RPSC Asst. Prof. (College Education) - 2020 (Sociology Paper-I) (Held On: 04 Oct 2021) Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is - David Bidney

Key Points

• David Bidney
• David Bidney was an influential anthropologist and philosopher known for his work in cultural theory.
• He proposed that culture is composed of Agrofacts (agricultural elements), Artifacts (material objects), Sociofacts (social structures), and Mentifacts (mental elements and beliefs).
• Bidney's holistic approach emphasized the interconnectedness of these elements in understanding cultural development and dynamics.
• His work highlighted the importance of both tangible and intangible aspects of culture.

Additional Information

• E.B. Tylor
• E.B. Tylor was an English anthropologist, often considered the founder of cultural anthropology.
• He defined culture in a broad sense as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
• Tylor is known for his theory of animism and his influence on the development of cultural evolutionism.
• A.L. Kroeber
• A.L. Kroeber was a prominent American cultural anthropologist and a student of Franz Boas.
• He made significant contributions to the study of Native American cultures and the concept of cultural areas.
• Kroeber's work on cultural patterns and configurations had a lasting impact on the field of anthropology.
• R. Benedict
• Ruth Benedict was an American anthropologist and folklorist, best known for her work on cultural patterns and her book "Patterns of Culture."
• She was a student of Franz Boas and a contemporary of Margaret Mead.
• Benedict’s comparative studies emphasized the importance of cultural relativism and the diversity of cultural practices.

The correct answer is - Feud

Key Points

• Feud
• A feud is a prolonged and bitter conflict or dispute, often between families or communities.
• It involves ongoing hostility, revenge, and sometimes violence, making it incompatible with the concept of accommodation.
• Feuds are characterized by their persistence and the deep-seated nature of the animosity involved.

Additional Information

• Compromise
• Compromise is a form of accommodation where conflicting parties agree to make mutual concessions to reach a settlement.
• It involves negotiation and adjustments by both sides to resolve a dispute amicably.
• Arbitration
• Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes where an impartial third party, known as an arbitrator, is appointed to make a decision.
• The arbitrator's decision is usually binding and is aimed at providing a fair resolution to the conflict.
• Toleration
• Toleration refers to the acceptance of differing views, practices, or behaviors, even if one does not agree with them.
• It is a way of accommodating diversity and avoiding conflict by allowing coexistence of different perspectives.

The correct answer is - Comte

Key Points

• Auguste Comte
• He is considered the father of sociology and coined the term "sociology".
• Comte divided sociology into two main branches: 'Social Statics' and 'Social Dynamics'.
• 'Social Statics' refers to the study of the existing social structures and their functions.
• 'Social Dynamics' pertains to the study of social change and the laws governing social progress.
• Comte's work laid the foundation for the systematic study of society and social relationships.

Additional Information

• Herbert Spencer
• Spencer was an English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of evolution to societies.
• He is known for his theory of social Darwinism, which applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human societies.
• Spencer did not specifically divide sociology into 'Social Statics' and 'Social Dynamics' as Comte did.
• Émile Durkheim
• Durkheim was a French sociologist who is considered one of the principal founders of modern sociology.
• He introduced key concepts such as social facts, collective conscience, and anomie.
• Durkheim focused on how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity.
• Max Weber
• Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist known for his theory on the process of rationalization in society.
• He introduced the concept of the 'Protestant Ethic' and its relation to the development of capitalism.
• Weber's work emphasized the importance of understanding the subjective meaning of social action.

The correct answer is - Spencer

Key Points

• Herbert Spencer
• He is renowned for his contributions to the development of sociological theory.
• Spencer introduced the concept of 'Society as an Organismic Analogy'.
• In this analogy, he compared society to a living organism where various institutions and structures function interdependently like organs in a body.
• This perspective emphasizes the functional interrelations and mutual dependence of different parts of society.
• Spencer's work laid the groundwork for the functionalist perspective in sociology.

Additional Information

• Max Weber
• Known for his analysis of the relationship between society and economy.
• Key works include "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".
• He focused on the role of individual action and the importance of culture in shaping society.
• Karl Marx
• Developed the theory of historical materialism.
• Key works include "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital".
• Focused on class struggle and the conflicts arising from the capitalist system.
• A.R. Desai
• Known for his contributions to the study of Indian society.
• His works include "Social Background of Indian Nationalism".
• Focused on the social structure and change in Indian society.

The correct answer is - Spencer

Key Points

• Herbert Spencer
• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher and sociologist who is best known for his contributions to the concept of social Darwinism.
• He applied the ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to the development of human societies.
• Spencer believed that social progress resulted from the survival of the most capable and intelligent individuals, contributing to the overall improvement of society.
• His work emphasized the importance of competition and individualism in societal evolution.

Additional Information

• Marx
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher, economist, and political theorist known for his works on socialism and communism.
• He co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels and wrote "Das Kapital."
• Marx's theories focused on class struggle, the problems of capitalism, and the need for a proletarian revolution.
• Comte
• Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a French philosopher known as the father of positivism and sociology.
• He introduced the concept of sociology as a distinct field of study and aimed to apply the scientific method to the study of society.
• Comte's work emphasized the importance of order and progress in societal development.
• Weber
• Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist best known for his theories on the development of Western capitalism.
• He explored the relationship between religion and economic behavior in his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism."
• Weber's theories on bureaucracy, authority, and rationalization have had a significant impact on sociology and social theory.

The correct answer is - E. Durkheim

Key Points

• E. Durkheim
• Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist, widely considered as one of the founding figures of modern sociology.
• He introduced the concept of "Mechanical Solidarity" in his work "The Division of Labour in Society" published in 1893.
• Mechanical Solidarity refers to the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs, which Durkheim termed as a "Solidarity of Resemblance."
• In societies characterized by Mechanical Solidarity, individuals perform similar tasks and share similar experiences, leading to a strong collective conscience.

Additional Information

• Jane Addams
• An American social worker, sociologist, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.
• She co-founded Chicago's Hull House, one of America's most famous settlement houses.
• She did not contribute to the concept of Mechanical Solidarity.
• Max Adler
• An Austrian Marxist philosopher and one of the founders of Austro-Marxism.
• His work focused on the theory of the state and legal theory, not on the concept of Mechanical Solidarity.
• Robert Ardrey
• An American playwright, screenwriter, and science writer known for his works on human and animal behavior, such as "The Territorial Imperative."
• His works did not address the sociological concept of Mechanical Solidarity.

The correct answer is - Governing and Non-governing

Key Points

• Governing and Non-governing
• Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian sociologist and economist, is known for his theory of elites.
• Pareto classified the elite class into two categories: governing elites and non-governing elites.
• The governing elites are those who hold power and influence in political and administrative spheres.
• Non-governing elites, on the other hand, are influential in society but do not hold formal governmental power.
• Pareto's theory suggests that the elite class is always in a constant state of flux, with non-governing elites often aspiring to become governing elites.
• This classification helps in understanding the dynamics of power distribution in society.

Additional Information

• Political and Economic
• This classification refers to different types of elites based on their spheres of influence.
• Political elites are those who hold power in government and policy-making.
• Economic elites are individuals or groups who have significant influence in the economic domain, often due to wealth and business interests.
• Religious and Non-religious
• This classification divides elites based on their influence in religious versus secular spheres.
• Religious elites are those who hold significant power or influence within religious institutions and communities.
• Non-religious elites are influential in secular aspects of society, such as politics, economy, or culture.
• Traditional and Modern
• This classification refers to the type of values and practices that elites uphold.
• Traditional elites are those who maintain and promote traditional values and ways of life.
• Modern elites are those who advocate for progressive changes and contemporary ways of living.

The correct answer is - Karl Marx

Key Points

• Karl Marx
• Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, and socialist revolutionary.
• He is best known for his works "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital".
• The quote "Revolutions are the locomotives of history" reflects Marx's belief in the power of revolutionary change to drive historical progress.
• He argued that class struggle is the engine of historical development and that revolutions are a necessary and inevitable part of this process.

Additional Information

• Immanuel Kant
• Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
• His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him.
• He is best known for his work "Critique of Pure Reason".
• Friedrich Hegel
• Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher who developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy.
• He is best known for his dialectical method, which involves the resolution of a thesis and its antithesis into a synthesis.
• St. Simon
• Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon, was a French political and economic theorist and businessperson whose thought had a substantial influence on politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science.
• He is considered one of the founders of socialism.

The correct answer is - Max Weber

Key Points

• Max Weber
• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist.
• He is best known for his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," published in 1905.
• In this work, Weber examined the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism.
• He argued that Protestant ethics and ideas influenced the development of capitalism in the Western world.
• Weber's analysis introduced the concept of the "Protestant work ethic," which emphasizes hard work, discipline, and frugality as a means to achieve both economic success and spiritual salvation.

Additional Information

• Robert K. Merton
• Robert K. Merton was an American sociologist known for his theories of social structure and anomie.
• He introduced concepts such as "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role model."
• Merton made significant contributions to the sociology of science and the study of social roles.
• Talcott Parsons
• Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist known for his work on social systems and action theory.
• He developed the AGIL framework, which outlines the four functional prerequisites for a social system: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, and Latency.
• Parsons' structural functionalism was influential in mid-20^th-century sociology.
• George Simmel
• George Simmel was a German sociologist and philosopher.
• He is best known for his work on social forms, social interactions, and the philosophy of money.
• Simmel's analysis of urban life and modernity laid the groundwork for later urban sociology.

The correct answer is - 1987

Key Points

• Brundtland Report
• The Brundtland Report, also known as "Our Common Future," was published in 1987.
• It was commissioned by the United Nations in 1983 and was produced by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland.
• The report introduced and popularized the concept of sustainable development, defining it as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
• The Brundtland Report aimed to address the urgency of environmental issues while balancing economic and social needs.

Additional Information

• Other Years Mentioned:
• 1980: This year is significant as it marks the beginning of the WCED's work, but not the publication of the Brundtland Report.
• 1978: There were no significant milestones related to the Brundtland Report or its concepts in this year.
• 1992: This year is notable for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro. The summit further advanced the concepts introduced in the Brundtland Report.
• Sustainable Development:
• Sustainable development is an interdisciplinary concept that integrates environmental, social, and economic concerns to ensure the well-being of both current and future generations.
• It aims to create a balance where economic growth does not lead to environmental degradation or social inequality.
• The principles of sustainable development guide policies and practices across various sectors, including energy, agriculture, industry, and urban planning.

The correct answer is - 12^th

Key Points

• 12^th Five-Year Plan (2012-2017)
• The 12^th Five-Year Plan was the last plan in India, covering the period from 2012 to 2017.
• The main objective of the 12^th Plan was "Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth".
• It aimed to achieve an average growth rate of 8%.
• The plan focused on areas such as health, education, and infrastructure development.
• Post the 12^th Plan, the Planning Commission was replaced by the NITI Aayog, marking the end of the Five-Year Plans.

Additional Information

• 10^th Five-Year Plan (2002-2007)
• The 10^th Plan aimed to achieve a GDP growth rate of 8% per annum.
• The plan emphasized on reducing poverty by 5 percentage points by 2007.
• It also focused on providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labor force.
• 11^th Five-Year Plan (2007-2012)
• The 11^th Plan aimed at achieving a growth rate of 9% per annum.
• It focused on inclusive growth, providing access to health, education, clean drinking water, and sanitation.
• The plan emphasized on reducing disparities across regions and communities.
• 13^th Five-Year Plan
• There was no 13^th Five-Year Plan as the Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog after the 12^th Plan.
• NITI Aayog now formulates policies and strategies for India's development instead of Five-Year Plans.

The correct answer is - Globalization

Key Points

• Globalization
• The term "Globalization" was popularized by Theodore Levitt, an American economist and professor at the Harvard Business School.
• Levitt's 1983 article "The Globalization of Markets" argued that technology and globalization were driving the world towards a converging commonality.
• He emphasized that companies must adapt by standardizing products and marketing strategies to cater to global markets, thereby benefiting from economies of scale.
• Levitt’s ideas greatly influenced businesses to think globally, pushing the concept of global marketing to the forefront.

Additional Information

• Westernization
• Westernization refers to the adoption of Western culture, values, and lifestyle by other regions or countries.
• This process includes changes in areas such as technology, politics, economy, lifestyle, and culture.
• It is often associated with the influence of Western Europe and North America on other parts of the world.
• Privatization
• Privatization is the transfer of ownership and control of enterprises or services from the public sector (government) to the private sector (businesses or individuals).
• It aims to improve efficiency, profitability, and competitiveness by leveraging private sector management and investment.
• Liberalization
• Liberalization refers to the process of eliminating or reducing government regulations and restrictions in an economy to encourage the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor.
• It is often aimed at improving economic efficiency, fostering competition, and attracting foreign investment.

The correct answer is - V. Pareto

Key Points

• Vilfredo Pareto
• Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher.
• He is best known for his theories on the distribution of wealth and income, and for the Pareto Principle (also known as the 80/20 rule).
• "The Mind and Society" (originally "Trattato di Sociologia Generale") is one of his major works, published in 1916.
• In this work, Pareto introduced the concept of the "circulation of elites" and the "Pareto efficiency" in economics.

Additional Information

• C.W. Mills
• Charles Wright Mills was an American sociologist known for his critiques of contemporary power structures.
• He is best known for his book "The Sociological Imagination" (1959).
• R. Michels
• Robert Michels was a German sociologist who is known for his work on the sociology of political parties.
• He formulated the "Iron Law of Oligarchy" in his book "Political Parties" (1911).
• G. Mosca
• Gaetano Mosca was an Italian political scientist and journalist.
• He is best known for his theory of the ruling class, which he elaborated in his book "The Ruling Class" (1896).

The correct answer is - Morgan

Key Points

• Lewis Henry Morgan
• He was an American anthropologist and a pioneering figure in the field of kinship studies.
• Morgan introduced the concept of classificatory and descriptive kinship systems in his work "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family" (1871).
• Classificatory systems group several relatives under a single term, while descriptive systems have specific terms for each relative.
• His work laid the foundation for the study of kinship and social structure in anthropology.

Additional Information

• S.C. Dube
• S.C. Dube was an Indian sociologist and anthropologist known for his work on Indian villages and rural development.
• He did not specifically focus on kinship terminologies.
• Andre Beteille
• Andre Beteille is an Indian sociologist known for his studies on caste, class, and inequality in India.
• His work does not primarily deal with kinship terminologies.
• Tylor
• Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist, often considered the founder of cultural anthropology.
• He is known for his concepts of cultural evolution and the definition of culture, rather than kinship terminology.

The correct answer is: Traditional

Key Points

• Traditional Authority
• Traditional authority is based on customs, rituals, and long-established practices.It is often inherited and legitimized by historical precedent.
• In many religious sects, authority is derived from sacred texts, religious traditions, and historical lineage.
• This type of authority is often held by religious leaders, elders, or figures considered to have a divine or spiritual mandate.

Additional Information

• Bureaucratic Authority
• This type of authority is based on a formal system of rules and procedures.
• It is often associated with modern organizations, governments, and institutions where hierarchy and regulations are key.
• Rational Authority
• Rational authority is based on reason, logic, and expertise.
• It is often found in contexts where decisions are made based on rational-legal principles and evidence.
• Legal Authority
• Legal authority is grounded in a system of laws and legal norms.
• It is most commonly seen in the governance structures of states and organizations where legal frameworks dictate authority and power.

The correct answer is - Surplus-value

Key Points

• Surplus-value
• Surplus-value is a concept in Karl Marx's economic theory, which refers to the value generated by labor over and above the laborer's own cost of sustenance. It is a central concept in Marxist economics, critical to understanding the exploitation of labor in capitalist societies.
• This concept is not related to dialectical analysis, which is more concerned with the process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in the development of ideas and historical progress.

Additional Information

• Thesis
• In dialectical analysis, the thesis is the initial idea or starting point of the dialectic process. It represents an existing condition or accepted belief.
• Anti-thesis
• The antithesis is the reaction or contradiction to the thesis. It challenges the initial condition or belief, creating a conflict or opposition.
• Synthesis
• The synthesis is the resolution of the conflict between the thesis and the antithesis. It combines elements of both to form a new, higher level of understanding or condition, which then becomes the new thesis for further dialectical development.

The correct answer is - Cohen

Key Points

• Albert K. Cohen
• Cohen is renowned for his work on the delinquent sub-culture theory, which he introduced in his book "Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang" published in 1955.
• The theory suggests that delinquent behavior among youths is a response to the inability to achieve middle-class standards, resulting in the formation of subcultures with values that oppose those of the mainstream society.
• Cohen’s work emphasized how group dynamics and the search for status lead to the development of delinquent subcultures.
• He argued that such subcultures provide an alternative status system for young males who experience failure in the conventional school system.

Additional Information

• Robert K. Merton
• Merton is best known for his strain theory, which explains deviance as a result of the gap between cultural goals and the means available to achieve them.
• His work on the concept of "anomie" or normlessness is a significant contribution to criminology and sociology.
• Merton’s theory suggests that when society promotes certain goals but does not provide equal means to achieve them, individuals may turn to deviance.
• Emile Durkheim
• Durkheim is a foundational figure in sociology known for his work on social cohesion and the role of social norms.
• He introduced the concept of "anomie" in his study on suicide, describing it as a state of normlessness leading to social instability.
• Durkheim’s theories primarily focus on the importance of societal structures and their influence on individual behavior.
• Marshall B. Clinard
• Clinard made significant contributions to the study of deviance and criminology.
• He is known for his works such as "The Sociology of Deviant Behavior" which explores the social context of deviant acts.
• Clinard's research often focused on the societal reactions to deviance and the process of labeling individuals as deviant.

The correct answer is - Dialectic theory

Key Points

• Dialectic theory
• This theory posits that social change occurs through the process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
• According to this theory, conflicts between opposing forces or ideas lead to significant changes in society.
• It suggests that these conflicts and their resolutions drive historical progress and societal transformation.
• The concept of dialectics is closely associated with the works of philosophers like Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx.
• In Marxist theory, the dialectical process is seen as a class struggle that culminates in a revolutionary transformation of society.

Additional Information

• Cyclical theory
• This theory suggests that societies go through cycles of rise, decline, and renewal.
• It posits that historical events and societal changes repeat themselves over time.
• Prominent proponents include Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee.
• Functional theory
• This theory emphasizes the role of social institutions and structures in maintaining societal stability and order.
• It suggests that social change occurs gradually and through consensus rather than conflict.
• Key proponents include Talcott Parsons and Emile Durkheim.
• Linear theory
• This theory posits that social change is a continuous and progressive process.
• It suggests that societies develop in a linear fashion, moving towards greater complexity and improvement.
• It is often associated with the ideas of social evolution and modernization.

The correct answer is - Saint Simon

Key Points

• Saint Simon
• Saint Simon was a French political and economic theorist who greatly influenced the development of socialism and the concept of the ruling elite.
• He believed in the organization of society by industrial leaders and scientists rather than the aristocracy.
• Pareto was influenced by Saint Simon's ideas and adopted the concept of the ruling and non-ruling elite from his theories.
• Saint Simon's views were foundational in the development of later sociological and political theories regarding elite control and social hierarchy.

Additional Information

• C. Wright Mills
• C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist who is best known for his work on the power elite in the United States.
• He introduced the concept of the power elite, which refers to a small group of military, economic, and political leaders who control the country.
• His work was influential in the field of sociology, focusing on the interlocking nature of power structures.
• Machiavelli
• Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher and historian, best known for his work "The Prince."
• He is often associated with political realism and the idea that "the ends justify the means."
• While he discussed the ruling class, his focus was more on the strategies and behaviors of rulers rather than a theoretical concept of ruling and non-ruling elites.
• Sigmund Freud
• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
• His theories focused on the unconscious mind, human behavior, and psychological development.
• Freud's work did not specifically address the concept of ruling and non-ruling elites in a sociopolitical context.

The correct answer is - Gyanendra Pandey

Key Points

• Gyanendra Pandey
• Gyanendra Pandey is a prominent Indian historian and a founding member of the Subaltern Studies collective.
• He has written extensively on the communalism in India, examining how colonial policies and knowledge systems contributed to the development of communal identities.
• His work often explores the intersection of history, memory, and identity, particularly focusing on the partition of India and its aftermath.
• Pandey's influential book, "The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India," discusses how colonial knowledge systems played a role in the formation of communalism.

Additional Information

• K.M. Panikkar
• Kavalam Madhava Panikkar was an Indian statesman, diplomat, and scholar.
• He is known for his works on Indian history, culture, and foreign policy, but not specifically for his commentary on communalism as a form of colonialist knowledge.
• Mahbub ul Haq
• Mahbub ul Haq was a Pakistani economist and the creator of the Human Development Index (HDI).
• His work focused primarily on economic development and human welfare rather than communalism or colonialist knowledge.
• Paul Baran
• Paul Baran was a Marxist economist known for his work on the political economy and development.
• He is best known for his contributions to the theory of economic surplus and dependency theory.
• Baran's work did not specifically address the issue of communalism in the context of colonialist knowledge in India.

The correct answer is - Fuchs Ebaugh

Key Points

• Fuchs Ebaugh
• Fuchs Ebaugh is a sociologist who introduced the concept of "Role Exit."
• Role Exit refers to the process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one's identity and establishing a new role.
• This concept is essential in understanding how individuals transition out of roles such as careers, marital roles, or other significant social roles.
• Ebaugh's work sheds light on the stages and experiences individuals go through during this transition, including the initial doubts, seeking alternatives, and creating a new identity.

Additional Information

• Robert Bierstedt
• He was an American sociologist known for his work in sociological theory and philosophy.
• Bierstedt wrote extensively on social stratification, power, and the nature of sociology as a discipline.
• Ralph Linton
• An American anthropologist, Ralph Linton is known for his studies on cultural anthropology.
• He introduced concepts such as "status" and "role" in the context of social structure and behavior.
• Merton
• Robert K. Merton was a prominent sociologist known for his theories on social structure and anomie.
• He introduced important concepts such as "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role model."

The correct answer is - Avunculate

Key Points

• Avunculate
• Avunculate refers to the special role of the mother's brother in certain societies.
• In avunculate societies, the mother's brother often has specific responsibilities and rights concerning his sister's children.
• This can include educational, ceremonial, and sometimes custodial roles.
• Such practices are observed in various cultures around the world, including some African and Native American societies.

Additional Information

• Couvade
• A practice where the father of an expected child undergoes certain rituals and restrictions similar to those of the mother.
• This practice symbolizes the father's involvement in the childbirth process.
• Amitate
• Refers to the special role of the father's sister in certain kinship systems.
• In such societies, the father's sister may have similar responsibilities and privileges as the mother's brother in avunculate systems.
• Teknonymy
• A practice where parents are referred to by the names of their children.
• For example, a father might be called "Father of [Child's Name]" instead of his own name.

The correct answer is - Herbert Spencer

Key Points

• Herbert Spencer
• Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher and sociologist who contributed extensively to various fields, including sociology.
• He was one of the earliest proponents of the concept of 'Social Structure'.
• Spencer's work laid the foundation for understanding society as a complex system composed of various interrelated parts.
• His theory emphasized that society's structure could be studied similarly to biological organisms, with different institutions functioning like organs in a body.

Additional Information

• Max Weber
• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist.
• He is known for his theories on bureaucracy, authority, and the role of culture in social and economic life.
• Weber's work did not focus on the concept of 'Social Structure' as a primary theme but rather on the individual's role within societal institutions.
• Talcott Parsons
• Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist known for his work on action theory and the development of the 'structural-functional' approach in sociology.
• Although he made significant contributions to understanding social systems and structures, he did not introduce the concept of 'Social Structure' initially.
• Karl Mannheim
• Karl Mannheim was a Hungarian-German sociologist known for his work in the sociology of knowledge.
• He explored the relationship between society and human thought processes, focusing on how knowledge and ideas are influenced by social contexts.
• Mannheim did not specifically coin or extensively develop the concept of 'Social Structure'.

The correct answer is - Kerala

Key Points

• Tharwad
• A 'Tharwad' is a traditional matrilineal joint family system.
• This system is predominantly found in the state of Kerala in India.
• In a Tharwad, lineage and inheritance are traced through the female line.
• The family is typically headed by the senior-most woman, and property is passed down from mother to daughter.

Additional Information

• Maharashtra
• Maharashtra follows a patrilineal system where lineage and inheritance are traced through the male line.
• Joint families are common, but they are typically headed by the senior-most male member.
• Assam
• Assam also follows a patrilineal system of family structure.
• Like Maharashtra, joint families are common but headed by the senior male member.
• Odisha
• Odisha follows a patrilineal system similar to Maharashtra and Assam.
• Inheritance and lineage are traced through the male line, and families are typically led by the senior male member.

The correct answer is - In-group and Out-group

Key Points

• In-group and Out-group
• These terms were popularized by the sociologist William Graham Sumner.
• In-group refers to a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.
• Out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify.
• Sumner argued that in-group members tend to view their group as superior and distinct from out-groups.
• This classification helps in understanding social dynamics, group cohesion, and intergroup conflicts.

Additional Information

• Voluntary and Non-voluntary group
• Voluntary groups are those which individuals choose to join, like clubs or organizations.
• Non-voluntary groups are those where membership is not a choice, like family or caste.
• This classification is not directly related to Sumner's work.
• We-group and They-group
• Similar to in-group and out-group, but not the terms specifically used by Sumner.
• The terms are more colloquial and less formal in sociological context.
• Vertical and Horizontal group
• Vertical groups refer to hierarchical group structures like organizational departments.
• Horizontal groups are those with members of equal status, like peer groups.
• This classification pertains more to organizational behavior and social stratification rather than Sumner's in-group/out-group theory.

The correct answer is - Anthony Giddens

Key Points

• Anthony Giddens
• Anthony Giddens is a renowned British sociologist who has made significant contributions to the field of sociology.
• He is best known for his theory of structuration, which explores the relationship between individuals and the social systems they inhabit.
• Giddens has written extensively on social stratification, globalization, and modernity.
• The statement "Stratification can be defined as structured inequalities between different groupings of people" is attributed to his work in sociology, highlighting the organized and systemic nature of social inequality.

Additional Information

• Harry Johnson
• Harry Johnson was a Canadian economist known for his work on international trade and economic policy.
• His contributions are more associated with economics rather than sociology or social stratification.
• Michael Haralambos
• Michael Haralambos is an author and sociologist known for his textbooks on sociology, particularly for students.
• His works provide comprehensive overviews of sociological theories and concepts but are more educational resources rather than original theoretical contributions.
• Pitrim Sorokin
• Pitrim Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist and political activist.
• He is known for his work on social and cultural dynamics, and social mobility, and founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University.

The correct answer is - 89^th Amendment

Key Points

• National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
• The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established by the 89^th Amendment of the Indian Constitution in 2003.
• This amendment inserted Article 338A into the Constitution of India.
• The NCST is responsible for safeguarding the interests of Scheduled Tribes and advising on the planning process for their socio-economic development.
• It also oversees the implementation of various policies and programs aimed at benefiting Scheduled Tribes.

Additional Information

• 65^th Amendment
• The 65^th Amendment of the Indian Constitution, enacted in 1990, led to the creation of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• This commission was later bifurcated into two separate commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes by the 89^th Amendment.
• 78^th Amendment
• The 78^th Amendment, enacted in 1995, dealt with the inclusion of certain land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution to protect them from judicial review.
• 91^st Amendment
• The 91^st Amendment, enacted in 2003, sought to curb the proliferation of ministers in the central and state governments by capping the number of ministers at 15% of the total number of members in the Lok Sabha or the state legislative assembly.

The correct answer is - D.N. Majumdar

Key Points

• D.N. Majumdar
• Dhirendra Nath Majumdar was an eminent Indian anthropologist and sociologist.
• He made significant contributions to the study of the races and cultures of India.
• His book "Races and Cultures of India" is a comprehensive work that explores the various ethnic groups, their cultural practices, and social structures in India.
• Majumdar's work is considered crucial in understanding the diversity and complexity of Indian society.

Additional Information

• R.C. Guha
• Ramachandra Guha is a renowned Indian historian and writer.
• He is known for his works on environmental history and modern Indian history.
• Some of his notable books include "India After Gandhi" and "Gandhi Before India."
• Iravati Karve
• Iravati Karve was an Indian anthropologist, sociologist, and writer.
• She is known for her work on kinship studies in India and her book "Yuganta: The End of an Epoch."
• Her research focused on the social structures and cultural traditions of Indian society.
• D.P. Mukerji
• Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji was an Indian sociologist and cultural anthropologist.
• He made significant contributions to the study of Indian society and culture.
• His works include "Modern Indian Culture" and "Diversities."

The correct answer is - Social Control

Key Points

• E.A. Ross
• He was a pioneering sociologist who laid the foundation for the study of social control in Sociology.
• Ross's work emphasized the ways in which society regulates individual and group behavior to maintain social order.
• He introduced the concept of social control to explain the mechanisms, strategies, and techniques used by society to prevent deviant behavior and encourage conformity.
• His seminal work on this topic was "Social Control" published in 1901, which remains influential in the field of Sociology.

Additional Information

• Social Stratification
• This refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on various factors like wealth, power, race, education, etc.
• It is a key concept in Sociology that explains how and why social inequalities exist.
• Social Group
• A social group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity.
• Examples include families, clubs, or religious congregations.
• Social Change
• This concept refers to the transformation over time of cultural values, norms, social institutions, and social structures.
• It encompasses changes in society that affect various aspects of social life.

The correct answer is - K. Visvesvaraya

Key Points

• K. Visvesvaraya
• K. Visvesvaraya was a notable Indian engineer, scholar, and statesman.
• He wrote the book "Planned Economy for India" in 1934.
• The book outlines his vision for India's economic planning and industrialization.
• Visvesvaraya's ideas significantly influenced India's early development policies.
• He emphasized the importance of engineering and infrastructure development for economic growth.

Additional Information

• Jawahar Lal Nehru
• Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence.
• He authored several books, including "The Discovery of India" and "Glimpses of World History."
• While Nehru did contribute significantly to economic policies, he did not write "Planned Economy for India."
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and an advocate of non-violent resistance.
• He wrote various books and articles, including "Hind Swaraj" and his autobiography "The Story of My Experiments with Truth."
• Gandhi's focus was more on social reforms and self-reliance rather than detailed economic planning.
• Montek Singh Ahluwalia
• Montek Singh Ahluwalia is an Indian economist and civil servant who played a significant role in India's economic reforms in the 1990s.
• He served as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India.
• Although influential in economic planning, he is not the author of "Planned Economy for India."

The correct answer is - Tolerance

Key Points

• Tolerance
• Tolerance refers to the acceptance and open-mindedness towards different beliefs, cultures, and practices.
• It involves respecting and valuing diversity, and is fundamentally opposed to the divisiveness of communalism.
• Communalism generally thrives on creating divisions and fostering a sense of 'us vs. them', which is counter to the principles of tolerance.
• Tolerance promotes social harmony and understanding, which are antithetical to the aims of communalism that often lead to conflict and discord.

Additional Information

• Insecurity
• Insecurity in the context of communalism refers to the fear and uncertainty that can arise within a community regarding their safety and future.
• This fear can be manipulated by leaders to create a sense of threat from other communities, thus fostering communal tension.
• Prejudice
• Prejudice involves preconceived opinions or judgments about other communities, often without any basis in fact or experience.
• This biased view is a significant element of communalism, as it encourages discriminatory attitudes and behaviors.
• Tension
• Tension refers to the strained relations between different communities, which can lead to conflicts and violence.
• Communalism often exacerbates these tensions by promoting divisive ideologies and actions.

The correct answer is - P.A. Sorokin

Key Points

• P.A. Sorokin
• P.A. Sorokin was a prominent sociologist who made significant contributions to the study of social stratification and mobility.
• He is well-known for his classification of social mobility into two types: "Vertical" and "Horizontal".
• Vertical mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy, which could involve a change in social status or class.
• Horizontal mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within the same social stratum, such as changing jobs without a significant change in status.

Additional Information

• W.P. Scot
• W.P. Scot's contributions to sociology are not as well-documented as those of P.A. Sorokin.
• There is no significant record of him classifying social mobility in the way Sorokin did.
• S.M. Miller
• S.M. Miller was known for his work on social inequality and stratification but did not classify social mobility in the same way as Sorokin.
• S.M. Lipset
• S.M. Lipset was a sociologist and political scientist known for his work on the conditions for democracy and social mobility.
• He did not classify social mobility into "Vertical" and "Horizontal" types.

The correct answer is - G.H. Mead

Key Points

• G.H. Mead
• George Herbert Mead was an American sociologist, philosopher, and psychologist associated with the University of Chicago.
• He is widely recognized as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition.
• Mead introduced the concept of role-playing in his seminal work "Mind, Self, and Society" published posthumously in 1934.
• The concept emphasizes the importance of social interaction in the development of self and identity.
• Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism highlights how individuals assume roles and understand others through shared symbols and language.

Additional Information

• W.I. Thomas
• William Isaac Thomas was an American sociologist known for his work on social psychology and the sociology of migration.
• He co-authored the influential book "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America" with Florian Znaniecki.
• Thomas is best known for the "Thomas theorem," which states that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
• Sigmund Freud
• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
• Freud's theories focus on the unconscious mind, repression, and the significance of dreams.
• His work did not primarily focus on role-playing within the context of sociology.
• Emile Durkheim
• Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist and one of the principal architects of modern social science.
• He is best known for his works on social integration, collective consciousness, and the study of social facts.
• Durkheim's major works include "The Division of Labor in Society," "Suicide," and "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life."

The correct answer is - God was believed to be the source of society

Key Points

• God was believed to be the source of society
• This statement is not true about the Enlightenment, as Enlightenment thinkers generally emphasized reason, science, and human ability to shape society rather than attributing societal structure to divine will.
• The Enlightenment marked a shift away from the theocentric (God-centered) explanations towards anthropocentric (human-centered) understandings of society.

Additional Information

• Social world, like the physical world, is dominated by laws
• Enlightenment thinkers believed that just as the physical world operates according to natural laws, the social world also operates according to rational principles and laws that can be discovered and understood.
• Rejection of belief in traditional authority
• Enlightenment thinkers often challenged and rejected traditional authority, including the authority of the church and monarchy, advocating for individual reasoning and empirical evidence as sources of knowledge.
• Karl Marx was most influenced by Enlightenment
• Karl Marx, although a critic of some Enlightenment ideas, was influenced by the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, science, and progress, which shaped his views on society and historical development.

The correct answer is - Ogburn

Key Points

• Ogburn
• Ogburn defined socialization as the process by which an individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.
• He emphasized the importance of societal norms and values in shaping individual behavior.
• Ogburn's definition highlights the role of socialization in the integration of individuals into society.
• This process is crucial for maintaining social order and cohesion.

Additional Information

• H.M. Johnson
• H.M. Johnson was known for his works in sociology, particularly on the theory of social systems and structures.
• He contributed to understanding the roles and functions of various social institutions.
• A. Green
• A. Green focused on psychological aspects of socialization, exploring how personality and identity are formed through social interactions.
• His work often intersected with developmental psychology.
• Bogardus
• Bogardus is well-known for developing the Bogardus Social Distance Scale, a tool used to measure social distance and prejudice in societies.
• His contributions were more focused on measuring attitudes and perceptions within social groups.

The correct answer is - Dawson and Gettys

Key Points

• Dawson and Gettys
• Dawson and Gettys are noted sociologists who significantly contributed to the study of social interactions and processes.
• They emphasized the concept that social interaction involves the exchange and penetration of ideas and thoughts between individuals.
• They believed that through social interaction, individuals influence each other’s perceptions and actions.
• The quote "Social interaction is a process where by men interpenetrate the minds of each other" reflects their view on the dynamic nature of social relationships.

Additional Information

• Green, A.W.
• Green is known for his contributions to the field of sociology and social psychology.
• He focused on the development of the self and identity through social processes.
• Eldredge and Merril
• These sociologists are recognized for their work on social structures and institutions.
• They explored how societal norms and values shape individual behavior and social interactions.
• Park and Burgess
• Park and Burgess were influential in the development of urban sociology.
• They studied the impact of urban environments on social interactions and community life.

The correct answer is - Ascribed Status

Key Points

• Ascribed Status
• Ascribed status refers to a social position assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life. It is usually based on characteristics such as race, gender, family background, or ethnicity.
• In contrast, social class is primarily determined by economic factors such as income, education, and occupation, and is typically achieved rather than ascribed.
• Therefore, ascribed status is not a feature of social class since social class is more flexible and can change over a person's lifetime based on their achievements.

Additional Information

• Universal
• Social class is a universal concept found in all societies, regardless of their economic or political systems.
• It reflects the hierarchical structure within a society, where individuals or groups are classified based on factors such as wealth, income, education, and occupation.
• Open Group
• Social classes are considered open groups, meaning that individuals can move between classes through mechanisms like education, employment, and economic success.
• This mobility contrasts with closed systems like castes, where social position is fixed and inherited.
• Class Consciousness
• Class consciousness refers to the awareness of one's own social class and the recognition of class differences within society.
• This awareness can lead to collective actions and movements aimed at improving the conditions of a particular class.

The correct answer is - Oral Communication

Key Points

• Oral Communication
• Oral Communication is not an essential feature of bureaucracy.
• Bureaucracies rely heavily on written rules and documentation to ensure consistency and accountability.
• Communication in bureaucracies tends to be formal and documented rather than informal and oral.

Additional Information

• Written Rules
• Written rules are a fundamental aspect of bureaucracy, providing clear guidelines and procedures.
• They ensure that operations are consistent and standardized across the organization.
• Division of Labour
• Division of labour in bureaucracy involves the allocation of specific tasks and responsibilities to different individuals or departments.
• This specialization increases efficiency and expertise in task performance.
• Impersonal Relations
• Impersonal relations in bureaucracy refer to the objective and formal interactions among members.
• These interactions are based on roles and responsibilities rather than personal relationships, ensuring fairness and equality.

The correct answer is - Poverty line

Key Points

• Poverty line
• In 2009, the Suresh Tendulkar Committee was established to redefine the poverty line in India.
• The committee suggested a new method of measuring poverty based on consumption expenditure rather than income levels.
• This new method included broader parameters such as education, health, and other basic needs.
• The Tendulkar Committee's recommendations led to a significant increase in the estimated number of people below the poverty line.

Additional Information

• Corruption
• Corruption refers to dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.
• It is a significant issue affecting governance and development in many countries, including India.
• Various committees and laws have been implemented over the years to combat corruption.
• Communalism
• Communalism involves allegiance to one's own ethnic or religious group rather than to society as a whole.
• It often leads to conflicts and tensions between different communities.
• India has witnessed several instances of communal violence in its history.
• Cyber Crime
• Cyber crime refers to illegal activities conducted via the internet or other digital means.
• This can include hacking, identity theft, online fraud, and more.
• With the increasing use of technology, cyber crime has become a significant concern globally.

The correct answer is - 17

Key Points

• 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• The United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015, which includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
• These goals are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
• The SDGs cover a broad range of social, economic, and environmental development issues.
• Some of the key goals include No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-being, Quality Education, and Climate Action.

Additional Information

• Other Options Explained
• 15: This number does not correspond to the actual number of SDGs. However, it is close to the total number, making it a plausible but incorrect guess.
• 19: This option exceeds the actual number of SDGs. While it might seem reasonable, it is not the correct figure.
• 21: This number is significantly higher than the actual count of SDGs. It is not correct as per the United Nations' 2030 Agenda.

The correct answer is - John Millar

Key Points

• John Millar
• John Millar was a Scottish philosopher and historian who provided the concept of "The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks".
• He is known for his work in understanding social stratification and the evolution of social structures.
• Millar's work explained the origins of social hierarchies and the roles of different classes in society.
• He explored how economic, social, and political factors contribute to the development of social ranks.

Additional Information

• P. Sorokin
• Pitirim Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist and political activist known for his contributions to social cycle theory.
• He is famous for his work on social mobility and the theory of social stratification.
• Sorokin's theories revolved around the dynamics of social relationships and how societies evolve over time.
• Max Weber
• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist.
• He is well-known for his theory of social stratification based on class, status, and power.
• Weber's work on bureaucracy, authority, and the sociology of religion are highly influential in the field of sociology.
• W.E. Moore
• Wilbert E. Moore was an American sociologist known for his work on social stratification and modernization theory.
• Moore, along with Kingsley Davis, developed the Davis-Moore hypothesis, which argues that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society.
• His research focused on the functions of social inequality and the role of social stratification in maintaining social order.

The correct answer is - E. Durkheim

Key Points

• E. Durkheim (Émile Durkheim)
• Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who is considered one of the principal architects of modern social science.
• He defined sociology as the "Science of Social Institutions," emphasizing the importance of studying social structures and collective societal norms and values.
• Durkheim's work focused on how societal institutions such as religion, education, and family contribute to social cohesion and stability.
• He introduced key sociological concepts such as social facts, collective conscience, and anomie.

Additional Information

• H.M. Johnson
• H.M. Johnson was an American sociologist known for his work on social systems and social structures.
• He contributed to structural-functionalism, which focuses on how various parts of society function to maintain social order.
• Max Weber
• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist.
• He is best known for his theory of social action and his analysis of the effects of rationalization in Western society.
• Weber's key works include "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" and his theory on the types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
• Auguste Comte
• Auguste Comte was a French philosopher who is considered the father of sociology.
• He coined the term "sociology" and developed the theory of positivism, which advocates the use of scientific methods to study social phenomena.
• Comte's work laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a distinct academic discipline.

The correct answer is - Jimutvahana

Key Points

• Jimutvahana
• Jimutvahana was a renowned scholar and jurist in ancient India.
• He is best known for authoring the Dayabhaga, a significant treatise on inheritance law in Hindu jurisprudence.
• The Dayabhaga is primarily followed in Bengal and Assam and is distinct from the Mitakshara law prevalent in other parts of India.
• Jimutvahana’s work focused on the rights of heirs, the division of property, and laid down rules that were more favorable to women compared to other legal texts of the time.
• His contributions have had a lasting impact on the legal framework and inheritance laws in certain regions of India.

Additional Information

• Dayanand Saraswati
• He was a prominent Hindu religious leader and the founder of the Arya Samaj movement.
• Dayanand Saraswati advocated for the return to the teachings of the Vedas and was a strong proponent of social reforms including the abolition of caste and widow remarriage.
• K. Saradamani
• There is limited information available about K. Saradamani, and she is not prominently known for any significant legal or scholarly contributions in the context of Hindu law or inheritance.
• P.N. Prabhu
• He is not widely recognized in the context of ancient Hindu jurisprudence or legal treatises.
• There is no major work attributed to P.N. Prabhu in the area of inheritance law or the Dayabhaga.

The correct answer is - Ogburn

Key Points

• Ogburn
• William Fielding Ogburn was an American sociologist known for his work on the theory of cultural lag.
• He made a significant contribution to the understanding of how society and culture evolve and adapt.
• Ogburn divided culture into two main categories: material and non-material culture.
• Material culture includes physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
• Non-material culture refers to the non-physical aspects of culture, such as beliefs, values, norms, and customs.

Additional Information

• Malinowski
• Bronisław Malinowski was a Polish anthropologist known for his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands.
• He is considered one of the most important anthropologists of the 20^th century.
• Malinowski is best known for his ethnographic work and his development of the functionalist theory of culture.
• Herakovits
• Herakovits is not a well-known sociologist or anthropologist; there might be a spelling error or confusion with another name.
• There are no significant contributions or theories attributed to this name in the field of sociology or anthropology.
• E.B. Tylor
• Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist and a founding figure of cultural anthropology.
• He is known for his definition of culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
• Tylor introduced the concept of animism and is considered a pioneer in the study of comparative religion.

The correct answer is - Robert Bierstedt

Key Points

• Robert Bierstedt
• He was a prominent American sociologist known for his work in the field of sociological theory.
• Bierstedt contributed significantly to the understanding of social roles and status within society.
• He is credited with the statement "Status is Institutionalized Role," which emphasizes the formalization of social roles within institutions.
• This concept explores how roles are structured and defined within a society, forming a part of its social institutions.

Additional Information

• Robert K. Merton
• He was a distinguished sociologist known for his theories on social structure and anomie.
• Merton introduced key concepts like "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role model." He also developed the theory of deviance.
• Kingsley Davis
• An influential sociologist and demographer, Davis made significant contributions to the study of human society and population.
• He is known for his work on population dynamics and the social structures affecting population growth.
• Ralph Linton
• A well-known anthropologist, Linton is noted for his studies on culture and personality.
• He introduced the distinction between "status" and "role" in his works, focusing on the importance of cultural context in understanding social behaviors.

The correct answer is - Association

Key Points

• Association
• Associations are considered secondary groups because they are formed to achieve specific goals and objectives.
• Membership in an association is usually voluntary, and interactions among members are often formal and based on roles.
• Examples of associations include professional organizations, clubs, and trade unions.
• Secondary groups are characterized by impersonal and goal-oriented relationships, unlike primary groups which are intimate and personal.

Additional Information

• Nuclear family
• A nuclear family consists of two parents and their children living together.
• It is considered a primary group due to close, personal, and enduring relationships.
• Peer group
• A peer group is a social group consisting of individuals of similar age, status, or interests.
• These groups are also considered primary groups because of the strong emotional ties and personal connections among members.
• Joint family
• A joint family includes multiple generations living together, such as grandparents, parents, and children.
• Like nuclear families, joint families are primary groups due to their intimate and enduring relationships.

The correct answer is - B. Malinowski

Key Points

• B. Malinowski
• Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (1884-1942) was a Polish-British anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20^th-century anthropologists.
• He is renowned for his ethnographic work in the Trobriand Islands in Melanesia.
• Malinowski is a key figure in the development of the functionalist approach to anthropology, which emphasizes the role of culture in fulfilling human needs.
• He is credited with the quote, "Culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends."

Additional Information

• Spencer
• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist known for his theory of social Darwinism.
• He applied the concept of evolution to societies, advocating that societies evolve from simple to complex forms.
• Robert Redfield
• Robert Redfield (1897-1958) was an American anthropologist and ethnolinguist known for his work on folk societies and civilizations.
• His studies emphasized the contrast between rural and urban societies and their cultural frameworks.
• E.B. Tylor
• Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) was an English anthropologist, often considered the founder of cultural anthropology.
• He is best known for his definition of culture, which he described as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

The correct answer is - R. Bierstedt

Key Points

• R. Bierstedt
• R. Bierstedt is known for his contributions to the field of sociology, particularly in the area of social norms and community behaviors.
• He categorized norms into 'Communal norms' and 'Associational norms', which are essential in understanding how societies regulate behavior and maintain order.
• Communal norms refer to the informal rules and shared expectations within a community, while associational norms pertain to the formal rules and standards within organized groups and associations.
• His work helps distinguish between the different types of social norms that govern individual behavior in various social contexts.

Additional Information

• Ginsberg
• Ginsberg was a notable sociologist and philosopher, contributing significantly to social theory.
• He focused on the development of social institutions and the role of values in society.
• D.P. Mukerji
• He was an Indian sociologist who made substantial contributions to the understanding of Indian society and culture.
• His works often explored the intersection of tradition and modernity in India.
• James Drever
• James Drever was a psychologist known for his work in the field of educational psychology.
• He contributed to the understanding of learning processes and cognitive development.

The correct answer is - 6

Key Points

• Max Weber did a comparative study of six major religions:
• Max Weber, a prominent sociologist, conducted extensive comparative studies on religion to understand the relationships between religion and society.
• The six major religions that Weber studied are:
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Buddhism
• Hinduism
• Ancient Judaism
• Christianity

Additional Information

• Max Weber's Contributions to Sociology:
• Max Weber is known for his work on the sociology of religion, which includes his studies on the effects of religious beliefs on economic activities and social structures.
• His most famous work, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," examines how Protestant ethics influenced the development of capitalism.
• Weber's approach to sociology emphasized the importance of understanding the meaning and purpose that individuals attach to their actions and beliefs.
• Weber's Methodology:
• Weber used a comparative method to study different societies and their religions, aiming to identify the unique characteristics and commonalities among them.
• He focused on understanding the "ideal types" of social phenomena, which are theoretical models that help in analyzing the real world.

The correct answer is - Nine

Key Points

• Robert K. Merton
• Merton was a prominent sociologist who developed the concept of relative deprivation.
• Relative deprivation refers to the experience of being deprived of something to which one believes to be entitled.
• Merton explained nine examples of relative deprivation to illustrate how individuals or groups perceive inequality and react to it.
• These examples highlight the differences between actual possession and perceived entitlement, often leading to feelings of discontent and injustice.

Additional Information

• Concept of Relative Deprivation
• Relative deprivation is a measure of how individuals feel about their economic or social status in comparison to others.
• It is not solely based on objective measures of wealth or status but on subjective feelings and perceptions.
• This concept helps in understanding social movements, grievances, and demands for social change.
• Other Incorrect Options
• Four, Six, Eleven: These numbers do not correspond to the correct number of examples of relative deprivation explained by Merton.

The correct answer is - L. Dumont

Key Points

• L. Dumont
• Louis Dumont was a French sociologist and anthropologist.
• He is best known for his work on the Indian caste system.
• In his seminal work, "Homo Hierarchicus," Dumont emphasizes the concepts of purity and impurity as the core principles of the caste system.
• According to Dumont, caste hierarchy is fundamentally rooted in the opposition between purity and impurity, which dictates social interactions and relationships.

Additional Information

• G.S. Ghurye
• Govind Sadashiv Ghurye was an Indian sociologist and anthropologist.
• He made substantial contributions to the study of the caste system in India.
• Ghurye's approach was more historical and descriptive, focusing on the structural aspects of caste rather than the ideological aspects of purity and impurity.
• M.N. Srinivas
• Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas was an Indian sociologist and social anthropologist.
• He is known for his theory of "Sanskritization," which describes the process by which lower castes seek upward mobility by adopting practices of the higher castes.
• Srinivas's work focused on social mobility within the caste system rather than the dichotomy of purity and impurity.
• A.M. Hocart
• Arthur Maurice Hocart was a British anthropologist.
• He conducted extensive research on the social and religious systems in Asia and the Pacific.
• Hocart's work on caste was more comparative and did not emphasize the purity-impurity dichotomy as the central principle.

The correct answer is - George Simmel

Key Points

• George Simmel
• George Simmel was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.
• He is considered one of the founders of sociology as a distinct academic discipline.
• Simmel's work often explored the impact of modern urban life on individuals.
• His book "Fundamental Questions of Sociology" (originally "Grundfragen der Soziologie") addresses various key concepts of sociology, such as social interaction and the forms of social life.
• Simmel's theoretical work laid the groundwork for many later sociological theories and concepts.

Additional Information

• Peter Townsend
• Peter Townsend was a British sociologist known for his work on poverty and social policy.
• He authored important works such as "Poverty in the United Kingdom" and "The Family Life of Old People".
• Sorokin
• Pitirim Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist known for his contributions to social cycle theory and social stratification.
• He wrote works such as "Social and Cultural Dynamics" and "The Crisis of Our Age".
• Weiner
• Norbert Wiener was an American mathematician and philosopher, known as the father of cybernetics.
• His works include "Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine".

The correct answer is - George Simmel

Key Points

• George Simmel
• George Simmel was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic who made significant contributions to the study of social structures and interactions.
• He is best known for his analysis of group size and its effects on social interactions. Simmel proposed that the size of a group influences the forms of interaction within it.
• He introduced the concept of the dyad (a group of two) and the triad (a group of three), highlighting how the addition of a third person to a dyad changes the dynamics of the group significantly.
• Simmel's work emphasized the importance of understanding the forms of social interaction and the structures that shape them.

Additional Information

• William Graham Sumner
• He was an American sociologist and a professor at Yale University.
• Sumner is best known for his work on social Darwinism and the concepts of "folkways" and "mores."
• He argued that social norms and values are passed down through generations and are crucial for the stability of society.
• Rosenberg
• Rosenberg is a less specific reference in sociology, and there are multiple individuals with this surname who have contributed to various fields.
• For instance, Morris Rosenberg was known for his work on self-esteem and social psychology.
• Charles Cooley
• Charles Horton Cooley was an American sociologist who introduced the concept of the "looking-glass self."
• He believed that self-concept is developed through our interactions with others and their perceptions of us.
• Cooley also contributed to the understanding of primary groups and the importance of face-to-face interactions in shaping social identity.

The correct answer is - Karl Marx

Key Points

• Karl Marx
• Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, wrote "The German Ideology" in 1846.
• The book is a critical analysis of the prevailing philosophical ideas of the time, particularly those of the Young Hegelians.
• In "The German Ideology," Marx and Engels introduce the concept of historical materialism, which argues that material conditions and economic activities fundamentally shape societal structures and human consciousness.
• The text remained unpublished during Marx and Engels' lifetimes, but it is considered foundational for Marxist theory.

Additional Information

• Ralph Dahrendorf
• Ralph Dahrendorf was a German-British sociologist, philosopher, and political scientist.
• He is known for his work on class and social conflict, particularly in his book "Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society" (1959).
• He was a prominent figure in the study of social inequality and the role of social classes in modern society.
• Louis Althusser
• Louis Althusser was a French Marxist philosopher.
• He is known for his structuralist approach to Marxist theory, particularly in his works "For Marx" (1965) and "Reading Capital" (1965).
• Althusser introduced concepts such as "ideological state apparatuses" and "interpellation" to explain how ideology functions in society.
• Herbert Marcuse
• Herbert Marcuse was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist associated with the Frankfurt School.
• He is best known for his works "One-Dimensional Man" (1964) and "Eros and Civilization" (1955).
• Marcuse's work critiques capitalist societies and explores the potential for human liberation and the role of technology in social control.

The correct answer is - Tylor

Key Points

• Tylor
• Edward Burnett Tylor was a pioneering anthropologist whose works laid the foundation for the field of cultural anthropology.
• He is credited with first using the term "Teknonymy" in anthropological literature.
• Teknonymy refers to the practice of referring to parents by the names of their children, such as "mother of John" or "father of Mary."
• Tylor's contributions to anthropology include the concept of cultural evolution and the introduction of the term "animism" to describe the earliest form of religion.

Additional Information

• G.P. Murdock
• George Peter Murdock was an American anthropologist known for his comparative studies of kinship and social structure.
• He created the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) for cross-cultural research.
• Murdock is known for his work on the classification of kinship systems, but not specifically for the term "Teknonymy."
• Lewis Morgan
• Lewis Henry Morgan was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist.
• He is best known for his work on kinship and social structure, particularly among the Iroquois.
• His notable works include "Ancient Society," but he did not coin the term "Teknonymy."
• Kathleen Gough
• Kathleen Gough was a British social anthropologist known for her studies of kinship and marriage in South India.
• She conducted extensive fieldwork among the Nayar community in Kerala.
• Gough's contributions are significant in kinship studies, but she did not introduce the term "Teknonymy."

The correct answer is - Stratification is inconsequential

Key Points

• Stratification is inconsequential
• Stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based on various factors like wealth, power, and social status.
• It is consequential as it affects individuals' access to resources, opportunities, and privileges.
• Stratification often leads to inequality and influences the social dynamics and interactions within a society.
• By claiming it is inconsequential, it ignores the significant impact social stratification has on people's lives and societal structure.

Additional Information

• Stratification is social
• Stratification is inherently social as it deals with the way society categorizes people based on socio-economic factors.
• It involves social processes and institutions that define and reinforce hierarchical structures.
• Stratification is an ancient system
• Stratification systems have existed since ancient times, with evidence of social hierarchies in early civilizations.
• Historical examples include the caste system in India, feudal systems in medieval Europe, and class divisions in ancient Egypt.
• Stratification is diverse
• Stratification can take various forms, including class, caste, race, gender, and ethnicity.
• Different societies have different bases and systems of stratification, making it a diverse phenomenon.

The correct answer is - Ajlas

Key Points

• Ajlas
• Ajlas is not recognized as a category within the classification of Muslims provided by Ghaus Ansari.
• Ghaus Ansari's classification of Muslims primarily includes Ashraf, Ajlaf, and Arzal.

Additional Information

• Ashraf
• Ashraf refers to the noble or higher-status Muslims, often of foreign descent such as Sayyids, Sheikhs, Mughals, and Pathans.
• They are typically considered the elite class within the Muslim community.
• Ajlaf
• Ajlaf represents the lower-status Muslims, including converts from Hinduism who belonged to lower castes.
• They often engage in occupations considered menial or less prestigious.
• Arzal
• Arzal is the term used for the lowest group in the Muslim social hierarchy.
• This group includes communities traditionally involved in occupations deemed impure or degrading, such as scavenging and leatherworking.

The correct answer is - Lord Ripon

Key Points

• Lord Ripon
• Lord Ripon was the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884.
• He is credited with appointing the first Indian Education Commission in 1882, known as the Hunter Commission.
• The Hunter Commission was established to review and recommend improvements for the education system in India.
• This commission laid the foundation for subsequent educational reforms in British India.

Additional Information

• Lord Wavell
• Lord Wavell was the Viceroy of India from 1943 to 1947.
• He is known for the Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference of 1945.
• Lord Mountbatten
• Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India, serving from March 1947 until August 1947.
• He oversaw the partition of British India into India and Pakistan.
• Lord Irwin
• Lord Irwin served as Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931.
• He is known for the Irwin Declaration (1929) that proposed Dominion status for India.
• He also led the Round Table Conferences in London (1930-1932).

The correct answer is - Tonnies

Key Points

• Ferdinand Tönnies
• German sociologist who introduced the concepts of Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (society) in his 1887 book "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft".
• Gemeinschaft: Refers to social ties based on personal relationships and close-knit communities, often found in rural areas.
• Gesellschaft: Refers to social ties based on impersonal, indirect, and formal relationships, often found in urban settings.
• Tönnies' distinction has been influential in sociology, particularly in the study of social organization and urbanization.

Additional Information

• Arnold J. Toynbee
• British historian known for his 12-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, "A Study of History".
• He focused on the cyclical nature of civilizations rather than the distinction between community and society.
• Oswald Spengler
• German historian and philosopher known for his book "The Decline of the West".
• He proposed that civilizations have life cycles, similar to living organisms.
• Pitirim Sorokin
• Russian-American sociologist who founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University.
• Known for his works on social mobility and the theory of social and cultural dynamics.

The correct answer is - E. Durkheim

Key Points

• E. Durkheim
• Émile Durkheim is one of the foundational figures in sociology, known for establishing the field as a distinct and rigorous academic discipline.
• Durkheim's major works include "The Division of Labour in Society," "The Rules of Sociological Method," and "Suicide," which are seminal texts in the study of sociology.
• His work laid the groundwork for understanding social structures, collective consciousness, and the role of societal norms and values.
• Robert K. Merton, a prominent American sociologist, considered Durkheim as his teacher in absentia, acknowledging the profound influence of Durkheim's theories on his own work.

Additional Information

• Comte
• Auguste Comte is considered the father of positivism and one of the founding figures of sociology.
• He coined the term "sociology" and emphasized the importance of applying scientific methods to the study of society.
• Parsons
• Talcott Parsons was a key American sociologist known for his work on social action theory and the development of structural functionalism.
• His theories focused on how social systems maintain stability and order.
• Radcliffe Brown
• A.R. Radcliffe-Brown was a British social anthropologist who contributed significantly to the development of structural-functionalism in anthropology.
• He emphasized the comparative method and the importance of understanding the function of social institutions in maintaining social order.

The correct answer is - George Ritzer

Key Points

• George Ritzer
• George Ritzer is an American sociologist known for his contributions to the understanding of the impacts of social institutions, particularly in the context of globalization and modernity.
• He is widely recognized for his work on the concept of "McDonaldization," which describes the increasing standardization and efficiency of various sectors of society modeled after the fast-food industry.
• Ritzer’s work often critiques the rationalization processes of modern society, highlighting how they can lead to dehumanization and a loss of traditional values.
• His critical approach to the study of social structures aligns with his opposition to certain aspects of Enlightenment thinking, particularly the uncritical acceptance of rationalization.

Additional Information

• Raymond Aron
• Raymond Aron was a French philosopher, sociologist, and political scientist known for his works on the philosophy of history and critique of totalitarianism.
• He is known for his analyses of the nature of modern industrial societies and international relations.
• Lewis A. Coser
• Lewis A. Coser was a sociologist known for his work on social conflict and the functions it serves within society.
• He is recognized for his contributions to conflict theory, focusing on the positive aspects of conflict in promoting social cohesion and progress.
• T.B. Bottomore
• T.B. Bottomore was a British sociologist and Marxist scholar known for his studies on political sociology and class structure.
• He has written extensively on the works of Karl Marx and the development of Marxist theory in the context of modern societies.

The correct answer is - Extra-marital relation of married woman

Key Points

• Cicisbeism
• It refers to the practice of a married woman having a male companion or lover, often with the consent or knowledge of her husband.
• This practice was especially common among the European aristocracy in the 18^th century.
• The cicisbeo (the male companion) would often accompany the woman to social events and act as her protector.

Additional Information

• A type of exchange
• This option is incorrect as cicisbeism does not involve any form of exchange or trade.
• A tribe
• This option is incorrect as cicisbeism does not refer to any group of people or tribe.
• Breaking of nuclear family
• This option is incorrect as cicisbeism does not directly relate to the dissolution or breaking of a nuclear family unit.

The correct answer is - John Dewey

Key Points

• John Dewey
• John Dewey, an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, introduced the concept of "Occupational Psychosis."
• "Occupational Psychosis" refers to the idea that one's occupation can shape their habits, perceptions, and ways of thinking.
• Dewey's work emphasized the impact of professional roles on individuals' cognitive processes and behavior.
• He highlighted that the nature of one's job could lead to biases and a narrowed perspective, affecting how they interpret the world.

Additional Information

• S. Freud
• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
• Freud's theories focused on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and the development of human behavior.
• He is best known for his work on the Oedipus complex, defense mechanisms, and the structure of the psyche (id, ego, and superego).
• N.B. Dirks
• Nicholas B. Dirks is an anthropologist and historian.
• He is known for his work on colonialism and the history of South Asia.
• Dirks has contributed to the understanding of how colonial rule impacted Indian society and culture.
• Oscar Lewis
• Oscar Lewis was an American anthropologist known for his work on poverty and culture.
• He developed the concept of "culture of poverty," which suggests that poverty creates a distinct culture with its own norms and values.
• Lewis conducted extensive fieldwork in Mexico and Puerto Rico, documenting the lives of impoverished communities.

The correct answer is - Sorokin

Key Points

• Sorokin
• Sorokin, full name Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin, was a renowned Russian-American sociologist.
• He is noted for his work on social cycle theory and for founding the sociology department at Harvard University.
• His book "Sociological Theories of Today" provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary sociological theories.
• Sorokin's contributions to sociology include studies on social stratification, social mobility, and the sociology of knowledge.

Additional Information

• D.F. Pocock
• David Francis Pocock was a British social anthropologist, not primarily known for contributions to sociological theory.
• His work focused more on the anthropological study of India and African societies.
• Neil J. Smelser
• Neil J. Smelser was an American sociologist known for his work on economic sociology and social change.
• He authored several influential books but did not write "Sociological Theories of Today."
• Alex Inkeles
• Alex Inkeles was an American sociologist who specialized in the study of modernization and social development.
• He authored significant works in sociology, but "Sociological Theories of Today" was not one of them.

The correct answer is - 21

Key Points

• Number of Dyadic Relationships
• A dyadic relationship is a relationship between two individuals.
• In a group of nn

people, the number of dyadic relationships can be calculated using the combination formula (n2)(n2)

, which represents the number of ways to choose 2 people from nn

people.

• For 7 persons in a group, the calculation is (72)=7!2!(7−2)!=7×62×1=21(72)=7!2!(7−2)!=7×62×1=21

.

• Therefore, the number of dyadic relationships that will be formed by 7 persons in a group is 21.

Additional Information

• **Combination Formula ((nr)(nr)

)**

• The combination formula (nr)(nr)

is used to find the number of ways to choose rr

elements from a set of nn

elements without regard to the order of selection.

• The formula is given by (nr)=n!r!(n−r)!(nr)=n!r!(n−r)!

, where !!

denotes factorial, which is the product of all positive integers up to that number.

• In this context, nn

is the total number of persons (7), and rr

is the number of persons in each dyadic relationship (2).

• Other Options
• For a group of 7 persons, the incorrect options (7, 11, 14) do not match the correct calculation using the combination formula (72)(72)

.

• The number 7 might represent the total number of persons, not the number of dyadic relationships.
• The numbers 11 and 14 do not correspond to the result of the combination formula for any specific group size of 7 persons.

The correct answer is - Albert Cohen

Key Points

• Albert Cohen
• Albert K. Cohen is the author of the book "Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang," published in 1955.
• The book is a seminal work in criminology, exploring the subculture of delinquent boys and gang behavior.
• Cohen's theory posits that delinquency among lower-class boys is a response to their inability to achieve middle-class standards of success.
• He introduced the concept of "status frustration" to describe the feelings of failure and inadequacy experienced by these boys.

Additional Information

• W. Harald
• There is no significant record of W. Harald in the field of criminology or sociology.
• It is likely that this name is either fictional or not relevant to the context of gang culture studies.
• Lombroso
• Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist and physician, often referred to as the father of criminology.
• He is known for his theory of the "born criminal" and the concept of atavism, suggesting that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks.
• Lombroso's work focused on the biological and physiological traits of criminals rather than social or cultural factors.
• Raffaele Garofalo
• Raffaele Garofalo was an Italian criminologist and a contemporary of Lombroso.
• He introduced the concept of "natural crime" and believed that criminal behavior is a result of psychological and moral anomalies.
• Garofalo's work emphasized the need for a criminal justice system that aligns with the natural order and moral values.

The correct answer is - Rajasthan

Key Points

• Morris Carstairs' "Twice-Born"
• The book "Twice-Born" by Morris Carstairs is an anthropological study focusing on the caste system in India.
• It particularly examines the socio-cultural dynamics and caste attributes in Rajasthan.
• Carstairs' work provides an in-depth analysis of the lives, customs, and societal roles of the Rajputs and other castes in Rajasthan.

Additional Information

• Madhya Pradesh
• Although Madhya Pradesh has a rich cultural heritage and diverse caste dynamics, Morris Carstairs' "Twice-Born" does not focus on this state.
• Gujarat
• Gujarat is known for its unique caste and community structures, but the book "Twice-Born" does not explore this region.
• Maharashtra
• Maharashtra has its own distinct caste system and social structure, but Morris Carstairs' study is not centered here.

The correct answer is - Normlessness

Key Points

• Anomie
• Anomie is a term coined by the sociologist Émile Durkheim.
• It refers to a state of normlessness or a breakdown of social norms and values.
• This condition often arises during periods of rapid social change, where individuals feel disconnected from the collective consciousness of society.
• Anomie can lead to feelings of alienation, purposelessness, and increased deviant behavior.

Additional Information

• Innovation
• In sociology, innovation refers to the creation of new ideas, methods, or products that bring about change in society.
• This can be in the form of technological advancements, new cultural practices, or novel social policies.
• Ritualism
• Ritualism is a term used in the context of Robert K. Merton's strain theory.
• It describes the practice of adhering strictly to societal rules and rituals, even when the goals of those rules are not achieved or are no longer relevant.
• Order
• In a sociological context, order refers to the structured and predictable patterns of behavior and social arrangements that maintain stability in society.
• It is the opposite of chaos and is maintained through laws, norms, and institutions.

The correct answer is - D.N. Majumdar

Key Points

• D.N. Majumdar
• He was a prominent Indian anthropologist known for his work on Indian tribes and caste systems.
• Majumdar introduced the concept of 'de-sanskritization', which refers to the process where a lower caste or tribe adopts practices and rituals that are different from those of the higher castes, in contrast to sanskritization.
• His work has been influential in understanding the dynamics of social change and cultural transformation in India.

Additional Information

• M.N. Srinivas
• He was a renowned Indian sociologist and anthropologist.
• Srinivas is best known for his concept of 'sanskritization', which describes the process by which lower castes seek upward mobility by adopting the rituals and practices of higher castes.
• Yogendra Singh
• A prominent Indian sociologist known for his contributions to the sociology of modernization and social change in India.
• He has extensively studied the impact of modernization on Indian society.
• T.N. Madan
• He is an eminent Indian sociologist and anthropologist.
• Madan's work has focused on the sociology of religion, kinship, and social structure in India.

The correct answer is - George Simmel

Key Points

• George Simmel
• He was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.
• Simmel is best known for his work on social structures, social interactions, and urban sociology.
• The concept of "Wechselwirkung" (meaning "reciprocal action" or "interactions") is central to Simmel's work. It describes the dynamic and reciprocal nature of social relationships.
• Simmel's ideas on "Wechselwirkung" emphasize the continuous and dynamic interaction between individuals and society, forming the basis of social life.

Additional Information

• Max Weber
• A prominent German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist.
• Known for his theories on the development of Western capitalism, bureaucracy, and the concept of the "Protestant Ethic."
• Clifford Shaw
• An American sociologist known for his work in criminology and urban sociology.
• Co-developer of the Social Disorganization Theory with Henry McKay, which explains variations in crime rates in urban areas.
• Joseph Schumpeter
• An Austrian political economist known for his theories on business cycles, innovation, and entrepreneurship.
• Introduced the concept of "creative destruction" in economic theory.

The correct answer is - Mowrer

Key Points

• Mowrer
• He is known for defining crime as an anti-social act.
• This definition highlights the impact of crime on the social order and the collective well-being of society.
• Mowrer's perspective emphasizes the disruptive nature of criminal behavior and its implications for social harmony.

Additional Information

• Clinard Marshall
• Clinard is known for his works in sociology, particularly in studying deviant behavior.
• He has contributed significantly to the understanding of social norms and the consequences of their violations.
• Sutherland
• Edwin Sutherland is famous for his Differential Association Theory.
• This theory explains that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others.
• He is also well-known for his work on white-collar crime.
• Paul Tappan
• Paul Tappan is recognized for his contributions to criminology and sociology.
• He provided definitions and frameworks for understanding criminal law and its application.

The correct answer is - Secular society

Key Points

• The concept of "Folk Society" by Redfield
• Redfield's concept of a folk society refers to small, isolated communities that maintain a simple social structure.
• These societies are characterized by a strong sense of group solidarity and shared cultural and ethnic identity.
• Folk societies are generally non-industrial and have a limited division of labor.
• Religious beliefs, traditions, and customs play a significant role in the daily lives of members of a folk society.

Additional Information

• Relatively small isolated society
• This is a key characteristic of a folk society as defined by Redfield.
• Small size and isolation help maintain cultural homogeneity and reduce external influences.
• Ethnic society
• Folk societies are often ethnically homogeneous, sharing common cultural traits and heritage.
• Ethnic identity strengthens the bonds within the society.
• Society filled with the feeling of group solidarity
• A strong sense of community and mutual support is central to the concept of a folk society.
• Group solidarity fosters social cohesion and collective identity.

The correct answer is - Le Play

Key Points

• Le Play
• Frédéric Le Play was a French sociologist and engineer known for his contributions to the study of family structures.
• He propounded the concept of the "Stem family," a type of family arrangement where multiple generations live together, but inheritance is passed down to a single heir.
• Le Play's work emphasized the importance of family organization in social stability and economic development.

Additional Information

• Zimmerman
• Carle C. Zimmerman was an American sociologist who studied family structures but did not propound the concept of the "Stem family."
• He is known for his work on the dynamics of family forms and their impact on society.
• Murdock
• George Peter Murdock was an American anthropologist known for his comparative studies of kinship and family structures.
• He developed the concept of the "Nuclear family" and created the Human Relations Area Files.
• Burgess
• Ernest W. Burgess was an American sociologist who focused on urban sociology and family studies.
• He is well-known for the "Concentric Zone Model" of urban development but did not work on the "Stem family" concept.

The correct answer is - 4

Key Points

• Irawati Karve
• Irawati Karve was a renowned Indian anthropologist and sociologist.
• Her work in the field of kinship and social structure in India is highly influential.
• She divided India into four distinct kinship zones based on different kinship patterns and social structures observed in various regions.
• The four zones she identified are: Northern, Central, Southern, and Eastern zones.

Additional Information

• Kinship Zones
• Kinship zones refer to the regions with distinct patterns of kinship and social organization.
• In anthropology, understanding kinship zones helps in studying the variations in family structures, marriage customs, inheritance rules, and social hierarchy.
• Other Options Overview
• Option 1 (3 zones): Dividing India into three zones does not align with Irawati Karve's classification.
• Option 3 (5 zones): There is no significant anthropological or sociological work by Irawati Karve suggesting India was divided into five kinship zones.
• Option 4 (6 zones): Six zones division is also not supported by her research findings.

The correct answer is - 2^nd October, 1977

Key Points

• Antyodaya Programme
• The Antyodaya programme was launched in Rajasthan on 2^nd October, 1977.
• The term "Antyodaya" means "rise of the last person" and aims at the upliftment of the poorest of the poor in society.
• The programme focuses on providing basic necessities such as food, shelter, and education to underprivileged sections of the society.
• It was an initiative under the leadership of then Chief Minister Bhairon Singh Shekhawat.

Additional Information

• 15^th August, 1975
• This date marks India's Independence Day, celebrated annually since 1947.
• No major social welfare programme like Antyodaya was launched on this date in 1975.
• 2^nd October, 1975
• This date is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti, the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.
• No specific launch of Antyodaya programme is associated with this date in 1975.
• 15^th August, 1977
• Again, this date is significant as India's Independence Day.
• However, the Antyodaya programme was not launched on this date in 1977.

The correct answer is - Risley

Key Points

• Risley
• Herbert Hope Risley was a British ethnologist and colonial administrator.
• He is known for his work on the classification of Indian castes and tribes based on anthropometric measurements.
• Risley conducted the Census of India in 1901 and introduced the idea of classifying Indian society into various races.
• He asserted that there was a thin line between caste and tribe, emphasizing the fluidity and overlapping characteristics of the two social categories in India.

Additional Information

• Hutton
• J.H. Hutton was also a British anthropologist and census commissioner in India.
• He is known for his book "Caste in India: Its Nature, Function, and Origins," published in 1946.
• Hutton's work provided an in-depth analysis of the caste system, but he did not specifically focus on the boundary between caste and tribe as Risley did.
• Ghurye
• G.S. Ghurye was an Indian sociologist and a pioneer in the field of sociology in India.
• He wrote extensively on caste, tribes, and other aspects of Indian society.
• Ghurye's work "The Scheduled Tribes" is a significant contribution to the study of tribes in India, but his focus was more on the distinctions rather than the overlap between castes and tribes.
• L.P. Vidyarthi
• Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi was an Indian anthropologist known for his studies on tribal communities.
• He wrote about the socio-cultural aspects of tribes but did not specifically emphasize the difficulty in drawing boundaries between caste and tribe.

The correct answer is - Bonded Labour

Key Points

• Jeetham
• Jeetham refers to a system of bonded labour where individuals are compelled to work for their creditor until their debt is repaid.
• This practice is prevalent in some regions of India, where it is often used to exploit vulnerable and economically disadvantaged people.
• Bonded labour is a form of modern slavery and is illegal in many countries, including India, under various laws and regulations aimed at prohibiting such exploitation.
• The system perpetuates poverty and hinders social and economic development by trapping individuals and families in cycles of debt and servitude.

Additional Information

• Tribal Dance
• Tribal dances are traditional dances performed by indigenous tribes, often reflecting their cultural heritage, beliefs, and social practices.
• These dances can vary significantly between different tribes and regions, showcasing their unique identity and customs.
• Group of Families
• A group of families typically refers to a community or a clan, often united by common ancestry, culture, or social ties.
• Such groups can play a significant role in social organization and cultural preservation in various societies.
• Religious Sect
• A religious sect is a subgroup within a larger religious tradition, often with distinct beliefs, practices, or rituals that set it apart from the main group.
• Sects can arise from doctrinal disagreements, social movements, or charismatic leadership.

The correct answer is - Gift exchange

Key Points

• Kula System of Exchange
• The Kula system is a ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.
• Participants travel between islands to exchange valuable shell-made items, such as necklaces and armbands.
• This system establishes and reinforces social ties, status, and prestige among participants.
• It is considered a form of gift exchange because it involves the giving and receiving of items without the use of money or direct bargaining.

Additional Information

• Monetary Exchange
• Involves the use of money as a medium to exchange goods and services.
• It is typically impersonal and based on market values.
• Market Principle
• Refers to the economic principle where supply and demand determine prices and production of goods and services.
• It is a central concept in capitalist economies.
• Market Exchange
• Involves buying and selling goods or services in a market setting.
• It is characterized by the use of money and price mechanisms to facilitate exchanges.

The correct answer is - Dipankar Gupta

Key Points

• Dipankar Gupta
• Dipankar Gupta is a prominent Indian sociologist known for his work on caste, social stratification, and modernity.
• He has challenged the traditional views of caste as a rigid and unchanging system.
• Gupta argues that the concept of "discrete castes" is misleading and that caste identities are fluid and dynamic.
• His work emphasizes the importance of understanding caste in the context of contemporary social and economic changes.

Additional Information

• Max Muller
• Max Muller was a German-born philologist and Orientalist, known for his translations and interpretations of ancient Indian texts.
• He did not specifically focus on the concept of caste in his work.
• Andre Beteille
• Andre Beteille is an Indian sociologist who has extensively studied caste and class in India.
• He has written on the complexities of social stratification but did not coin the term "discrete castes."
• Yogendra Singh
• Yogendra Singh is an Indian sociologist known for his work on modernization and social change in India.
• He has explored various aspects of Indian society, including caste, but is not specifically associated with the idea of "discrete castes."

The correct answer is - 1975

Key Points

• Twenty-Point Programme
• The Twenty-Point Programme was launched by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975.
• This programme aimed to address poverty, unemployment, and other socio-economic issues in India.
• The programme included measures such as land reforms, eradication of bonded labor, and improving the public distribution system.
• It was a significant step towards the socio-economic development of the country and targeted various sectors like agriculture, labor welfare, education, and public health.

Additional Information

• 1974
• This year does not correspond to the launch of the Twenty-Point Programme.
• However, it was a time of significant political and economic challenges in India, leading up to the emergency period.
• 1978
• By this time, the emergency had ended, and the Janata Party had come to power.
• The focus of the government was different, and the Twenty-Point Programme had already been initiated three years earlier.
• 1983
• This year is too late for the initiation of the original Twenty-Point Programme.
• In 1983, efforts were focused on reviewing and updating the programme to meet current needs.

The correct answer is - Mores

Key Points

• Mores
• Mores are the norms that are widely observed within a society and have great moral significance.
• They embody the fundamental values of a society and dictate what is considered right and wrong.
• Violation of mores results in severe punishments because such violations threaten the social order and the well-being of the community.
• Mores include prohibitions against serious crimes such as murder, theft, and other acts that are considered morally reprehensible.

Additional Information

• Customs
• Customs are traditional practices that are common to a particular society or culture.
• They are less strict compared to mores and their violation typically leads to mild social disapproval rather than severe punishment.
• Folkways
• Folkways are the everyday norms that govern the casual interactions among people.
• They include habits and conventions in daily life, such as dress codes and table manners.
• Violation of folkways usually results in social ridicule or mild disapproval but not severe punishment.
• Convention
• Conventions are established norms or practices in a society that are followed by individuals as part of social etiquette.
• They are similar to customs but are more formalized and may include rules of politeness and protocol.
• Violation of conventions usually leads to social disapproval rather than legal or severe social sanctions.

The correct answer is - Durkheim

Key Points

• Durkheim
• Émile Durkheim was a prominent French sociologist, social psychologist, and philosopher.
• He is often regarded as one of the principal architects of modern social science.
• Durkheim introduced the concept of "social facts," which are the norms, values, and structures of society that transcend individual actions.
• His work on the "Kingdom of Heaven" as a glorified society reflects his ideas on collective consciousness and the role of religion in social integration.

Additional Information

• Tylor
• Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist, often considered the father of cultural anthropology.
• He is best known for his work on cultural evolution and his definition of culture.
• Tylor's key concept was "animism," which he believed was the earliest form of religion.
• Rivers
• William Halse Rivers Rivers was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist, and psychiatrist.
• He is known for his work in the field of kinship and his research on the social structures of indigenous peoples.
• Rivers contributed significantly to the understanding of cross-cultural kinship systems.
• Boas
• Franz Boas was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology."
• He emphasized the importance of cultural relativism and historical particularism.
• Boas argued against the idea of cultural evolution and instead focused on understanding each culture within its own historical context.

The correct answer is - D.N. Majumdar

Key Points

• D.N. Majumdar
• D.N. Majumdar was a renowned Indian anthropologist.
• He is known for his extensive work on Indian tribes and rural sociology.
• The term "MARC" refers to the "Multi-dimensional Analysis of Rural Communities," which he used in his studies to understand various aspects of Indian culture and society.

Additional Information

• Yogendra Singh
• Yogendra Singh was a prominent Indian sociologist.
• He is known for his work on modernization and social change in India.
• He did not use the term "MARC" in his analysis.
• Neera Desai
• Neera Desai was a pioneering Indian feminist and sociologist.
• She focused on women's studies and gender issues in India.
• Her work did not involve the use of the term "MARC."
• L.P. Vidyarthi
• L.P. Vidyarthi was an eminent Indian anthropologist.
• He is known for his studies on Indian tribes and culture.
• His work did not include the term "MARC."

The correct answer is - Ranikhera and Tepoztlan

Key Points

• Ranikhera and Tepoztlan
• The concept of "Rural Cosmopolitanism" was developed after a comparative analysis of Ranikhera, a village in India, and Tepoztlan, a village in Mexico.
• Ranikhera represents the traditional agrarian society in India, while Tepoztlan is known for its cultural and social transformations in Mexico.
• Both villages exhibit unique forms of social structures, community life, and cultural practices that contribute to the concept of Rural Cosmopolitanism.
• The study highlights how rural areas can be cosmopolitan in their own right, with diverse influences and interconnectedness with the wider world.

Additional Information

• Samirpet and Rampura
• These villages are not known for any significant comparative studies related to Rural Cosmopolitanism.
• Samirpet is a village in Telangana, India, known for its educational institutions and tourism.
• Rampura is a common village name in India, but no specific studies connecting it to the concept of Rural Cosmopolitanism are noted.
• Kishangarhi and Tecopia
• Kishangarhi is a less-known village in India, and Tecopia is not a recognized village name linked to Rural Cosmopolitanism studies.
• There are no recorded comparative analyses between these two villages in the context of Rural Cosmopolitanism.
• Tanjore and Bisipara
• Tanjore (Thanjavur) is a famous city in Tamil Nadu, India, known for its rich cultural heritage and temples.
• Bisipara is a lesser-known village, and there are no significant studies linking these two places to the concept of Rural Cosmopolitanism.

The correct answer is - 4635

Key Points

• The number of communities in India according to the 'People of India Project' is 4635
• The 'People of India Project' was an extensive anthropological survey conducted by the Anthropological Survey of India.
• The project aimed to document the diversity of communities across India.
• It involved detailed studies of various communities, their cultures, traditions, and social structures.
• The project revealed that there are 4635 distinct communities in India.

Additional Information

• People of India Project
• Launched in 1985, the project took over a decade to complete.
• It was one of the most comprehensive studies of its kind, involving over 500 scholars and extensive fieldwork.
• The project provided valuable insights into the socio-cultural fabric of India and highlighted the country's immense diversity.
• The findings were published in a multi-volume series, providing an in-depth look at the various communities.

The correct answer is - Malinowski

Key Points

• Malinowski
• Bronisław Malinowski was a pioneering anthropologist who is often considered one of the founding figures of social anthropology.
• He introduced the concept that "enculturation is the zero point of culture," emphasizing the fundamental role of learning and internalizing culture from the earliest stages of life.
• Malinowski's fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands was highly influential in developing the participant observation method in anthropology.
• He is known for his theory of functionalism, which argues that all cultural practices and institutions serve particular functions that contribute to the stability and survival of society.

Additional Information

• Ruth Benedict
• Ruth Benedict was an American anthropologist and folklorist, best known for her work on patterns of culture.
• She wrote "Patterns of Culture" and "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword," which are significant works in cultural anthropology.
• Herskovits
• Melville J. Herskovits was an American anthropologist who helped establish African and African-American studies in American academia.
• His work focused on the cultural continuity and transformation within African and African Diaspora communities.
• Kluckhohn
• Clyde Kluckhohn was an American anthropologist and social theorist known for his contributions to the study of culture and personality.
• He co-authored the classic "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions" with Alfred Kroeber.

The correct answer is - Julian Steward

Key Points

• Julian Steward
• Julian Steward was an American anthropologist and is best known for his concept of "cultural ecology".
• He introduced the concept of "Culture Core", which refers to the key features of a society’s way of life that are most closely connected to subsistence activities and economic practices.
• This concept is fundamental in understanding how human societies adapt to their environments.
• Steward's work emphasized the relationship between culture and the environment, illustrating how environmental factors shape social structures and cultural practices.

Additional Information

• Grabner
• Grabner is not well-known in the context of anthropology or the development of cultural concepts like the "Culture Core".
• Elliott
• Elliott is not specifically recognized for contributions to the concept of "Culture Core" in anthropological literature.
• Linton
• Ralph Linton was a significant anthropologist known for his work on culture and personality, but he did not specifically develop the concept of "Culture Core".
• His work focused more on the theoretical understanding of culture and social structures.

The correct answer is - 2007

Key Points

• National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
• The NCPCR was established in March 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
• Its mission is to ensure that all laws, policies, programs, and administrative mechanisms are in consonance with the child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
• The Commission works for the protection, promotion, and defense of child rights in India.
• It monitors the implementation of laws, policies, and programs related to children and provides recommendations for their improvement.

Additional Information

• 1993
• In 1993, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established in India, but it is not specifically focused on child rights.
• 2001
• In 2001, India enacted the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, which provides a framework for the protection and rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law and those in need of care and protection.
• 2004
• In 2004, the government launched several child welfare programs, but the NCPCR was not established until 2007.

The correct answer is - Senapur

Key Points

• Senapur
• The concept of "Unity and Extension" was derived from a comprehensive study conducted on the village of Senapur.
• This study focused on the socio-economic and cultural integration within the village.
• The findings from Senapur highlighted the importance of community cohesion and collective growth.
• These principles are now widely discussed in various developmental and sociological frameworks.

Additional Information

• Sripuram
• Sripuram is known for its spiritual and religious significance, particularly the Golden Temple dedicated to goddess Lakshmi Narayani.
• It is not associated with the socio-economic study related to "Unity and Extension".
• Khalapur
• Khalapur is a town and municipal council in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India.
• It is more known for its industrial areas and has not been linked to studies related to "Unity and Extension".
• Maori
• Maori refers to the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand.
• The concept of "Unity and Extension" in the context of Indian villages does not relate to the Maori culture or their settlements.