UPTET 2018 Paper 2 (Maths & Science) (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Bureau of Psychology situated is situated at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. 

It was established:

• by the U.P. Government  in 1947.
• on the recommendations of the Acharya Narendra Deo Committee.
• with an motive to provide educational guidance to school-going children.

Hence, it coul be concluded that Bureau of Psychology situated is situated at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Kohler’s Insightful Theory of Learning: It says that the solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling. For this, Kohler demonstrated the following experiment:

• He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
• The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
• They would ‘suddenly’ stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
• It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.

Hence, we conclude that the relation which Skinner has with rats and Thorndike has with cats, the same relation Kohler has with ​chimpanzees.

‘Plateaus’ are often seen in the pattern of development, indicating periods of no apparent improvement. Learning plateau is arrested growth in learning as it is a long flat and horizontal stretch in the learning curve which:

• represents a stationary stage, where apparently no progress in learning is recorded.
• represents a period in the learning process where no improvement occurs even with any number of practices.

Stages of Learning 

• Stage 1: In this stage, the learner slowly increasing speed to understanding the concept in learning. This is the beginning stage of learning, in which learner is motivated to gain new information.
• Stage 2: In this stage, the learner steeps accelerating in learning the concepts. After some time the learner gains a total understanding of the concept and reaches the boom stage of learning.
• Stage 3: In this stage the learning plateau occurs, after gaining the mastery on the concept, the learner feels bore and want to learn new thing. So the teacher should always introduce the same concept with the innovative methods, this will overcome the boredom.

Ways of Eliminating Learning Plateau

• Provide proper rest
• Use appropriate audio-visual aids
• Adopt efficient methods of teaching
• Provide incentives to arouse interest

Hence, it could be concluded that learning plateau is arrested growth in learning.

B.F. Skinner is considered as the most influential psychologist advocating the role of operant conditioning in learning. He developed an experimental chamber (called Skinner Box) to study the learning process in rats. The book "The Behaviour of Organisms" was launched by BF Skinner in 1938 in which he explained that behaviour changes lifetime. Also, he wrote about the basic unit of behaviour i.e. operant which is explained below.

Operant Conditioning: Modification of Behaviour through Reinforcement

• If a child completes the homework she is praised (rewarded) by the parents and the child learns to perform the task.
• If the child breaks a plate, he/she is scolded (punished) and she will learn not to repeat the behaviour. This is called Operant Conditioning or instrumental conditioning.
• In other words, we learn to perform behaviours that produce positive outcomes and avoid behaviours that yield negative outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that the writer of the book "The Behaviour of Organisms" is ​Skinner.

Albert Bandura proposed 'Social Learning Theory' which states the fact that learning takes place by observing behaviours and imitating what others do. His theory was based on observation of other’s behaviour to situations and then using them as a guide by the learner.

• His theory also explains that human behaviour is an interaction that is continuous and reciprocal with the influences through cognitive, behavioural, and environmental sources.
• Bandura emphasized that Observation and Modeling of other human behaviour, emotions, and attitudes helps a lot in learning. There are many ‘models’ one can observe. For example, behaving in a good manner before students.

The following are the Modeling Processes:

• Attention: When a child urges to learn something, he pays attention to the model to observe or to imitate.
• Retention: It is the process of recalling the learned activity for later use.
• Reproduction: As the name suggests, reproduction is the process of reproducing the action that is learned.
• Motivation: If the action succeeds, the child is motivated to do the action again.

Hence, we conclude that by presenting the right behaviour is the most important for the training of right behaviour in students.

Concept of 'Goal gradient' Hypothesis in problem solving was prposed by the behaviorist Clark Hull in 1932. It is a measure of advancement towards the accomplishment of a goal.

'Goal gradient' Hypothesis states that:

• the tendency to approach a goal increases with proximity to the goal.
• perception of progress intrinsically motivated individuals to reach the ultimate target.
• steeper goal gradient has been generated by an increased drive (e.g., hunger) to attain the reward.
• Eg: Rats in a straight alley ran progressively faster as they proceeded from the starting box to the food.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Goal gradient' concept in problem solving was prposed by Clark Hull.

NOTE: 

The idea of Microteaching originated for the first time at Stanford University in the USA, when an Experimental Project on the identification of teaching skills was in progress under the guidance and supervision of the faculty members (Bush, Allen, McDonald Acheson and many others).

According to Allen, Microteaching is a laboratory situation training procedure aimed at simplifying the complexities of the regular teaching-learning process. The learner is engaged in a scaled-down and focused situation, scaled-down in terms class size and lesson length, and focused on certain teaching tasks such as practice and mastering of specific skills such as lecturing, questioning, probing, leading a discussion, managing classroom, etc.

Bush (1968) described micro teaching as a teacher education device of imparting training to the inexperienced or experienced teachers for learning the art of teaching by practising specific teaching skills reducing the complexities of class teaching in terms of the size of the class, time and content.

The micro-teaching cycle includes Planning, Teaching, Feedback, Re-Planning, Re-Teaching,  Re-Feedback. In this:

• The teacher reviews a recording of a teaching session, to get constructive feedback.
• The teacher observes the real classroom teaching program and notes the feedbacks.
• It is a short duration program which basically aims to bring the student to the topic.
• It is a scaled-down process in terms of class size, length of the lesson, teaching duration and teaching complexity and at the same time receiving effective feedback.
• In this technique, the student-teacher is required to teach a small group of students for up to 15-20 minutes, focusing on a particular aspect of teaching. E.g. Skill of set induction, Skill of Questioning, Skill of Blackboard Writing, etc.
• It directs what has worked and what improvements can be made to their teaching technique.

Hence, we conclude that David Hume is not related to micro-teaching.

Teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. Teachers must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

Key Points

Three Levels of Teaching includes:

1. Memory Level: ​It involves memorizing factual information and it is the least thoughtful method since it encourages rote memorization. It is mostly employed by the teachers at the primary classes to teach basic skills such as rules of grammar, arithmetic, spelling, etc.
2. Understanding Level: ​This level focuses on comprehension and understanding of the meaning of the topic being studied. It involves breaking down complex topics into a logical sequence of steps.
3. Reflective Level: It implies the highest level of thoughtfulness on the part of the learners. It involves the method of the scientific method of understanding a problem. It makes use of the ‘problem-solving approach’ to find a solution to a difficult problem. This level of teaching is usually employed at the college/university level.

Hence, it could be concluded that ‘distance’ is not the level of teaching-learning.

Promoting a Democratic Environment in school: The school should emphasize the need to establish a democratic school environment. It states that the children should have the opportunity to express their views and they should be given due weight. Teachers have to contribute to a democratic atmosphere and to welcome pupil participation in classroom processes. The following are a few strategies to make a class democratic:

• Project Method: It was jointly contributed by John Dewey and W.H. Kilpatrick. It is a method which promotes voluntary participation of students by working in a group, personal experiences of students as the basis of knowledge, application of practical knowledge to complete a specific project, the transmission of practical knowledge to the students for quality experiences, active learning by association and mutual co-operation of a group of peers.
• Brainstorming Method: Proposed by Alex Osborn, it is named so since it refers to the idea that problems are to be attacked by storms of ideas. It is a creative technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific task by gathering a list of ideas before starting the task. Every participant puts forward any idea which comes to his/her mind.

No member of the group is allowed to discuss the merits or demerits, practicability or impracticability of a particular idea put forward by another member.

• Heuristic Method: Discovered by H. E. Armstrong, this method of teaching involves placing students as far as possible in the altitude of the discoverer. This method can also be named as the 'discovery method'. It involves finding out instead of being merely told about things.

Hence, we conclude that Lecture is not a democratic strategy in classroom teaching.

Inclusive education: It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions.

Inclusive Education:

• acknowledges that all children can learn (does not merely focus on students with special needs).
• acknowledges and respects differences in children: age, gender, ethnicity, language, disability, HIV and TB status etc.
• enables education structures, systems, and methodologies to meet the needs of all children.
• is part of a wider strategy to promote an inclusive society.
• is a dynamic process that is constantly evolving.
• seeks to maximize the potential of all students.
• is a continuous process, not an achieved state or product.
• is the shift in service from the care of disabled children to their education and personal development.

Hence, we conclude that inclusive education does not merely enhance learning only for students with special needs.

Flanders Interaction Analysis Category System (FIACS) technique was developed by Dr Ned A. Flander. It is an observation technique which records classroom interaction in ten categories. This system measures only the verbal behaviour of teachers. This tool-related children's attitudes to patterns of teacher influence. It is primarily concerned with analyzing the influence patterns of the teacher, and distinguishes those acts of the teacher which increase pupils' freedom of action from those acts that decrease it. In the Flanders ten category system all the events that occur in the classroom are classified into three major sections:

• Teacher-talk: It includes-
• Indirect Influence: Accepting Feelings, Praising/Encouraging, Accepting Ideas and Asking Question
• Direct Influence: Lecturing, Giving Directions, Criticizing/Justifying Authority
• Student-talk: It includes-
• Responding Teacher
• Initiating Talk
• Silence or confusion: It is used to handle anything else that is not a teacher or student talk.

Hence, we conclude that the Guardian talk is not related to Flander's interaction analysis system.

In speech, the smallest unit of meaning is 'morpheme' as it is the smallest unit of meaning that can't be broken up. Eg- 'un' in the word unable.

Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit of a word which:

• can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
• repeatedly convey lexical/grammatical meaning.
• assign a particular grammatical property to a word.

Hence, it could be concluded that in speech, the smallest unit of meaning is 'morpheme'.

NOTE:

Along with John Dewey, the promoter of the Philosophy of Pragmatism, Simpson also supported the of learning by doing which has the following key points:

Key Points

• It emphasizes that reality must be experienced and students must interact with their environment in order to adapt and learn.
• It promotes self-learning and self-assessment and gives real experience of solving real-life problems.
• It is a way of combining thinking and reasoning with the practical act of manipulating objects for solving a problem.
• Learning by doing ensures the development of self-learning skills, emotional growth, physical coordination, and cognition as they gain knowledge by engaging with the contents and objects and gains real experience in real-life situations.

Hence, we conclude that Simpson said: "We learn by doing".

There are three different levels of teaching and teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. They must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

1. Memory level of teaching (MLT): Least thoughtful teaching

• It is the initial stage of teaching.
• It involves the habit of rote memorization. In such type of act, memory plays a key role.
• The teacher presents factual information before the learner. The learner tries to memorize these facts with the least involvement of his/her thinking and reasoning power. It represents the involvement of the least thoughtful behaviour.
• The evaluation includes oral, written, and essay-type examinations.

1. Understanding level of teaching (ULT): thoughtful teaching

• Understanding something is to perceive the meaning, grasp the idea, and comprehend the meaning.
• It focuses on the mastery of the subject.
• The teaching at the understanding level is of a higher quality than the one at the memory level.
• At this level of teaching, the teacher explains the student about the relationship between principles and facts and teaches them how these principles can be applied.
• The learner and the teacher are actively involved in this level of teaching.
• The evaluation includes both essay and objective type questions.

1. Reflective level of teaching (ULT): Most thoughtful level

• It is a problem-centric approach to teaching.
• Teaching at the reflective level represents the highest level of the teaching activities that can be carried out in the most thoughtful modes of operation providing the desirable quality of teaching situation and experience to the learner for utilizing and enhancing their cognitive abilities to the maximum.
• At this level, the student is made to face a real problematic situation. The student by understanding the situation and using his critical abilities succeeds in solving the problem.
• At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it, and finding a solution to it. The student’s original thinking and creative-abilities develop at this level.
• The aim is to develop the reflective power of learners so that they can solve problems of their lives by reasoning, logic, and imagination and lead successful and happy lives.

Hence, Descriptive level is not the level of teaching.

Teaching can be performed with such skill and grace so that both teachers, as well as learners, experience the whole process aesthetically. It involves various facets of it. Philip Jackson divided teaching operations into three phases and they are Pre-active, Interactive, and post-active phases.

• Pre-active stage: This stage involves the following activities:
• Ascertaining entry competence
• Stating learning outcomes
• Analyzing content and subordinate concepts
• Identifying types of learning
• Interactive stage: This stage involves the following activities like deciding methods/approaches of stimulus presentation, deciding on expected learners’ responses, Giving feedback. Major Operations in the interactive stage are:
• Perception: As soon as the teacher enters the class, he tries to percept class atmosphere, and then according to it, he adjusts his abilities for teaching. Students too, try to percept the ability of the teacher.
• Diagnosis: It involves activities like asking questions to know how much a student knows. The teacher tries to figure out students' abilities.
• Reaction: In this, the teacher observes students' reaction to how they are answering, what they are answering. By this, students learn how to react and respond to stimuli. It helps in making verbal and non-verbal interaction.
• Evaluative stage: This stage involves determining the tools to check for the achievement of the intended learning outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that the main operation in the interactive stage of teaching is ​all the above-mentioned points.

Classical Conditioning: This is the simplest form of conditioning, described Pavlov, a Russian Psychologist. Conditioning is a term used to describe the process by which neutral stimulus gains the power to elicit a specific conditioned response. This is explained through the experiments done by Pavlov. He associated the presentation of food to the dog with another stimulus as the sound of the bell. After giving some trials in which bell preceded the presentation of food, the dog started salivating at the sound of the bell. There are some aspects of classical conditioning which require consideration:

• Acquisition: For acquisition, each paired presentation of the conditioned stimulus (Sound of bell) and the unconditioned stimulus (Food) should be presented a number of times and the interval between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus should be short.
• Stimulus Substitution: With conditioning a link a bond is formed between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus and as a result of this conditioned stimulus (bell) becomes equivalent to the unconditioned stimulus (food) in eliciting a response. We mean thereby that an association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus enables one to substitute conditioned stimulus for unconditioned stimulus in evoking a response.
• Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization: When conditioning has occurred or when the conditioned response to a stimulus has been acquired, then other similar stimuli can also elicit the same response. This is known as stimulus generalization. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog gave CR (salivation) to a slightly different bell also. Another example is: A child starts fearing after seeing a black cow, black dog and black objects.
• Stimulus Discrimination: Stimulus Discrimination is to make one response to one stimulus and different response or no response to another. In experiments it is demonstrated by using two different tones (SCI) (bell). On one trial CS (1) is paired with US (food) and on the other trial CS (2) given without US (food). The s learns to respond only to CS (I).
• Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery: Repetition of the conditioned stimulus (bell) without unconditioned stimulus repeatedly gradually diminishes the response. This is called Extinction. A response that has been extinguished, does come-up later on its own, this is called spontaneous recovery. At this stage, if reinforcement (US) is not presented with CS, the response extinguishes permanently.

Hence, we conclude that the above type of conditioning includes stimulus generalization.

Teaching method: Different teaching methods are used by teachers as per the requirements of students. For choosing the one, the teacher may classify students based on their abilities (ability grouping) or he can choose it based on the compatibility of the topic.

• Efficient teaching methods are the essential tools that can help teachers to make the students achieve success in the classroom.
• Each student has a different personality and their learning ability also differs.
• There are several factors that a teacher must consider when choosing a teaching method for the students.
• Some determining factors for selecting a teaching method include the students’ interest and background knowledge, as well as their environment and learning abilities, mental level of students, nature of the subject, and individual difference.

Hence, we conclude that parental background should not be kept in mind while selecting a teaching method.

Development can be defined as the change of shape, size, health or change in psychology.

The development of human beings is divided into different stages: Infancy, Early childhood, Late Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood.

Early Childhood (3-5 yrs): This is also called the toy age as kids are more engaged with toys rather than playing with other people.

• He learns various actions by imitating others.
• He asks questions whenever he gets to know about a new object. Hence, they are curious.
• When it comes to intellectual development he can recognize colour, shape, size of objects. Also his imagination develops, he wants to know about things around him and thus he questions about it.
• He can walk, uses the toilet (growth), interacts with his family members (gregarious).

Hence, we can conclude from the above description that Lack of curiosity is not a characteristic of childhood.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality. It is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful.

Key Points

Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

1. Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences and investigating in all possible directions.
2. Incubation: In this stage, the solution exists but there is a lack of clarity. It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem.
3. Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
4. Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.

Hence, it could be concluded that motivation is not related to creative process.

Development, which is continuous change, is a phenomenon which is observed both in terms of quality and quantity. In quantity, we measure terms like height, weight.

• Measuring quantitively is called growth. i.e. growth in terms of structural and physiological changes, which is a subset of development.
• Growth is a ceaseless change measurable in terms of weight, height, and size. When measured qualitatively as well that is, in terms of skills, it becomes development.

Key Points

Physical & Motor Development:

It refers to the growth of body parts both internally and externally. It is the first step of growth and development.

• While motor development is the ability to move body parts and is of two types: Gross Motor Skills and Fine Motor Skills
• Gross Motor Skill is the ability to use large body parts like kicking a football with legs.
• On the other hand, fin motor skill refers to use small body parts like writing with a pen using fingers.

Additional Information

The following are types of development:

Hence, we conclude that  Physical development is the first step of growth and development.

Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviours, skills.

Characteristics of learning:

• Learning is transferable.
• Learning requires interaction.
• Learning is a lifelong process.
• It can be observed directly.
• It can be retained through practice.
• Learning is the growth of organisms.
• Learning is a goal-directed process.
• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour.
• Learning is the relationship between stimulus and response.

Hence, we conclude that Learning is a form of behavioural ​modification.

B.F. Skinner is considered as the most influential psychologist advocating the role of operant conditioning in learning. He developed an experimental chamber (called Skinner Box) to study the learning process in rats. The book "The Behaviour of Organisms" was launched by BF Skinner in 1938 in which he explained that behaviour changes lifetime. Also, he wrote about the basic unit of behaviour i.e. operant which is explained below.

Operant Conditioning: Modification of Behaviour through Reinforcement

• If a child completes the homework she is praised (rewarded) by the parents and the child learns to perform the task.
• If the child breaks a plate, he/she is scolded (punished) and she will learn not to repeat the behaviour. This is called Operant Conditioning or instrumental conditioning.
• In other words, we learn to perform behaviours that produce positive outcomes and avoid behaviours that yield negative outcomes.

Hence, we conclude that a Skinner box is used for ​operant conditioning

Performance test, also known as a non-verbal intelligence test is a test that:

• assesses learner's ability to understand and interpret visual information like pictures or diagrams.
• emphasizes to activate learner's logical, spatial, and abstract reasoning to solve a particular task.

Key Points

• Bhatia Battery test is a performance test of intelligence which is developed by C.M. Bhatia in 1955. It includes cards with different patterns and the children are required to draw these patterns without lifting the pencil.

Bhatia Battery Test includes five sub-tests, namely:

• Pattern Drawing Test
• Kohs' Block Design Test
• Picture construction Testx
• Alexander Pass along Test
• Immediate Memory Test for Digits

Let's Understand the Sub-tests in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that Bhatia battery test of intelligence has '5 sub-sets'.

Kindergarten system of teaching is propounded by Friedrich Frobel, a German pedagogue who established the first Kindergarten school in Germany in 1837. Note that:

• In this method, he characterized children as 'plants' and the teachers as the 'gardeners' because they are the optimistic one who could foster the potential of young seedlings to grow and bloom.
• The purpose of this method is to provide children with a rich, meaningful and balanced learning through appropriate activities at their own pace in a collaborative environment.
• It is based on the physiological principle of development and growth to keep the child fit and enables the overall development of child and understanding of the subject to make learning more effective.

Hence, we conclude that Froebel was the founder of the Kindergarten method.

Counseling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to society and to solve his own problems through a face-to-face relationship with the counselor.

Key Points

1. There are different types of counseling approaches which include Collective/eclectic, Directive, and Non-directive counseling. Collective counseling is a combination of Directive and Non-directive counseling.

Key Points

Collective counselling was propounded by 'F.C.Thorn'. It is a more flexible type of counselling approch which:

• uses techniques drawn from several different schools of thought.
• allows the therapist to adapt to each client’s individual diverse needs.
• combines different counselling methods to deal with counsellee's problems.
• collaborates behavioral and psychodynamic therapeutic techniques effectively.

Hence, it could be concluded that collective counselling was propounded by **'**F.C. Thorn'.

Additional Information

Classroom Management consists of the teacher’s thoughts, plans, and actions that create an orderly environment and promote learning. Classroom management stands for the management of resources, pupils’ learning activities, and behaviours in the classroom. It is essentially a human relation skill.

In order to modify the undesirable behaviour of students the most effective method is to find out the reasons and attempt to provide remedies. The modification of undesirable behaviour is part of classroom management.

Classroom management is complex and many variables need to be considered when making decisions about specific situations. Planning and organizations, procedures used for handling various types of behaviours of learners are all parts of classroom management. Components of Classroom management

• It focuses on ways to establish and maintain workable systems for classroom groups, rather than ways to identify misbehaviour, resolve behavioural disorders, or capture the attention of individual students.
• One of these ways is to reinforce (praise) the good (desirable) behaviours and try to ignore the bad (undesirable) ones. Praise for appropriate behaviours is probably the key behaviour for achieving effective classroom management.
• A teacher should always keep an eye on each pupil in the classroom with a view to watching everyone’s behaviour.
• Give directions to pupils for a number of purposes. If your direction is not clear, it may disrupt the teaching-learning process in the classroom.
• For effective classroom management, it is necessary that pupils are engaged in work. For this purpose, she should direct his/her pupils to take down notes of what she is teaching in the classroom.
• In order to manage the classroom effectively, there is a need on the part of a teacher to generate interaction in the classroom.
• Securing and sustaining pupils' attention to the learning task is very helpful in managing the classroom effectively. If the students do not pay attention to the learning task there is always a tendency on their part to engage in disruptive behaviour.

Hence, we conclude that In order to modify the undesirable behaviour of student the most effective method is ​to find out the reasons and attempt to provide remedies.

Learning disability refers to the neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the example of learning disability.

'Dyslexia' is the most common learning disability which is related with problem in reading as it makes learners:

• confuse with the same shapes and sounds of alphabet.
• unable to read, interpret, and understand letters and words.
• bewilder in identifying and relating speech sounds with letters and words.

Hence, it could be concluded that Dyslexia is related with problem in reading.

Additional Information

Other Disabilities in Brief:

A visually impaired child is the one who has a problem seeing with the naked eyes or is not able to see completely.

Key Points

Strategies for Addressing the Needs of Visually Challenged Learners:

• Speaking clearly and loudly with appropriate pauses and reiterations.
• Using the braille system as it's raised dots help in studying words through the pattern.
• Teaching can be done by a skilled teacher in Braille script or by using a tape recorder.
• Braille System: It refers to a pattern of raised dots called "Braille"  to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, that can be felt with a finger.
• Tape recorder: An audio teaching-learning material, it is used for recording and replaying sounds can be used as a teaching aid.
• Designing alternate teaching-learning and assessment methods.
• Changing the objective/subject due to any inefficiency or problem is not a part of the teaching method to solve the problem or alternative formal steps will be taken.

Hence, we conclude that the Braille method and tape-recording can be used as educational provision for ​visually-impaired students.

As any individual knows, every child comes into a family with an abundance of needs: to be loved and cared for, nurtured, fed, clothed and educated, among other things. A child with special needs (acronymed as CWSN) is basically a child who, because of his or her unique medical or developmental difficulties, has needs in addition to those of his or her peers.

Key Points

Key points related to it:

• Special needs may range from mild to more severe. Most special needs respond well to treatment or special programs and services.
• The teacher plays a very important role in accomplishing most of the needs of the child.
• The Disability Act 1995 and UNCRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) rights is an important aspect for the teacher to explain it to the parents and other stakeholders.
• Role of the teacher is very crucial while dealing with CWSN, she has to understand the meanings of each disability, identify the child and classify it to which group of disability it belongs to, and later send the child to a professional for assessment and once the assessment is done, she can plan for further intervention jointly working with professionals, parents.

Hence, we conclude that CWSN stands for ​Children with Special Needs.

Counseling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to the society and to solve his own problems through a face to face relationship with the counselor.

• In educational settings, counselling refers to the process which gives importance to recognize the root of the learner's problems.
• Counseling helps the teacher to better relate to the unacceptable behavior of learners and to help them with the proper guidance.

Important Points

For effective counseling, the counselor should keep in mind the element of counseling which includes:

• Interview
• The interview is one of the main techniques employed in assisting the individual to understand himself. It is the fundamental operation in the counseling process.
• By interview, the actual causes can be listed, and then the counselor should take efforts to eliminate the effects of the factors that cause the problem and should work for a permanent solution.
• Confidence
• An expert counselor can arouse confidence in the counsellee that they are close enough for his free expression of any of his feelings which he cannot talk openly with others.
• The counselor builds up the confidence of the counsellee through positive strokes, warmth, acceptance, support, and encouragement, and makes him see the more positive side of himself.
• Communication
• Counselling provides a relationship and communications which help the client to develop understanding, explore options, and start the change.
• Counselor is responsible to establish a helping relationship based on trust, freedom, positive regard and mutual respect, genuineness, accurate empathy, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that professional growth is not an element of counselling.

‘चिरंतन’ शब्द का विलोम 'नश्वर' होगा। चिरंतन का अर्थ 'बहुत दिनों से चला आता रहनेवाला, पुरातन' होता है और नश्वर का अर्थ 'नाश होने वाला' होता है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'नश्वर' है

सही विकल्प 'रास्ता नापना – आकलन करना' है। 

Key Points'रास्ता नापना' का अर्थ 'चले जाना' होता है

जैसे – मुझे मत सिखाओ, अपना रास्ता नापो

विशेष

उपर्युक्त लोकोक्ति और उसके अर्थ के जोड़े में से 'आ बैल मुझे मार – बैल को मारना' गलत है। इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'आ बैल मुझे मार – बैल को मारना' है।

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण -

• 'आ बैल मुझे मार' का अर्थ 'मुसीबत का कारण स्वयं बनना' होता है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - मोहन को लड़ाई के बीच में बोलने की क्या ज़रूरत थी? इसे ही कहते हैं आ बैल मुझे मार।

Additional Information

अन्य उपयोगी मुहावरे

Important Pointsविशेष

‘उड्डयन’ के संधि-विच्छेद का सही विकल्प 'उत् + डयन' है तथा यहाँ व्यंजन संधि है। अतः सही विकल्प 'उत् + डयन' है।

स्पष्टीकरण -

• व्यंजन संधि में यदि त् + ट आये तो त् का ट्, त् + ड आये तो त् का ड् तथा त् + ल् आये तो त् का ल् हो जाएगा। जैसे – तत् + टीका = तट्टीका, उत् + डयन = उड्डयन, भगवत् + लीला = भगवलील्ला।
• उत् +  डयन = उड्डयन, यहाँ त् का ड् हो गया है।

विशेष

शुद्ध वर्तनी वाला शब्द 'द्रष्टा' है। 'द्रष्टा' का अर्थ 'देखने वाला' या 'दिखलाने वाला' होता है। शेष विकल्पों की वर्तनी अशुद्ध है। अतः सही विकल्प 'द्रष्टा' है।

अन्य विकल्प

'चौराहा' का समास विग्रह 'चार राहों का समूह' है। ‘चौराहा’ में 'द्विगु' समास है क्योंकि इसमें पहला पद संख्यावाचक है। अतः सही विकल्प 'द्विगु' है।

स्पष्टीकरण 

जिस समास में पूर्वपद (पहला पद) संख्यावाचक विशेषण हो वह द्विगु समास होता है। जैसे – दो पहरों का समूह = दोपहर, तीनों लोकों का समाहार = त्रिलोक।

अन्य विकल्प

‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ का अर्थ 'गुप्त मंत्रणा होना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'गुप्त मंत्रणा होना' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• ‘अंदर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पगना’ का अर्थ 'गुप्त मंत्रणा' होता है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - जबसे वर्मा जी मेयर क्या बने शर्मा जी के परिवार ने उनके यहाँ जाना छोड़ दिया है,शायद अन्दर-अंदर कड़ाही में गुड़ पग रहा है।

कुछ उपयोगी मुहावरे

'बहुव्रीहि' समास में कोई पद प्रधान नहीं होता। 'बहुब्रीहि' समास में दोनों पद मिलकर एक नया अर्थ प्रकट करते हैं।

• जैसे - जो महान वीर है = महावीर अर्थात हनुमान, तीन आँखों वाला = त्रिलोचन अर्थात शिव। शेष विकल्प अनुचित हैं।
• ​अतः सही विकल्प 'बहुव्रीहि' है।

Important Points

विशेष

‘स्वर’ 'वर्ण' का भेद है।

स्पष्टीकरण - 

उच्चारण और प्रयोग के आधार पर हिन्दी वर्णमाला के दो भेद हैं - 'स्वर' और 'व्यंजन' ।

शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वर्ण' है।

‘अत्याचार’ शब्द में 'अति' उपसर्ग है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अति' है।

 Key Points

• 'अति' का अर्थ 'अधिक, ऊपर, उस पार' होता है, इस प्रकार अति + आचार = अत्याचार अर्थात अधिक किया जाने वाला दुर्व्यवहार।
• 'अति' उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द 'अतिकाल, अतिकर्मण, अतिरिक्त, अतिशय, अत्यन्त, अत्युक्ति, अतिक्रमण' आदि हैं।

 Additional Information

भाषा शिक्षण के मूल में भाषा व्यवहार और भाषिक कौशल होते हैं स्वयं भाषा की अपनी संरचना या प्रकृति नहीं। भाषा शिक्षण का शैक्षिक स्थल सर्वप्रथम स्कूल होता है स्कूल में अन्य विषयों के साथ अन्य भाषा शिक्षण की व्यवस्था की जाती है।

भाषा शिक्षण के सिद्धांत निम्नलिखित हैं:

• अनुकरण का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत बच्चे परिवार, समाज या शिक्षक द्वारा प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा को दोहराकर भाषा सीखते है।
• प्रेरणा का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत शिक्षक भाषा से संबंधित ज्ञानार्जन हेतु बच्चों को प्रेरित करता है।
• क्रिया द्वारा सीखने का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत बच्चे सक्रिय रूप से भाषा शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में भाग लेते हैं।
• जीवन से जोड़ने का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत शिक्षक तथ्यों को बच्चों के जीवन से जोड़ कर भाषा ज्ञान कराता है।
• अभ्यास का सिद्धांत- इसके तहत बच्चों को अधिकाधिक भाषा प्रयोग के अवसर प्रदान कर भाषा संबंधी ज्ञान कराया जाता है।

अतः, स्पष्ठ है कि जब छात्र शिक्षक की भाषा का अनुकरण करे, तो उसे अनुकरण का सिद्धांत कहते हैं।

‘अम्बर पनघट में डुबो रही ताराघट उषा नागरी’ में 'रूपक' अलंकार है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'रूपक' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• जहाँ उपमेय को उपमान मान लिया जाता है वहां रूपक अलंकार होता है।
• 'उपर्युक्त पंक्ति में 'अम्बर' (उपमेय) पर 'पनघट' (उपमान) का 'तारा' (उपमेय) पर 'घट' (उपमान) का तथा 'उषा' (उपमेय) पर 'नागरी' (उपमान) का अभेद आरोप है।
• आकाश रूपी पनघट में उषा (सुबह, भोर, प्रभात) रूपी स्त्री तारा रूपी घड़े डुबो रही है। यहाँ आकाश पर पनघट का, उषा पर स्त्री का और तारा पर घड़े का आरोप होने से रूपक अलंकार है।

अन्य विकल्प

'श, ष, स' ‘ऊष्म वर्ण’ हैं। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'श, ष, स' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

वर्ण श,ष और स- ऊष्म वर्ण हैं। इन्हें ऊष्म या संघर्षी व्यंजन इसलिए कहते हैं, क्योंकि इनके उच्चारण के समय अंदर से आती हुई हवा तालु, मसूढ़े, दाँत और जीभ से रगड़ कर ऊष्मा पैदा करती हुई निकलती है।

‘मेंढक’ का तत्सम रुप 'मण्डूक' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मण्डूक' है।

 Key Points

 Additional Information

‘दिग्गज’ का संधि – विच्छेद 'दिक् + गज' है तथा यहाँ व्यंजन संधि है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'दिक् + गज' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

व्यंजन संधि में 'क्, च्, ट्, त्, प्' के बाद किसी वर्ग का तृतीय या चतुर्थ वर्ण आये या 'य, र, ल, व या कोई स्वर आये तो 'क्, च्, ट्, त्, प्' के स्थान पर अपने ही वर्ग का तीसरा वर्ण हो जाता है।

विशेष

'गुप्त' शब्द का विलोम 'प्रकट' है। 'प्रकट' का अर्थ ‘जो गुप्त न हो, व्यक्त, अगोपन, स्पष्ट’ है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘प्रकट’ है।

अन्य विकल्प -

गाँठ का पूरा’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'मालदार' होता है, जिसके पास बहुत धन या पैसा हो। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मालदार' है।

कुछ उपयोगी मुहावरे

‘लक्ष्य’ का अनेकार्थक शब्द 'निशाना, उद्देश्य' है। शेष विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'निशाना, उद्देश्य' है।

अन्य अनेकार्थक शब्द

‘सुधा’ का अनेकार्थक शब्द 'अमृत, पानी' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अमृत, पानी' है। 'सेना, शक्ति' के लिए अनेकार्थक शब्द 'बल' है।

Key Points अन्य अनेकार्थक शब्द

‘आँख का अंधा नाम नयनसुख’ – लोकोक्ति का अर्थ 'गुण के विरुद्धनाम का होना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'गुण के विरुध्द नाम का होना' है।

वाक्य प्रयोग

- इसका नाम सुरीली है पर आवाज़ कितनी भद्दी है, इसे कहते हैं आँख के अंधे, नाम नयनसुख।

अन्य उपयोगी लोकोक्तियाँ

प्रस्तुत अवतरण के अनुसार पेड़-पौधे हमें ऑक्सीजन, हरियाली, भोजन देते हैं यहाँ तक की वर्षा के कारक भी यही पेड़ पौधे ही हैं। अपितु ये हमें ये सारी चीज़ें देते हैं परन्तु ये हमें जल नहीं देते बल्कि ये वर्षा के कारक हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'जल' है।

प्रस्तुत अवतरण के अनुसार पेड़ों की कमी की वजह से प्रदुषण की बढ़ोतरी, ऑक्सीजन की कमी, बारिश का ना होना जैसे दंश हमें झेलने पड़ रहे हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में पर्यावरण असंतुलन का दुष्परिणाम 'छायादार वृक्षों में फल नहीं लग पाना' गलत कथन है।

बाकी के विकल्पों के कथन संगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'छायादार वृक्षों में फल नहीं लग पाना' है।

'अर्थबोध प्रणाली' कविता शिक्षण की विधि है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अर्थबोध प्रणाली' है।

शब्द और विलोम की दृष्टि से उपर्युक्त में से 'विश्लेषण – विवेचन' विकल्प सही नहीं है।

• 'विश्लेषण' का विलोम 'संश्लेषण' है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।
• अतः सही विकल्प ''विश्लेषण – विवेचन' है।

Key Points

शब्दार्थ

यहाँ सभी विकल्प एक दूसरे के पर्यायवाची हैं परन्तु ‘कृति – निकृष्ट पुरुष’ पर्यायवाची नहीं है। ‘कृति’ का अर्थ है ‘रचना, किया हुआ कार्य’ तथा निकृष्ट पुरुष का अर्थ है ‘नीच या अधम पुरुष। अतः सही विकल्प 'कृति – निकृष्ट पुरुष' है।

अन्य विकल्प

विशेष

‘आये थे हरी भजन को ओटन लगे कपास’ – मुहावरे का अर्थ 'किसी कार्य विशेष की उपेक्षा कर दूसरे कार्य को करना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'किसी कार्य विशेष की उपेक्षा कर दूसरे कार्य को करना' है।

वाक्य प्रयोग

रमेश अच्छी नौकरी छोड़कर शहर से अपने गाँव लौटा था ताकि वह अपने गाँव के लोगों को प्रगतिशील बना सके लेकिन यहाँ कृषि की तकनीकियाँ न बताकर फालतू कार्य में लग गया, अतः "वह आये थे हरि भजन को ओटन लगे कपास" वाली कहावत चरितार्थ हो गयी।

विशेष

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'लक्ष्मी गई और सोफ़िया आ गई – सरल वाक्य' जोड़ा गलत है। यह वाक्य सरल वाक्य नहीं है बल्कि संयुक्त वाक्य है। अन्य विकल्पों का जोड़ा सही है। अतः सही विकल्प 'लक्ष्मी गई और सोफ़िया आ गई – सरल वाक्य' है। 

'जो कम खर्च करने वाला हो – अपव्ययी' यह जोड़ा गलत है। 'जो कम खर्च करने वाल हो' उसे मितव्ययी कहते हैं और 'जो अधिक खर्च करे' उसे अपव्ययी कहते हैं। शेष विकल्प वाक्यांश की दृष्टि से सही हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'जो कम खर्च करने वाल हो – अपव्ययी' है।

Key Points

वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द के अन्य उदाहरण

चिन्ह की दृष्टि से 'नहीं कल में तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा।' वाक्य अशुध्द है क्योंकि इसमें 'नहीं' के बाद विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न आएगा जैसे – नहीं! कल मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा। अन्य विकल्प विराम - चिह्न की दृष्टि से सही हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'नहीं कल मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं आ सकूँगा।' है।

Important Points

समस्त विराम चिह्नों का विवरण निम्नलिखित हैं

सही उत्तर 'काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती है' है। 

Key Points

• लोकोक्ति और उसके अभिप्राय का 'काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती ह���' जोड़ा गलत है क्योंकि इस लोकोक्ति का अर्थ 'धोखेबाजी हर बार नहीं चल सकती' है।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - मनोज ने एक बार झूठ बोलकर नरेन्द्र से सहायता ले ली, मनोज को क्या लगता है कि नरेन्द्र फिर से  मनोज की सहायता करेगा, उसे मालूम होना चाहिए कि "काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती"।
• शेष विकल्पों के जोड़े सही हैं।
• तः सही विकल्प 'काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार चूल्हे पर नहीं चढ़ती – काठ की हाँड़ी बार-बार जल जाती है' है।

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. Witch.

Key Points 

• Wizard is a man who has magical powers.
• Let us explore the options:
• Witch is a woman thought to have magic powers, especially evil ones, popularly depicted as wearing a black cloak and pointed hat and flying on a broomstick.
• Lizard is a reptile that typically has a long body and tail, four legs, movable eyelids, and a rough, scaly, or spiny skin.
• Fairy is a mythical being of folklore and romance usually having diminutive human form and magical powers; a male homosexual.
• Ghost is an apparition of a dead person that is believed to appear or become manifest to the living, typically as a nebulous image.
• Hence, the feminine gender of 'wizard' is 'witch'.

Additional Information 

• A woman in stories who has magic powers is usually called a witch. A man with magic powers is usually called a wizard.
• The word 'wizard' comes from the Middle English word ‘wys’ meaning ‘wise’. In this sense, it first appeared in English in the early 15^th century.
• Examples of 'wizard' and 'witch' in a sentence:
• But, in general, for younger readers, Eva created wizards, witches, harpies, and ghosts who scared in a generally benign fashion.
• There are no wizards, witches, or dementors in this novel; no magic or sorcery in its plot.

Hinglish

• Wizard वह व्यक्ति होता है जिसके पास जादुई शक्तियां होती हैं।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• Witch एक ऐसी महिला है जिसके बारे में सोचा जाता है कि उसके पास जादू की शक्तियाँ हैं, विशेष रूप से दुष्ट, जिसे लोकप्रिय रूप से एक काले रंग का cloak और नुकीली टोपी पहने और झाड़ू पर उड़ते हुए दिखाया गया है।
• Lizard एक सरीसृप है जिसमें आमतौर पर एक लंबा शरीर और पूंछ, चार पैर, चलती पलकें और एक खुरदरी, पपड़ीदार या काँटेदार त्वचा होती है।
• Fairy लोककथाओं और रोमांस का एक पौराणिक प्राणी है जिसमें आमतौर पर कम मानवीय रूप और जादुई शक्तियां होती हैं; एक पुरुष समलैंगिक।
• Ghost एक मृत व्यक्ति की एक प्रेत है जिसके बारे में माना जाता है कि वह जीवित के लिए प्रकट होता है या प्रकट होता है आमतौर पर एक अस्पष्ट छवि के रूप में।
• अतः  'wizard' का स्त्रीलिंग 'witch' है।
• कहानियों में एक महिला जिसके पास जादुई शक्तियां होती हैं उसे आमतौर पर witch कहा जाता है। जादुई शक्तियों वाले व्यक्ति को आमतौर पर wizard कहा जाता है।

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. fox.

Key Points 

• Vixen is a female fox.
• Let us explore the options:
• 'Ox' is a domesticated bovine animal kept for milk or meat; a cow or bull.
• 'Fox' is a carnivorous mammal of the dog family with a pointed muzzle and bushy tail, proverbial for its cunning.
• 'Horse' is a large plant-eating domesticated mammal with solid hoofs and a flowing mane and tail, used for riding, racing, and to carry and pull loads.
• 'Deer' is hoofed grazing or browsing animal, with branched bony antlers that are shed annually and typically borne only by the male.
• Hence, the masculine gender of 'vixen' is 'fox'.

Additional Information 

• Many species of animals, particularly those domesticated, have been given specific names for the male and the female:

Hinglish

• Vixen एक मादा लोमड़ी है।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'Ox' एक पालतू पशु है जिसे दूध या मांस के लिए रखा जाता है; एक गाय या बैल।
• 'Fox' कुत्ते के परिवार का एक मांसाहारी स्तनपायी है, जिसकी नुकीली थूथन और झाड़ीदार पूंछ होती है, जो अपनी चालाकी के लिए जाना जाता है।
• 'Horse' ठोस खुरों और बहने वाली अयाल और पूंछ के साथ एक बड़ा पौधा खाने वाला पालतू स्तनपायी है, जिसका उपयोग सवारी, रेसिंग और भार ढोने और खींचने के लिए किया जाता है।
• 'Deer' खुर वाले चरने वाले या ब्राउज़ करने वाले जानवर हैं, शाखाओं वाले बोनी एंटलर के साथ जो सालाना बहाए जाते हैं और आमतौर पर केवल नर द्वारा वहन किए जाते हैं।
• इसलिए, 'vixen' का मर्दाना लिंग 'fox'  है।

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. The minister said, "Elections will be held in MP, Bihar and Orissa".

Key Points 

• Let us explore the options:
• The first option is incorrect as 'Elections' is not capitalized and there should be a comma after 'said' to indicate a short pause.
• The second option is correct as the comma, quotation mark, and full-stop is correctly used and 'Elections' is also capitalized in the sentence.
• The sentence always begins with a capital letter.
• To indicate a small pause after a word or a sentence, we use a comma. (,)
• Full stop (.) is used at the end of a sentence to end the statement.
• While stating a narration we use inverted commas (" ").
• The third option is incorrect because of the absence of a quotation mark as it set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry.
• The fourth option is incorrect as the word 'minister' is unnecessarily capitalized and there should be a comma after 'said' to indicate a short pause.
• Hence, the second option is the sentence with the correct punctuation marks.

 Additional Information  

• Punctuation is the system of signs or symbols given to a reader to show how a sentence is constructed and how it should be read.
• The basic signs of punctuation are the comma( , ), the full stop( . ), the exclamation mark( ! ), the question mark( ? ), the semi-colon( ; ), the colon( : ), the apostrophe( ' ), quotation marks( “   ” ), the hyphen( - ), brackets (  )  or [   ], the slash( / ).

Hinglish

• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहला विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि 'Elections' बड़े अक्षरों में नहीं है और एक संक्षिप्त विराम को इंगित करने के लिए  'said'  के बाद एक अल्पविराम होना चाहिए।
• दूसरा विकल्प सही है क्योंकि अल्पविराम, उद्धरण चिह्न और पूर्ण विराम का सही उपयोग किया गया है और वाक्य में 'Elections' भी बड़े अक्षरों में लिखा गया है।
• वाक्य हमेशा capital letter से शुरू होता है।
• किसी शब्द या वाक्य के बाद एक छोटा विराम इंगित करने के लिए, हम अल्पविराम (,) का उपयोग करते हैं।
• कथन को समाप्त करने के लिए वाक्य के अंत में पूर्ण विराम (.) का उपयोग किया जाता है।
• एक कथन बताते समय हम  inverted commas (" ") का उपयोग करते हैं।
• तीसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि इसमें कोई उद्धरण चिह्न नहीं है क्योंकि यह किसी और से आई हुई सटीक भाषा (चाहे बोली जाने वाली या लिखित) का सेट और प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। उद्धरण चिह्न का उपयोग कथा और कभी-कभी कविता में भाषण कृत्यों को नामित करने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
• चौथा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि 'minister' शब्द अनावश्यक रूप से पूंजीकृत है और 'said' के बाद एक अल्पविराम होना चाहिए जो एक संक्षिप्त विराम को इंगित करता है।

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. ious.

Key Points 

• Suffixes are a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to change its meaning or function.
• 'Prevent' means to keep from happening or existing.
• Let us explore the options:
• The first option 'able' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventable' which means able to be prevented or avoided.
• The second option 'ing' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventing' which is a gerund or present participle of 'prevent'.
• The third option 'ive' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventive' which means devoted to or concerned with the prevention: Precautionary.
• The fourth option 'ious' when added as a suffix to the word 'prevent', it becomes 'preventious' which do not have meaning or existence.
• Hence, the fourth option is not suitable as a suffix for the word 'prevent'.

Additional Information 

• There are two types of suffixes: vowel and consonant.
• Vowel suffixes include endings such as "-ing, -able/ -ible, -ous, -ive, -ed, -er,-es, -end".
• Consonant suffixes include endings such as "-s, -less, -ness, - ment, and -ly".

Hinglish

• Suffixes एक अक्षर या अक्षरों का समूह है जो किसी शब्द के अर्थ या कार्य को बदलने के लिए उसके अंत में जोड़ा जाता है।
• 'Prevent' का अर्थ होता है होने या होने से रोकना।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहला विकल्प  'able' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है, तो यह 'preventable' हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है रोकने या टालने में सक्षम।
• दूसरा विकल्प 'ing' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है , तो यह 'preventing' बन जाता है जो 'prevent' का एक gerund या वर्तमान कृदंत है।
• तीसरा विकल्प 'ive' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है, तो यह 'preventive' बन जाता है जिसका अर्थ है रोकथाम के लिए समर्पित या संबंधित: एहतियाती।
• चौथा विकल्प  'ious' जब 'prevent' शब्द के suffix के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है, तो वह 'preventious' हो जाता है जिसका कोई अर्थ या अस्तित्व नहीं होता है।
• अत: चौथा विकल्प 'prevent' शब्द के प्रत्यय के रूप में उपयुक्त नहीं है।

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. broke into.

Key Points 

• A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of the main verb together with an adverb or a preposition or both.
• Let us explore the options:
• The first option is correct as in "broke into", 'broke' is a verb, and 'into' is a preposition.
• The second option is incorrect as in "into the bank", 'into' is a preposition, 'the' is a determiner and 'bank' is a noun.
• The third option is incorrect as in "Thieves broke", 'Thieves' is a noun, and 'broke' is a verb.
• The fourth option is incorrect as in "middle of the night", 'middle' is a noun, 'of' is a preposition, 'the' is a determiner and 'night' is a noun.
• Hence, the phrasal verb in the following sentence is "broke into".

Additional Information 

• Phrasal verbs can be intransitive (i.e. they have no object):
• She pulled up outside the house.
• Phrasal verbs can be transitive (i.e. they can have an object):
• The Engineers pulled the building down and redeveloped the site.
• The verb and adverb elements which make up intransitive phrasal verbs are never separated:

Correct: She pulled up outside the house.

Incorrect: She pulled outside the house up.

• The verb and adverb elements that make up transitive phrasal verbs can be separated.
• If the direct object is a noun, we can say:

Correct: The Engineers pulled the building down.

Correct: The Engineers pulled down the building.

• If the object is a pronoun (such as it, him, her, them), then the object always comes between the verb and the adverb:

Correct: The Engineers pulled it down.

Incorrect: The Engineers pulled down it.

Hinglish

• एक phrasal verb एक क्रिया है जो एक क्रिया विशेषण या एक पूर्वसर्ग या दोनों के साथ मुख्य क्रिया से बनी होती है।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहला विकल्प सही है क्योंकि "broke into" में 'broke' एक क्रिया है, और 'into' एक पूर्वसर्ग है।
• दूसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि "into the bank" में  'into' एक preposition है, 'the'  एक निर्धारक है और 'bank' एक संज्ञा है।
• तीसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि "Thieves broke" में 'Thieves' एक संज्ञा है, और 'broke' एक क्रिया है।
• चौथा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि "middle of the night" में  'middle'  एक संज्ञा है, 'of' एक पूर्वसर्ग है, 'the' एक निर्धारक है और 'night' एक संज्ञा है।
• इसलिए, निम्नलिखित वाक्य में phrasal verb "broke into" है।

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. anybody

Key Points 

• From the given sentence "don't know" is a negative verb, hence, the sentence is a negative sentence.
• Let us explore the options:
• The first option is correct as we use 'anybody' in questions and negative sentences; with sentences that have a negative feeling.
• The second option is incorrect as we use 'somebody' mainly in positive sentences; in questions when they are offers or requests or when we think the answer is yes.
• The third option is incorrect as we don't usually use a negative verb with 'nobody'.
• The fourth option is incorrect as we use 'someone' also in positive sentences; in questions when they are offers or requests or when we think the answer is yes.
• Hence, the most suitable option is 'anybody'

Additional Information 

• Words like  'anybody', 'somebody', 'nobody' and 'someone', are indefinite pronouns.
• We use them for people, things, and places.
• People: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody.
• Things: something, anything, nothing, everything.
• Places: somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.

Correct Sentence: "I don't know anybody at the party." 

Hinglish

• दिए गए वाक्य से "don't know"  एक नकारात्मक क्रिया है, इसलिए, वाक्य एक नकारात्मक वाक्य है।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहला विकल्प सही है क्योंकि हम प्रश्नों और नकारात्मक वाक्यों में 'anybody' का प्रयोग करते हैं; ऐसे वाक्यों के साथ जिनमें नकारात्मक भावना हो।
• दूसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि हम  'somebody' का प्रयोग मुख्यतः सकारात्मक वाक्यों में करते हैं; प्रश्नों में जब वे प्रस्ताव या अनुरोध होते हैं या जब हमें लगता है कि उत्तर हाँ है।
• तीसरा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि हम आमतौर पर 'nobody' के साथ एक नकारात्मक क्रिया का उपयोग नहीं करते हैं।
• चौथा विकल्प गलत है क्योंकि हम 'someone' का प्रयोग भी सकारात्मक वाक्यों में  करते हैं; प्रश्नों में जब वे प्रस्ताव या अनुरोध होते हैं या जब हमें लगता है कि उत्तर हाँ है।
• इसलिए, सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प 'anybody' है।

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. Kite-Kit.

Key Points 

• A homophonic pair is a pair of words that is pronounced the same way (to a varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelt the same, as in rose (flower) and rose (past tense of 'rise').
• Let us explore the options:
• 'Kite-Kit' is not a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is different.
• 'Stare-Stair' is a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is same.
• 'Principal-Principle' is a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is same.
• 'Steel-Steal' is a homophonic pair as the pronunciation of both words is same.
• Hence, the option 'Kite-Kit' is not a homophonic pair.

Additional Information 

• Homophone derives from the Greek, homo means "same" and phone means "voice, utterance".
• Homophones that are spelt the same are also called homographs and homonyms.
• Homophones that are spelt differently are also called heterographs.

Hinglish

• एक homophonic pair शब्दों की एक जोड़ी है जिसे उसी तरह (अलग-अलग हद तक) दूसरे शब्द के रूप में उच्चारित किया जाता है लेकिन अर्थ में भिन्न होता है। एक होमोफोन भी वर्तनी में भिन्न हो सकता है। दो शब्दों की वर्तनी एक ही हो सकती है, जैसे कि rose (फूल) और rose ('उदय' का भूतकाल)।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'Kite-Kit' एक homophonic pair नहीं है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण अलग है।
• 'Stare-Stair' एक homophonic pair है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण समान है।
• 'Principal-Principle' एक homophonic pair है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण समान है।
• 'Steel-Steal' एक homophonic pair है क्योंकि दोनों शब्दों का उच्चारण समान है।
• इसलिए, विकल्प 'Kite-Kit' एक homophonic pair नहीं है।

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. Orange.

Key Points 

• Let us explore the options:
• In 'Knock', the first letter 'K' is silent or not pronounced.
• In 'Orange', there is no silent letter.
• In 'Honest', the first letter 'H' is silent or not pronounced.
• In 'Debt', the third letter 'b' is silent or not pronounced.
• Hence, the option 'Orange' has no silent letter in the pronunciation.

Additional Information 

• A silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation.
• A silent letter changes the pronunciation even though it's silent.

Hinglish

• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'Knock' में पहला अक्षर 'K' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
• 'Orange' में, कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
• 'Honest' में, पहला अक्षर 'H' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
• 'Debt' में तीसरा अक्षर  'b' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
• इसलिए, विकल्प 'Orange' के उच्चारण में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Pronoun.

Key Points 

• Let us explore the options:
• Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns. They can also describe the number of nouns
• An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb or even a whole sentence. Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.
• The noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things, or to name a particular one of these.
• A pronoun is a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse.
• The pronoun 'who' is a relative pronoun. The function of a relative pronoun is to link a subordinate clause to the main clause.
• In the given sentence, the main clause "God helps those" is linked to the subordinate clause "help themselves" by the pronoun 'who'.
• Hence, the option "Pronoun" is correct.

​ 

Additional Information

• A pronoun is used in place of a specific noun mentioned earlier in a sentence so that we don’t have to keep saying/writing that particular noun.
• Different types of pronouns are:
• Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Intensive Pronouns, Relative Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns.

Hinglish

• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• Adjectives वे शब्द हैं जो संज्ञा के होने के गुण या अवस्था का वर्णन करते हैं। वे संज्ञाओं की संख्या का भी वर्णन कर सकते हैं।
• An Adverb एक ऐसा शब्द है जो एक क्रिया, एक विशेषण, एक अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या यहां तक ​​कि एक पूरे वाक्य को संशोधित (वर्णन) करता है। क्रियाविशेषण अक्सर -ly में समाप्त होते हैं, लेकिन कुछ (जैसे तेज़) उनके विशेषण समकक्षों के समान ही दिखते हैं।
• Noun एक शब्द (एक सर्वनाम के अलावा) है जो लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों के किसी भी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए या इनमें से किसी एक का नाम देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• A pronoun एक ऐसा शब्द है जो स्वयं द्वारा उपयोग किए जाने वाले संज्ञा वाक्यांश के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है और यह या तो प्रवचन में भाग लेने वालों को या किसी को या प्रवचन में कहीं और वर्णित किसी चीज़ को संदर्भित करता है।
• सर्वनाम 'who' एक relative pronoun है। relative pronoun का कार्य अधीनस्थ उपवाक्य को मुख्य उपवाक्य से जोड़ना होता है।
• दिए गए वाक्य में, मुख्य खंड "God helps those"  सर्वनाम 'who' द्वारा अधीनस्थ खंड "help themselves" से जुड़ा हुआ है।
• अत: विकल्प  "Pronoun" सही है।

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Conjunction.

Key Points 

• Let us explore the options:
• Prepositions show a relationship in space or time or a logical relationship between two or more people, places or things.
• An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.
• A verb is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
• Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.
• The conjunction 'so' is coordinating conjunction.
• In the given sentence, the two independent clauses "Shruti wanted to work" and " she went to her room" are joined by the conjunction 'so'.
• Hence, the option "Conjunction" is correct.

​ 

Additional Information

• ​A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two elements of equal grammatical rank and syntactic importance. They can join two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases, or two independent clauses. The seven coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
• TRICK to remember coordinating conjunction: FANBOYS
• A conjunction is a word that connects or joins clauses, words, phrases together in a sentence. Conjunctions are used to coordinate words in a sentence. Three types of conjunctions are Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunctions, Correlative Conjunctions.

Hinglish

• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• Prepositions space or time में संबंध या दो या दो से अधिक लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों के बीच एक तार्किक संबंध दिखाते हैं।
• An interjection एक शब्द या अभिव्यक्ति है जो अपने आप में एक उच्चारण के रूप में होता है और एक सहज भावना या प्रतिक्रिया व्यक्त करता है।
• A verb एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय के मुख्य भाग को बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• Conjunctions ऐसे शब्द हैं जो दूसरे शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या खंडों को एक साथ जोड़ते हैं।
• Conjunction 'so' एक  coordinating conjunction है।
• दिए गए वाक्य में, दो स्वतंत्र खंड "श्रुति काम करना चाहती थी" और "वह अपने कमरे में गई" conjunction 'so' से जुड़ गए हैं।
• अत: विकल्प  "Conjunction" सही है।

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai.

Key Points 

• A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order, obligation, or advice. Modal verbs always accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content.
• The modal verbs commonly used are can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, have to, and sometimes need or dare.
• From the given options, only the fourth option has a modal verb "ought to".
• Hence, the option "Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai" has a modal verb.

Additional Information 

• Modals are different from normal verbs:
• Modal verbs don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
• Modal verbs questions by inversion ('he can go' becomes 'can he go?').
• Modal verbs are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').
• Here's a list of the modal verbs:

Hinglish

• A modal verb एक प्रकार की क्रिया है जो कि तौर-तरीके को इंगित करने के लिए उपयोग की जाती है - यह एक संभावना, क्षमता, अनुमति, अनुरोध, क्षमता, सुझाव, आदेश, दायित्व या सलाह है। मोडल क्रियाएं हमेशा एक अन्य क्रिया के आधार (इनफिनिटिव) रूप के साथ होती हैं जिसमें सिमेंटिक सामग्री होती है।
• आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली मोडल क्रियाएं हैं  can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, have to, कभी-कभी need or dare.
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल चौथे विकल्प में modal verb "ought to" है।
• इसलिए, विकल्प "Her mother ought to know what she is doing in Mumbai" में  modal verb है।

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. Ours is a vast country.

Explanation:

• Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone or in short, they are pronouns that help us show possession.
• The strong (or absolute) possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs. They refer back to a noun or noun phrase already used, replacing it to avoid repetition.
• The weak possessive pronouns (also called possessive adjectives) are my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. They function as determiners in front of a noun to describe who something belongs to.
• From the given options, only the option "Ours is a vast country" has a possessive pronoun 'ours'.
• Hence, the option "Ours is a vast country" is correct.

Extra- Bites-  

• Different possessive forms:

Hinglish

• Possessive pronouns बताते हैं कि कुछ किसी का है या संक्षेप में, वे सर्वनाम हैं जो हमें अधिकार दिखाने में मदद करते हैं।
• The strong (or absolute) possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs. वे एक संज्ञा या संज्ञा वाक्यांश का उल्लेख करते हैं जो पहले से ही उपयोग किया जाता है, पुनरावृत्ति से बचने के लिए इसे प्रतिस्थापित करता है।
• The weak possessive pronouns (also called possessive adjectives) are my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. वे एक संज्ञा के सामने निर्धारक के रूप में कार्य करते हैं ताकि यह वर्णन किया जा सके कि कुछ किसका है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल "Ours is a vast country" विकल्प में possessive pronoun 'ours' है।
• इसलिए, "Ours is a vast country" विकल्प सही है।

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. Cattle are grazing in the field.

Key Points 

• A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals or a collection of things taken as a whole.
• Let us explore the options:
• In the first option, the noun 'milk' is a common noun. A common noun names something non-specific.
• In the second option, the noun 'Rake' is a proper noun. Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns.
• In the third option, the noun 'Cattle' is a collective noun used for a herd of cows.
• In the fourth option, the noun 'air' is also a common noun. A common noun names something non-specific.
• Hence, the option "Cattle are grazing in the field" is correct.

Additional Information

• Some collective nouns are always singular or plural.
• Singular collective nouns always use a singular verb.
• Plural collective noun always uses a plural verb.

Hinglish

• A collective noun लोगों, जानवरों के समूह या समग्र रूप से ली गई चीजों के संग्रह को संदर्भित करती है।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहले विकल्प में 'दूध' common noun है। एक common noun कुछ गैर-विशिष्ट नाम को संदर्भित करती है।
• दूसरे विकल्प में 'Rake' संज्ञा proper noun है। व्यक्तियों, स्थानों या संगठनों के नाम  proper nouns हैं।
• तीसरे विकल्प में, संज्ञा 'Cattle' गायों के झुंड के लिए प्रयुक्त सामूहिक संज्ञा है।
• चौथे विकल्प में 'वायु' संज्ञा भी एक common noun है। एक common noun कुछ गैर-विशिष्ट नाम को संदर्भित करती है।
• इसलिए, "Cattle are grazing in the field" विकल्प सही है।

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. He will be taken care of.

Key Points 

• In Passive Voice, a sentence emphasizes the action or the object of the sentence.
• Let us explore the options:
• The first sentence is an active voice in the present simple tense (They live).
• The second sentence is a passive voice in the future simple tense (will be taken).
• The third sentence is an active voice in the present simple tense (He teaches).
• The fourth sentence is an active voice in the present continuous tense (is flying)
• Hence, "He will be taken care of" is the correct passive voice.

 Additional Information

• Verbs of passive format have a different set of tenses (*V3 - Past participle or Third form of the Verb) as given below in the table:

Hinglish

• Passive Voice में, एक वाक्य वाक्य की क्रिया या वस्तु पर जोर देता है।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहला वाक्य present simple tense (They live) में है और active voice में है।
• दूसरा वाक्य future simple tense (will be taken) में है और  Passive Voice में है।
• तीसरा वाक्य present simple tense (He teaches) में है और active voice में है।
• चौथा वाक्य present continuous tense (is flying)  में है और active voice में है।
• इसलिए, "He will be taken care of" सही passive voice है।

The correct answer is option 2) i.e. I know nothing about western philosophy.

 Key Points 

• In Active Voice, a sentence emphasizes the subject performing an action.
• Let us explore the options:
• The first sentence is a passive voice in the future simple tense (will be caught).
• The second sentence is an active voice in the present simple tense (I know).
• The third sentence is a passive voice in the present simple tense (is not taught).
• The fourth sentence is a passive voice in the past simple tense (was knocked).
• Hence, "I know nothing about western philosophy" is the correct active voice.

Additional Information 

• Verbs of passive format have a different set of tenses (*V3 - Past participle or Third form of the Verb) as given below in the table:

Hinglish

• Active Voice में, एक वाक्य एक क्रिया करने वाले विषय पर जोर देता है।
• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहला वाक्य future simple tense (will be caught) में है और passive voice में  है।
• दूसरा वाक्य present simple tense (I know) में है और active voice में  है।
• तीसरा वाक्य present simple tense (is not taught) में है और passive voice में  है।
• चौथा वाक्य  past simple tense (was knocked) में है और passive voice में  है।
• इसलिए,  "I know nothing about western philosophy" सही active voice है।

The National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) published a document called the National Curriculum Framework (NCF). NCF 2005 has been translated into 22 languages and influenced the syllabi in 17 states.

• According to the National Curriculum Framework 2005, the learning is active and social in nature because a passive curriculum cannot contribute to the social, physical, intellectual development of the child.
• Because all-around development of the children is not necessary only in the social form of book knowledge Behavior is also necessary.

Key Points

It should be noted that learning should not be passive since it will not give hands-on experience to the children. Keeping learning simple won't help much to the child since it will not let children to explore the surroundings and his friends.

The Five Major Salient features of NCF 2005 are perspective reforms, learning and knowledge process reforms, curriculum and assessment reforms, school and class environment reforms, and systemic reforms.

• Its main objective was to constructivist learning with the child-centric learning process, learning without burden, promoting multilingual education, replacing rote learning.
• It ensures that students do not just learn mechanically without thinking.
• A lot of examination and assessment reforms were also introduced through NCF.
• Financial reforms are not the feature of NCF 2005.

Hence, it becomes clear that according to the NCF 2005, learning is active and social in its character.

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. How beautiful is the morning today!

Key Points 

• An exclamatory sentence makes a statement that conveys strong emotion or excitement by using an exclamation mark (!).
• From the given options, only the fourth sentence has an exclamation mark (!) and is starting with the form 'How'.
• In the given sentence, the speaker believes "Today's morning is totally beautiful."
• Hence, "How beautiful is the morning today!" is the correct exclamatory sentence.

Additional Information 

• The most common way of defining exclamatory sentences is by function (purpose). From this perspective, a sentence is exclamatory if it ends with an exclamation mark (!).
• Another way of defining exclamatory sentences is by form. To be an exclamatory sentence in form, sentences must begin with "what or how", be non-interrogative.

Hinglish

• Exclamatory sentence एक ऐसा बयान देता है जो exclamation mark (!) का उपयोग करके मजबूत भावना या उत्तेजना व्यक्त करता है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल चौथे वाक्य में exclamation mark (!) है और 'How' फॉर्म से शुरू हो रहा है।
• दिए गए वाक्य में, वक्ता का मानना ​​है कि "आज की सुबह पूरी तरह से सुंदर है।"
• इसलिए, "How beautiful is the morning today!" सही exclamatory sentence है।
• Exclamatory sentencesको परिभाषित करने का सबसे आम तरीका कार्य (उद्देश्य) है। इस दृष्टिकोण से, एक वाक्य  exclamatory  है यदि वह exclamation चिह्न (!) के साथ समाप्त होता है।
• विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्यों को परिभाषित करने का एक अन्य तरीका रूप है। रूप में विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य होने के लिए, वाक्यों को "क्या या कैसे" से शुरू होना चाहिए, गैर-पूछताछ वाला होना चाहिए।

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. Calm.

Key Points 

• Let us explore the options:
• In 'Fawn', there is no silent letter.
• In 'Cure', there is no silent letter.
• In 'Calm', the third letter 'l' is silent or not pronounced.
• In 'But', there is no silent letter.
• Hence, the option 'Calm' has a silent letter in the pronunciation.

Additional Information 

• A silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation.
• A silent letter can help us work out the meaning of the word and it also can change the pronunciation even though it's silent.

Hinglish

• आइए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'Fawn' में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
• 'Cure' में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
• 'Calm' में तीसरा अक्षर 'l' मौन है या उच्चारित नहीं है।
• 'But' में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है।
• इसलिए, विकल्प 'Calm' के उच्चारण में एक मूक अक्षर है।
• एक silent letter एक ऐसा अक्षर है, जो किसी विशेष शब्द में, शब्द के उच्चारण में किसी भी ध्वनि के अनुरूप नहीं होता है।
• एक silent letter हमें शब्द का अर्थ निकालने में मदद कर सकता है और यह मौन होने पर भी उच्चारण को बदल सकता है।

The correct answer is option 2)  i.e. He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

Key Points 

• The basic rules of direct speech:
• The line of speech ends with a comma, exclamation mark or question mark.
• A reporting clause is used at the end.
• A full stop goes after the reporting clause.
• The reporting verbs like said, told, offered and promised are used in the direct speech.
• From the given options, only the second option has the reporting verb "said to", comma, inverted commas is used and the other options are indirect speech as the conjunction 'that' is used in place of commas and inverted commas.
• From the following rules, we get the correct sentence as He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

Additional Information 

• The following table will enable us to know how tense used in a direct speech:

Hinglish

• Direct speech के मूल नियम:
• भाषण की पंक्ति a comma, exclamation mark or question mark के साथ समाप्त होती है।
• अंत में एक रिपोर्टिंग क्लॉज का उपयोग किया जाता है।
• रिपोर्टिंग क्लॉज के बाद एक full stop लगता है।
• प्रत्यक्ष भाषण में said, told, offered and promised जैसी रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाओं का उपयोग किया जाता है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल दूसरे विकल्प में रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया "said to", comma, inverted commas उपयोग किया है और अन्य विकल्प अप्रत्यक्ष भाषण हैं क्योंकि conjunction 'that'  का उपयोग commas and inverted commas के स्थान पर किया जाता है।
• निम्नलिखित नियमों से, हमें सही वाक्य मिलता है जैसा He said to me, "Do not cross the limit."

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. I admire his broad outlook.

Key Points 

• The word 'narrow' means being of less than usual width.
• The synonyms of the given word 'narrow' are "fine, hairline, needlelike, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin, ultrathin".
• The antonyms of the given word 'narrow' are "broad, fat, wide".
• From the given options, we can find the antonym of the given word 'narrow' i.e 'broad' in the third option.
• The word 'broad' means having a greater than usual measure across.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3) i.e. 'I admire his broad outlook'.

Additional Information 

• The synonyms of the word 'broad' are "fat, thick, wide".
• The antonyms of the word 'broad' are "narrow, hairline, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin".
• Examples of 'Narrow' and 'Broad' in a sentence:
• The bandpass filter can be narrow or broad depending on the design.
• Don't narrow that broad intellectual exposure just because you're leaving here.​

Hinglish

• 'Narrow' शब्द का अर्थ है सामान्य से कम चौड़ाई का होना।
• दिए गए शब्द 'narrow'  के पर्यायवाची शब्द "fine, hairline, needlelike, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin, ultrathin" है।
• दिए गए शब्द 'narrow'  का विलोम शब्द "broad, fat, wide" है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से, हम तीसरे विकल्प में दिए गए शब्द 'narrow' का विलोम शब्द यानी 'broad' खोज सकते हैं।
• 'Broad' शब्द का अर्थ है सामान्य से अधिक माप होना।
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर विकल्प 3) है यानी 'I admire his broad outlook'.
• 'Broad' शब्द का समानार्थी शब्द है "fat, thick, wide"
• 'Broad' शब्द के विलोम शब्द "narrow, hairline, paper-thin, skinny, slender, slim, slim-jim, thin"  है।
• एक वाक्य में 'Narrow' और  'Broad' के उदाहरण: 
• The bandpass filter can be narrow or broad depending on the design.
• Don't narrow that broad intellectual exposure just because you're leaving here.