

‘चिरंतन’ शब्द का विलोम 'नश्वर' होगा। चिरंतन का अर्थ 'बहुत दिनों से चला आता रहनेवाला, पुरातन' होता है और नश्वर का अर्थ 'नाश होने वाला' होता है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'नश्वर' है

विलोम शब्द - शब्द का विपरीत (उल्टा) अर्थ बताने वाले शब्द को विलोम शब्द या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे - अपना - पराया, रात - दिन
शब्द	विलोम
सनातन (परंपरानुसार चला आता हुआ)	अधुनातन (आधुनिक)
अविच्छिन्न (अविभक्त, अटूट, अखंड)	विच्छिन्न (विभक्त)
शाश्वत (सदा रहने वाला)	नश्वर (नाश होने वाला)

निम्नलिखित युग्मों में से कौन-सा गलत है?

((a))
रास्ता नापना – आकलन करना
((b))
रग- रग जानना – अच्छी तरह से परिचित होना
((c))
लोहा लेना – सामना करना
((d))
शैतान के कान काटना – बहुत चतुर होना

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

रास्ता नापना – आकलन करना

सही विकल्प 'रास्ता नापना – आकलन करना' है।

Key Points'रास्ता नापना' का अर्थ 'चले जाना' होता है

जैसे – मुझे मत सिखाओ, अपना रास्ता नापो

विशेष

विषय	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
मुहावरे	- कोई भी ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़कर किसी विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करे तो उसे मुहावरा कहते हैं। - मुहावरा वाक्यांश है इसका स्वतंत्र रूप से प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।	खाक छानना - भटकना उदाहरण - नौकरी की खोज में वह खाक छानता रहा।
लोकोक्ति	- लोकोक्तियाँ लोक अनुभव से बनती हैं। - समाज लंबे अनुभव से सीखे हुए ज्ञान को जब वाक्य में बांध देता है तो उसे लोकोक्ति, जनश्रुति या कहावत कहते हैं। - लोकोक्ति सम्पूर्ण वाक्य है इसका प्रयोग स्वतंत्र रूप से किया जा सकता है।	अकल बड़ी या भैंस – शारीरिक बल से बौद्धिक बल अधिक अच्छा होता है। उदाहरण – किसान लोग पहले मेहनत तो खूब करते थे पर अनाज कम पैदा होता था। अब उन्नत बीज और खाद से अच्छी फसल लेने लगे हैं। सच ही कहा है कि अक्ल बड़ी की भैंस।

लोकोक्ति और उसके अर्थ के जोड़े में से कौन-सा जोड़ा गलत है?

((a))
आँख का अंधा नाम नयनसुख – गुण के विपरीत नाम
((b))
अक्ल बड़ी या भैंस – बल की अपेक्षा बुद्धि अधिक शक्तिशाली होती है
((c))
उल्टा चोर कोतवाल को डाँटे – अपना दोष न मानकर दूसरे पर मढ़ना
((d))
आ बैल मुझे मार – बैल को मारना

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

आ बैल मुझे मार – बैल को मारना

उपर्युक्त लोकोक्ति और उसके अर्थ के जोड़े में से 'आ बैल मुझे मार – बैल को मारना' गलत है। इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'आ बैल मुझे मार – बैल को मारना' है।

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण -

'आ बैल मुझे मार' का अर्थ 'मुसीबत का कारण स्वयं बनना' होता है।
वाक्य प्रयोग - मोहन को लड़ाई के बीच में बोलने की क्या ज़रूरत थी? इसे ही कहते हैं आ बैल मुझे मार।

Additional Information

अन्य उपयोगी मुहावरे

मुहावरा	अर्थ	उदाहरण
आँख का अंधा नाम नयनसुख	नाम के प्रतिकूल कार्य करना	राहुल बनता तो है बहुत बड़ा गायक लेकिन वास्तव में है वह आँख का अंधा नाम नयनसुख।
अक्ल बड़ी या भैंस	बल की अपेक्षा बुद्धि अधिक शक्तिशाली होती है	तुम अकेले 500 किलो वजन उठाने की कोशिश करके अक्ल बड़ी की भैस कहावत हो सार्थक कर रहे हो।
उल्टा चोर कोतवाल को डाँटे	अपना दोष न मानकर दूसरे पर मढ़ना	तुम खुद तो अपनी चीज़े संभाल कर नहीं रखती हो, खो जाने पर अपनी छोटी बहन पर गुस्सा करती हो, ये तो उल्टा चोर कोतवाल को डाँटे वाली बात हो गयी।

Important Pointsविशेष

विषय	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
मुहावरे	- कोई भी ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़कर किसी विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करे तो उसे मुहावरा कहते हैं। - मुहावरा वाक्यांश है इसका स्वतंत्र रूप से प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।	ख़ाक छानना – भटकना। उदाहरण - नौकरी की खोज में वह खाक छानता रहा।
लोकोक्ति	- लोकोक्तियाँ लोक अनुभव से बनती हैं। समाज लंबे अनुभव से सीखे हुए ज्ञान को जब वाक्य में बांध देता है तो उसे लोकोक्ति, जनश्रुति या कहावत कहते हैं। - लोकोक्ति सम्पूर्ण वाक्य है इसका प्रयोग स्वतंत्र रूप से किया जा सकता है।	अक्ल बड़ी की भैंस – शारीरिक बल से बौद्धिक बल अधिक अच्छा होता है। उदाहरण – किसान लोग पहले मेहनत तो खूब करते थे पर अनाज कम पैदा होता था। अब उन्नत बीज और खाद से अच्छी फसल लेने लगे हैं। सच ही कहा है कि अक्ल बड़ी की भैंस।

‘उड्डयन’ के संधि-विच्छेद का सही विकल्प कौन-सा है?

((a))
उड् + डयन
((b))
उच्च + डयन
((c))
उत् + डयन
((d))
उड + डयन

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

उत् + डयन

‘उड्डयन’ के संधि-विच्छेद का सही विकल्प 'उत् + डयन' है तथा यहाँ व्यंजन संधि है। अतः सही विकल्प 'उत् + डयन' है।

स्पष्टीकरण -

व्यंजन संधि में यदि त् + ट आये तो त् का ट्, त् + ड आये तो त् का ड् तथा त् + ल् आये तो त् का ल् हो जाएगा। जैसे – तत् + टीका = तट्टीका, उत् + डयन = उड्डयन, भगवत् + लीला = भगवलील्ला।
उत् + डयन = उड्डयन, यहाँ त् का ड् हो गया है।

विशेष

संधि
स्वर संधि	स्वर वर्ण के साथ स्वर वर्ण के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है, जैसे – विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी, महा + ईश = महेश।
व्यंजन संधि	एक व्यंजन से दूसरे व्यंजन या स्वर के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है, जैसे - अहम् + कार = अहंकार, उत् + लास = उल्लास।
विसर्ग संधि	विसर्ग के साथ स्वर या व्यंजन के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है, जैसे – दुः + आत्मा = दुरात्मा, निः + कपट = निष्कपट।

निम्नलिखित मे से शुद्ध वर्तनी वाले शब्द का चयन कीजिए।

((a))
द्रष्टा
((b))
रचइता
((c))
शुसुप्त
((d))
सृष्टा

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

द्रष्टा

शुद्ध वर्तनी वाला शब्द 'द्रष्टा' है। 'द्रष्टा' का अर्थ 'देखने वाला' या 'दिखलाने वाला' होता है। शेष विकल्पों की वर्तनी अशुद्ध है। अतः सही विकल्प 'द्रष्टा' है।

अन्य विकल्प

अशुद्ध वर्तनी	शुद्ध वर्तनी	अर्थ
रचइता	रचयिता	रचना करने वाला
शुसुप्त	सुषुप्त	सोया हुआ
सृष्टा	स्रष्टा	सृष्टि की रचना करने वाला

‘चौराहा’ में कौन-सा समास है?

((a))
तत्पुरुष
((b))
बहुव्रीहि
((c))
द्विगु
((d))
कर्मधारय

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

द्विगु

'चौराहा' का समास विग्रह 'चार राहों का समूह' है। ‘चौराहा’ में 'द्विगु' समास है क्योंकि इसमें पहला पद संख्यावाचक है। अतः सही विकल्प 'द्विगु' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

जिस समास में पूर्वपद (पहला पद) संख्यावाचक विशेषण हो वह द्विगु समास होता है। जैसे – दो पहरों का समूह = दोपहर, तीनों लोकों का समाहार = त्रिलोक।

अन्य विकल्प

समास - समास से तात्पर्य 'संक्षिप्तीकरण' से है। जब दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के योग से जो छोटा शब्द बने उसे समास कहते हैं। समास के माध्यम से कम शब्दों में अधिक अर्थ प्रकट किया जाता है। जैसे - राजा का पुत्र – राजपुत्र, समास के छःप्रकार हैं -
समास का नाम	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
तत्पुरुष समास	जिस समास में उत्तरपद प्रधान हो तथा समास करने के उपरांत विभक्ति (कारक चिन्ह) का लोप हो।	1. धर्म का ग्रन्थ = धर्मग्रन्थ 2. तुलसीदास द्वारा कृत = तुलसीदासकृत
अव्ययीभाव समास	जिस समास में पहला पद (पूर्वपद) अव्यय तथा प्रधान हो'।	1. जन्म से लेकर = आजन्म 2. मति के अनुसार = यथामति।
कर्मधारय समास	जिस समास के दोनों शब्दों के बीच विशेषण-विशेष्य अथवा उपमान-उपमेय का सम्बन्ध हो, पहचान: विग्रह करने पर दोनों पद के मध्य में 'है जो', 'के समान' आदि आते हैं।	1. कमल के समान नयन = कमलनयन 2. महान है जो देव = महादेव
द्विगु समास	जिस समास में पूर्वपद (पहला पद) संख्यावाचक विशेषण हो।	1. दो पहरों का समूह = दोपहर 2. तीनों लोकों का समाहार = त्रिलोक।
द्वंद्व समास	जिस समास में दोनों पद प्रधान हो तथा विग्रह करने पर उनके बीच ‘तथा’, ‘या’, ‘अथवा’, ‘एवं’ या ‘और’ का प्रयोग होता हो ।	1. अन्न और जल = अन्न-जल 2. अपना और पराया = अपना-पराया।
बहुव्रीहि समास	जिस समास में दोनों पद प्रधान नहीं होते हैं और दोनों पद मिलकर किसी अन्य विशेष अर्थ की ओर संकेत कर रहे होते हैं।	1. जो महान वीर है = महावीर अर्थात हनुमान 2. तीन आँखों वाला = त्रिलोचन अर्थात शिव
द्विगु समास और बहुव्रीहि समास में अंतर - द्विगु समास का पहला पद संख्यावाचक विशेषण होता है और दूसरा पद विशेष्य होता है जबकि बहुव्रीहि समास में समस्त पद ही विशेषण का कार्य करता है। जैसे – दोपहर- दो पहरों का समूह (द्विगु समास), चतुर्भुज- चार है भुजाएँ जिसकी अर्थात विष्णु (बहुव्रीहि समास)।

‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ का क्या अर्थ है?

((a))
गुप्त मंत्रणा होना
((b))
अपने में सीमित होना
((c))
ज्ञान होना
((d))
काम न आना

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

गुप्त मंत्रणा होना

‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ का अर्थ 'गुप्त मंत्रणा होना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'गुप्त मंत्रणा होना' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ का अर्थ 'गुप्त मंत्रणा' होता है।
वाक्य प्रयोग - जबसे वर्मा जी मेयर क्या बने शर्मा जी के परिवार ने उनके यहाँ जाना छोड़ दिया है,शायद अन्दर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पग रहा है।

कुछ उपयोगी मुहावरे

मुहावरे	अर्थ	वाक्य प्रयोग
खटाई में पड़ना	झमेले में पड़ना, रुक जाना	बात तय थी, लेकिन ऐन मौके पर उसके मुकर जाने से सारा काम खटाई में पड़ गया।
आँखें खुलना	होश आना, सावधान होना	जनजागरण से हमारे शासकों की आँखें अब खुलने लगी हैं।
आँखें बिछाना	प्रेम से स्वागत करना	जब प्रधानमंत्री आए तो स्कूल में सबने आँखें बिछा दीं।

किस समास में कोई पद प्रधान नहीं होता?

((a))
अव्ययीभाव
((b))
बहुव्रीहि
((c))
द्विगु
((d))
तत्पुरुष

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

बहुव्रीहि

'बहुव्रीहि' समास में कोई पद प्रधान नहीं होता। 'बहुब्रीहि' समास में दोनों पद मिलकर एक नया अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं।

जैसे - जो महान वीर है = महावीर अर्थात हनुमान, तीन आँखों वाला = त्रिलोचन अर्थात शिव। शेष विकल्प अनुचित हैं।
अतः सही विकल्प 'बहुव्रीहि' है।

Important Points

विशेष

पदों की प्रधानता के आधार पर समास का वर्गीकरण
पूर्वपद प्रधान	अव्ययीभाव समास
उत्तरपद प्रधान	तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु
दोनों पद प्रधान	द्वन्द्व
दोनों पद अप्रधान	बहुब्रीहि (तीसरा पद प्रधान होता है)

‘स्वर’ किसका भेद है?

((a))
समास
((b))
वर्ण
((c))
संधि
((d))
लिंग

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

वर्ण

‘स्वर’ 'वर्ण' का भेद है।

स्पष्टीकरण -

उच्चारण और प्रयोग के आधार पर हिन्दी वर्णमाला के दो भेद हैं - 'स्वर' और 'व्यंजन' ।

शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वर्ण' है।

विषय	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
समास	समास समास का मतलब है संक्षिप्तीकरण। दो या दो से अधिक शब्द मिलकर एक नया एवं सार्थक शब्द की रचना करते हैं। यह नया शब्द ही समास कहलाता है।	कमल के सामान चरण : चरणकमल, रसोई के लिए घर : रसोईघर।
संधि	संधि का अर्थ होता है मेल या फिर मिलना। जब हम दो शब्दों को मिलाते हैं तो पहले शब्द की अंतिम ध्वनी एवं दुसरे शब्द कि पहली ध्वनी मिलकर जो परिवर्तन लाते हैं, उसे ही संधि कहते हैं।	तथास्तु : तथा + अस्तु, पदोन्नति : पद + उन्नति।
लिंग	संज्ञा के जिस रूप से व्यक्ति या वस्तु की नर या मादा जाति का बोध हो, उसे व्याकरण में 'लिंग' कहते है।	लड़का, लड़की, पुरुष, स्त्री, गाय, बैल।

‘अत्याचार’ शब्द में कौन सा उपसर्ग है?

((a))
आ
((b))
अत्
((c))
अति
((d))
अत्यु

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

अति

‘अत्याचार’ शब्द में 'अति' उपसर्ग है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अति' है।

Key Points

'अति' का अर्थ 'अधिक, ऊपर, उस पार' होता है, इस प्रकार अति + आचार = अत्याचार अर्थात अधिक किया जाने वाला दुर्व्यवहार।
'अति' उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द 'अतिकाल, अतिकर्मण, अतिरिक्त, अतिशय, अत्यन्त, अत्युक्ति, अतिक्रमण' आदि हैं।

Additional Information

शब्द	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
उपसर्ग	उपसर्ग उस अक्षर या अक्षर समूह को कहते हैं जो किसी शब्द के पहले जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन लाता है।	जैसे - प्र, सु, अति, अधि, अनु, नि प्र + हार = प्रहार
प्रत्यय	शब्द के उपरांत जिस शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है वह प्रत्यय है।	जैसे - ता, औना, अन, अत श्रो + ता = श्रोता

जब छात्र शिक्षक की भाषा का अनुकरण करे, तो उसे क्या कहते हैं?

((a))
अनुकरण का सिद्धांत
((b))
क्रियाशीलता का सिद्धांत
((c))
प्रयत्न का सिद्धांत
((d))
अभ्यास का सिद्धांत

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

अनुकरण का सिद्धांत

भाषा शिक्षण के मूल में भाषा व्यवहार और भाषिक कौशल होते हैं स्वयं भाषा की अपनी संरचना या प्रकृति नहीं। भाषा शिक्षण का शैक्षिक स्थल सर्वप्रथम स्कूल होता है स्कूल में अन्य विषयों के साथ अन्य भाषा शिक्षण की व्यवस्था की जाती है।

भाषा शिक्षण के सिद्धांत निम्नलिखित हैं:

अनुकरण का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत बच्चे परिवार, समाज या शिक्षक द्वारा प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा को दोहराकर भाषा सीखते है।
प्रेरणा का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत शिक्षक भाषा से संबंधित ज्ञानार्जन हेतु बच्चों को प्रेरित करता है।
क्रिया द्वारा सीखने का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत बच्चे सक्रिय रूप से भाषा शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में भाग लेते हैं।
जीवन से जोड़ने का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत शिक्षक तथ्यों को बच्चों के जीवन से जोड़ कर भाषा ज्ञान कराता है।
अभ्यास का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत बच्चों को अधिकाधिक भाषा प्रयोग के अवसर प्रदान कर भाषा संबंधी ज्ञान कराया जाता है।

अतः, स्पष्ठ है कि जब छात्र शिक्षक की भाषा का अनुकरण करे, तो उसे अनुकरण का सिद्धांत कहते हैं।

‘अम्बर पनघट में डुबो रही ताराघट उषा नागरी’ में कौन-सा अलंकार है?

((a))
यमक
((b))
रूपक
((c))
उपमा
((d))
उत्प्रेक्षा

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

रूपक

‘अम्बर पनघट में डुबो रही ताराघट उषा नागरी’ में 'रूपक' अलंकार है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'रूपक' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

जहाँ उपमेय को उपमान मान लिया जाता है वहां रूपक अलंकार होता है।
'उपर्युक्त पंक्ति में 'अम्बर' (उपमेय) पर 'पनघट' (उपमान) का 'तारा' (उपमेय) पर 'घट' (उपमान) का तथा 'उषा' (उपमेय) पर 'नागरी' (उपमान) का अभेद आरोप है।
आकाश रूपी पनघट में उषा (सुबह, भोर, प्रभात) रूपी स्त्री तारा रूपी घड़े डुबो रही है। यहाँ आकाश पर पनघट का, उषा पर स्त्री का और तारा पर घड़े का आरोप होने से रूपक अलंकार है।

अन्य विकल्प

अलंकार	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
रूपक अलंकार	जब उपमान और उपमेय में अभिन्नता या अभेद दिखाया जाए।	“मैया मैं तो चन्द्र-खिलौना लैहों” में चन्द्रमा और खिलौने में समानता न दिखाकर चन्द्र को ही खिलौना बोल दिया गया है।
उपमा अलंकार	उपमा शब्द का अर्थ होता है ‘तुलना’। जब किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की तुलना किसी दूसरे यक्ति या वस्तु से की जाए, वहाँ पर उपमा अलंकार होता है।	कर कमल-सा कोमल है।
यमक अलंकार	जहाँ एक ही शब्द जितनी बार आए उतने ही अलग-अलग अर्थ दे।	काली ‘घटा’ का घमंड ‘घटा’।
उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार	जहाँ उपमेय में उपमान के होने की संभावना का वर्णन होता हो।	"मुख मानो चन्द्रमा है" में मुख को चंद्रमा कहा जा रहा है।

निम्नलिखित में कौन सा विकल्प ‘ऊष्म वर्ण’ हैं?

((a))
श, ष, स
((b))
च, छ, ज
((c))
य, र, ल, व
((d))
ट, ठ, ड

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

श, ष, स

'श, ष, स' ‘ऊष्म वर्ण’ हैं। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'श, ष, स' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

वर्ण श,ष और स- ऊष्म वर्ण हैं। इन्हें ऊष्म या संघर्षी व्यंजन इसलिए कहते हैं, क्योंकि इनके उच्चारण के समय अंदर से आती हुई हवा तालु, मसूढ़े, दाँत और जीभ से रगड़ कर ऊष्मा पैदा करती हुई निकलती है।

व्यंजन के तीन भेद	स्पष्टीकरण
स्पर्श व्यंजन	‘क’ से ‘म’ तक 25 वर्ण मुख के विभिन्न भागों में जिह्वा के स्पर्श से बोले जाते है। इसलिए इन्हे स्पर्श व्यंजन कहते हैं।
अंतःस्थ व्यंजन	‘य, र, ल, व’ - ये चार ऐसे वर्ण हें, जिनके अन्दर स्वर छिपे हैं, अतः इन्हें अंतःस्थ व्यंजन कहते हैं।
ऊष्म व्यंजन	‘श, ष, स’ – इन चार वर्णों के उच्चारण में मुख से विशेष प्रकार की गर्म (ऊष्म) वायु निकलती है, इसलिए इन्हें ऊष्म व्यंजन कहते है। इनके उच्चारण में श्वास की प्रबलता रहती है।

‘मेंढक’ का तत्सम रुप क्या है?

((a))
बंदूक
((b))
मुदग
((c))
मण्डूक
((d))
मुष्टि

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

मण्डूक

‘मेंढक’ का तत्सम रुप 'मण्डूक' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मण्डूक' है।

Key Points

तद्भव शब्द	अर्थ	तत्सम
बन्दूक	कारतूस भरकर छोड़ा जानेवाला एक प्रसिद्ध अस्त्र	भुशुण्डी
मुट्ठी	घूँसा, मुक्का	मुष्टि
मूंग	एक प्रसिद्ध अन्न – मूंग की दाल	मुदग

Additional Information

शब्द	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
तत्सम शब्द	ऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से ज्यों - के - त्यों ले लिए गए हैं।	आम्र, उष्ट्र, ऐश्वर्य, षष्ठी आदि।
अर्धतत्सम शब्द	ऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से थोड़ा परिवर्तित होकर हिंदी में आये हैं।	कार्य से कारज, धैर्य से धीरज आदि।
तद्भव शब्द	ऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से हिंदी में आने पर उनका रूप बदल गया।	आग, खीर, छत आदि।

‘दिग्गज’ का संधि – विच्छेद क्या है?

((a))
दिक् + गज
((b))
दि: + गज
((c))
दिग् +गज
((d))
दिग् + अगज

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

दिक् + गज

‘दिग्गज’ का संधि – विच्छेद 'दिक् + गज' है तथा यहाँ व्यंजन संधि है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'दिक् + गज' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

व्यंजन संधि में 'क्, च्, ट्, त्, प्' के बाद किसी वर्ग का तृतीय या चतुर्थ वर्ण आये या 'य, र, ल, व या कोई स्वर आये तो 'क्, च्, ट्, त्, प्' के स्थान पर अपने ही वर्ग का तीसरा वर्ण हो जाता है।

विशेष

संधि - दो शब्दों के मेल से जो विकार (परिवर्तन) होता है उसे संधि कहते हैं। संधि के तीन प्रकार हैं - 1. स्वर, 2. व्यंजन और 3. विसर्ग,
संधि	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
स्वर	स्वर वर्ण के साथ स्वर वर्ण के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है।	विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी महा + ईश = महेश
व्यंजन	एक व्यंजन से दूसरे व्यंजन या स्वर के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है।	अहम् + कार = अहंकार उत् + लास = उल्लास
विसर्ग	विसर्ग के साथ स्वर या व्यंजन के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है।	दुः + आत्मा = दुरात्मा निः + कपट = निष्कपट

'गुप्त' का विलोम क्या है?’

((a))
भुक्त
((b))
प्रकट
((c))
मुक्त
((d))
लिप्त

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

प्रकट

'गुप्त' शब्द का विलोम 'प्रकट' है। 'प्रकट' का अर्थ ‘जो गुप्त न हो, व्यक्त, अगोपन, स्पष्ट’ है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘प्रकट’ है।

अन्य विकल्प -

विलोम/विपरीतार्थक - विपरीत (उल्टा) अर्थ बताने वाले शब्दों को विलोम शब्द कहते हैं। जैसे - अवनति – उन्नति, आयात - निर्यात
शब्द	अर्थ	विलोम
भुक्त	खाया हुआ, भोग किया हुआ।	अभुक्त
मुक्त	आज़ाद, स्वतंत्र, स्वाधीन	ग्रस्त
लिप्त	किसी कार्य में डूबा हुआ, रमा हुआ, लीन	निर्लिप्त

‘गाँठ का पूरा’ – मुहावरे का क्या अर्थ है?

((a))
दुकानदार
((b))
लापरवाह
((c))
ईमानदार
((d))
मालदार

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

मालदार

गाँठ का पूरा’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'मालदार' होता है, जिसके पास बहुत धन या पैसा हो। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मालदार' है।

कुछ उपयोगी मुहावरे

मुहावरे	अर्थ	उदाहरण
अंगारों पर लेटना	डाह होना, दुःख सहना	वह उसकी तरक्की देखते ही अंगारों पर लोटने लगा। मैं जीवन भर अंगारों पर लोटता रहा हूँ।
आँखों में बसना	हृदय में समाना	वह इतना सुंदर है की उसका रूप मेरी आखों में बस गया है।
उलटी गंगा बहाना	अनहोनी या लीक से हटकर बात करना	अमित हमेशा उल्टी गंगा बहाता हैं - कह रहा था कि वह हाथों के बल चलकर स्कूल जाएगा।

‘लक्ष्य’ का अनेकार्थ शब्द ज्ञात करें।

((a))
नाम, बल
((b))
गति, चाल
((c))
निशा��ा, उद्देश्य
((d))
सही, गलत

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

निशा��ा, उद्देश्य

‘लक्ष्य’ का अनेकार्थक शब्द 'निशाना, उद्देश्य' है। शेष विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'निशाना, उद्देश्य' है।

अन्य अनेकार्थक शब्द

शब्द	अर्थ
अर्थ	धन, मतलब, कारण, लिए।
अक्ष	आँख, सर्प, ज्ञान, मण्डल, रथ, चौसर का पासा, धुरी, पहिया, आत्मा, कील।
हीन	रहित, दीन, निकृष्ट

‘सुधा’ का अनेकार्थक शब्द क्या है?

((a))
अमृत, पानी
((b))
प्राण, प्रियतम
((c))
बादल, बिजली
((d))
सेना, शक्ति

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

अमृत, पानी

‘सुधा’ का अनेकार्थक शब्द 'अमृत, पानी' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अमृत, पानी' है। 'सेना, शक्ति' के लिए अनेकार्थक शब्द 'बल' है।

Key Points अन्य अनेकार्थक शब्द

शब्द	अर्थ
अपवाद	कलंक, वह प्रचलित प्रसंग, जो नियम के विरुद्ध हो।
ईश्वर	परमात्मा, स्वामी, शिव, पारा, पीतल।
इतर	दूसरा, साधारण, नीच।

‘आँख का अंधा नाम नयनसुख’ – लोकोक्ति का कया अर्थ है?

((a))
आँख की रोशनी जाना
((b))
नामकरण करना
((c))
गुण के विरुद्ध नाम का होना
((d))
संतुष्ट होना

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

गुण के विरुद्ध नाम का होना

‘आँख का अंधा नाम नयनसुख’ – लोकोक्ति का अर्थ 'गुण के विरुद्धनाम का होना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'गुण के विरुध्द नाम का होना' है।

वाक्य प्रयोग

- इसका नाम सुरीली है पर आवाज़ कितनी भद्दी है, इसे कहते हैं आँख के अंधे, नाम नयनसुख।

अन्य उपयोगी लोकोक्तियाँ

लोकोक्ति	अर्थ	वाक्य प्रयोग
अन्धा बाँटे रेवड़ी फिर-फिर अपनों को दे	अधिकार पाने पर स्वार्थी मनुष्य केवल अपनों को ही लाभ पहुँचाते हैं।	मालिक आगरा का है, इसलिए उसने आगरावासी को ही नियुक्त कर लिया। ये तो वही बात हुई कि अन्धा बाँटे रेवड़ी फिर-फिर अपनों को दे।
आँख के अन्धे गाँठ के पूरे	मूर्ख किन्तु धनवान	आप इस मकान का बहुत दाम मांग रहे हैं। इसे तो वह खरीदेगा जो आँख के अन्धे और गाँठ के पूरे होगा।
आगे नाथ न पीछे पगहा	किसी तरह की जिम्मेवारी का न होना	अरे, तुम चक्कर न मारोगे तो और कौन मारेगा? आगे नाथ न पीछे पगहा। बस, मौज किये जाओ।

निर्देश: दिए गए अनुच्छेद को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़कर निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के सही विकल्प छँटिए।

“प्रारम्भ से ही प्रकृति और मनुष्य का अटूट संबंध रहा है। प्रकृति और मनुष्य का संबंध अन्योन्याश्रित ओर परस्पर सह – अस्तित्व पर निर्भर है। प्रकृति ने मानव के लिए जीवनदायक तत्त्वों को उत्पन्न किया। मनुष्य ने वृक्षों के फल, बीज, जड़ें आदि खाकर अपनी भूख मिटाई। पेड़-पौधे हमें केवल भोजन ही प्रदान नहीं करते अपितु जीवनदायिनी वायु, ऑक्सीजन भी प्रदान करते हैं। ये वातावरण से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड को ग्रहण करते हैं और ऑक्सीजन बाहर निकालते हैं। पृथ्वी पर हरियाली के स्त्रोत पेड़-पौधे ही हैं। वर्षा के कारक यही पेड़-पौधे हैं। मनुष्य ने अपनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए वन-संपदा का अंधाधुंध दोहन किया है जिसके कारण प्राकृतिक असंतुलन उत्पन्न हो गया है। पर्यावरण में कम ऑक्सीजन तथा प्रदूषण के कारण अनेक प्रकार की घातक बीमारियाँ फैल रही हैं। पेड़-पौधों की कमी के चलते अनावृष्टि सूखा और भूमि – क्षरण की समस्या पैदा हो गई है”।

पेड़ – पौधे हमें क्या नहीं देते हैं?

((a))
ऑक्सीजन
((b))
हरियाली
((c))
भोजन
((d))
जल

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

जल

प्रस्तुत अवतरण के अनुसार पेड़-पौधे हमें ऑक्सीजन, हरियाली, भोजन देते हैं यहाँ तक की वर्षा के कारक भी यही पेड़ पौधे ही हैं। अपितु ये हमें ये सारी चीज़ें देते हैं परन्तु ये हमें जल नहीं देते बल्कि ये वर्षा के कारक हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'जल' है।

पर्यावरण असंतुलन का दुष्परिणाम क्या नहीं है?

((a))
पर्यावरण प्रदूषण के चलते घातक बीमारियों का बढ़ना
((b))
पेड-पौधों की कमी के कारण बाढ़, अनावृष्टि, सूखा और भूमि-क्षरण की समस्याएँ पैदा होना
((c))
ऑक्सीजन की कमी के कारण कार्बन डाइआूक्साइड में बढ़ोतरी
((d))
छायादार वृक्षों में फल नहीं लग पाना

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

छायादार वृक्षों में फल नहीं लग पाना

प्रस्तुत अवतरण के अनुसार पेड़ों की कमी की वजह से प्रदुषण की बढ़ोतरी, ऑक्सीजन की कमी, बारिश का ना होना जैसे दंश हमें झेलने पड़ रहे हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में पर्यावरण असंतुलन का दुष्परिणाम 'छायादार वृक्षों में फल नहीं लग पाना' गलत कथन है।

बाकी के विकल्पों के कथन संगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'छायादार वृक्षों में फल नहीं लग पाना' है।

कविता शिक्षण की विधि क्या है?

((a))
लेखन प्रणाली
((b))
अर्थबोध प्रणाली
((c))
कौशल प्रणाली
((d))
अक्षरबोध प्रणाली

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

अर्थबोध प्रणाली

'अर्थबोध प्रणाली' कविता शिक्षण की विधि है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अर्थबोध प्रणाली' है।

कविता शिक्षण की विधियाँ
प्रस्तावना	छात्र को जो कविता पढ़ाई जाती है उसका सम्पूर्ण ज्ञान होना चाहिए जिससे वह वस्तु से अवगत हो सके। इससे छात्रों में विषय के प्रति जागरूकता उत्पन्न होती है।
प्रस्तुतिकरण	जब छात्र को विषयवस्तु और पाठ्यक्रम से अवगत कराया जाता है तब शिक्षक को नए पाठ का प्रस्तुतिकरण करना होता है। इसमें वाचन क्रिया अपनायी जाती है।
अर्थबोध	इस प्रक्रिया में छात्र कितनी मात्रा में कविता को ग्रहण कर सकता है का अध्ययन किया जाता है। इसमें छात्र के ज्ञान स्तर को जांचा जाता है। छात्र पिछला पढ़ाया हुआ भूल न जाये इसके लिए बोध परीक्षा कराना जरूरी है।
काठिन्य निवारण	जब छात्र को विषय - वस्तु में कोई परेशानी होती है तब शिक्षक कविता से आयी परेशानी का निवारण करता है।
सस्वर पाठ	छात्रों और शिक्षकों के द्वारा यदि कविता को सस्वर रूप से किया जाता है तो कविता में विद्यमान रस तथा भावों को समझ पाते हैं।
उपर्युक्त विधियों के आलावा अन्य विधियाँ – ‘भाव - विश्लेषण, आदर्श पाठ, पुनरावृत्ति, मूल्यांकन और गृहकार्य’ हैं।

शब्द और विलोम की दृष्टि से निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा विकल्प सही नहीं है?

((a))
लोलुप – संतुष्ट
((b))
विश्लेषण – विवेचन
((c))
यौवन – वार्धक्य
((d))
एकांगी – सर्वांगीण

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

विश्लेषण – विवेचन

शब्द और विलोम की दृष्टि से उपर्युक्त में से 'विश्लेषण – विवेचन' विकल्प सही नहीं है।

'विश्लेषण' का विलोम 'संश्लेषण' है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।
अतः सही विकल्प ''विश्लेषण – विवेचन' है।

Key Points

शब्दार्थ

शब्��	अर्थ
वार्धक्य	बढ़त, विकास, संवृद्धि, प्रचुरता, आधिक्य
एकांगी	एकपक्षीय, सीमित, जैसे- एकांगी दृष्टि, एकांग, जिसका केवल एक ही अंग हो
सर्वांगीण	सभी अंगों से सम्बंधित, किसी कार्य में डूबा हुआ, रमा हुआ, लीन
विश्लेषण	तत्वसंधान, विवेचन, छानबीन, जाँच, परीक्षण, अलग करना, अध्ययन
संश्लेषण	एक में मिलाना, लगाना या जोड़ना, संलग्न या संबद्ध करना

निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा विकल्प सही नहीं है?

((a))
अन्योन्य – परस्पर
((b))
कृति – रचना
((c))
अन्यान्य – और दूसरे
((d))
कृति – निकृष्ट पुरुष

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

कृति – निकृष्ट पुरुष

यहाँ सभी विकल्प एक दूसरे के पर्यायवाची हैं परन्तु ‘कृति – निकृष्ट पुरुष’ पर्यायवाची नहीं है। ‘कृति’ का अर्थ है ‘रचना, किया हुआ कार्य’ तथा निकृष्ट पुरुष का अर्थ है ‘नीच या अधम पुरुष। अतः सही विकल्प 'कृति – निकृष्ट पुरुष' है।

अन्य विकल्प

शब्द	पर्यायवाची
अन्योन्य	एक-दूसरे पर, पारस्परिक, आपस का, आपसी।
कृति	किया हुआ कार्य, क्रिया, निर्मिति।
अन्योन्य	परस्पर, पारस्परिक।

विशेष

शब्द	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
पर्यायवाची	एक ही अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द, जो बनावट में भले ही अलग हों। 'पर्यायवाची-शब्द' को 'समानार्थी-शब्द' भी कहा जाता है\|	आग - अनल, पावक, दहन, वह्नि, कृशानु, हुताशन आदि।

‘आये थे हरी भजन को औटन लगे कपास’ – मुहावरे का अर्थ क्या है?

((a))
उद्देश्य की प्राप्ति में असफल होना
((b))
ईश्वर भक्ति कों छोड़कर व्यापार में लग जाना
((c))
हरी भक्ति का मार्ग कठिन होता है
((d))
किसी कार्य विशेष की उपेक्षा कर दूसरे कार्य को करना

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

किसी कार्य विशेष की उपेक्षा कर दूसरे कार्य को करना

‘आये थे हरी भजन को ओटन लगे कपास’ – मुहावरे का अर्थ 'किसी कार्य विशेष की उपेक्षा कर दूसरे कार्य को करना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'किसी कार्य विशेष की उपेक्षा कर दूसरे कार्य को करना' है।

वाक्य प्रयोग

रमेश अच्छी नौकरी छोड़कर शहर से अपने गाँव लौटा था ताकि वह अपने गाँव के लोगों को प्रगतिशील बना सके लेकिन यहाँ कृषि की तकनीकियाँ न बताकर फालतू कार्य में लग गया, अतः "वह आये थे हरि भजन को ओटन लगे कपास" वाली कहावत चरितार्थ हो गयी।

विशेष

विषय	परिभाषा	उदाहरण
मुहावरे	- कोई भी ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़कर किसी विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करे तो उसे मुहावरा कहते हैं। - मुहावरा वाक्यांश है इसका स्वतंत्र रूप से प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।	ख़ाक छानना – भटकना। उदाहरण - नौकरी की खोज में वह खाक छानता रहा।
लोकोक्ति	- लोकोक्तियाँ लोक अनुभव से बनती हैं। समाज लंबे अनुभव से सीखे हुए ज्ञान को जब वाक्य में बांध देता है तो उसे लोकोक्ति, जनश्रुति या कहावत कहते हैं। - लोकोक्ति सम्पूर्ण वाक्य है इसका प्रयोग स्वतंत्र रूप से किया जा सकता है।	अक्ल बङी की भैंस – शारीरिक बल से बौद्धिक बल अधिक अच्छा होता है। उदाहरण – किसान लोग पहले मेहनत तो खूब करते थे पर अनाज कम पैदा होता था। अब उन्नत बीज और खाद से अच्छी फसल लेने ल��े हैं। सच ही कहा है कि अक्ल बङी की भैंस।

वाक्य और उसके भेद से संबंधित कौन-सा जोड़ा गलत है?

((a))
जो प्रथम आएगा वह पुरस्कार पाएगा – मिश्र वाक्य
((b))
नेता ने भाषण दिया और चला गया – संयुक्त वाक्य
((c))
बच्चे नाश्ता करके विद्यालय गए – सरल वाक्य
((d))
लक्ष्मी गई और सोफ़िया आ गई – सरल वाक्य

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

लक्ष्मी गई और सोफ़िया आ गई – सरल वाक्य

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'लक्ष्मी गई और सोफ़िया आ गई – सरल वाक्य' जोड़ा गलत है। यह वाक्य सरल वाक्य नहीं है बल्कि संयुक्त वाक्य है। अन्य विकल्पों का जोड़ा सही है। अतः सही विकल्प 'लक्ष्मी गई और सोफ़िया आ गई – सरल वाक्य' है।

रचना की दृष्टि से वाक्य के भेद -

सरल - जिन वाक्यों में एक मुख्य क्रिया हो उन्हें सरल या साधारण वाक्य कहते हैं।

जटिल - ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें एक से अधिक उपवाक्य हों। जटिल वाक्य के दो भेद हैं - संयुक्त वाक्य और मिश्र वाक्य। संयुक्त वाक्य - जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक उपवाक्य मिले हों, परन��तु सभी वाक्य प्रधान हो तो ऐसे वाक्य को संयुक्त वाक्य कहते है। मिश्र वाक्य - जिस वाक्य में एक से अधिक वाक्य मिले हों, किन्तु एक प्रधान उपवाक्य तथा शेष आश्रित उपवाक्य हों, मिश्रित वाक्य कहलाता है। मिश्र वाक्य के तीन प्रकार हैं - संज्ञा, विशेषण और क्रिया-विशेषण उपवाक्य।

वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द से संबंधित कौन-सा जोड़ा गलत है?

((a))
जो मनुष्यता से दूर हो – अमानुषिक
((b))
जो कम खर्च करने वाला हो – अपव्ययी
((c))
जिसका इलाज कठिन हो – दु:साध्य
((d))
जो इतिहास लिखे जाने के युग से पूर्व का हो – प्रागैतिहासिक

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

जो कम खर्च करने वाला हो – अपव्ययी

'जो कम खर्च करने वाला हो – अपव्ययी' यह जोड़ा गलत है। 'जो कम खर्च करने वाल हो' उसे मितव्ययी कहते हैं और 'जो अधिक खर्च करे' उसे अपव्ययी कहते हैं। शेष विकल्प वाक्यांश की दृष्टि से सही हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'जो कम खर्च करने वाल हो – अपव्ययी' है।

Key Points

वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द के अन्य उदाहरण

शब्द	वाक्यांश
दुराग्रह	अनुचित बात के लिए आग्रह।
आस्तिक	ईश्वर में आस्था रखने वाला।
उपर्युक्त	ऊपर कहा हुआ।

विराम-चिन्ह की दृष्टि से कौन सा वाक्य अशुद्ध है?

((a))
मैं क्या कहता?
((b))
महक, रागिनी, श्वेता आदि भी आई है; ये सब अब गाना गाएँगी।
((c))
नहीं कल मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा।
((d))
उसने पूछा, "तुम कहाँ थे?"

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

नहीं कल मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा।

चिन्ह की दृष्टि से 'नहीं कल में तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा।' वाक्य अशुध्द है क्योंकि इसमें 'नहीं' के बाद विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न आएगा जैसे – नहीं! कल मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा। अन्य विकल्प विराम - चिह्न की दृष्टि से सही हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'नहीं कल मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा।' है।

Important Points

समस्त विराम चिह्नों का विवरण निम्नलिखित हैं

विराम चिन्ह – भाषा के लिखित रूप में विशेष स्थानों पर रुकने का संकेत करने वाले चिन्हों को विराम चिन्ह कहते हैं। विराम चिन्ह के भेद
विराम चिन्ह का नाम	उदाहरण	विराम - चिन्ह
पूर्ण विराम	बाजार खुल गया।	।
अर्ध विराम चिन्ह	मुख्य अतिथि आ गए हैं; वह शीघ्र चले जाएंगे।	;
अल्प विराम चिह्न	राकेश, मोहन, शीतल और पंकज ने यह चित्र बनाया है।	,
प्रश्न सूचक चिन्ह	तुम्हारी माताजी का नाम क्या है ?	?
विस्मय सूचक या आश्चर्य चिह्न	वाह ! कितना सुंदर दृश्य है।	!
संयोजक या योजक चिन्ह	मैं दिन–रात यही सोचता रहा।	-
निर्देशक चिन्ह	श्री जितेंद्र जी ने कहा _ सत्य के मार्ग पर चलना चाहिए।	_
अवतरण चिन्ह या उद्धरण चिन्ह	गांधी जी ने कहाँ था "अहिंसा परम धर्म है”	‘….’ “…”
कोष्ठक चिन्ह	दशहरे के दिन दशानन (रावण) का दहन किया जाता है।	[ {()} ]
उप विराम (अपूर्ण विराम)	विज्ञान: वरदान या अभिशाप	:
विवरण चिन्ह	निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर दीजिये :-	:-
पुनरुक्ति सूचक चिन्ह		„ „
लाघव चिन्ह	डॉक्टर – डॉ०, प्रोफेसर – प्रो०	०
हंसपद या त्रुटिपूरक चिन्ह	आगरा राम कल ^ जायेगा।	^
लोप चिन्ह	मैं पास तो आ जाऊँगा…… लेकिन साथ नहीं चलूँगा।	……
दीर्घ उच्चारण चिन्ह		S
तुल्यता सूचक चिन्ह	4 + 4 = 8	=
समाप्ति सूचक चिन्ह		- , o

लोकोक्ति और उसके अभिप्राय का कौन-सा जोड़ा गलत है?

((a))
कढ़ाही से गिरा, चूल्हे में पड़ा – एक आपत्ति से छूटकर दूसरी विपत्ति में पड़ना
((b))
घी भी खाओ और पगड़ी भी रक्खो – इतना खर्च करो कि इज्जत बनी रहे
((c))
ओस चाटे प्यास नहीं बुझती – बड़े काम के लिए विशेष प्रयत्न की जरूरत होती है
((d))
काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती है

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती है

सही उत्तर 'काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती है' है।

Key Points

लोकोक्ति और उसके अभिप्राय का 'काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती ह��' जोड़ा गलत है क्योंकि इस लोकोक्ति का अर्थ 'धोखेबाजी हर बार नहीं चल सकती' है।
वाक्य प्रयोग - मनोज ने एक बार झूठ बोलकर नरेन्द्र से सहायता ले ली, मनोज को क्या लगता है कि नरेन्द्र फिर से मनोज की सहायता करेगा, उसे मालूम होना चाहिए कि "काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती"।
शेष विकल्पों के जोड़े सही हैं।
तः सही विकल्प 'काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती है' है।

English (30 questions)

What will be the feminine gender of 'wizard'?

((a))
Witch
((b))
Lizard
((c))
Fairy
((d))
Ghost

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Witch

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. Witch.

Key Points

Wizard is a man who has magical powers.
Let us explore the options:
Witch is a woman thought to have magic powers, especially evil ones, popularly depicted as wearing a black cloak and pointed hat and flying on a broomstick.
Lizard is a reptile that typically has a long body and tail, four legs, movable eyelids, and a rough, scaly, or spiny skin.
Fairy is a mythical being of folklore and romance usually having diminutive human form and magical powers; a male homosexual.
Ghost is an apparition of a dead person that is believed to appear or become manifest to the living, typically as a nebulous image.
Hence, the feminine gender of 'wizard' is 'witch'.

Additional Information

A woman in stories who has magic powers is usually called a witch. A man with magic powers is usually called a wizard.
The word 'wizard' comes from the Middle English word ‘wys’ meaning ‘wise’. In this sense, it first appeared in English in the early 15th century.
Examples of 'wizard' and 'witch' in a sentence:
But, in general, for younger readers, Eva created wizards, witches, harpies, and ghosts who scared in a generally benign fashion.
There are no wizards, witches, or dementors in this novel; no magic or sorcery in its plot.

Hinglish

Wizard वह व्यक्ति होता है जिसके पास जादुई शक्तियां होती हैं।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
Witch एक ऐसी महिला है जिसके बारे में सोचा जाता है कि उसके पास जादू की शक्तियाँ हैं, विशेष रूप से दुष्ट, जिसे लोकप्रिय रूप से एक काले रंग का cloak और नुकीली टोपी पहने और झाड़ू पर उड़ते हुए दिखाया गया है।
Lizard एक सरीसृप है जिसमें आमतौर पर एक लंबा शरीर और पूंछ, चार पैर, चलती पलकें और एक खुरदरी, पपड़ीदार या काँटेदार त्वचा होती है।
Fairy लोककथाओं और रोमांस का एक पौराणिक प्राणी है जिसमें आमतौर पर कम मानवीय रूप और जादुई शक्तियां होती हैं; एक पुरुष समलैंगिक।
Ghost एक मृत व्यक्ति की एक प्रेत है जिसके बारे में माना जाता है कि वह जीवित के लिए प्रकट होता है या प्रकट होता है आमतौर पर एक अस्पष्ट छवि के रूप में।
अतः 'wizard' का स्त्रीलिंग 'witch' है।
कहानियों में एक महिला जिसके पास जादुई शक्तियां होती हैं उसे आमतौर पर witch कहा जाता है। जादुई शक्तियों वाले व्यक्ति को आमतौर पर wizard कहा जाता है।

The masculine gender of 'vixen' is

((a))
ox
((b))
fox
((c))
horse
((d))
deer

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

fox

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. fox.

Key Points

Vixen is a female fox.
Let us explore the options:
'Ox' is a domesticated bovine animal kept for milk or meat; a cow or bull.
'Fox' is a carnivorous mammal of the dog family with a pointed muzzle and bushy tail, proverbial for its cunning.
'Horse' is a large plant-eating domesticated mammal with solid hoofs and a flowing mane and tail, used for riding, racing, and to carry and pull loads.
'Deer' is hoofed grazing or browsing animal, with branched bony antlers that are shed annually and typically borne only by the male.
Hence, the masculine gender of 'vixen' is 'fox'.

Additional Information

Many species of animals, particularly those domesticated, have been given specific names for the male and the female:

Animal	Masculine	Feminine
fox	fox	vixen
horse	stallion	mare
deer	buck	doe
cattle	bull	cow
goose	gander	goose
tiger	tiger	tigress
lion	lion	lioness
sheep	ram	ewe
pig	boar	sow
chicken	rooster	hen
rabbit	buck	doe

Hinglish

Vixen एक मादा लोमड़ी है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
'Ox' एक पालतू पशु है जिसे दूध या मांस के लिए रखा जाता है; एक गाय या बैल।
'Fox' कुत्ते के परिवार का एक मांसाहारी स्तनपायी है, जिसकी नुकीली थूथन और झाड़ीदार पूंछ होती है, जो अपनी चालाकी के लिए जाना जाता है।
'Horse' ठोस खुरों और बहने वाली अयाल और पूंछ के साथ एक बड़ा पौधा खाने वाला पालतू स्तनपायी है, जिसका उपयोग सवारी, रेसिंग और भार ढोने और खींचने के लिए किया जाता है।
'Deer' खुर वाले चरने वाले या ब्राउज़ करने वाले जानवर हैं, शाखाओं वाले बोनी एंटलर के साथ जो सालाना बहाए जाते हैं और आमतौर पर केवल नर द्वारा वहन किए जाते हैं।
इसलिए, 'vixen' का मर्दाना लिंग 'fox' है।

Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation marks?

((a))
The minister said "elections will be held in MP, Bihar and Orissa".
((b))
The minister said, "Elections will be held in MP, Bihar and Orissa."
((c))
The minister said, elections will be held in M. P., Bihar and Orissa.
((d))
The Minister said "Elections will be held in MP, Bihar and Orissa."

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

The minister said, "Elections will be held in MP, Bihar and Orissa."

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. The minister said, "Elections will be held in MP, Bihar and Orissa".

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
The first option is incorrect as 'Elections' is not capitalized and there should be a comma after 'said' to indicate a short pause.
The second option is correct as the comma, quotation mark, and full-stop is correctly used and 'Elections' is also capitalized in the sentence.
The sentence always begins with a capital letter.
To indicate a small pause after a word or a sentence, we use a comma. (,)
Full stop (.) is used at the end of a sentence to end the statement.
While stating a narration we use inverted commas (" ").
The third option is incorrect because of the absence of a quotation mark as it set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry.
The fourth option is incorrect as the word 'minister' is unnecessarily capitalized and there should be a comma after 'said' to indicate a short pause.
Hence, the second option is the sentence with the correct punctuation marks.

Additional Information

Punctuation is the system of signs or symbols given to a reader to show how a sentence is constructed and how it should be read.
The basic signs of punctuation are the comma( , ), the full stop( . ), the exclamation mark( ! ), the question mark( ? ), the semi-colon( ; ), the colon( : ), the apostrophe( ' ), quotation marks( “ ” ), the hyphen( - ), brackets ( ) or [ ], the slash( / ).

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहला विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि 'Elections' बड़े अक्षरों में नहीं है और एक संक्षिप्त विराम को इंगित करने के लिए 'said' के बाद एक अल्पविराम होना चाहिए।
दूसरा विकल्प सही है क्योंकि अल्पविराम, उद्धरण चिह्न और पूर्ण विराम का सही उपयोग किया गया है और वाक्य में 'Elections' भी बड़े अक्षरों में लिखा गया है।
वाक्य हमेशा capital letter से शुरू होता है।
किसी शब्द या वाक्य के बाद एक छोटा विराम इंगित करने के लिए, हम अल्पविराम (,) का उपयोग करते हैं।
कथन को समाप्त करने के लिए वाक्य के अंत में पूर्ण विराम (.) का उपयोग किया जाता है।
एक कथन बताते समय हम inverted commas (" ") का उपयोग करते हैं।
तीसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि इसमें कोई उद्धरण चिह्न नहीं है क्योंकि यह किसी और से आई हुई सटीक भाषा (चाहे बोली जाने वाली या लिखित) का सेट और प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। उद्धरण चिह्न का उपयोग कथा और कभी-कभी कविता में भाषण कृत्यों को नामित करने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
चौथा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि 'minister' शब्द अनावश्यक रूप से पूंजीकृत है और 'said' के बाद एक अल्पविराम होना चाहिए जो एक संक्षिप्त विराम को इंगित करता है।

Which among the following suffixes is not suitable for the word 'prevent'?

((a))
able
((b))
ing
((c))
ive
((d))
ious

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

ious

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. ious.

Key Points

Suffixes are a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to change its meaning or function.
'Prevent' means to keep from happening or existing.
Let us explore the options:
The first option 'able' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventable' which means able to be prevented or avoided.
The second option 'ing' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventing' which is a gerund or present participle of 'prevent'.
The third option 'ive' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventive' which means devoted to or concerned with the prevention: Precautionary.
The fourth option 'ious' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventious' which do not have meaning or existence.
Hence, the fourth option is not suitable as a suffix for the word 'prevent'.

Additional Information

There are two types of suffixes: vowel and consonant.
Vowel suffixes include endings such as "-ing, -able/ -ible, -ous, -ive, -ed, -er,-es, -end".
Consonant suffixes include endings such as "-s, -less, -ness, - ment, and -ly".

Hinglish

Suffixes एक अक्षर या अक्षरों का समूह है जो किसी शब्द के अर्थ या कार्य को बदलने के लिए उसके अंत में जोड़ा जाता है।
'Prevent' का अर्थ होता है होने या होने से रोकना।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहला विकल्प 'able' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है, तो यह 'preventable' हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है रोकने या टालने में सक्षम।
दूसरा विकल्प 'ing' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है , तो यह 'preventing' बन जाता है जो 'prevent' का एक gerund या वर्तमान कृदंत है।
तीसरा विकल्प 'ive' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है, तो यह 'preventive' बन जाता है जिसका अर्थ है रोकथाम के लिए समर्पित या संबंधित: एहतियाती।
चौथा विकल्प 'ious' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है, तो वह 'preventious' हो जाता है जिसका कोई अर्थ या अस्तित्व नहीं होता है।
अत: चौथा विकल्प 'prevent' शब्द के प्रत्यय के रूप में उपयुक्त नहीं है।

Identify the phrasal verb in the following sentence:

"Thieves broke into the bank in the middle of the night."

((a))
broke into
((b))
into the bank
((c))
Thieves broke
((d))
middle of the night

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

broke into

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. broke into.

Key Points

A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of the main verb together with an adverb or a preposition or both.
Let us explore the options:
The first option is correct as in "broke into", 'broke' is a verb, and 'into' is a preposition.
The second option is incorrect as in "into the bank", 'into' is a preposition, 'the' is a determiner and 'bank' is a noun.
The third option is incorrect as in "Thieves broke", 'Thieves' is a noun, and 'broke' is a verb.
The fourth option is incorrect as in "middle of the night", 'middle' is a noun, 'of' is a preposition, 'the' is a determiner and 'night' is a noun.
Hence, the phrasal verb in the following sentence is "broke into".

Additional Information

Phrasal verbs can be intransitive (i.e. they have no object):
She pulled up outside the house.
Phrasal verbs can be transitive (i.e. they can have an object):
The Engineers pulled the building down and redeveloped the site.
The verb and adverb elements which make up intransitive phrasal verbs are never separated:

Correct: She pulled up outside the house.

Incorrect: She pulled outside the house up.

The verb and adverb elements that make up transitive phrasal verbs can be separated.
If the direct object is a noun, we can say:

Correct: The Engineers pulled the building down.

Correct: The Engineers pulled down the building.

If the object is a pronoun (such as it, him, her, them), then the object always comes between the verb and the adverb:

Correct: The Engineers pulled it down.

Incorrect: The Engineers pulled down it.

Hinglish

एक phrasal verb एक क्रिया है जो एक क्रिया विशेषण या एक पूर्वसर्ग या दोनों के साथ मुख्य क्रिया से बनी होती है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहला विकल्प सही है क्योंकि "broke into" में 'broke' एक क्रिया है, और 'into' एक पूर्वसर्ग है।
दूसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि "into the bank" में 'into' एक preposition है, 'the' एक निर्धारक है और 'bank' एक संज्ञा है।
तीसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि "Thieves broke" में 'Thieves' एक संज्ञा है, और 'broke' एक क्रिया है।
चौथा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि "middle of the night" में 'middle' एक संज्ञा है, 'of' एक पूर्वसर्ग है, 'the' एक निर्धारक है और 'night' एक संज्ञा है।
इसलिए, निम्नलिखित वाक्य में phrasal verb "broke into" है।

Complete the following sentence with the most suitable option:

"I don't know ______ at the party."

((a))
anybody
((b))
somebody
((c))
nobody
((d))
someone

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

anybody

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. anybody

Key Points

From the given sentence "don't know" is a negative verb, hence, the sentence is a negative sentence.
Let us explore the options:
The first option is correct as we use 'anybody' in questions and negative sentences; with sentences that have a negative feeling.
The second option is incorrect as we use 'somebody' mainly in positive sentences; in questions when they are offers or requests or when we think the answer is yes.
The third option is incorrect as we don't usually use a negative verb with 'nobody'.
The fourth option is incorrect as we use 'someone' also in positive sentences; in questions when they are offers or requests or when we think the answer is yes.
Hence, the most suitable option is 'anybody'

Additional Information

Words like 'anybody', 'somebody', 'nobody' and 'someone', are indefinite pronouns.
We use them for people, things, and places.
People: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody.
Things: something, anything, nothing, everything.
Places: somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.

Correct Sentence: "I don't know anybody at the party."

Hinglish

दिए गए वाक्य से "don't know" एक नकारात्मक क्रिया है, इसलिए, वाक्य एक नकारात्मक वाक्य है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहला विकल्प सही है क्योंकि हम प्रश्नों और नकारात्मक वाक्यों में 'anybody' का प्रयोग करते हैं; ऐसे वाक्यों के साथ जिनमें नकारात्मक भावना हो।
दूसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि हम 'somebody' का प्रयोग मुख्यतः सकारात्मक वाक्यों में करते हैं; प्रश्नों में जब वे प्रस्ताव या अनुरोध होते हैं या जब हमें लगता है कि उत्तर हाँ है।
तीसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि हम आमतौर पर 'nobody' के साथ एक नकारात्मक क्रिया का उपयोग नहीं करते हैं।
चौथा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि हम 'someone' का प्रयोग भी सकारात्मक वाक्यों में करते हैं; प्रश्नों में जब वे प्रस्ताव या अनुरोध होते हैं या जब हमें लगता है कि उत्तर हाँ है।
इसलिए, सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प 'anybody' है।

Which of the following is not a homophonic pair?

((a))
Kite-Kit
((b))
Stare-Stair
((c))
Principal-Principle
((d))
Steel-Steal

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Kite-Kit

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. Kite-Kit.

Key Points

A homophonic pair is a pair of words that is pronounced the same way (to a varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelt the same, as in rose (flower) and rose (past tense of 'rise').
Let us explore the options:
'Kite-Kit' is not a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is different.
'Stare-Stair' is a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is same.
'Principal-Principle' is a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is same.
'Steel-Steal' is a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is same.
Hence, the option 'Kite-Kit' is not a homophonic pair.

Additional Information

Homophone derives from the Greek, homo means "same" and phone means "voice, utterance".
Homophones that are spelt the same are also called homographs and homonyms.
Homophones that are spelt differently are also called heterographs.

Hinglish

एक homophonic pair शब्दों की एक जोड़ी है जिसे उसी तरह (अलग-अलग हद तक) दूसरे शब्द के रूप में उच्चारित किया जाता है लेकिन अर्थ में भिन्न होता है। एक होमोफोन भी वर्तनी में भिन्न हो सकता है। दो शब्दों की वर्तनी एक ही हो सकती है, जैसे कि rose (फूल) और rose ('उदय' का भूतकाल)।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
'Kite-Kit' एक homophonic pair नहीं है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण अलग है।
'Stare-Stair' एक homophonic pair है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण समान है।
'Principal-Principle' एक homophonic pair है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण समान है।
'Steel-Steal' एक homophonic pair है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण समान है।
इसलिए, विकल्प 'Kite-Kit' एक homophonic pair नहीं है।

Which of the following words doesn't have a silent letter in the pronunciation?

((a))
Knock
((b))
Orange
((c))
Honest
((d))
Debt

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Orange

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. Orange.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
In 'Knock', the first letter 'K' is silent or not pronounced.
In 'Orange', there is no silent letter.
In 'Honest', the first letter 'H' is silent or not pronounced.
In 'Debt', the third letter 'b' is silent or not pronounced.
Hence, the option 'Orange' has no silent letter in the pronunciation.

Additional Information

A silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation.
A silent letter changes the pronunciation even though it's silent.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
'Knock' में पहला अक्षर 'K' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
'Orange' में, कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
'Honest' में, पहला अक्षर 'H' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
'Debt' में तीसरा अक्षर 'b' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
इसलिए, विकल्प 'Orange' के उच्चारण में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।

Direction: Which part of speech is the word 'who' in the following sentence?

"God helps those who help themselves."

((a))
Adjective
((b))
Adverb
((c))
Noun
((d))
Pronoun

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Pronoun

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Pronoun.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns. They can also describe the number of nouns
An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb or even a whole sentence. Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.
The noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things, or to name a particular one of these.
A pronoun is a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse.
The pronoun 'who' is a relative pronoun. The function of a relative pronoun is to link a subordinate clause to the main clause.
In the given sentence, the main clause "God helps those" is linked to the subordinate clause "help themselves" by the pronoun 'who'.
Hence, the option "Pronoun" is correct.

Additional Information

A pronoun is used in place of a specific noun mentioned earlier in a sentence so that we don’t have to keep saying/writing that particular noun.
Different types of pronouns are:
Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Intensive Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
Adjectives वे शब्द हैं जो संज्ञा के होने के गुण या अवस्था का वर्णन करते हैं। वे संज्ञाओं की संख्या का भी वर्णन कर सकते हैं।
An Adverb एक ऐसा शब्द है जो एक क्रिया, एक विशेषण, एक अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या यहां तक कि एक पूरे वाक्य को संशोधित (वर्णन) करता है। क्रियाविशेषण अक्सर -ly में समाप्त होते हैं, लेकिन कुछ (जैसे तेज़) उनके विशेषण समकक्षों के समान ही दिखते हैं।
Noun एक शब्द (एक सर्वनाम के अलावा) है जो लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों के किसी भी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए या इनमें से किसी एक का नाम देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
A pronoun एक ऐसा शब्द है जो स्वयं द्वारा उपयोग किए जाने वाले संज्ञा वाक्यांश के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है और यह या तो प्रवचन में भाग लेने वालों को या किसी को या प्रवचन में कहीं और वर्णित किसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है।
सर्वनाम 'who' एक relative pronoun है। relative pronoun का कार्य अधीनस्थ उपवाक्य को मुख्य उपवाक्य से जोड़ना होता है।
दिए गए वाक्य में, मुख्य खंड "God helps those" सर्वनाम 'who' द्वारा अधीनस्थ खंड "help themselves" से जुड़ा हुआ है।
अत: विकल्प "Pronoun" सही है।

Which part of speech is the word 'so' in the following sentence?

"Shruti wanted to work so she went to her room"

((a))
Prepostion
((b))
Interjection
((c))
Verb
((d))
Conjunction

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Conjunction

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Conjunction.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
Prepositions show a relationship in space or time or a logical relationship between two or more people, places or things.
An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.
A verb is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.
The conjunction 'so' is coordinating conjunction.
In the given sentence, the two independent clauses "Shruti wanted to work" and " she went to her room" are joined by the conjunction 'so'.
Hence, the option "Conjunction" is correct.

Additional Information

A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two elements of equal grammatical rank and syntactic importance. They can join two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases, or two independent clauses. The seven coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
TRICK to remember coordinating conjunction: FANBOYS
A conjunction is a word that connects or joins clauses, words, phrases together in a sentence. Conjunctions are used to coordinate words in a sentence. Three types of conjunctions are Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunctions, Correlative Conjunctions.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
Prepositions space or time में संबंध या दो या दो से अधिक लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों के बीच एक तार्किक संबंध दिखाते हैं।
An interjection एक शब्द या अभिव्यक्ति है जो अपने आप में एक उच्चारण के रूप में होता है और एक सहज भावना या प्रतिक्रिया व्यक्त करता है।
A verb एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय के मुख्य भाग को बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
Conjunctions ऐसे शब्द हैं जो दूसरे शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या खंडों को एक साथ जोड़ते हैं।
Conjunction 'so' एक coordinating conjunction है।
दिए गए वाक्य में, दो स्वतंत्र खंड "श्रुति काम करना चाहती थी" और "वह अपने कमरे में गई" conjunction 'so' से जुड़ गए हैं।
अत: विकल्प "Conjunction" सही है।

Which of the following sentences has a 'modal verb'?

((a))
He is flying a kite.
((b))
His father knows me well
((c))
Ram is an intelligent boy
((d))
Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai.

Key Points

A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order, obligation, or advice. Modal verbs always accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content.
The modal verbs commonly used are can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, have to, and sometimes need or dare.
From the given options, only the fourth option has a modal verb "ought to".
Hence, the option "Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai" has a modal verb.

Additional Information

Modals are different from normal verbs:
Modal verbs don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
Modal verbs questions by inversion ('he can go' becomes 'can he go?').
Modal verbs are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').
Here's a list of the modal verbs:

can	could	may	might	will
would	must	shall	should	ought to

Hinglish

A modal verb एक प्रकार की क्रिया है जो कि तौर-तरीके को इंगित करने के लिए उपयोग की जाती है - यह एक संभावना, क्षमता, अनुमति, अनुरोध, क्षमता, सुझाव, आदेश, दायित्व या सलाह है। मोडल क्रियाएं हमेशा एक अन्य क्रिया के आधार (इनफिनिटिव) रूप के साथ होती हैं जिसमें सिमेंटिक सामग्री होती है।
आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली मोडल क्रियाएं हैं can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, have to, कभी-कभी need or dare.
दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल चौथे विकल्प में modal verb "ought to" है।
इसलिए, विकल्प "Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai" में modal verb है।

Which of the following sentences has a possessive pronoun?

((a))
Ramesh who is my grandson, is reading a poem.
((b))
Her sister is known to me.
((c))
He could not help me.
((d))
Ours is a vast country.

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Ours is a vast country.

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. Ours is a vast country.

Explanation:

Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone or in short, they are pronouns that help us show possession.
The strong (or absolute) possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs. They refer back to a noun or noun phrase already used, replacing it to avoid repetition.
The weak possessive pronouns (also called possessive adjectives) are my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. They function as determiners in front of a noun to describe who something belongs to.
From the given options, only the option "Ours is a vast country" has a possessive pronoun 'ours'.
Hence, the option "Ours is a vast country" is correct.

Extra- Bites-

Different possessive forms:

Subject Pronoun	Possessive (absolute)	Possessive (adjective)
I	Mine	My
You	Yours	Your
He	His	His
She	Hers	Her
It	Its	Its
We	Ours	Our
They	Theirs	Their

Hinglish

Possessive pronouns बताते हैं कि कुछ किसी का है या संक्षेप में, वे सर्वनाम हैं जो हमें अधिकार दिखाने में मदद करते हैं।
The strong (or absolute) possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs. वे एक संज्ञा या संज्ञा वाक्यांश का उल्लेख करते हैं जो पहले से ही उपयोग किया जाता है, पुनरावृत्ति से बचने के लिए इसे प्रतिस्थापित करता है।
The weak possessive pronouns (also called possessive adjectives) are my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. वे एक संज्ञा के सामने निर्धारक के रूप में कार्य करते हैं ताकि यह वर्णन किया जा सके कि कुछ किसका है।
दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल "Ours is a vast country" विकल्प में possessive pronoun 'ours' है।
इसलिए, "Ours is a vast country" विकल्प सही है।

Which of the following sentences has a collective noun?

((a))
He has a lot milk.
((b))
Rake is a fool.
((c))
Cattle are grazing in the field.
((d))
The air is cool here.

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Cattle are grazing in the field.

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. Cattle are grazing in the field.

Key Points

A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals or a collection of things taken as a whole.
Let us explore the options:
In the first option, the noun 'milk' is a common noun. A common noun names something non-specific.
In the second option, the noun 'Rake' is a proper noun. Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns.
In the third option, the noun 'Cattle' is a collective noun used for a herd of cows.
In the fourth option, the noun 'air' is also a common noun. A common noun names something non-specific.
Hence, the option "Cattle are grazing in the field" is correct.

Additional Information

Some collective nouns are always singular or plural.
Singular collective nouns always use a singular verb.
Plural collective noun always uses a plural verb.

Hinglish

A collective noun लोगों, जानवरों के समूह या समग्र रूप से ली गई चीजों के संग्रह को संदर्भित करती है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहले विकल्प में 'दूध' common noun है। एक common noun कुछ गैर-विशिष्ट नाम को संदर्भित करती है।
दूसरे विकल्प में 'Rake' संज्ञा proper noun है। व्यक्तियों, स्थानों या संगठनों के नाम proper nouns हैं।
तीसरे विकल्प में, संज्ञा 'Cattle' गायों के झुंड के लिए प्रयुक्त सामूहिक संज्ञा है।
चौथे विकल्प में 'वायु' संज्ञा भी एक common noun है। एक common noun कुछ गैर-विशिष्ट नाम को संदर्भित करती है।
इसलिए, "Cattle are grazing in the field" विकल्प सही है।

Identify the sentence in passive voice:

((a))
They live in this city.
((b))
He will be taken care of.
((c))
He teaches chemistry.
((d))
Ram is flying a kinte.

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

He will be taken care of.

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. He will be taken care of.

Key Points

In Passive Voice, a sentence emphasizes the action or the object of the sentence.
Let us explore the options:
The first sentence is an active voice in the present simple tense (They live).
The second sentence is a passive voice in the future simple tense (will be taken).
The third sentence is an active voice in the present simple tense (He teaches).
The fourth sentence is an active voice in the present continuous tense (is flying)
Hence, "He will be taken care of" is the correct passive voice.

Additional Information

Verbs of passive format have a different set of tenses (*V3 - Past participle or Third form of the Verb) as given below in the table:

TENSE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE	PASSIVE CONVERSION
Present Simple	He plays football	am/is/are + V3	Football is played by him
Present Continuous	He is playing football	am/is/are + being +V3	Football is being played by him
Present Perfect	He has played football	Has/have + been+ V3	Football has been played by him
Present Perfect Continuous	He has been playing football	Not used and unusual.	Not used and unusual
Past Simple	He played football	Was/were + V3	Football was played by him
Past Continuous	He was playing football	Was/were + being + V3	Football was being played by him
Past Perfect	He had played football	Had + been + V3	Football had been played by him
Past Perfect Continuous	He had been playing football	Not used and unusual	Not used and unusual
Future Simple	He will play football	Will + be + V3	Football will be played by him
Future Continuous	He will be playing football	Not used and unusual	Not used and unusual
Future Perfect	He will have played football	Will have been + V3	Football will have been played by him
Future Perfect Continuous	He will have been playing football	Not used and unusual	Not used and unusual

Hinglish

Passive Voice में, एक वाक्य वाक्य की क्रिया या वस्तु पर जोर देता है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहला वाक्य present simple tense (They live) में है और active voice में है।
दूसरा वाक्य future simple tense (will be taken) में है और Passive Voice में है।
तीसरा वाक्य present simple tense (He teaches) में है और active voice में है।
चौथा वाक्य present continuous tense (is flying) में है और active voice में है।
इसलिए, "He will be taken care of" सही passive voice है।

Identify the sentence in active voice:

((a))
Their friends will be caught redhanded.
((b))
I know nothing about western philosophy.
((c))
French is not taught in my college
((d))
He was knocked down by a car.

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

I know nothing about western philosophy.

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. I know nothing about western philosophy.

Key Points

In Active Voice, a sentence emphasizes the subject performing an action.
Let us explore the options:
The first sentence is a passive voice in the future simple tense (will be caught).
The second sentence is an active voice in the present simple tense (I know).
The third sentence is a passive voice in the present simple tense (is not taught).
The fourth sentence is a passive voice in the past simple tense (was knocked).
Hence, "I know nothing about western philosophy" is the correct active voice.

Additional Information

Verbs of passive format have a different set of tenses (*V3 - Past participle or Third form of the Verb) as given below in the table:

TENSE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE	PASSIVE CONVERSION
Present Simple	He plays football	am/is/are + V3	Football is played by him
Present Continuous	He is playing football	am/is/are + being +V3	Football is being played by him
Present Perfect	He has played football	Has/have + been+ V3	Football has been played by him
Present Perfect Continuous	He has been playing football	Not used and unusual.	Not used and unusual
Past Simple	He played football	Was/were + V3	Football was played by him
Past Continuous	He was playing football	Was/were + being + V3	Football was being played by him
Past Perfect	He had played football	Had + been + V3	Football had been played by him
Past Perfect Continuous	He had been playing football	Not used and unusual	Not used and unusual
Future Simple	He will play football	Will + be + V3	Football will be played by him
Future Continuous	He will be playing football	Not used and unusual	Not used and unusual
Future Perfect	He will have played football	Will have been + V3	Football will have been played by him
Future Perfect Continuous	He will have been playing football	Not used and unusual	Not used and unusual

Hinglish

Active Voice में, एक वाक्य एक क्रिया करने वाले विषय पर जोर देता है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहला वाक्य future simple tense (will be caught) में है और passive voice में है।
दूसरा वाक्य present simple tense (I know) में है और active voice में है।
तीसरा वाक्य present simple tense (is not taught) में है और passive voice में है।
चौथा वाक्य past simple tense (was knocked) में है और passive voice में है।
इसलिए, "I know nothing about western philosophy" सही active voice है।

According to the NCF 2005, learning is ____ and ______ in its character.

((a))
active, social
((b))
passive, social
((c))
passive, simple
((d))
active, simple

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

active, social

The National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) published a document called the National Curriculum Framework (NCF). NCF 2005 has been translated into 22 languages and influenced the syllabi in 17 states.

According to the National Curriculum Framework 2005, the learning is active and social in nature because a passive curriculum cannot contribute to the social, physical, intellectual development of the child.
Because all-around development of the children is not necessary only in the social form of book knowledge Behavior is also necessary.

Key Points

It should be noted that learning should not be passive since it will not give hands-on experience to the children. Keeping learning simple won't help much to the child since it will not let children to explore the surroundings and his friends.

The Five Major Salient features of NCF 2005 are perspective reforms, learning and knowledge process reforms, curriculum and assessment reforms, school and class environment reforms, and systemic reforms.

Its main objective was to constructivist learning with the child-centric learning process, learning without burden, promoting multilingual education, replacing rote learning.
It ensures that students do not just learn mechanically without thinking.
A lot of examination and assessment reforms were also introduced through NCF.
Financial reforms are not the feature of NCF 2005.

Hence, it becomes clear that according to the NCF 2005, learning is active and social in its character.

Which of the following sentences is an exclamatory one?

((a))
You are really very kind.
((b))
She is a small creature.
((c))
He cannot speak well.
((d))
How beautiful is the morning today!

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

How beautiful is the morning today!

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. How beautiful is the morning today!

Key Points

An exclamatory sentence makes a statement that conveys strong emotion or excitement by using an exclamation mark (!).
From the given options, only the fourth sentence has an exclamation mark (!) and is starting with the form 'How'.
In the given sentence, the speaker believes "Today's morning is totally beautiful."
Hence, "How beautiful is the morning today!" is the correct exclamatory sentence.

Additional Information

The most common way of defining exclamatory sentences is by function (purpose). From this perspective, a sentence is exclamatory if it ends with an exclamation mark (!).
Another way of defining exclamatory sentences is by form. To be an exclamatory sentence in form, sentences must begin with "what or how", be non-interrogative.

Hinglish

Exclamatory sentence एक ऐसा बयान देता है जो exclamation mark (!) का उपयोग करके मजबूत भावना या उत्तेजना व्यक्त करता है।
दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल चौथे वाक्य में exclamation mark (!) है और 'How' फॉर्म से शुरू हो रहा है।
दिए गए वाक्य में, वक्ता का मानना है कि "आज की सुबह पूरी तरह से सुंदर है।"
इसलिए, "How beautiful is the morning today!" सही exclamatory sentence है।
Exclamatory sentencesको परिभाषित करने का सबसे आम तरीका कार्य (उद्देश्य) है। इस दृष्टिकोण से, एक वाक्य exclamatory है यदि वह exclamation चिह्न (!) के साथ समाप्त होता है।
विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्यों को परिभाषित करने का एक अन्य तरीका रूप है। रूप में विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य होने के लिए, वाक्यों को "क्या या कैसे" से शुरू होना चाहिए, गैर-पूछताछ वाला होना चाहिए।

Which of the following words has a silent letter in it?

((a))
Fawn
((b))
Cure
((c))
Calm
((d))
But

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Calm

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. Calm.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
In 'Fawn', there is no silent letter.
In 'Cure', there is no silent letter.
In 'Calm', the third letter 'l' is silent or not pronounced.
In 'But', there is no silent letter.
Hence, the option 'Calm' has a silent letter in the pronunciation.

Additional Information

A silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation.
A silent letter can help us work out the meaning of the word and it also can change the pronunciation even though it's silent.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
'Fawn' में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
'Cure' में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
'Calm' में तीसरा अक्षर 'l' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
'But' में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
इसलिए, विकल्प 'Calm' के उच्चारण में एक मूक अक्षर है।
एक silent letter एक ऐसा अक्षर है, जो किसी विशेष शब्द में, शब्द के उच्चारण में किसी भी ध्वनि के अनुरूप नहीं होता है।
एक silent letter हमें शब्द का अर्थ निकालने में मदद कर सकता है और यह मौन होने पर भी उच्चारण को बदल सकता है।

Which of the following sentences has a direct narration?

((a))
My mother tells us that her uncle was a salesman
((b))
He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."
((c))
He has told me that his father was a police officer.
((d))
Shyam said to me that he was not at ease yesterday.

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

Key Points

The basic rules of direct speech:
The line of speech ends with a comma, exclamation mark or question mark.
A reporting clause is used at the end.
A full stop goes after the reporting clause.
The reporting verbs like said, told, offered and promised are used in the direct speech.
From the given options, only the second option has the reporting verb "said to", comma, inverted commas is used and the other options are indirect speech as the conjunction 'that' is used in place of commas and inverted commas.
From the following rules, we get the correct sentence as He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

Additional Information

The following table will enable us to know how tense used in a direct speech:

Direct Speech
Present simple (Subject +V1st + Object)
Present continuous (Subject +is/am/are+V1 +ing+ Object)
Present perfect (Subject + has/have+V3+Object)
Past simple (Subject+V2+Object)
Past Continuous (Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object)
Future simple (Subject+ will/shall+V1+object)
Future Continuous (Subject +will/shall+be+V1 +ing+ Object)

Hinglish

Direct speech के मूल नियम:
भाषण की पंक्ति a comma, exclamation mark or question mark के साथ समाप्त होती है।
अंत में एक रिपोर्टिंग क्लॉज का उपयोग किया जाता है।
रिपोर्टिंग क्लॉज के बाद एक full stop लगता है।
प्रत्यक्ष भाषण में said, told, offered and promised जैसी रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाओं का उपयोग किया जाता है।
दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल दूसरे विकल्प में रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया "said to", comma, inverted commas उपयोग किया है और अन्य विकल्प अप्रत्यक्ष भाषण हैं क्योंकि conjunction 'that' का उपयोग commas and inverted commas के स्थान पर किया जाता है।
निम्नलिखित नियमों से, हमें सही वाक्य मिलता है जैसा He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

Which of the following sentences has the antonym of 'narrow'?

((a))
He is a good boy.
((b))
She is utterly selfish.
((c))
I admire his broad outlook.
((d))
I know him well enough.

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

I admire his broad outlook.

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. I admire his broad outlook.

Key Points

The word 'narrow' means being of less than usual width.
The synonyms of the given word 'narrow' are "fine, hairline, needlelike, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin, ultrathin".
The antonyms of the given word 'narrow' are "broad, fat, wide".
From the given options, we can find the antonym of the given word 'narrow' i.e 'broad' in the third option.
The word 'broad' means having a greater than usual measure across.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3) i.e. 'I admire his broad outlook'.

Additional Information

The synonyms of the word 'broad' are "fat, thick, wide".
The antonyms of the word 'broad' are "narrow, hairline, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin".
Examples of 'Narrow' and 'Broad' in a sentence:
The bandpass filter can be narrow or broad depending on the design.
Don't narrow that broad intellectual exposure just because you're leaving here.

Hinglish

'Narrow' शब्द का अर्थ है सामान्य से कम चौड़ाई का होना।
दिए गए शब्द 'narrow' के पर्यायवाची शब्द "fine, hairline, needlelike, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin, ultrathin" है।
दिए गए शब्द 'narrow' का विलोम शब्द "broad, fat, wide" है।
दिए गए विकल्पों में से, हम तीसरे विकल्प में दिए गए शब्द 'narrow' का विलोम शब्द यानी 'broad' खोज सकते हैं।
'Broad' शब्द का अर्थ है सामान्य से अधिक माप होना।
इसलिए, सही उत्तर विकल्प 3) है यानी 'I admire his broad outlook'.
'Broad' शब्द का समानार्थी शब्द है "fat, thick, wide"
'Broad' शब्द के विलोम शब्द "narrow, hairline, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin" है।
एक वाक्य में 'Narrow' और 'Broad' के उदाहरण:
The bandpass filter can be narrow or broad depending on the design.
Don't narrow that broad intellectual exposure just because you're leaving here.

What does motivation do in the process of learning?

((a))
It differentiates new learning from old learning.
((b))
It makes learners think undirectionally.
((c))
It sharpens memory of the learner.
((d))
It creates interest for learning among young learners.

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

It creates interest for learning among young learners.

Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as a result of experience. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It also involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitude.

Key Points

Motivation is defined as the reason, incentive, enthusiasm, or interest that causes a specific action or certain behavior.

Motivation is an important element of self-understanding.
It is simply the reason for an action and that which gives purpose and direction to behavior.

The Characteristics of Motivation:

It is triggered by need and desire.
Motivation is a Psychological or internal process.
It creates an interest in learning among young learners.
It brings energy mobilization.
It helps to sustain attention in one’s efforts or tasks.
It makes us work restlessly until the goal is achieved.

Hence, it becomes clear that motivation creates interest in learning among young learners.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions:

Ashoka is worthy ______ remembrance.

((a))
with
((b))
at
((c))
for
((d))
of

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. of.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
The preposition 'with' is used to show in the company or presence of somebody/something.
The preposition 'at' is used to indicate an activity.
The preposition 'for' means ‘with the object or purpose of’. It indicates suiting of purpose for something/someone.
The preposition 'of' is used to indicate the reference.
In the given sentence, 'worthy' has referenced with 'remembrance'.
Hence, the correct option is "of".

Additional Information

In the given sentence, 'worthy' is acting as an adjective describing the noun 'remembrance'.
The word 'worth' is used both as a noun and an adjective, but in both cases, it refers to 'value'.
In the case of an adjective, it is followed by the preposition 'of'. It means having qualities that deserve any recognition or action.
We use the preposition 'of' after some specific adjectives and verbs.

Complete Sentence: Ashoka is worthy of remembrance.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
Preposition 'with' का प्रयोग कंपनी में या किसी व्यक्ति/वस्तु की उपस्थिति को दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता है।
Preposition 'at' का प्रयोग किसी गतिविधि को दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता है।
Preposition 'for' का अर्थ है 'वस्तु या उद्देश्य के साथ'। यह किसी चीज़/किसी के लिए उद्देश्य के अनुकूल होने का संकेत देता है।
Preposition 'of' का प्रयोग संदर्भ को इंगित करने के लिए किया जाता है।
दिए गए वाक्य में 'worthy' का अर्थ 'remembrance' से है।
अत: सही विकल्प "of" है।
दिए गए वाक्य में, 'worthy' संज्ञा 'remembrance' का वर्णन करने वाले विशेषण के रूप में कार्य कर रहा है।
'Worth' शब्द का प्रयोग संज्ञा और विशेषण दोनों के रूप में किया जाता है, लेकिन दोनों ही मामलों में, यह 'value' को संदर्भित करता है।
विशेषण के मामले में, इसके बाद 'of' पूर्वसर्ग होता है। इसका अर्थ है ऐसे गुण होना जो किसी मान्यता या कार्य के योग्य हों।
हम कुछ विशिष्ट विशेषणों और क्रियाओं के बाद 'of' preposition का उपयोग करते हैं।

पुरा वाक्य: Ashoka is worthy of remembrance.

What is the subject of the following sentence?

No man can serve two masters.

((a))
No man can
((b))
Can serve two masters
((c))
Two masters
((d))
No man

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

No man

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. No man.

Key Points

Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate.
The subject of the sentence tells about what (or whom) the sentence is about.
A predicate is the part of a sentence or a clause, that tells what the subject is doing or what the subject is.
From the given sentence, the verb "can serve" indicates that the phrase "no man" does the work in the sentence. It is also the topic of discussion in the sentence.
Hence, "no man" is the subject, the rest of the sentence "can serve two masters" being the predicate.
Thus, the option "no man" is the correct answer.

Additional Information

One way to remember the difference between the subject and a predicate is that the subject will be a noun or pronoun. The predicate will contain a verb in addition to a possible modifier.
Another way to practice the subject and the predicate is to illustrate simple pictures of actions and describe who (the subject) is and what they’re doing (the predicate).

Hinglish

प्रत्येक पूर्ण वाक्य में दो भाग होते हैं: a subject and a predicate.
वाक्य का विषय बताता है कि वाक्य किस बारे में है (या किसके बारे में) है ।
एक predicate एक वाक्य या एक खंड का हिस्सा है, जो बताता है कि विषय क्या कर रहा है या विषय क्या है।
दिए गए वाक्य से, क्रिया "सेवा कर सकता है" इंगित करता है कि वाक्यांश "no man" वाक्य में काम करता है। यह वाक्य में चर्चा का विषय भी है।
इसलिए, "no man" विषय है, शेष वाक्य "can serve two masters" predicate है।
इस प्रकार, विकल्प "no man" सही उत्तर है।
Subject और predicate के बीच अंतर को याद रखने का एक तरीका यह है कि subject एक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम होगा। Predicate में संभावित संशोधक के अतिरिक्त एक क्रिया होगी।
Subject और predicate का अभ्यास करने का एक अन्य तरीका क्रियाओं के सरल चित्रों को चित्रित करना और वर्णन करना है कि कौन (subject) है और वे क्या कर रहे हैं (predicate)।

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions(Question Nos. 84 and 85) that follow by selecting the most appropriate option.

Among these adventures, in the year 1887, was a youth called Jacob who was then twenty-one years old. Although so young he had already lived a risky and dangerous life. He had been a seaman and crossed the Pacific, and been a pirate and a river patrol-man, a coal shoveller at a power plant, a landless man, and a 'hobo'. He had tramped the United States and Canada, switch rides on freight trains, and dodging and fighting railwaymen and police and knew. all about cold and hunger, and poverty and danger, and he had served a prison sentence of thirty days.

Though he did little else, he had a great love for books and words, and though he had found no gold in the Klondike, these things were soon to earn him a fortune. He came back from Alaska after a year, suffering from scurvy and without a penny in his pocket. He had, however, a great wealth of experience and he began to write stories about places he had seen and the people he had met. After months of hard work and hunger, he found success. Magazines began to accept his Alaskan stories, Soon, he was famous. In the next sixteen years, he published fifty books and made and spent a million dollars. He died in 1916.

In the given passage, what do you understand by the word 'hobo'?

((a))
A hero
((b))
Someone who does not have a job or a house and moves from one place other
((c))
Someone who is brave
((d))
Someone who fights with everyone and does not sit quietly ever

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Someone who does not have a job or a house and moves from one place other

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. Someone who does not have a job or a house and moves from one place other.

Key Points

In the given passage, the author has discussed the wealth of experience of a youth called Jacob.
From the third sentence "He had been a seaman and crossed the Pacific, and been a pirate and a river patrol-man, a coal shoveller at a power plant, a landless man and a 'hobo'." of the first paragraph we can say that the word 'hobo' means someone who does not have a job or a house and moves from one place other.
Hence, the option "Someone who does not have a job or a house and moves from one place other" is correct.

Important Points 

Given below are the points, we should keep in mind while solving questions of reading comprehension-
Identify the purpose of the passage.
Anticipate what may lie ahead.
Try to go through the question first then the passage so that you can just focus on the things you need to look in the passage.
Read the passage quickly to get a general idea of meaning or to find specific information, e.g. figures or names.
Look out for specific information in the passage.

Hinglish

दिए गए मार्ग में, लेखक ने Jacob नामक एक युवा के अनुभव की चर्चा की है।
तीसरे वाक्य से "He had been a seaman and crossed the Pacific, and been a pirate and a river patrol-man, a coal shoveller at a power plant, a landless man and a 'hobo'." पहले पैराग्राफ में हम कह सकते हैं कि 'होबो' शब्द का अर्थ है वह व्यक्ति जिसके पास नौकरी या घर नहीं है और एक जगह से दूसरी जगह जाता है।
इसलिए, विकल्प "Someone who does not have a job or a house and moves from one place other" सही है।
नीचे दिए गए बिंदु हैं, हमें reading comprehension के प्रश्नों को हल करते समय ध्यान में रखना चाहिए-
मार्ग के उद्देश्य को पहचानें।
अनुमान लगाएं कि आगे क्या हो सकता है।
पहले प्रश्न को फिर गद्यांश को पढ़ने का प्रयास करें ताकि आप केवल उन चीजों पर ध्यान केंद्रित कर सकें जिनकी आपको गद्यांश में देखने की आवश्यकता है।
अर्थ का सामान्य विचार प्राप्त करने या विशिष्ट जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए गद्यांश को शीघ्रता से पढ़ें, उदाहरण के लिए आंकड़े या नाम।
पैसेज में विशिष्ट जानकारी के लिए देखें।

'Scurvy' means

((a))
a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C
((b))
an injury caused to the body from freezing cold
((c))
a sea-sickness
((d))
a feeling of nausea

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C.

Key Points

In the given passage, the author has discussed the wealth of experience of a youth called Jacob.
The word 'Scurvy' is discussed in the second sentence "He came back from Alaska after a year, suffering from scurvy and without a penny in his pocket" of the second paragraph.
Scurvy is the name for a vitamin C deficiency. It can lead to anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth.
Hence, it is clear from the options that 'Scurvy' means a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C.

Important Points

Given below are the points, we should keep in mind while solving questions of reading comprehension-
Identify the purpose of the passage.
Anticipate what may lie ahead.
Try to go through the question first then the passage so that you can just focus on the things you need to look in the passage.
Read the passage quickly to get a general idea of meaning or to find specific information, e.g. figures or names.
Look out for specific information in the passage.

Hinglish

दिए गए मार्ग में, लेखक ने Jacob नामक एक युवा के अनुभव की चर्चा की है।
'Scurvy' शब्द की दूसरे वाक्य में चर्चा की गई है "He came back from Alaska after a year, suffering from scurvy and without a penny in his pocket".
Scurvy विटामिन सी की कमी का नाम है। यह एनीमिया, दुर्बलता, थकावट, सहज रक्तस्राव, अंगों और विशेष रूप से पैरों में दर्द, शरीर के कुछ हिस्सों में सूजन, और कभी-कभी मसूड़ों के अल्सर और दांतों के नुकसान का कारण बन सकता है।
अत: विकल्पों से स्पष्ट है कि 'Scurvy' का अर्थ विटामिन सी की कमी से होने वाली बीमारी है।
नीचे दिए गए बिंदु हैं, हमें reading comprehension के प्रश्नों को हल करते समय ध्यान में रखना चाहिए-
मार्ग के उद्देश्य को पहचानें।
अनुमान लगाएं कि आगे क्या हो सकता है।
पहले प्रश्न को फिर गद्यांश को पढ़ने का प्रयास करें ताकि आप केवल उन चीजों पर ध्यान केंद्रित कर सकें जिनकी आपको गद्यांश में देखने की आवश्यकता है।
अर्थ का सामान्य विचार प्राप्त करने या विशिष्ट जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए गद्यांश को शीघ्रता से पढ़ें, उदाहरण के लिए आंकड़े या नाम।
पैसेज में विशिष्ट जानकारी के लिए देखें।

Identify the grammatically incorrect word?

((a))
Army
((b))
Sheeps
((c))
Scissors
((d))
Daughters-in-law

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Sheeps

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. Sheeps.

Key Points

A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals, or a collection of things taken as a whole.
Let us explore the options:
'Army' is a large organized body of armed personnel trained for war especially on land; a great number of persons or things.
'Sheeps' is not the correct usage of a collective noun as a group of sheep is called a 'flock'.
'Scissors' is a collective noun and it doesn't have any plural form. 'Scissors' can be quantified as: a pair of scissors.
'Daughters-in-law' is the plural noun of 'daughter-in-law' means the wife of one's child.
Hence, the wrong collective noun is 'Sheeps'.

Hinglish

Collective noun लोगों, जानवरों के समूह या समग्र रूप से ली गई चीजों के संग्रह को संदर्भित करती है।
आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
'Army' विशेष रूप से भूमि पर युद्ध के लिए प्रशिक्षित सशस्त्र कर्मियों का एक बड़ा संगठित निकाय है; व्यक्तियों या चीजों की एक बड़ी संख्या।
'Sheeps' सामूहिक संज्ञा का सही प्रयोग नहीं है क्योंकि भेड़ों के समूह को 'flock' कहा जाता है।
'Scissors' एक सामूहिक संज्ञा है और इसका कोई बहुवचन रूप नहीं है। 'Scissors' को इस प्रकार निर्धारित किया जा सकता है: a pair of scissors.
'Daughters-in-law', 'daughter-in-law' की बहुवचन संज्ञा है जिसका अर्थ है किसी के बच्चे की पत्नी।
इसलिए, गलत सामूहिक संज्ञा 'Sheeps' है।

Identify the correct sentence among the following:

((a))
Please look at my certificates
((b))
Please overlook at my certificates
((c))
Please see my certificates
((d))
Please see into my certificates

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Please see my certificates

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. Please see my certificates.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
In the first option, the phrase "Please look at" means to direct your eyes towards someone or something so that you can see them. Here the phrase "look at" is not consistent with the phrase "my certificates".
In the second option, the verb 'overlook' means to provide a view of, especially from above. Here the phrase "Please overlook at" is not consistent with the phrase "my certificates".
In the third option, the verb 'see' means to notice or become aware of someone or something by using your eyes and is correctly used as a verb in the sentence. Here the phrase "Please see" is consistent with the phrase "my certificates".
In the fourth option, the phrase "see into" means to examine or investigate. Here the phrase "Please see into" is not consistent with the phrase "my certificates".
Hence, the option "Please see my certificate" is the correct answer.

Additional Information

The parallel structure of a sentence refers to the extent to which different parts of the sentence match each other in form.
When more than one phrase or description is used in a sentence, those phrases or descriptions should be consistent with one another in their form and wording.
There are four main problems that prevent a sentence from being a grammatically correct sentence. These problems include:
The sentence fragment; the run-on sentence; lack of subject-verb and pronoun-reference agreement; and lack of parallel structure.

Correct Sentence: Please see my certificates.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
पहले विकल्प में, वाक्यांश "Please look at" का अर्थ है अपनी आँखों को किसी व्यक्ति या किसी चीज़ की ओर निर्देशित करना ताकि आप उन्हें देख सकें। यहां वाक्यांश "look at", वाक्यांश "my certificates" के अनुरूप नहीं है।
दूसरे विकल्प में, क्रिया 'overlook' का अर्थ है, विशेष रूप से ऊपर से एक दृश्य प्रदान करना। यहां वाक्यांश "Please overlook at" वाक्यांश "my certificates" के अनुरूप नहीं है।
तीसरे विकल्प में, क्रिया "see into" का अर्थ है किसी को या किसी चीज़ को अपनी आँखों से नोटिस करना या जागरूक होना और वाक्य में क्रिया के रूप में सही ढंग से उपयोग किया जाता है। यहां वाक्यांश "Please see" वाक्यांश "my certificates" के अनुरूप है।
चौथे विकल्प में, "see into" वाक्यांश का अर्थ है जांच करना या जांच करना। यहां वाक्यांश "Please see into" वाक्यांश "my certificates" के अनुरूप नहीं है।
इसलिए, विकल्प "Please see my certificate" सही उत्तर है।
एक वाक्य की समानांतर संरचना उस सीमा को संदर्भित करती है जिस हद तक वाक्य के विभिन्न भाग एक दूसरे के रूप में मेल खाते हैं।
जब एक वाक्य में एक से अधिक वाक्यांश या विवरण का उपयोग किया जाता है, तो वे वाक्यांश या विवरण उनके रूप और शब्दों में एक दूसरे के अनुरूप होने चाहिए।
चार मुख्य समस्याएं हैं जो एक वाक्य को व्याकरणिक रूप से सही वाक्य होने से रोकती हैं। इन समस्याओं में शामिल हैं:
The sentence fragment; the run-on sentence; lack of subject-verb and pronoun-reference agreement; and lack of parallel structure.

सही वाक्य: Please see my certificates.

Complete the following sentences with the most appropriate word:

Let us not confuse liberty _______ license.

((a))
with
((b))
from
((c))
for
((d))
than

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

with

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. with.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
The preposition 'with' is used to show in the company or connection or presence of somebody/something.
The preposition 'from' is used to show that someone or something is separated or removed.
The preposition 'for' means ‘with the object or purpose of’. It indicates suiting of purpose for something/someone.
The preposition 'than' is used to introduce the second part of a comparison.
In the given sentence, 'liberty' shows a connection with 'license'.
Hence, the correct option is "with".

Additional Information

A preposition is a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause.
They act to connect the people, objects, time, and locations of a sentence.

Complete Sentence: Let us not confuse liberty with license.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
Preposition 'with' का प्रयोग कंपनी में या किसी व्यक्ति/वस्तु के संबंध या उपस्थिति को दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है।
Preposition 'from' का प्रयोग यह दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु अलग या हटा दी गई है।
Preposition 'for' का अर्थ है 'वस्तु या उद्देश्य के साथ'। यह किसी चीज़/किसी के लिए उद्देश्य के अनुकूल होने का संकेत देता है।
Preposition 'than' का उपयोग तुलना के दूसरे भाग को पेश करने के लिए किया जाता है।
दिए गए वाक्य में,'liberty' 'license' के साथ संबंध दर्शाता है।
अत: सही विकल्प "with" है।
A preposition एक शब्द है जो शासन करता है, और आमतौर पर पूर्ववर्ती, एक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम और खंड में किसी अन्य शब्द या तत्व के संबंध को व्यक्त करता है।
वे एक वाक्य के लोगों, वस्तुओं, समय और स्थानों को जोड़ने का कार्य करते हैं।

Which conjunction will be the most appropriate to join the following sentences?

He lost the prize. He tried his best.

((a))
as
((b))
because
((c))
though
((d))
for

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

though

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. though.

Key Points

Let us explore the options:
The conjunction 'as' is a correlative conjunction used to introduce two events happening at the same time. After 'as', we usually use a simple (rather than continuous) form of the verb.
The conjunction 'because' is a subordinating conjunction used for showing the reason something happens or the reason why it is described in a particular way.
The conjunction 'though' is a subordinating conjunction used to connect ideas that contrast; used for introducing a statement that makes your main statement seem surprising.
The conjunction 'for' is a coordinating conjunction used for stating the purpose of an object or action.
The given sentences are in contrast with each other.
Hence, the correct option is "though".

Additional Information

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together. Conjunctions allow us to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of multiple short sentences.
There are three major types of conjunctions used in sentences: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative.

Correct Sentence: He lost the prize though he tried his best.

Hinglish

आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
Conjunction 'as' एक correlative conjunction है जिसका उपयोग एक ही समय में होने वाली दो घटनाओं का परिचय देने के लिए किया जाता है। 'As' के बाद, हम आमतौर पर क्रिया के एक सरल (निरंतर के बजाय) रूप का उपयोग करते हैं।
Conjunction 'because' एक subordinating conjunction है जिसका उपयोग कुछ होने का कारण या किसी विशेष तरीके से वर्णित होने का कारण दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है।
Conjunction 'though' एक subordinating conjunction है जिसका उपयोग उन विचारों को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है जो इसके विपरीत हैं; एक बयान पेश करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है जो आपके मुख्य बयान को आश्चर्यजनक लगता है।
Conjunction 'for' एक coordinating conjunction है जिसका उपयोग किसी वस्तु या क्रिया के उद्देश्य को बताने के लिए किया जाता है।
दिए गए वाक्य एक दूसरे के विपरीत हैं।
अत: सही विकल्प "though" है।
Conjunctions ऐसे शब्द हैं जो दूसरे शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या खंडों को एक साथ जोड़ते हैं। Conjunctions हमें जटिल, सुरुचिपूर्ण वाक्य बनाने और कई छोटे वाक्यों की चंचलता से बचने की अनुमति देते हैं।
वाक्यों में तीन प्रमुख प्रकार के संयोजनों का उपयोग किया जाता है: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative.

Which part of the following sentence is a predicate?

On Saturday morning my friends and I play football in the park.

((a))
On Saturday morning
((b))
Play football in the park
((c))
My friends and I
((d))
On Saturday morning ............ play football in the park.

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

On Saturday morning ............ play football in the park.

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. On Saturday morning ..........play football in the park.

Explanation:

Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate.
The subject of the sentence is what (or whom) the sentence is about.
A predicate is the part of a sentence or a clause, that tells what the subject is doing or what the subject is.
From the given sentence, the verb "play" indicates that the phrase "my friends and I" does the work in the sentence. It is also the topic of discussion in the sentence.
The sentence is about "my friends and I". The phrase "Saturday morning" tells when "I and my friends" play. The phrase "football in the park" tells what we play and where we play.
Hence, "my friends and I" is the subject, the rest of the sentence "On Saturday morning .......... play football in the park" being the predicate.
Thus, the option "On Saturday morning ..........play football in the park" is the correct answer.

Extra- Bites-

One way to remember the difference between the subject and a predicate is that the subject will be a noun or pronoun. The predicate will contain a verb in addition to a possible modifier.
Another way to practice the subject and the predicate is to illustrate simple pictures of actions and describe who (the subject) is and what they’re doing (the predicate).

Hinglish

प्रत्येक पूर्ण वाक्य में दो भाग होते हैं: a subject and a predicate.
वाक्य का विषय बताता है कि वाक्य किस बारे में है (या किसके बारे में) है ।
एक predicate एक वाक्य या एक खंड का हिस्सा है, जो बताता है कि विषय क्या कर रहा है या विषय क्या है।
दिए गए वाक्य से, क्रिया "play" इंगित करता है कि वाक्यांश "my friends and I" वाक्य में काम करता है। यह वाक्य में चर्चा का विषय भी है।
वाक्य "my friends and I" के बारे में है। वाक्यांश "Saturday morning" बताता है कि "I and my friends" कब खेलते हैं। वाक्यांश "football in the park" बताता है कि हम क्या खेलते हैं और कहाँ खेलते हैं।
इसलिए,"my friends and I" विषय है, शेष वाक्य "On Saturday morning .......... play football in the park" predicate है।
इस प्रकार, विकल्प "On Saturday morning ..........play football in the park" सही उत्तर है।
Subject और predicate के बीच अंतर को याद रखने का एक तरीका यह है कि subject एक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम होगा। Predicate में संभावित संशोधक के अतिरिक्त एक क्रिया होगी।
Subject और predicate का अभ्यास करने का एक अन्य तरीका क्रियाओं के सरल चित्रों को चित्रित करना और वर्णन करना है कि कौन (subject) है और वे क्या कर रहे हैं (predicate)।

Mathematics and Science (60 questions)

In the given figure AB = AC and ∠ACD = 105°, then ∠BAC is equal to

((a))
60°
((b))
105°
((c))
30°
((d))
75°

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

30°

Concept:

When two sides of a triangle are equal then, opposite angles are also equal

The Linear Pair Theorem states that two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary; that is, their measures add up to 180 degrees

Calculation:

AB = AC, hence ∠ABC = ∠ACB (∵ Two sides of a triangle are equal then, opposite angles are also equal)

∠ACB + ∠ACD = 180° (Linear Pairs sum = 180°)

∠ACB = 180° - 105° = 75° (∵ ∠ACD = 105° )

As ∠ABC = ∠ACB

∴ ∠ACB = 75°

In triangle ABC:

∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180°

⇒ 75° + 75° + ∠BAC = 180°

∴ ∠BAC = 180° - 150° = 30°

If 30% of (B - A) = 18% of (A + B), then the ratio A : B will be

((a))
4 : 1
((b))
5 : 3
((c))
1 : 4
((d))
5 : 2

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

1 : 4

⇒ (30/100) × (B - A) = (18/100) × (A + B)

⇒ 5(B - A) = 3(A + B) ⇒ 5B - 5A = 3A + 3B

⇒ 2B = 8A ⇒ A/B = 1/4

∴ A: B = 1: 4

Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4. The product of their HCF and LCM is 2028. The sum of the numbers will be

((a))
72
((b))
86
((c))
68
((d))
91

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Given:

Ratio of Two numbers = 3 : 4

HCF × LCM = 2028

Concept:

HCF: The greatest common divisor of two or more positive integers happens to be

the largest positive integer that divides the numbers without leaving a remainder.

LCM: Least common multiple or lowest common multiple, or smallest common multiple of two integers a and b, usually denoted by lcm(a, b), is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by both a and b.

Formula used:

Product of two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM

Calculation:

Let the numbers be 3x, 4x respectively

HCF of 3x and 4x = x

LCM = 3 × 4 × x = 12x

Now, HCF × LCM = 2028

⇒ x × 12x = 2028

⇒ 12x² = 2028

⇒ x² = 169

⇒ x = 13

Sum of numbers = 3x + 4x = 7x = 7 × 13 = 91

If a * b = (a × b) + b, then 5 * 7 is equal to

((a))
35
((b))
42
((c))
12
((d))
59

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Given:

a * b = (a × b) + b

Concept:

Now a = 5 and b = 7

Calculation:

5 * 7 = (5 × 7) + 7 = 42

Which of the following is the best method of teach geometry?

((a))
Play method
((b))
Drill method
((c))
Formula-based method
((d))
Display method

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Display method

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. Mathematics is the ‘queen of all sciences and its presence is there in all the subjects. It acts as the basis and structure of other subjects.

Teaching methods of mathematics include problem-solving, lecture, inductive, deductive, analytic, synthetic, and heuristic or Discovery methods. The teacher adopts any method according to the needs and interests of students.

Geometry is a branch of mathematics related to the shape of individual objects, spatial relationships among various objects, and the properties of surrounding space.

Geometry begins with the introduction of lines, line segments, and rays.
The display method is the best method of teaching geometry.
In this method, the teacher is used to explain the concept using concrete objects. So, it is easy to explain geometry using this method.

Additional Information

Drill Method: It is a method that ensures the acquisition of knowledge by practicing and repeating the concept again and again.
Play Method: Play method of teaching is a method that focuses on making children learn through enjoyable activities and play.

Hence, it becomes clear that display method is the best method of teaching geometry.

An article is sold at 20% profit. If its cost price is increased by Rs. 50 and at the same time if its selling price is also increased by Rs. 30, the percentage of profit decreases by $3\frac{1}{3}\%$ , then the cost price is

((a))
Rs. 851
((b))
Rs. 852
((c))
Rs. 850
((d))
Rs. 853

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Rs. 850

Given:

Initial profit = 20%

Decrease in Profit = 313%313%

Formula used:

Profit% = (Profit/CP) × 100

Calculation:

Let initial cost price be Rs. x

Profit of 20% = x + 20% of x = x/5

Selling price = x + x/5 = 6x/5

Given that cost price is increased by Rs. 50 and selling price is increased by Rs. 30

⇒ Cost price = x + 50

⇒ Selling Price = (6x/5) + 30

Profit = SP – CP = (6x/5 + 30) - (x + 50)

⇒ (x/5) – 20

Profit Percentage = [(x/5 - 20)/(x + 50)] × 100

Given that profit is decreased by (10/3)%

⇒ 20% - (10/3)% = (50/3)%

Profit percentage =

[(x/5 - 20)/(x + 50)] × 100 = 50/3

⇒ (x/5 - 20) / (x + 50) = 1/6

⇒ 6x/5 - 120 = x + 50

⇒ x/5 = 170

⇒ x = 850

∴ Original cost price is Rs. 850

The minimum value of (x - 2)(x - 9) is

((a))
49/4
((b))
0
((c))
11/4
((d))
-49/4

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

-49/4

Concept:

Minimum value = (4ac – b²)/4a

Calculation:

(x - 2)(x - 9)

⇒ x² - 11x + 18

We know ax² + bx + c = 0

Comparing this with above equation

⇒ a = 1, b = -11 and c = 18

Minimum value = (4ac – b²)/4a

⇒ (4 × 1 × 18 - (-11)²)/(4 × 1)

⇒ (72 - 121)/4

⇒ -49/4

∴ Minimum value of (x - 2)(x - 9) = -49/4

Additional Information

Proof of minimum value formula:

We have f(x) = ax²+ bx + c

f(x) = ax²+ bx + c, such that a > 0

Consider its first derivatives:

f′(x) = 2ax + b

and the second derivative

f′′(x) = 2a

Since, a > 0

f″(x) is always positive.

f(x) will achieve minima when f′(x) = 0

2ax + b = 0

x = −b/2a

Putting x = −b/2a in the original equation we get:

f(x) = ax²+ bx + c

⇒ a(−b/2a)²+ b(b/2a) + c

⇒ b²/4a – b²/2a + c

⇒ (4ac – b²)/4a

Find the square root of (272)² - (128)²:

((a))
200
((b))
240
((c))
256
((d))
144

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

240

Concept:

a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)

Calculation:

a² - b² = (a + b) (a - b)

so, (272)² - (128)² = (272 + 128) (272 - 128)

⇒ (400 × 144) = 57600

√57600 = 240 (∵ 242 = 576)

∴ Square root of (272)² - (128)² = 240

Which of the following properties of water can be used to explain the spherical shape of rain droplets?

((a))
Surface tension
((b))
Critical phenomenon
((c))
Viscosity
((d))
Pressure

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Surface tension

Explanation:

Surface tension:

Surface tension is the property by virtue of which liquid tries to minimize its free surface area.
In a spherical shape, the surface area is minimum and for this reason, the raindrops are spherical.
Surface tension is measured as the force acting per unit length of an imaginary line drawn on the liquid surface.

$Surface;tension = \frac{{Force}}{{length}}$

Two factors can affect the surface tension of a liquid. The factors are-

Temperature: If temperature increases then the surface tension of a liquid decreases.
Soluble Impurities: In the case of less soluble impurities, the surface tension decreases. But, for highly soluble impurities in the liquid the surface tension increases.

Additional Information

Surface tension is the result of the unbalanced cohesive forces among the liquid molecules, which always tries to make the surface area of the liquid droplet minimum.
Hence due to exertion of surface tension by the molecules, water droplets always take a round shape whenever they are allowed to move freely, and thus because of this we see a nearly spherical drop of rain.

Raindrops are spherical in shape because each drop tends to acquire minimum surface area due to surface tension, and for a given volume, the surface area of the sphere is minimum.

100

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?

((a))
Nitrogen
((b))
Carbon dioxide
((c))
Argon
((d))
Oxygen

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Carbon dioxide

The correct answer is Carbon dioxide.

Explanation:

Greenhouse Effect: The solar energy trapped by the earth atmosphere and radiate it slowly so to cover our earth with a warm blanket. This is the natural process of the greenhouse effect on earth to maintain its temperature and makes the earth perfect for life.

Greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases are methane, water vapour, nitrous oxide, CFCs and ozone.

Values of radiation absorbed by the greenhouse gases are as follow:

Gas	Value of absorption in percentage
Ozone	10.2 %
Methane	16.3 %
Carbon Dioxide	56.4 %
Nitrous Oxide	5.4 %

From the above table it is clear that carbon dioxide absorbs the maximum radiation in the earth’s atmosphere

Important Points

Global warming: If the amount of greenhouse gases crosses by delicate proportion, the natural greenhouse balance may get disturbed and there is a continuous rise in temperature of the earth by trapping the solar heat continuously. This creates the overall effect of Global warming.

Hence, in the above options, the correct answer is Carbon dioxide.

101

Which of the following metals is not a mineral?

((a))
Bauxite
((b))
Gypsum
((c))
Hematite
((d))
Limonite

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Gypsum

Explanation:

Mineral: A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.

Some common minerals/ores are described below:

Element	Description
Aluminium	Bauxite is an ore of Aluminium. It is the crystalline form of aluminium oxide. After Diamond, it is the hardest known natural substance. It's finer varieties are the gemstones, sapphire, and ruby.
Thorium	Monazite is the ore of thorium.
Iron	The main ore of iron as Hematite, Limonite, and Siderite. Hematite is the most important iron ore. Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron economically can be extracted.
Copper	The largest source of copper is from porphyry ore. The main copper sulfide minerals are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite bornite, tetrahedrite, and enargite.
Silver	The most common silver ores are native silver and argentite.

Gypsum:

Plaster of Paris changes into gypsum on mixing with water and is used for decoration.
Plaster of Paris, commonly called as P.O.P is Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
The chemical formula of Plaster of Paris is CaSO4.1/2 H2O.
Crystals of gypsum are produced when Plaster of Paris is mixed with water.

CaSO4.1/2H2O + H2O → CaSO4.2H2O (Gypsum).

Here,

Bauxite → Aluminium ore

Hematite → Iron ore

Limonite → Iron ore

Gypsum → Plaster or pairs + water

So, Gypsum is not a mineral.

102

Which one of the following non-metals is liquid?

((a))
Iodine
((b))
Sulfur
((c))
Bromine
((d))
Phosphorous

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Bromine

Explanation:

Bromine the only non-metallic element that is in liquid state at room temperature.
It is a member of the halogen elements (Group 17) of the periodic table.
Atomic number of Bromine is 35.
Bromine is a highly volatile reddish brown liquid at room temperature.
Bromine is found in nature dispersed throughout Earth’s crust only in compounds as soluble and insoluble bromides.

Bromine:

Atomic number - 35
Atomic weight - 79.909
Melting point - − 7.2 °C.
Boiling point - 59 °C.

103

Which scientist discovered the radioactive element, radium?

((a))
Albert Einstein
((b))
Benjamin Franklin
((c))
Isaac Newton
((d))
Marie Curie

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Marie Curie

Explanation:

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) observed that there are certain elements which emit radiation on their own and named this phenomenon as radioactivity and the elements known as radioactive elements.

This field was developed by Marie Curie, Piere Curie, Rutherford, and Fredrick Soddy.
It was observed that three kinds of rays i.e., α, β- and γ-rays are emitted.
For this property, spontaneous radiation happens in an unstable high atomic number element; for example:- Uranium, Polonium, etc.
The SI unit of Radioactivity is Becquerel(Bq) and another unit of it is Curie(Ci).
1 Becquerel is equal to 1 decay per second.
E.g. Radium, Uranium, Polonium, etc.

104

What is the reason of 'stone-cancer'?

((a))
Global warming
((b))
Radioactivity
((c))
Acid rain
((d))
Bacterial activity

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Acid rain

The correct answer is Acid rain.

Stone cancer is a phenomenon in which the discoloration of stones/marbles occurs due to acid rain.
It is also known as Marble cancer.
The pollutants present in acid rain reacts with the stone to change their colour.

Additional Information

The best example of stone cancer can be seen on the Taj Mahal.
An illustrative picture shows the stone/marble cancer effect on the Taj Mahal.
The left side of the picture shows the image of the Taj before the stone cancer, and the right side shows the image after the effect of the stone cancer.

105

'Brine' is

((a))
common name of bleaching powder
((b))
aqueous solution of chlorine
((c))
saturated solution of NaCl
((d))
aqueous solution of Na₂SO₄

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

saturated solution of NaCl

Explanation:

The Brine is the solution of Sodium chloride (NaCl) and water.
They occur naturally on the Earth’s surface in salt lakes, or even the benthic zone of the oceans.
They occur due to the evaporation of ground saline leaving behind little water with high concentration of Sodium Chloride.
Applications include meat packing, pickling, steel quenching, heat-transfer medium.

Important Points

The chemical name of bleaching powder is

Calcium hypochlorite is commonly known as Bleaching powder.
Its formula is Ca(ClO)2.
It is a pale yellow coloured powder with a strong smell of chlorine.

106

The gas used in artificial ripening of green fruits is

((a))
ethane
((b))
hydrogen
((c))
acetylene
((d))
nitrogen

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

acetylene

Explanation:

Acetylene gas (C₂H₂) is commonly used in some countries to artificially ripen fruits.

When calcium carbide comes in contact with moisture, it produces acetylene gas (C₂H₂) which is similar in its effects to the natural ripening agent, ethylene (C2H₄). Acetylene accelerates the ripening process.

Fruit ripening agents can be used to ripen fruits artificially and to provide fruits with the desired colour and taste within a short time.
Calcium carbide, ethephon, and ethylene have been used as artificial ripening agents.
Calcium carbide is alkaline in nature.

107

The percentage of nitrogen gas in the air is

((a))
78
((b))
21.5
((c))
40
((d))
3

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Explanation:

Nitrogen and Oxygen are the main components in the Earth's atmosphere by volume as these two gases together account for 99% of the atmosphere.

Nitrogen(N₂): A colourless and tasteless gas, accounts for approx 78% of the atmosphere. It is a major component of chlorophyll and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
Oxygen(O₂): A colourless, odourless and tasteless gas, accounts for approx 21% of the atmosphere and makes life possible.

While other gases like-

The atmospheric composition of gases are as follow

Permanent Gases of the Atmosphere
Constituent	Per cent by Volume
Nitrogen (N2)	78.084
Oxygen (O2)	20.946
Argon (Ar)	0.934
Carbon dioxide (CO2)	0.036
Neon (Ne)	0.00182
Helium (He)	0.000524
Krypton (Kr)	0.000114
Hydrogen (H2)	0.00005

108

Ozone is

((a))
an allotrope of oxygen
((b))
an isomer of oxygen
((c))
a compound of oxygen
((d))
an isotope of oxygen

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

an allotrope of oxygen

Explanation:

Ozone: A layer of ozone is present in the stratosphere of Earth and prevents the UV rays from reaching the Earth's surface. It is an allotrope of Oxygen.

Ozone, or tri-oxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O₃.
It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell.
Ozone is an excellent oxidizing agent as it breaks down into oxygen gas and nascent oxygen. { O₃ → O2 + [O] }
It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O₂, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O₂ or di-oxygen

109

Momentum of a particle of mass m is p. Its kinetic energy will be

((a))
p²m
((b))
p² / m
((c))
mp
((d))
p² / 2m

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

p² / 2m

Concept:

Kinetic energy (K.E): The energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.

The expression for kinetic energy is given by:

$KE = \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}$

Where m = mass of the body and v = velocity of the body

Momentum (p): The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.

Momentum (p) = mass (m) × velocity (v)

The relationship between the kinetic energy and Linear momentum is given by:

As we know,

$KE = \frac{1}{2}m{v^2}$

Divide numerator and denominator by m, we get

$KE = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{{m^2}{v^2}}}{m} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{;{{\left( {mv} \right)}^2}}}{m} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{{p^2}}}{m};$ [p = mv]

$\therefore KE = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{{p^2}}}{m};$

$p = \sqrt {2mKE}$

Explanation:

So, from the given condition if kinetic energy is denoted as KE and linear momentum is denoted as p by using the above relation, we can say that:

⇒ $KE = \frac{{{p^2}}}{{2m}}$

This is the correct option.

110

A battery of 15 volt is connected to a parallel group of resistances of 4, 10 and 20 ohm. The current in the circuit will be (A = ampere)

((a))
6 A
((b))
4 A
((c))
8 A
((d))
2 A

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

6 A

Concept:

Resistance: The obstruction offered to the flow of current is known as the resistance. It is denoted by R.
When two or more resistances are connected one after another such that the same current flows through them then it is called resistances in series.
Resistance can be placed with two combination:

Resistance Summery
Combination
Wiring	Each Resistor on the same wire.	Each resistance on different wire.
Effective Resistance	Increases R_eq = R₁ + R₂	Decreases 1/R_eq = 1/R₁+ 1/R₂
Voltage	Different for each resistor V_Total= V₁ + V₂	Same for each resistor V_Total= V₁= V2
Current	Same for each resistor I_Total = I₁ = I₂	Different for each resistor I_Total = I₁ + I₂

Effective resistance: The overall resistance or combination of series and parallel gives effective resistance.

Calculation:

Given:

R₁ = 4 Ω, R₂ = 10 Ω and R₃ = 20 Ω

$⇒ \text{ }!!~!!\text{ }\frac{1}{{{R}{eq}}}=\frac{1}{{{R}{1}}}+\frac{1}{{{R}{2}}}+\frac{1}{{{R}{3}}}$

$⇒ \frac{1}{{R}{eq}}=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{{{10}}}+\frac{1}{20}⇒ {{R}{eq}}=~~2.5~~\text{ }!!Ω!!\text{ }$

Now,

Ohm's Law says V = I × R

V = 15 V, R = 2.5 Ω then

$\Rightarrow I = \frac{V}{R} = \frac{{15;V}}{{2.5;{\rm{\Omega }}}} = 6;A$

The correct option is 6 Ampere.

Important Points

When two resistances are given we can find the effective resistance on the parallel circuit by using $⇒ {{R}{ef}}=\frac{{{R}{1}}{{R}{2}}}{{{R}{1}}+{{R}_{2}}}$

111

Which one of the following materials is ferromagnetic?

((a))
Nickel
((b))
Wood
((c))
Gold
((d))
Manganese

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Nickel

Explanation:

Ferromagnetic substances:

Ferromagnetic substances are those which develop strong magnetization in the direction of the magnetizing field.
They are strongly attracted by a magnet and tend to move from weaker to the stronger part of a magnetic field.
Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium, and alloys like alnico.

Paramagnetic substances:

Paramagnetic substances are those which develop feeble magnetization in the direction of the magnetizing field.
Such substances are feebly attracted by magnets and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic field.
Example: Manganese, aluminium, chromium, platinum, etc.

Diamagnetic Substance:

Diamagnetic substances are those which develop feeble magnetization in the opposite direction of the magnetizing field.
Such substances are feebly repelled by magnets and tend to move from stronger to weaker parts of a magnetic field.
Examples: Bismuth, copper, lead, zinc, etc.

Hence, Nikel is only ferromagnetic material in the above options.

112

The speed of sound is maximum in

((a))
water
((b))
vacuum
((c))
air
((d))
steel

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

steel

Concept:

The velocity of sound in any gaseous medium is affected by a large number of factors like density, pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, etc.
The velocity of sound in a gaseous medium is given by

$\Rightarrow v=\sqrt {\frac {γ P}{ρ}}$

Where P = pressure, ρ = density, and γ = ratio of two principal specific heats of the gas.

Explanation:

Medium	Speed of sound (m/s)
Gases
Air (0° C)	331
Air (20° C)	343
Helium	965
Hydrogen	1284
Liquids
Water	1402
Water	1428
Seawater	1522
Solids
Copper	3560
Steel	5941
Granite	6000
Aluminum	6420

The above table shows the speed of sound in solids > speed of sound in liquids > speed of sound in gases — although the densities of solids and liquids are much higher than those of the gases.
This is because liquids and solids are less compressible than gases i.e., liquids and solids have much greater bulk modulus than that of gases.
Thus, the speed of sound decreases when we go from solid to a gaseous state.

Therefore the speed of sound is maximum in Steel than other options available.

113

When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, then which type of charge is created on it?

((a))
Positive charge
((b))
Negative charge
((c))
Electric charge
((d))
None of the above

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Positive charge

Explanation:

There are two types of charges found in nature -

Positive charge
Negative charge

Properties of charges:

Like charges (same charges) repel each other.
Unlike charges (different charges) attract each other.

When two objects are rubbed against each other, they develop charges.

When a glass rod is individually rubbed with a silk cloth.

The silk cloth develop negative charge on it.
The glass rod having positive charge over it.

Hence, Glass rod have a positive charge on it.

114

On a moving plane mirror, incident ray forms an angle of 60°, then what will be the reflected angle?

((a))
60°
((b))
90°
((c))
30°
((d))
120°

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

60°

Concept:

Reflection: The phenomena in which light ray is sent back into the same medium from which it is coming, on interaction with boundary, is called reflection.

Laws of reflection:

It states that, if a light ray is reflected from a plane flat polished surface its angle of the incident will always be equal the angle of reflection.

i.e., The angle of incidence (θ i ) = Angle of reflection (θ r )

The incident ray, the reflected ray, and normal to the surface of incidence always lies in the same plane.

Additional Information

The law of reflection is also valid for all curved and spherical surface.

Explanation:

According to laws of reflection:

The angle of incidence (θ_i) = Angle of reflection (θ_r)

Given,

The angle of incidence = 60°

⇒ The angle of reflection is also 60°

Hence the option 60° is correct.

115

Which one of the following is a renewable resource of energy?

((a))
Petroleum
((b))
Ground water
((c))
Natural gas
((d))
Coal

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Ground water

A resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability. They are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources

Resources that are used by humans since human life exists.
These resources are used by our ancestors for their daily purposes like lighting, shelter, transportation, cooking, heating, protection from harm.
These are also known as non-conventional sources of energy.
For example Soil, water bodies, sun, wind, tidal energy, geothermal, forest, mountains, wildlife, atmospheric resources.
These can be used unlimited.
They are environment friendly.
The cost is low.
They are pollution-free.
They require high maintenance costs.
They are sustainable resources.
They cause no harm to life to exist on earth.

Non-Renewable resources

The sources that cannot be replaced or reused once they are destroyed are called the Non-renewable resources.
These are limited resources. so these are used limitedly.
These are not environmentally friendly because the amount of carbon emission is high.
The cost of these resources is high.
They are not pollution-free.
They require low maintenance cost.
Coal, oil, nuclear energy, petroleum, natural gas, batteries, shale gas, phosphate are some examples.

Conclusion

Petroleum, natural gas, coal: All three are non-renewable resources.
Groundwater is a renewable resource of energy.

116

Which physical unit is obtained by the ratio of momentum and velocity of matter?

((a))
Acceleration
((b))
Mass
((c))
Velocity
((d))
Force

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Mass

CONCEPT:

Momentum: Momentum of the body is equivalent to the product of mass and velocity.
Its SI unit is kg m/s.
Its dimensional formula is [M L T^-¹].

P = m × v

where P is momentum, m is mass of the body; v is the velocity of the body.

Velocity: The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to time.
Its SI unit is m/s.
Its dimensional formula is [L T^-1].

EXPLANATION:

The ratio of momentum and velocity = $\frac{{\rm{P}}}{{\rm{v}}}$

⇒ $\frac{{\rm{P}}}{{\rm{v}}} = \frac{{{\rm{m}} \times {\rm{v}}}}{{\rm{v}}} = {\rm{m}}$

Mass: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).
Its dimensional formula is [M].

where P is momentum, m is mass of the body; v is the velocity of the body.

117

One nanometre is equal to

((a))
10⁹ mm
((b))
10^-6 cm
((c))
10-6 cm
((d))
10-9 m

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

10-9 m

Explanation:

1 nano = 10^-9 m

⇒ 10-9 × 10² cm

⇒ 10^-7 cm = 10-7 × 10 mm = 10^-6 mm

Additional Information

The conversion of the units is shown below in the table.

Decimal multiples and parts of units

Prefixes	Symbol	Decimal Power
exa	E	1018
peta	P	1015
tera	T	1012
giga	G	109
mega	M	106
kilo	k	103
hecto	h	102
deca	da	101
metre	m	100 = 1
deci	d	10-1
centi	c	10-2
milli	m	10-3
micro	μ	10-6
nano	n	10-9
pico	p	10-12
femto	f	10-15
atto	a	10-18

Please read the question with the options carefully.

118

Who discovered X-rays?

((a))
Albert Einstein
((b))
W.K. Roentgen
((c))
Ernest Rutherford
((d))
J. J. Thomson

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

W.K. Roentgen

In 1895, during his study of the discharge through gases at very low pressure, German professor W.K. Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays.
He observed that there was some radiation coming from the discharge tube that had the ability to penetrate through objects which were opaque to ordinary light. These rays were called X-rays or Roentgen rays.
These rays are produced when a fast-moving electron strikes a target of high atomic weight.
Ernest Rutherford is credited with discovering the concept of radioactive half-life.
Albert Einstein discovered the law of the photoelectric effect.
J. J. Thomson discovered electron in 1897.

119

Which one of the following is not a natural fibre?

((a))
Silk
((b))
Acrylic
((c))
Cotton
((d))
Jute

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Acrylic

Concept:

Fibre can be obtained from various sources.

Natural Fibre: Natural fibres are the fibres that are obtained from plants, animals or mineral sources. Some examples are cotton, silk, wool etc.

Synthetic fibres: Synthetic fibres are man-made polymers designed to make a fabric.

Polymers are obtained when many small units are joined together chemically. Some examples are silk, acrylic, rayon, dacron etc.

Conclusion:

Silk, cotton and jute are natural fibres.
Acrylic is not a natural fibre, it is a man-made synthetic fibre.

120

Ginger is the modification of

((a))
root
((b))
leaf
((c))
stem
((d))
fruit

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

stem

CONCEPT:

Plant reproduction: All organisms multiply or reproduce their own kind.
In plants, there are two modes of reproduction, asexual and sexual.
There are several methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes.

EXPLANATION:

The reproducing part of ginger is the stem.
The rootstocks (plant stem) has "eyes," small round irregularities where new shoots form and grow, producing leaves and stalks. Example: Potato, Ginger, Turmeric.

121

True fruits develop from

((a))
Thalamus
((b))
Petal
((c))
Ovary
((d))
Sepal

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Ovary

Concept:

Fruit Formation process in plants:

Pollination: Pollen is transferred from a stamen to a stigma. The stamen is the male organ in a flowering plant and the stigma is the female part.
Growth of Pollen Tube: A pollen tube develops to carry the pollen downward. Pollen travels from the stigma, down the style, and into the ovule of the plant.
Fertilization: The male gamete (pollen) unites with a female gamete (ovule) to form a seed. The seeds are the embryo of the plant.
Fruit Formation: The ovary ripens and forms a fruit. The fruit may contain a single seed or multiple seeds.

Explanation:

True Fruits- True fruits are those that are formed solely from the ovary with ovules inside it. No other flower parts form a part of this type of fruit. For example Cherries, plums, and peaches, mangoes etc.
False Fruits-False fruits are formed from the ripened ovary along with some other flower parts like the base or receptacle, the perianth etc. For example apples, strawberries etc.

122

Plant which reproduces by means of spores instead of seeds is

((a))
Coriander
((b))
Fern
((c))
Mustard
((d))
Petunia

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Fern

CONCEPT:

Reproduction by spores: Spores are the asexual reproductive bodies. Spores are not seeds.
In the spore formation method of reproduction, the parent plant produces hundreds of tiny spores in spore cases.
When the spore case of the plant bursts, then the spores spread into the air. As the spores are very light, they keep floating in the air and carried over large distances by air.
Each spore is covered by a hard, protective coat to withstand unfavourable conditions şuch as high temperature and low humidity.
Due to this, spores can survive for a long time. When the airborne spores land on food (or soil) under favourable conditions (like damp and warm conditions), they germinate and produce new plants.

EXPLANATION:

Coriander can be either grown for its leaves or for its seeds.
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
The life cycle of the fern has two different stages; sporophyte, which releases spores, and gametophyte, which releases gametes. Gametophyte plants are haploid, sporophyte plants diploid. This type of life cycle is called alternation of generations.
Mustard can grow from its seeds.
Petunia reproduces itself through sexual reproduction. The seeds are the offspring of the reproductive process.

123

The element, essential for synthesis of protein in plants, is

((a))
Copper
((b))
Nitrogen
((c))
Magnesium
((d))
Iron

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Nitrogen

CONCEPT:

Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of our atmosphere and nitrogen is also a part of many molecules essential to life like proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and some vitamins.
Nitrogen is thus an essential nutrient for all life-forms, but it can not be utilized directly in the form of atmospheric nitrogen. To use nitrogen by any organism it must be converted in the form of nitrates and nitrites.

Nitrogen Cycle:

The atmosphere contains nitrogen gas. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria (present in the soil and in the root nodules of leguminous plants), blue-green algae and lightning in the sky convert it into compounds of nitrogen which go into the soil.
The plant absorbs compounds of nitrogen from the soil for their growth. The plants convert the compounds of nitrogen into plant proteins and other organic compounds which make up the body of plants.
The plants are eaten up by animal as food. Animals convert plant protein into animal protein and other organic compounds which make up their body. Some animals also eat other animals to obtain nitrogen compounds.
When plants and animals die, the complex nitrogen compounds present in their dead bodies are decomposed and converted into simple compounds of nitrogen by certain bacteria and fungi. These nitrogen compounds are again absorbed by the new plants for their growth and this part of the nitrogen cycle is repeated endlessly.
Some of the compounds of nitrogen are decomposed by denitrifying bacteria to form nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas goes back into the atmosphere.

EXPLANATION:

Proteins are composed of major elements like carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen.
Among them, the nitrogen is the main component obtained by plants with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium.
Plants and animals are not capable to use atmospheric nitrogen directly for proteins synthesis.
So, Nitrogen is essential for protein synthesis in plants.

124

Which one of the following is not a non-communicable disease?

((a))
Hypertension
((b))
Arthritis
((c))
Rickets
((d))
Cholera

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Cholera

Concept:

Illness/Diseases: It is a state of experience by the body when one or more of the control systems of the body are not functioning normally.
Communicable disease: The diseases which are infectious or transmissible from a body to body through biological agents in humans and animals. Ex- Influenza, Ebola, Covid-19, etc.
Non-communicable disease: The disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another through biological agents, Ex- Astana, Diabetes, Hypertension, arthritis, etc.

Explanation:

Some common communicable diseases are:

Name of Disease	Mode of Spread
Cholera	Food and water
Typhoid	Food and water
Hepatitis (Jaundice)	Food and water
Influenza (Flu)	Air to air
Tuberculosis (T.B)	Air to air
Malaria	Mosquito
Tetanus	Bite or wound exposed to dust or Iron
Polio	Food and water
Swine Flu	Air to Air

So, Cholera is not a non-communicable disease.

125

Penicillin antibiotic is obtained from

((a))
fungi
((b))
algae
((c))
bacteria
((d))
blue-green algae

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

fungi

Explanation:

Antibiotics are the medicines used to kill or weaken the bacteria and also protozoa to some extent.
Antibiotics can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic.
Penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming was obtained from Penicillium Notatum.
These are a group of antibacterial drugs obtained from Penicillium fungi.
Penicillin fights the bacteria by attacking the cell wall forming substances (peptidoglycans).
Anne Miller was the first patient who got treated using penicillin in 1942.

So penicillin is obtained from fungi.

126

Which one of the following is not a source of energy?

((a))
Protein
((b))
Fat
((c))
Vitamin
((d))
Carbohydrate

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

Vitamin

Concept:

Macronutrients: Macronutrients are those nutrients required in large amounts that provide the energy needed to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of daily life.
There are three types of macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water.
Micronutrients: A chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
There are two micronutrients vitamins and minerals.

Explanation:

The food you eat supplies many types of macronutrients — carbohydrates, fats and proteins — which deliver the energy (or calories) your body needs to function.
The food also supplies micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, which don't provide calories but help the body with chemical reactions.

127

The coding segment of DNA is called

((a))
Muton
((b))
Intron
((c))
Codon
((d))
Exon

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Exon

EXPLANATION:

DNA was first recognized and identified by the Swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869 during his research on white blood cells.
DNA: DNA is a double helical long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. The length of DNA is usually defined as a number of nucleotides (or a pair of nucleotide referred to as base pairs) present in it. This also is the characteristic of an organism.
DNA contains a sugar-phosphate backbone, and the nucleotide bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine).

The coding segment of DNA is called exon. A segment of DNA within a gene that encodes a sequence ultimately translated into a protein product.
During gene expression, DNA gets translated to mRNA, which contains coding and non-coding nucleotide triplets.
Non-coding sequences (intron) are removed from RNA by splicing.
A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
Muton is that length of DNA which is capable of undergoing mutation.

128

Which of the following is not a micronutrient?

((a))
Chlorine
((b))
Copper
((c))
zinc
((d))
Calcium

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

Calcium

Key Points

Micronutrient: A chemical element or substance required in lesser amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
Important micronutrients are iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron, chlorine, and nickel.
Macronutrients: Macronutrients are generally present in plant tissues in large amounts (in excess of 10 mmole Kg ^–1 of dry matter).
The macronutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

So, Calcium comes under the category of macronutrients, not micronutrients.

Additional Information

In addition to the micro-elements & macro-elements, there are some beneficial elements such as sodium, silicon, cobalt and selenium.

129

If each edge of a cube is doubled, then the percentage increase in its total surface area is

((a))
300%
((b))
200%
((c))
150%
((d))
600%

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

300%

Given:

Each edge of a cube is doubled

Formula used:

Surface area of cube = 6a²

Calculation:

Let a be the length of the edge

⇒ Surface area = 6a²

When the edge is doubled

⇒ Length = 2a

⇒ Surface area = 6(2a)² = 24a²

Increase = 24a² - 6a² = 18a²

Percentage increase = (18x²/6x²) × 100 = 3 × 100 = 300%

∴ Percentage increase is 300%

130

If $\frac a 3=\frac b 2=\frac c 1$ , then $\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ is

((a))
3.8
((b))
4
((c))
3.5
((d))
5

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

3.5

Given:

a/3 = b/2 = c/1

So, the ratio of a, b and c will be

⇒ a : b : c = 3 : 2 : 1

Let the values of a, b and c be 3x, 2x and x respectively.

Calculations:

Expression is $\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$

Putting values of a, b and c in the expression, we get

⇒ $\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ = [3x + 2x + (2 × x)]/(2x)

⇒ $\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ = 7x/2x

⇒ $\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ = 7/2

⇒ $\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ = 3.5

a/3 = b/2 = c/1

Multiplying and dividing by 6

2a = 3b = 6c

a = 3b/2

c = b/2

now,

$\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ = [(3b/2) + b + b]/b

$\frac {a+b+2c}{b}$ = 3.5b/b = 3.5

131

Find the value of K for which equation x – Ky = 2, 3x + 2y = 5 has unique solution.

((a))
$K \ne \frac {-2} 3$
((b))
$K = \frac {2} 3$
((c))
$K \ne \frac {2} 3$
((d))
$K = \frac {-2} 3$

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

$K \ne \frac {-2} 3$

Shortcut Trick

For a unique solution in a system of linear equations, the lines must be intersecting.

Logic: The ratio of the coefficients of x and y must not be equal.

Condition: a₁/a₂ ≠ b₁/b₂

1/3 ≠ −K/2

K ≠ −2/3

∴ The correct answer is K ≠ −2/3.

Alternate Method

Given:

Equation 1: x − Ky = 2

Equation 2: 3x + 2y = 5

Formula Used:

For a pair of linear equations a₁x + b₁y + c₁ = 0 and a₂x + b₂y + c₂ = 0, the condition for a unique solution is:

a₁/a₂ ≠ b₁/b₂

Calculations:

⇒ From the given equations, we identify the coefficients:

⇒ a₁ = 1, b₁ = −K

⇒ a₂ = 3, b₂ = 2

⇒ Applying the condition: 1/3 ≠ −K/2

⇒ Cross-multiplying the values: 1 × 2 ≠ 3 × (−K)

⇒ 2 ≠ −3K

⇒ K ≠ −2/3

∴ The correct answer is K ≠ −2/3.

Additional Information

Condition for Infinite Solutions

A system has infinitely many solutions (coincident lines) if a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ = c₁/c₂.

Condition for No Solution

A system has no solution (parallel lines) if a₁/a₂ = b₁/b₂ ≠ c₁/c₂.

Consistency of Equations

A system is called consistent if it has at least one solution (unique or infinite) and inconsistent if it has no solution.

132

A can do a work in 6 days. B takes 8 days to complete it. C takes as long as A and B would take working together. How long will it take B and C to complete the work together?

((a))
$1 \frac 1 2$ days
((b))
4 days
((c))
5 days
((d))
$2 \frac 2 5$ days

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

$2 \frac 2 5$ days

Given:

Time taken by A to complete the work = 6 days

Time taken by B to complete the work = 8 days

Formula used:

Time = Total work/Efficiency

Calculation:

A's 1 day work = 1/6

B's 1 day work = 1/8

C's 1 day work = 1/6 + 1/8 = 7/24

Work done by B and C in 1 day = 1/8 + 7/24 = 10/24

Thus, time taken by B and C to complete the work together = 24/10 = 12/5 days

∴ Time taken by B and C to complete the work together = $2 \frac 2 5$ days

Alternate Method

The efficiency of work by C = (4 + 3) = 7 units in 1 day

Amounts of work is done by B and C together in 1 day = 3 + 7 = 10 units

Time is taken to do 24 units of work = 24/10 = $2 \frac 2 5$ days

∴ Time is taken by B and C to complete the work together = $2 \frac 2 5$ days

133

In an examination, the mean of marks scored by a class of 30 students was calculated as 58.5. Later on, it was detected that the marks of one student was wrongly copied as 57 instead of 75. Find the correct mean.

((a))
51.9
((b))
59.1
((c))
20.9
((d))
28.9

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

59.1

GIVEN:

Number of students = 30

Mean = 58.5

FORMULAE USED:

Mean = Total marks/Number of students

CALCULATION:

Total marks = 30 × 58.5 = 1755

New Total marks after correction = 1755 – 57 + 75 = 1773

New Mean = 1773/30 = 59.1

Shortcut Trick

Increase in marks after correction = 75 – 57 = 18

Mean = 18/30 = 3/5 = 0.6

New mean = 58.5 + 0.6 = 59.1

∴ The corrected mean of marks scored by the student is 59.1

134

If centroid of the points (3, 5), (6, y) and (-3, 4) is (x, y), then find the values of x and y.

((a))
$x=2,;y=\frac9 2$
((b))
$x=\frac9 2,;y=3$
((c))
x = 2, y = 3
((d))
x = 3, y = 2

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

$x=2,;y=\frac9 2$

GIVEN:

Points = (3, 5), (6, y) and (-3, 4)

CONCEPT:

Considering all three points as the vertices of the triangle.

The centroid or geometric center of a plane figure is the arithmetic mean position of all the vertices of the triangle

FORMULAE USED:

Centroid = [(x₁ + x₂+ x₃)/3, (y₁+ y₂ + y₃)/3]

CALCULATION:

x = x1 + x2 + x3/3 = 3 + 6 + (-3)/3 = 2

y = y1 + y2 + y3/3 = 5 + y + 4/3

3y = 9 + y

y = 9/2

∴ x = 2, y = 9/2

135

The polynomial ax³ + bx² + x - 6 has (x + 2) as a factor and leaves remainder 4 when divided by (x - 2). Find the value of a and b.

((a))
a = 2, b = 0
((b))
a = 1, b = 1
((c))
a = 0, b = 2
((d))
a = 7, b = 5

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

a = 0, b = 2

Given:

The given polynomial = ax3 + bx2 + x - 6

Concept used:

Factors satisfy the polynomial

Calculation:

Let f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + x - 6

According to question

f(-2) = 0

f(2) = a(-2)³ + b(-2)² - 2 - 6 = 0

⇒ -8a + 4b - 8 = 0

⇒ 2a - b + 2 = 0 ----(1)

f(2) = 4

a(2)³ + b(2)² + 2 - 6 = 4

⇒ 8a + 4b - 4 = 4

⇒ 2a + b - 2 = 0 ----(2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously

∴ a = 0, b = 2

136

A non-terminating but recurring decimal is

((a))
an integer
((b))
a natural number
((c))
a rational number
((d))
an irrational number

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

a rational number

Concept:

Non-terminating but recurring/repeating decimal is defined as a decimal fraction that never comes to an end, but repeats one or more numbers after the decimal point .

10/3 = 3.33333333… etc.

10/3 never terminate, but keep on repeating their patterns consisting of 6 numbers or just one respectively. Thus they are non-terminating repeating decimals.

∴ A non-terminating but recurring decimal is always an rational number

137

In the following figure, PAB is a secant and PT is a tangent to the circle. If PT = 5 cm and PA = 3 cm, then find the measurement of AB.

((a))
$\frac 5 3$ cm
((b))
$\frac {16} 3$ cm
((c))
15 cm
((d))
$\frac {11}3$ cm

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

$\frac {16} 3$ cm

Given:

PT = 5 cm

PA = 3 cm

Formula used

PT² = PA × PB

Here, PT is tangent

Calculation:

Let AB be "x"

PT² = PA × PB

5² = 3(3 + x)

25 = 9 + 3x

3x = 16

∴ x = 16/3

138

The diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD intersect each other at the point O. If ∠DAC = 32° and ∠AOB = 70°, then ∠DBC is equal to

((a))
88°
((b))
38°
((c))
24°
((d))
32°

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

38°

Given:

ABCD is parallelogram

AC, BD diagonals intersecting at “O”

∠DAC = 32°, ∠AOB = 70°

Concept used:

The alternate angle is equal

Sum of two interior opposite angles = Exterior angle

Calculation:

AB is parallel to DC, AC is transversal.

∠DAC = ∠BCA = 32° (alternate angle theorem)

In ΔBCO, CO is extended to A.

Sum of interior opposite angles = exterior angle at O

⇒ ∠BCA + ∠OBC = ∠AOB

⇒ ∠BCA + ∠DBC = ∠AOB

⇒ 32° + ∠DBC = 70°

⇒ ∠DBC = 70° – 32°

⇒ ∠DBC = 38°

∴ The value of ∠DBC is 38°

139

If $a^{m^{n}}=(a^m)^n$ , then the value of m is

((a))
1/(n - 1)
((b))
nⁿ
((c))
n - 1
((d))
$n^{\frac {1}{(n-1)}}$

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

$n^{\frac {1}{(n-1)}}$

Given:

$a^{m^{n}}=(a^m)^n$

Concept:

(a^b)^c= a^bc

If ab = a^c then b = c

log ab = b log a

Calculation:

$a^{m^{n}}=(a^m)^n$

∵ Bases are same

⇒ mⁿ = mn

⇒ n = (mn)/m

⇒ n = m^{(n – 1)}

Taking log on both sides,

log n = (n - 1)log m

⇒ log m = {1/(n-1)} log n

⇒ log m = log n^{^{1/(n - 1)}}

Comparing both sides,

$m = n^{\frac {1}{(n-1)}}$

∴ The value of m is n{1/(n - 1)}.

140

The value of $\left(1-\frac 1 5\right)\left(1-\frac 1 6\right)\left(1-\frac 1 7\right)...\left(1-\frac 1 {100}\right)$ is

((a))
1/25
((b))
1/50
((c))
0
((d))
1/100

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

1/25

Given:

$\left(1-\frac 1 5\right)\left(1-\frac 1 6\right)\left(1-\frac 1 7\right)...\left(1-\frac 1 {100}\right)$

Concept used:

This type of questions should be arranged in such a way that calculation becomes easy

Calculation:

$\left(1-\frac 1 5\right)\left(1-\frac 1 6\right)\left(1-\frac 1 7\right)...\left(1-\frac 1 {100}\right)$

⇒ $\left({5 - 1\over 5}\right)\left({6 - 1\over 6}\right)\left({7 - 1\over 7}\right)...\left({100 - 1\over 100}\right)$

⇒ $\left({4\over 5}\right)\left({5\over 6}\right)\left({6\over 7}\right)...\left({99\over 100}\right)$

All the numbers of the given series will be canceled by themselves except 4 and 100 so,

⇒ {4/100}

⇒ 1/25

∴ The required value is 1/25

141

If 0 < x < 1, then it is true that

((a))
x¹⁰⁰ > x¹⁰¹
((b))
x100 > 1
((c))
x100 < x101
((d))
x101 > 1

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

x¹⁰⁰ > x¹⁰¹

Concept:

If a number lies between 0 to 1

On increase the power its value decrease.

Calculation:

(0.9)² =0.81

(0.9)³ = 0.729

And when the number greater than one with increase in power its value also increase.

(1.1)²= 1.21

(1.1)³= 1.331

142

In what time will the simple interest be 2/5 of the principal at 8% per annum?

((a))
7 years
((b))
5 years
((c))
8 years
((d))
6 years

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

5 years

Given:

Rate = 8%

Simple interest = (2/5) of principal

Formula used:

Simple interest = (Principal × Time × Rate)/100

Calculation:

Let the Principal be 5

Rate% = 8%

According to question

Simple interest = 2/5 of principal

⇒ S.I. = 2/5 × 5 = 2

∴ S.I. = 2

⇒ 2 = (5 × 8 × time)/100

⇒ Time = (2 × 100)/ (5× 8)

⇒ Time = 5 years

∴ The required time is 5 years

143

The smallest number, which multiplies to 33275 to get a perfect cube, is

((a))
3
((b))
5
((c))
2
((d))
6

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Given:

The given number = 33275

Concept used:

Prime factorization is the process of finding the prime numbers, which are multiplied together to get the original number. For example, the prime factors of 16 are 2 × 2 × 2 × 2. This can also be written as 2⁴

Calculation:

Prime factorization of 33275 = 5 × 5 × 11 × 11 × 11

⇒ 5² × 11³

From the above prime factorization, we can say if we multiply the number by 5, it will become a perfect cube

∴ The smallest number multiplied to make it perfect cube is 5

144

If HCF of (p² - 8p + 12) and (p² + 4p - 12) is (p - a), then the value of a is

((a))
-6
((b))
2
((c))
-2
((d))
6

Show Answer

Answer: ((b))

Calculation:

As (p - a) is HCF of the given expression i.e. (p - a) must be a factor of both the expression, putting p = a in the given first expression we get

⇒ a²- 8a + 12 = 0

⇒ a² - 6a - 2a + 12 = 0

⇒ a(a - 6) -2(a - 6) = 0

⇒ (a - 6)(a - 2) = 0

⇒ a = 6, 2

putting p = a in the given second expression we get

⇒ a² + 4a - 12 = 0

⇒ a² + 6a - 2a - 12 = 0

⇒ a(a + 6) -2(a + 6) = 0

⇒ (a + 6)(a - 2) = 0

⇒ a = -6, 2

since value of a = 2 is common in both the expression

∴ required value of a = 2.

Additional Information

HCF: The greatest common divisor of two or more positive integers happens to be the largest positive integer that divides the numbers without leaving a remainder.

145

The factors of polynomial x³ - 6x² + 11x - 6 are

((a))
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)
((b))
(x - 1)(x + 2)(x - 3)
((c))
(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)
((d))
(x - 1)(x - 2)(x + 3)

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)

Given:

Polynomial, f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6

Concept :

Factor theorem:

If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and 'a' is any real number, then, (x - a) is a factor of f(x), if f(a) = 0.

the factors of a polynomial using factor theorem:

1). If f(-a) = 0, then (x + c) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).

2). If f(d/c) = 0, then (cx - d) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).

3) If f(-d/c) = 0, then (cx + d) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).

4) If f(a) = 0 and f(b) = 0, then (x - a) and (x - b) are factors of the polynomial p(x).

Calculations:

Here f(x) is a polynomial of degree 3.

Using hit and trial method

Put x = 1 in f(x).

⇒ f(1) = 1³ - 6(1)² + 11(1) - 6

⇒ f(1) = 1 - 6 + 11 - 6

⇒ f(1) = 0

So, (x - 1) is a factor of f(x)

Similarly, For x = 2 and x = 3.

∴ (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) is a factor of f(x)

Alternate method:

Using hit and trial method and division method

we get one root as 1, so (x - 1) is one of the factor of the given polynomial

and polynomial reduces to:

⇒ (x - 1)(x² - 5x + 6)

⇒ (x - 1)(x² - 3x - 2x + 6)

⇒ (x - 1)(x(x - 3) - 2(x - 3))

⇒ (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)

146

The equation whose roots are $\frac {p - q}{p + q}$ and $-\frac {p + q}{p - q}$ will be

((a))
(p² + q²)x² + 8pqx - 2(p + q)² = 0
((b))
p2q2x2 + pqx + 2(p + q)2 = 0
((c))
(p2 - q2)x2 + 4pqx - p² + q2 = 0
((d))
$\frac {p^2}{q^2} x^2+\frac p q x + (p + q)^2=0$

Show Answer

Answer: ((c))

(p2 - q2)x2 + 4pqx - p² + q2 = 0

Formula Used:

Quadratic equation = x² – (a + b)x + (a × b) = 0; here ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the roots

Calculation:

Using the above formulae, we get

⇒ x² – ((p - q)/(p + q) - p + q/(p - q))x + ((p - q)/(p + q) × - p + q/(p - q)) = 0

⇒ x² – ((p - q)² - (p + q)²/(p² - q²))x - 1 = 0

⇒ x² – ( -4pq)/(p² - q²)x - 1 = 0

⇒ (p² - q²)x² + 4pqx - p² + q² = 0

147

The marks of 16 students in math in monthly test are 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, then mode will be

((a))
5
((b))
6
((c))
3
((d))
7

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

Given:

The marks of 16 students in math in monthly test are 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8

Concept:

The mode is the value that occurs the most often in a data set.

Calculation:

Using the above observations, we have 5 as maximum times i.e. (4 times)

∴ The required mode is 5.

148

If 3^{2x + 1} - 3^x = 3^{x + 3} - 3², then the values of x are

((a))
1, -2
((b))
-1, -2
((c))
0, 1
((d))
2, -1

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

2, -1

Calculation:

Given Expression is:

32x + 1 - 3x = 3x + 3 - 32

putting 3^x = y, then our equation will become

(3^x)² × 3 – 3x = 3x × 3³– 32

⇒ 3y² – y – 27y + 9 = 0 ----(1)

⇒ y(3y – 1) – 9(3y – 1) = 0

⇒ (y – 9)(3y – 1) = 0

⇒ y = 9, 1/3

Now, 3x = y

3x = 9

⇒ 3x = 3²

By comparing the power of 3 we get, x = 2

And, 3x = 1/3

⇒ 3x = 3^-1

By comparing the power of 3 we get, x = -1

∴ The required value of x = 2, -1

149

In a leap year, the probability of getting 53 Sundays is

((a))
4/7
((b))
3/7
((c))
1/7
((d))
2/7

Show Answer

Answer: ((d))

2/7

Formula used:

P(A) = Number of favourable outcomes/Total number of favourable outcomes

Concept:

In a leap year, there are 52 weeks and 2 odd days i.e. 366 days

∵ 364 is a multiple of 7, there will be 52 Sundays, 52 Mondays, ..., 53 Saturdays.

Calculation:

These 2 odd days can be (Sat, Sun), (Sun, Mon), (Mon, Tue), (Tue, Wed), (Wed, Thu), (Thu, Fri), (Fri, Sat) i.e. out of 7 possible ways we have Sunday in 2 ways

∴ Required probability = 2/7

150

If the distance between center to chord is 12 cm and the length of the chord is 10 cm, then the diameter of the circle is

((a))
26 cm
((b))
14 cm
((c))
13 cm
((d))
30 cm

Show Answer

Answer: ((a))

26 cm

Given:

Given a circle with a chord of length = 10 cm = AB

Distance between centre to chord = 12 cm = OP

Concept:

The line perpendicular from the center to the chord bisects the chord.

Calculations:

From ΔAPO right-angled at P, Using Pythagoras theorem

AO² = AP² + OP²

AO² = 5² + 12²

⇒ AO = 13 cm = radius of the circle

The diameter of the circle = AO + OZ = 13 + 13 = 26 cm

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