The correct answer is - Warranted growth; natural rate of growth and actual growth

Key Points

• Warranted growth
• It is the growth rate at which the economy will grow when planned savings are equal to planned investments.
• This rate ensures that the economy remains on a steady growth path without any inflationary or deflationary pressures.
• Natural rate of growth
• This rate is determined by the growth of the labor force and technological progress.
• It represents the maximum sustainable rate of growth that an economy can achieve without generating inflationary pressures.
• Actual growth
• It is the real growth rate observed in the economy at any point in time.
• This rate can deviate from both the warranted and natural rates of growth due to various factors like demand fluctuations, policy interventions, etc.

Additional Information

• Perceived growth
• This term is not part of the Harrod-Domar model and generally refers to how growth is viewed or perceived by the public or policymakers.
• It can vary based on subjective factors and may not have a concrete economic definition.
• Uncertain growth
• This is not a standard term in economic growth models.
• It might refer to unpredictable growth patterns, but it is not a defined concept in the Harrod-Domar model.
• Specific rate of growth
• This term does not specifically relate to the Harrod-Domar model.
• It could be interpreted in various ways depending on the context but is not a key concept in the model.

The correct answer is Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency

Key Points

• Micro stands for micro enterprises, which are the primary focus of the MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) Yojana.
• MUDRA Yojana was launched by the Government of India to provide funding to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises.
• The scheme aims to support the growth and development of micro-enterprises in India by providing financial assistance up to Rs. 10 lakh.
• MUDRA loans are categorized into three products: Shishu (covering loans up to Rs. 50,000), Kishor (covering loans above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs. 5 lakh), and Tarun (covering loans above Rs. 5 lakh and up to Rs. 10 lakh).
• The initiative is aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and employment generation at the grassroots level.

Additional Information

• MUDRA Bank was established as a subsidiary of SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India).
• The scheme also focuses on providing financial literacy and credit counseling to micro-entrepreneurs.
• MUDRA Yojana is part of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), which was launched on 8th April 2015.
• It aims to achieve financial inclusion by extending credit to micro-businesses, which often face difficulties in accessing formal banking channels.
• The scheme has been instrumental in empowering women entrepreneurs and promoting inclusive growth.

The correct answer is Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

Key Points

• Mudumalai National Park:
• Mudumalai National Park is located in Tamil Nadu.
• It is located at the tri-junction of three states,  Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• During World War II, the forests interior served as a training camp for soldiers destined for Burma.
• Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1942 in the Mudumalai forest area.
• Mudumalai is a Tamil word that means "ancient hill range."
• Mudumalai was designated as a tiger reserve by the Tamil Nadu state govemment April 2007.
• Moyar River flows also the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and serves as a national boundary between Mudumalai and Bandipur Sanctuary
• The Reserve has tall grasses called Napier grass and are commonly referred to as ‘Elephant Grass'.
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee is considering the Westem Ghats Nilqiri Sub-Cluster, which encompasses a" of Mudumalai National Park, for designation as a World Heritage Site.
• Tiger and Asian Elephant are the two flagship species.

The correct answer is 50.6.

Key Points

• As per the Census of India 2011, the adult literacy rate for women in rural areas was recorded at 50.6%.
• This figure highlights the gender disparity in literacy rates, especially in rural India, where educational opportunities for women are limited.
• The overall literacy rate in India, as per the Census 2011, was 74.04%, with male literacy at 82.14% and female literacy at 65.46%.
• The lower literacy rate among rural women underscores the need for targeted educational policies and programs.
• Government initiatives like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao and Saakshar Bharat aim to address this gap by promoting the education of girls and women in rural areas.

Additional Information

• Literacy Rate: Literacy rate is the percentage of people aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language.
• Census 2011: The Census of India 2011 was the 15th National Census of the country and provided comprehensive data on population, literacy, and other demographic indicators.
• Challenges in Rural Areas: Factors like poverty, cultural norms, gender bias, and lack of infrastructure have contributed to lower literacy rates among rural women.
• Government Schemes: Initiatives like Saakshar Bharat Mission, focused on adult literacy, and Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, aimed at improving the education of girl children, have been instrumental in addressing this issue.
• UNESCO's Role: Global organizations like UNESCO have also highlighted the importance of women's education as a means of achieving gender equality and sustainable development.

The correct answer is 17.7.

Key Points

• The decadal growth rate of India's population, as per the 2011 Census, was 17.7% (or 0.177 in decimal terms).
• This was a decline from the previous decadal growth rate of 21.5% recorded in the 2001 Census.
• The total population of India in 2011 was 1.21 billion, accounting for 17.5% of the global population.
• The decline in the decadal growth rate is attributed to increased awareness about family planning and government initiatives targeting population control.
• The Census of India is conducted every 10 years, and the 2011 Census was the 15th such exercise since its inception in 1872.

Additional Information

• Decadal Growth Rate:
• It represents the percentage increase in population over a decade.
• The formula used is: [(Population in Current Census - Population in Previous Census) / Population in Previous Census] × 100.
• It is a key indicator of demographic trends and is crucial for planning resources, infrastructure, and services.
• 2011 Census Highlights:
• The sex ratio of India improved to 943 females per 1000 males, compared to 933 in 2001.
• The literacy rate increased to 74.04%, with male literacy at 82.14% and female literacy at 65.46%.
• Uttar Pradesh remained the most populous state, with 199 million people.
• Population Control Initiatives:
• Government programs such as the National Population Policy (2000) focus on stabilizing the population by 2045.
• Promotion of family planning methods, education, and health awareness contribute to controlling population growth.
• Future Projections:
• India is expected to surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2027, according to the United Nations.
• Population growth trends highlight the need for sustainable development and resource management.

The correct answer is To benchmark logistics efficiency across Indian States and Union Territories.

In News

• Union Minister Piyush Goyal launched LEADS 2025, a logistics benchmarking initiative aimed at improving logistics efficiency across all Indian States and Union Territories.

Key Points

• LEADS 2025 introduces corridor-level assessments, waiting time metrics, and API-enabled road-section speed tracking to identify logistics bottlenecks and improve efficiency.
• Key metrics include journey time, truck speed, and waiting periods, which will help reduce delays and lower logistics costs across India.
• The initiative aligns with India’s goals of Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and global competitiveness by 2047.
• LEADS 2025 aims to strengthen India’s supply chain competitiveness and provide data-driven insights for better infrastructure investment and policy-making.

Additional Information

• LEADS 2025 Components
• It evaluates logistics efficiency across different corridors, with parameters like truck speed, waiting time, and journey time.
• API-based speed monitoring of road sections will provide real-time, high-resolution data for better planning and monitoring.
• Strategic Implications
• The initiative will help enhance manufacturing competitiveness, reduce logistics costs, and foster global trade efficiency.
• It promotes transparency in logistics performance and infrastructure, contributing to accountability and efficiency in the supply chain.

The Correct Answer is August 19, 2025.

In News

• Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan: World’s Largest Tribal Leadership Programme for Responsive Governance Launched.

Key Points

• Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on August 19, 2025.
• It is the world’s largest tribal leadership programme, aimed at mobilizing 20 lakh change leaders in 1 lakh tribal-dominated villages.
• The initiative supports inclusive development and aligns with the vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047.
• The core philosophy is based on Sewa (Service), Sankalp (Resolve), and Samarpan (Dedication).
• The initiative supports the Government’s motto “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Prayas, Sabka Vishwas” for tribal upliftment.
• Part of the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh, celebrating the legacy of tribal communities in India.

The Correct Answer is To regulate online betting and money gaming platforms.

In News

• Union Cabinet Approves Online Gaming Bill to Regulate Betting Platforms.

Key Points

• Online Gaming Bill: The Union Cabinet approved the Online Gaming Bill aimed at regulating online betting and money gaming platforms.
• Legislation: The bill is expected to be presented in the Lok Sabha on Wednesday.
• Fraud Concerns: The move addresses rising cases of fraud linked to online betting apps and issues with celebrity endorsements.
• Government Action: Over 1,400 betting websites and apps were blocked between 2022 and February 2025.
• Taxation:
• 28% GST applied on online gaming since October 2023.
• 30% tax on winnings from online games starting in 2024–25.
• Offshore gaming platforms also brought under the tax net.
• Revenue Surge: Online gaming revenue increased by 412%, reaching Rs 6,909 crore in six months (from Rs 1,349 crore).
• Criminal Provisions: Unauthorized betting can lead to up to seven years in jail and fines.
• Supreme Court Rejoinder: The Centre proposed that the entire stake amount in gaming should be taxed.

The Correct Answer is ​Ayushman Arogya Mandir.

In News

• Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) to be called ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir’.

Key Points

• The Union Government has decided to rename the existing Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) as ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir’ with the tag-line ‘Arogyam Parmam Dhanam’.
• In a letter to all States and Union Territories, the Union Health Ministry has issued guidelines to suitably replace the existing title across all operationalized Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres.
• The funds required for renaming the existing facilities has been proposed at Rs. 3,000 per facility.
• AB-HWC aims to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, including both maternal and child health services, and free essential drugs and diagnostic services close to people’s homes through AB-HWCs.

The correct answer is option 3.

In News

• Kozhikamuthi, a Malasar tribal settlement in the core area of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, is known for the occupation of capturing, taming and handling wild elephants for the Forest Department.

Key Points

Anamalai Tiger Reserve:

• It is one of the four Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
• It forms part of the Southern Western Ghats.
• The ranges found in this reserve include Amaravathi, Udumalpet, Pollachi, Ulandy, Valparai and Manamboli.
• It is surrounded by Parambikulam Tiger Reserve on the East, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulam National Park on the South Western side (all belonging to Kerala).

Mudumalai Tiger Reserve:

• Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is located in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu state at the tri-junction of three states, viz, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Hence, pair 2 is not correctly matched.
• It is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve along with Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) in the West, Bandipur National Park (Karnataka) in the North, Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley in the South.
• The name Mudumalai means the ancient hill range.

Bandipur Tiger Reserve:

• It is situated in two contiguous districts (Mysore and Chamarajanagar) of Karnataka and is located at the tri-junction area of the States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hence, pair 3 is correctly matched.
• It forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
• It was established in 1973 under Project Tiger.
• In 1985, by including adjacent areas from Venugopala Wildlife Park, it was enlarged and named as Bandipur National Park.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve:

• It is a protected area in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It was established in 1973. Hence, pair 4 is correctly matched.
• Parambikulam Tiger Reserve also includes erstwhile Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It lies in the Sungam range of hills between Anaimalai Hills and Nelliampathy Hills.
• Buddha Peacock or Buddha Mayoori is the State butterfly of Kerala, found in this tiger reserve.

The correct answer is Official language of the Union.

Key Points

• According to Article 343 -
• The official language of the Union will be Hindi and the script Devanagari.
• The form of numerals to be used for official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.

Additional Information

• ​The Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi first recognized Hindi as the national language in 1917.
• But on 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly unanimously agreed to give it the status of an official language.
• In 1950, by Article 343(1) of the Constitution, Hindi was given the status of official language in the form of Devanagari script.
• Constitutional provisions related to official language have been made from Article 343 to 351 of the Constitution of the country.
• The government has also formed the Department of Official Language under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The correct answer is Article 153.

Key Points

• Under Article 153, Governors of States Each State shall have Governors: provided that nothing in this Article precludes the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States.
• Under Article 154, The State's executive authority shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised either directly or by his subordinate officers, in compliance with this Constitution.
• Under Article 155, The President shall nominate the Governor of a State by warrant under his hand and seal.

Additional Information

• Article 151 - Audit Reports
• The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the president, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.
• Article 149 of the Indian constitution defines the duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.

The correct answer is Article 17.

Key Points

• Article 17 of the Indian Constitution explicitly abolishes "untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form.
• It is a part of the Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution.
• This article makes untouchability a punishable offense under the law.
• The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, was enacted to enforce Article 17 and to prescribe penalties for the practice of untouchability.
• Article 17 aims to promote social equality and eradicate discrimination based on caste.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Rights
• These are a set of rights guaranteed to all citizens by the Indian Constitution.
• They are essential for the overall development of individuals and to maintain human dignity.
• Part III of the Indian Constitution covers Fundamental Rights, from Articles 12 to 35.
• Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
• It was enacted to enforce the provisions of Article 17 of the Constitution.
• The Act prescribes punishment for anyone who practices untouchability.
• It also includes penalties for preventing any person from entering public places or using public amenities due to untouchability.
• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• This Act further strengthens the legal framework against untouchability and caste-based discrimination.
• It provides special protections and rights to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes against atrocities and discrimination.
• The Act includes provisions for the establishment of special courts for the trial of offenses under it.
• Social Justice
• It refers to fair and just relations between the individual and society.
• Social justice is a foundational principle of the Indian Constitution, aimed at reducing inequalities and ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.
• It encompasses various social reforms to uplift marginalized sections of society.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Article 342 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Scheduled Tribes.
• Under this Article, the President of India, after consultation with the Governor of the concerned state, issues a public notification specifying the tribes or tribal communities that shall be deemed as Scheduled Tribes in relation to that state or Union Territory. Hence, option 3 is correct.

Additional Information

• Article 340: Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
• Article 349: Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
• Article 338: Deals with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes. (Scheduled Tribes fall under Article 338A)

The correct answer is Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.

Key Points

• Article 74 of the Indian Constitution mandates that there shall be a Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, to aid and advise the President in the exercise of their functions.
• The President is bound by the advice provided by the Council of Ministers except in cases where discretion is explicitly permitted by the Constitution.
• The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, as per Article 75(3) of the Constitution.
• This provision ensures that the President functions as a constitutional head, with real executive power vested in the Council of Ministers.
• The advice provided by the Council is confidential, and the President cannot question it publicly.

Additional Information

• Prime Minister: The leader of the Council of Ministers and is appointed by the President. The PM is the principal channel of communication between the President and the Council.
• Collective Responsibility: The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, ensuring that they act as a united entity in governance.
• Discretionary Powers of the President: The President can use their discretion in certain situations, such as appointing the Prime Minister in case of a hung parliament.
• Executive Powers: While the President is the nominal executive, the real executive authority rests with the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister.
• Article 75: This article further elaborates on the appointment and tenure of the Council of Ministers, including the provision that they hold office during the pleasure of the President.

The correct answer is SARS-Cov-2.

Key Points

• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus the first virus strain of which was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019.
• This strain of coronavirus was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization as CoV belonged to the family of Coronavirus and 19 name refers to the year it was detected first hence Covid-19

Important Points SARS-Cov-2:

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus  or SARS-CoV-2 is a member of a large family of viruses called coronaviruses.
• It causes a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).
• Research is being done to treat COVID-19 and to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2​

Additional Information

• SARS-Cov-1:
• It stands for the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
• It is a strain of coronavirus that causes the severe acute respiratory syndrome, the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
• H2N2:
• Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 (A/H2N2) is a subtype of the Influenza A virus.
• H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the "Asian flu" strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds.
• TB-Cov-2:
• ​There is no virus called TB-Cov-2. Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. RR rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) refers to the share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that banks have to hold as balances with the RBI.
• The objective of CRR is to keep inflation under control.
• During high inflation in the economy, the central bank raises the CRR to lower the bank’s loanable funds.
• The current Cash Reserve Ratio is 3.00% (As of 30-05-2020).
• The Central bank has the authority to regulate monetary policies.
• The Ministry of Finance has the authority to regulate fiscal policies.

The correct answer is Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

• Muhammad Bin Tughlaq issued copper coins instead of silver ones.
• The Tughlaq silver coin was named Tanka, and the copper coin was called Jital.
• Tughlaq started the circulation of copper and brass coins as the token currency which had the same value as gold or silver coins in 1330-32 CE.
• In 1330, after his unsuccessful campaign in Devagiri, he issued a token currency.

Key Points

• Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was the second Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty.
• He was the son of the sultan Ghiyath al-Dīn Tughluq.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq was in power in Delhi from 1351 to 1388.
• He was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty after the death of Mohammad-bin Tughlaq.
• He wrote his autobiography called Futuhat-e-firozshahi.
• Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty in India who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1320 to 1325.
• He founded the city of Tughlaqabad.
• Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq (also called Muhammad Tughluq) was the last sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty to rule the Islamic Delhi Sultanate.
• He ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 31 August 1390 to 20 January 1394.

The correct answer is Mudras.

Key Points

• Mudras are symbolic hand gestures used in Indian classical dance forms, including Bharatnatyam, to convey specific meanings and emotions.
• In Bharatnatyam, mudras are a crucial aspect of the dance and are used to tell a story, depict characters, and express various emotions.
• There are two types of mudras in Bharatnatyam: Asamyukta Mudras (single-hand gestures) and Samyukta Mudras (double-hand gestures).
• The use of mudras in Bharatnatyam is codified in the ancient text Natyashastra, which provides detailed descriptions of various gestures and their meanings.

Additional Information

• Laya
• Laya refers to the concept of rhythm or tempo in Indian classical music and dance.
• It is an essential element that helps in maintaining the timing and synchronization of movements and music.
• Laya can be classified into three categories: Vilambit (slow tempo), Madhya (medium tempo), and Drut (fast tempo).
• In Bharatnatyam, dancers often perform to different layas, showcasing their skill in maintaining rhythmic precision.
• Tripatakas
• Tripataka is one of the single-hand mudras (Asamyukta Hastas) used in Bharatnatyam.
• The Tripataka mudra is formed by holding the thumb, index, and middle fingers straight while bending the ring finger and little finger.
• This gesture can represent a crown, a tree, a lamp, or an arrow, depending on its context and accompanying movements.
• It is one of the 28 single-hand mudras described in the Natyashastra.
• Gatakas
• Gatakas is not a recognized term in the context of Bharatnatyam or Indian classical dance.
• It may be a typographical error or confusion with similar-sounding terms.
• In Indian classical dance, specific terminologies are used to denote various gestures, rhythms, and movements, and Gatakas does not fit into this lexicon.
• Understanding the correct terms and their meanings is crucial for a deeper appreciation of the dance form.

Key Points

Vitamin -

• In 1911, Casimir Funk isolated a concentrate from rice polishings that cured polyneuritis in pigeons.
• He named the concentrate “vitamin” because it appeared to be vital to life and because it was probably amino vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins -

• Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolved in fats.
• They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and are distributed through the body in the bloodstream.
• There are four types of fat-soluble vitamin, each of which offers different benefits -
• Vitamin A is integral to bone formation, tooth formation, and vision. It contributes to immune and cellular function while keeping the intestines working properly.
• Vitamin D aids in the development of teeth and bone by encouraging the absorption and metabolism of phosphorous and calcium.
• Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps fight infection and keeps red blood cells healthy.
• Vitamin K is central to blood clotting and also keeps bones healthy. Hence option 3 is correct.

Water-Soluble Vitamins -

• Water-soluble vitamins are those that are dissolved in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use.
• Because they are not stored in the body, they need to be replenished regularly in our diet.
• Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
• Vitamin B3 (niacin)
• Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
• Vitamin B7 (biotin)
• Vitamin B9 (folate or folic acid)
• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

The correct answer is Leprosy.

Key Points

Leprosy:

• It is also known as Hansen's disease.
• It is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
• The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes.
• Leprosy is known to occur at all ages ranging from early infancy to very old age.

Additional Information

Cholera:

• It is a bacterial disease.
• Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera.

Some common Bacterial diseases -

• Cholera.
• Leprosy.
• Tuberculosis.
• Plague

The correct answer is option 3, i.e. CH₃COOH.

The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH₃COOH.

The correct answer is Earthworm.

Key Points

• Phylum Annelida's main features:
• The body is long, thin, soft, and metamerically segmented.
• Locomotion takes place through Setae made up of Chitin.
• The alimentary canal is well developed.
• The nervous system is normal and blood is red.
• Excretion by nephridia.
• Both unisexual and bisexual.
• Example: Earthworm.

Additional Information

• The five-kingdom system was proposed by R.H. Whittaker.
• The kingdom defined by him was named- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Kingdom Animalia is divided into sub-groups which is known as Phylum. There are 11 phyla in the kingdom Animalia.
• Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata.​

Important Points

• Unique features of different phyla- 
• Porifera- also known as spores because they have pores.
• Coelenterata- also known as cnidaria because they have cnidoblasts.
• Ctenophora- also known as sea walnuts or comb jellies. And they have comb plates.
• Platyhelminthes- also known as flatworms because they have a flat body.
• Aschelminthes- also known as roundworms because the body has a circular cross-section.
• Annelida- Body segmentation
• Arthropoda- They have joint appendages.
• Mollusca- Body covered with a calcareous shell.
• Echinodermata- Water vascular system.
• Hemichordata- The body is made up of proboscis, collar, and trunk.
• Chordata- Notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.

The correct answer is 1928.

Key Points

• The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928 was a movement launched by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against illegal tax increases during the independence war.
• On June 12, 1928, the Bardoli Satyagraha took place in Gujarat, India, during the British Raj, and was a major act of civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian Independence Movement.
• Vallabhbhai Patel eventually headed the movement, and its success helped pave the way for Patel to become one of the most prominent leaders of the independence struggle.
• Initially, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel wrote to the Governor of Bombay, demanding a reduction in taxes for the year in which the tragedies occurred. The Governor, on the other hand, ignored the letter and announced the collection as a response.
• The Bombay Presidency overlooked the farmers' misery and increased tax rates by 22%.
• The movement was primarily concerned with the plight of wealthy and middle-class farmers, and it mostly ignored the plight of impoverished farmers. It did not bring up the issue of Hali Pratha (a kind of bonded labour system).

The correct answer is Hiuen Tsang.

Key Points

• Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, and traveler who visited India during King Harsha's reign (606–647 CE).
• He arrived in India around 631 CE and spent over 15 years studying Indian culture, religion, and philosophy.
• Hiuen Tsang documented his travels in the renowned text "Si-Yu-Ki" (Records of the Western Regions), which offers valuable insights into Indian society during Harsha's era.
• He visited Harsha's court at Kannauj and was warmly received by the king, who organized debates and discussions on Buddhist philosophy.
• Hiuen Tsang's accounts provide detailed descriptions of cities, universities like Nalanda, political administration, and the socio-economic conditions in India during the 7th century.

Additional Information

• Fa-Hien
• Fa-Hien was another Chinese traveler who visited India earlier (399–414 CE) during the Gupta period.
• He primarily focused on Buddhist texts and monastic practices and documented his travels in "A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms."
• I-Tsing
• I-Tsing was a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler who visited India in the 7th century, primarily to study Buddhism at Nalanda University.
• He wrote extensively about Buddhist practices and translated several Indian texts into Chinese.
• King Harsha
• Harsha was a ruler of northern India known for his patronage of Buddhism and other religions.
• Under his rule, Kannauj became a center of learning and culture.
• Nalanda University
• An ancient center of learning located in Bihar, India, which attracted scholars like Hiuen Tsang and I-Tsing.
• It was a hub for Buddhist studies, offering extensive libraries and accommodations for international students.

The correct answer is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Key Points

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent Indian freedom fighter, was imprisoned in Mandalay Jail, Burma, from 1908 to 1914.
• He was arrested on charges of sedition for his writings in the newspaper "Kesari", where he criticized British colonial policies.
• During his imprisonment, Tilak wrote his famous work, "Gita Rahasya", a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita.
• Mandalay Jail, located in present-day Myanmar, was used by the British to imprison Indian freedom fighters due to its isolation and harsh conditions.
• Tilak's imprisonment further galvanized the Indian independence movement, earning him the title "Lokmanya" (accepted by the people).

Additional Information

• Sedition under British Rule:
• Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, introduced by the British in 1870, was used to suppress freedom fighters and curb dissent.
• Freedom fighters like Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, and Bhagat Singh were charged with sedition for their anti-colonial activities.
• Kesari Newspaper:
• Founded by Tilak in 1881, "Kesari" was a Marathi newspaper advocating self-rule (Swaraj).
• Tilak's articles in Kesari were instrumental in spreading nationalist ideas among the masses.
• Gita Rahasya:
• While imprisoned in Mandalay Jail, Tilak penned "Gita Rahasya", emphasizing selfless action (Karma Yoga) as a path to liberation.
• The book remains a significant contribution to Indian philosophy and nationalist thought.
• Other Contributions of Tilak:
• Tilak was one of the first leaders to call for Swaraj (self-rule) as a birthright of Indians.
• He played a key role in popularizing Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanti as public festivals to unite people against colonial rule.

The Correct answer is Singapore.

Key Points

• The Azad Hind Fauj (INA), also known as the Indian National Army, was formed in Singapore in 1942.
• It was initially founded by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer in the British Indian Army, with the help of the Japanese during World War II.
• Later, the INA was reorganized and led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who gave the call of "Dilli Chalo" (On to Delhi).
• The INA aimed to secure India's independence from British rule with the help of Japan and other Axis powers during the war.
• Singapore served as a strategic location for the INA due to its proximity to Malaya (modern-day Malaysia), where a significant number of Indian expatriates and prisoners of war were based.
• The INA was a symbol of India’s struggle for independence and inspired many Indians back home through its vision of an armed rebellion against colonial rule.
• The Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind) was also established in Singapore on October 21, 1943, under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose.
• The INA had its own currency, civil code, and stamps, signifying its vision of a free and sovereign India.

Additional Information

• Tokyo
• Tokyo, the capital city of Japan, was an important center for the Axis powers during World War II.
• Although Tokyo played a significant role in providing support to the INA, the formation of the INA took place in Singapore.
• Subhas Chandra Bose had close ties with Japanese leadership, and he traveled to Tokyo to strengthen the INA's alliances.
• Berlin
• Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany, was where Subhas Chandra Bose sought initial support for India’s independence from Adolf Hitler.
• Bose formed the Free India Centre and the Indian Legion in Berlin in 1941 to garner support from Indian prisoners of war in Europe.
• While the Indian Legion was a precursor to the INA, the latter was formally established in Singapore.
• Rangoon
• Rangoon (modern-day Yangon, Myanmar) served as a major operational base for the INA during its military campaigns in Burma.
• The INA carried out notable operations in Rangoon as part of its effort to advance towards India through the eastern front.
• Although Rangoon was significant in the INA's military strategy, the army itself was formed in Singapore.

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The principle of separation of the executive from the judiciary is enshrined in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), specifically under Article 50 of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 50 states that the State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in public services of the State.
• It aims to ensure judicial independence, which is a cornerstone of democracy and vital for upholding the rule of law.
• The directive is not enforceable by law but serves as a guideline for the government in framing policies and laws.
• Separation of powers between the judiciary and executive ensures impartiality in legal proceedings and minimizes executive interference in judicial matters.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
• DPSPs are enumerated in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36-51).
• These principles are not legally enforceable but are fundamental in the governance of the country.
• They aim to establish social and economic democracy and provide guidelines to the State for promoting welfare policies.
• Judicial Independence:
• Judicial independence refers to the ability of the judiciary to make decisions free from external influences, including interference by the executive or legislature.
• This ensures a fair and unbiased justice system, critical for upholding constitutional values.
• Separation of Powers:
• The separation of powers is a governance model that divides the government into three branches: executive, legislature, and judiciary.
• It ensures that each branch functions independently and prevents the concentration of power in one entity.
• Rule of Law:
• The rule of law is a principle under which all individuals, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated.
• It guarantees legal protection and equality before the law for all citizens.

The Correct answer is Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Key Points

• The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) operates under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
• The Act was enacted to provide better protection of consumer interests and to establish consumer councils and authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes.
• The NCDRC is a quasi-judicial body at the national level, established in 1988 under the provisions of the Act.
• The primary function of the NCDRC is to address consumer grievances and ensure the enforcement of consumer rights.
• It handles cases where the value of goods, services, or compensation claimed exceeds ₹1 crore.
• The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, introduced the concept of a three-tier consumer dispute redressal mechanism, which includes:
• District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum (DCDRF) at the district level.
• State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC) at the state level.
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) at the national level.
• The Act was a significant milestone in India's legal framework to promote consumer rights, including the right to safety, information, choice, representation, redressal, and education.
• The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, was replaced by the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, which came into effect in July 2020. However, the NCDRC continues to function under the principles established in the 1986 Act.

The correct answer is Article 265.

Key Points

• Article 265 of the Indian Constitution mandates that no tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law.
• This article ensures that taxation powers are controlled and governed by legislation passed by the Parliament or State Legislatures.
• The provision safeguards citizens from arbitrary imposition of taxes by ensuring legal authorization for all taxes.
• Article 265 is a cornerstone of the financial sovereignty of the government and ensures transparency and accountability.
• The principle embedded in Article 265 aligns with democratic governance, as it requires legislative approval for taxation, reflecting the will of the people.

Additional Information

• Article 246: Defines the legislative powers of Parliament and State Legislatures concerning taxation under the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
• Article 248: Provides Parliament exclusive authority to make laws regarding residuary subjects, including residual taxes.
• Article 270: Deals with the distribution of taxes between the Union and the States, ensuring equitable sharing of resources.
• Article 280: Establishes the Finance Commission to recommend the distribution of revenues between the Union and States.
• Concept of Taxation: Taxation is a sovereign function and includes direct taxes (e.g., income tax) and indirect taxes (e.g., GST). It serves as a critical source of revenue for public welfare and infrastructure development.

The correct answer is Vempati Chinna Satyam.

Key Points

• Vempati Chinna Satyam started the Kuchipudi Art Academy at Madras (now Chennai) in 1963.
• Vempati Chinna Satyam:
• Born on October 25, 1929, in Kuchipudi village in Krishna district.
• The Kuchipudi dance originated in the same place.
• Chinna Satyam strove to popularise the unique dance form across the world.
• He began dancing at the age of six.
• Over a period of two decades received training from famous teachers such as Tadepalli Perrayya Sastry, Vedantam Lakshminarayana Sastry, and later from his elder brother Vempati Pedda Satyam.
• He founded Kuchipudi Art Academy in Chennai, in 1963.
• He trained hundreds of students at the Kuchipudi Art Academy in Chennai.
• Branches of this academy were later established in cities such as Visakhapatnam, Mumbai, and Calcutta in India and several cities in the USA.
• His students include veteran actors and dancers like Hemamalini, Rekha, Vyjayanthimala Bali, and Manju Bhargavi of 'Shankarabaranam's fame.
• He also gave performances in over 60 countries.

The Correct Answer is ​April 29, 1848.

In News

• April 29 marks the birth anniversary of Raja Ravi Varma, one of India’s pioneering modern artists.

Key Points

• Raja Ravi Varma was born on April 29, 1848, in Kerala
• He belonged to an aristocratic family
• He combined Indian themes with European oil painting techniques
• He is famous for realistic paintings of Indian gods and mythological characters
• His style influenced Indian calendar art, films, and television
• He supported women’s education and opposed child marriage
• He painted portraits of Indian leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
• He became the first Indian member of the Royal Academy of Arts in London
• His painting "Hamsa Damayanti" won first prize at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873
• He was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal by the British in 1904
• In 2013, a crater on Mercury was named after him

The Correct Answer is ​Immunization for All is Humanly Possible.

In News

• World Immunization Week 2025 begins with theme “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible”.

Key Points

• World Immunization Week 2025 starts April 24 and runs until April 30.
• Held every last week of April, led by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
• Theme: “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible”.
• Focuses on equal vaccine access for all people, no matter their age or location.

The Correct Answer is Amaravati.

In News

• Amaravati to be world's first fully renewable-powered city.

Key Points

• Amaravati is the planned capital of Andhra Pradesh.
• It aims to be the world’s first city powered entirely by renewable energy.
• Target: 2,700 MW of green energy from solar, wind, and hydropower.
• Project aligns with India’s clean energy and climate action goals.
• N. Chandrababu Naidu, the Chief Minister, is the driving force behind the vision.
• Foundation stone to be laid by PM Narendra Modi.
• Project cost: ₹65,000 crore.
• Area: 217 sq km for the capital, within the larger Andhra Pradesh Capital Region (8,352 sq km).
• Located between Vijayawada and Guntur, on the banks of the Krishna river.
• Aims to be a model smart city showcasing sustainability and innovation.

The logic is,

BER : 117

Reverse letter of B → Y; Position value of Y = 25

Position value of  E = 5 (Vowels not changed to reverse letter)

Reverse letter of R → I; Position value of I = 9

25 + 5 + 9 = 39

39 x 3 = 117

Similarly,

SOR : ?

Reverse letter of S→ H; Position value of H = 8

Position value of  O = 15 (Vowels not changed to reverse letter)

Reverse letter of R → I; Position value of I = 9

8 + 15 + 9 = 32

32 x 3 = 96

Hence, 96 is related to SOR in the same way as 117 is related to BER.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows,

Conclusions:

I. Some white are green → False (it may be possible but not definite)

II. Some white are not green → True. (As red are not green and red is a part of the white, so that part of white can never be green)

Hence, only conclusions II follows.

Logic : 

1. Position value according to the English alphabetic series is written.
2. Double digits position values according to the English alphabetic series are made to a single digit by adding digits within the number.

So,

• 'BEAR’ is written as '2519'

And, 

• ‘TURN’ is written as ‘2395'

Similarly,

• 'SING' is written as:

Hence, "1957" is the correct answer.

According to the given information,

Here, we can see that the code for Hell is 'hau'.

Hence, the correct answer is "hau".

Given data :

The position of Raghu from the right end of the row is: 11

It is given that there are 10 people sitting between Raghu and Linga. So, Linga cannot sit on the right side of Raghu, as there is a maximum of 9 people who can sit between Raghu and Linga. So Linga will sit on the left side of Raghu.

Linga’s position from the right end = Position of Ragu from the right end + 10 + 1 = 11 + 10 + 1 = 22

It is given that Arun, Linga, and Bala are immediate neighbours and Arun sits exactly between Linga and Bala.

Position of Arun from the right end = Linga’s position from right + 1 = 22 + 1 = 23

Position of Bala from the right end = Linga’s position from right + 2 = 22 + 2 = 24

Bala is 15^th from the left end of the row.

Hence, total number of persons in a row = Position of Bala from right end + Position of Bala from left end – 1 = 24 + 15 – 1 = 38

Hence, ‘38 persons’ sit in a row.

Given number: 12527193

Forward: (1, 2), (7, 9), (5, 7), (1, 3), (5, 9).

Hence, we can see that five such pairs are there.

The logic followed with every steps:

The elements are added in a ‘Z’ pattern. The circle is alternatively shaded. the diagonal elements are showing mirror image as per the sequence of addition.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

The logic followed is:

Logic: The relation between two words has to be found out.

For, "Landscape" and "Terrain"

The Synonym of Landscape is Terrain.

Now, we have to find the Synonym of "Authority"

Meaning:  The power or right to give orders.

For, "Option1: Save".→ False

As it is an antonym of Authority. 

For, "Option2: Sway".→ True.

Sway word is related to Authority.

Meaning: Rule or Govern.

For, "Option3: Extricate".→ False

As it is an antonym of Authority. 

For, "Option4: Let out".→ False.

As it is an antonym of Authority.

Hence, it is the Synonym of "Authority".

Hence, the correct answer is "Sway".

Given that,

Y sits third to the left of W. X sits fifth to the right of Y. U, who sits at one of the extreme ends, sits to the immediate left of Y.

T sits to the right of W. S sits immediate right of V.

So, we have only one place for T i.e., immediate right of W.

The final arrangement is as follows:

So, S sits 2nd to the left of T.

Hence, S is the correct answer.

The logic is here is:

(2^nd number)² + (2^nd number × 2) + 3 = 1^st number.

Now, follow the logic:

Option (1): 198 ∶ 13

(13)² + (13 × 2) + 3 = 169 + 26 + 3 = 198 = 1st number.

This option follows the pattern.

Option (2): 280 ∶ 25

(25)² + (25 × 2) + 3 = 625 + 50 + 3 = 633 ≠ 1st number.

This option do not follow the pattern.

Option (3): 363 ∶ 18

(18)² + (18 × 2) + 3 = 324 + 36 + 3 = 363 = 1st number.

This option follows the pattern.

Option (4): 578 ∶ 23

Now, follow the logic:

(23)² + (23 × 2) + 3 = 529 + 46 + 3 = 578 = 1st number.

This option follows the pattern.

Hence, pair “280 ∶ 25” is an odd one.

The pattern followed here is,

Likewise,

Hence, RTDFCE is the answer.

According to the given information :

At half-past 5 in the evening 5 : 30 PM.

The angle between the hour hand and the minute hand is given by :

Ɵ = (60H - 11M) / 2

Other angle = (360 - Ɵ)° 

H = 5 ; M = 30

Ɵ = |(60 × 5 - 11 × 30)| / 2

Ɵ = |(300 - 330)| / 2

Ɵ = |-30| / 2 = 30 / 2 = 15º

Other angle = 360 - 15 = 345

15° < 345° 

Smaller angle = 15°.

Hence, the correct answer is "15°".

Important Points

When the calculated angle is less than 180°, we need not calculate the other angle when we are asked to find the smaller angle and vice versa.

Given

1. Firoza was born on 2nd February 2011
2. Adesh was born 553 days later

The number of days:

553 = 365 + 188

2012 is a leap year, so February has 29 days.

188 days from 2nd Feb 

= 27 (Feb) + 31 (Mar) + 30 (Apr) + 31 (May) + 30 (June) + 31 (July) + 8 (Aug)

So, Adesh was born on 8th Aug 2012.

Hence, the correct answer is "8th August 2012".

2012 is a leap year.

If it is missed, the number of days in February would be considered 28 days.

188 = 26 (Feb) + 31 (Mar) + 30 (Apr) + 31 (May) + 30 (June) + 31 (July) + 9 (Aug)

The answer would come 9th August 2012, which is wrong.

The image will be flipped horizontally.

Hence, option 1 is the correct mirror image for the given image.

Let us first decode the given symbols and then draw a family tree.

Now draw a family tree using the following notations:

S % M @ Q $ N @ O % P

S  is the sister of M, who is the husband of Q, who is the mother of N, who is the husband of O, who is the sister of P’. So, O must be the daughter-in-law of Q. 

Hence, O is the daughter-in-law of Q.

Given statement:-A > L = J ≤ N; L > O < P < W

1. A > W → False (it’s a possibility but not definite)

2. N > A → False (it’s a possibility but not definite)

3. O < N → True  (as O < L = J ≤ N)

4. J = W → False (it’s a possibility but not definite)

Hence, “O < N” is definitely true among the given options.

Given :56 + (11 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76

Option 1) 16 and 11

56 + (11 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76 ⇒ 56 + (16 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 11 = 76

⇒ 56 + (16 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 11 = 76

⇒ 56 + 32 + 11 – 13 = 76

⇒ 99 - 13 = 76

⇒ 86 ≠ 76 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Option 2) 56 and 52

56 + (11 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76 ⇒ 52 + (11 × 2) – (56 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76

⇒ 52 + (11 × 2) – (56 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76

⇒ 52 + 22 + 16 – 14 = 76

⇒ 90 - 14 = 76

⇒ 76 = 76 (LHS = RHS)

Option 3) 2 and 4

56 + (11 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76 ⇒ 56 + (11 × 4) – (52 ÷ 2) + 16 = 76

⇒ 56 + (11 × 4) – (52 ÷ 2) + 16 = 76

⇒ 56 + 44 + 16 – 26 = 76

⇒ 116 - 26 = 76

⇒ 90 ≠ 76 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Option 4) 52 and 16

56 + (11 × 2) – (52 ÷ 4) + 16 = 76 ⇒ 56 + (11 × 2) – (16 ÷ 4) + 16 = 52

⇒ 56 + (11 × 2) – (16 ÷ 4) + 16 = 52

⇒ 56 + 22 + 16 – 4 = 52

⇒ 94 - 4 = 52

⇒ 90 ≠ 52 (LHS ≠ RHS)

Hence, "Option 2" is the correct answer.

The pattern is as follows:

Hence, “NSL” is the correct answer.

GATE: JOFB

IDLE: JGID

Similarly,

MILK:?

Hence, the correct answer is "PGNH".

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (Sum of the place value of all numbers) × Number of letter in that word = Code of the word.

'BOIL' is written as '152'

⇒ (2 + 15 + 9 + 12) × 4

⇒ 38 × 4 = 152.

'HOT' is written as '129'

⇒ (8 + 15 + 20) × 3

⇒ 43 × 3 = 129.

Similarly, for 'HEATING'

⇒ (8 + 5 + 1 + 20 + 9 + 14 + 7) × 7

⇒ 64 × 7 = 448.

So, 'HEATING' will be written as '448'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 2".

we will solve this question using options:

1. 5,1,2,6,3,4,8,7=TOKOBXTE which is not a meaningful word
2. 8,3,4,5,1,7,6,2=TBXTOEOK which is not a meaningful word
3. 8,7,4,5,3,6,1,2 =TEXTBOOK which is a meaningful word
4. 8,7,4,5,6,3,2,1=TEXTOBKO which is not a meaningful word

Logic Followed here is,

⇒ D + 6 = J; J + 6 = P; P + 6 = V; V + 6 = B

⇒ 9; 9 × 3 = 27; 27 × 3 = 81; 81 × 4 = 243; 243 × 3 = 729

⇒ Y – 6 = S; S – 6 = M; M – 6 = G; G – 6 = A

Hence, B729A will be the next term.

Path followed is :

Using Pythagoras theorem, we get :

HQ² = HP² + PQ²

HQ² = 4² + 3²

HQ = 5 meters

Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is,

Hence, CBD will be the required term.

1. S was seated second to the left of T and to the immediate right of U. 

2. Y was seated second to the right of W. One person was seated between Y and Z when counted from the right of Y. V and Y were immediate neighbours. 

Four persons were seated between W and X when counted from the left of X

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this code is as follows;

1) 

2) 

3) 

4) 

Hence, "HTYU" is the correct answer.

Adjacent elements of letter b =m, o, i, l

Adjacent elements can never be on the opposite surface of a particular element.

The only element left is ‘e’.

Hence, ’e’ will be opposite to the face having ‘b’.

Refer the English alphabetical series for the numerical values of letters.

The pattern followed here is:

BE10 → B = 2, B + 3 = E, E = 5, 2 × 5 = 10

FI54 → F = 6, F + 3 = I, I = 9, 6 × 9 = 54

JM130 → J = 10, J + 3 = M, M = 13, 10 × 13 = 130

First letter of missing term will be J + 4 = N

N = 14, N + 3 = Q, Q = 17, 14 × 17 = 238

Hence, answer is NQ238.

Logic: We have to eliminate the odd pair of the following:

Option 1: Blacksmith : Anvil

Anvil is the equipment used by the blacksmith for forging purposes.

Option 2: Carpenter : Saw

A saw is a tool used by carpenters for making furniture.

Option 3: Barber : Scissor

Barber uses scissors for cutting or making hair.

Option 4: Goldsmith : Ornaments

Goldsmith makes ornament. And ornament is not any kind of tool.

As it can be seen that all options are analogous except "Option 4".

Hence, the correct answer should be "Option 4 : Goldsmith : Ornaments".

The logic followed here is:

Consonants: +1

Vowels: Next Vowel

'CLOUD' is written as 'DMUAE'.

'WHITE' is written as ‘XIOUI’

Similarly, for 'WATER'

'WATER' is coded as 'XEUIS'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The logic follows here is :-

Thus, the correct answer is '292'.

The logic followed in the given pair:

In each pair, the second image has one extra vertical line going perpendicular to the number of horizontal lines in the first image.

So,

Similarly,

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows,

Conclusions:

I. Some lions are pencils → False (It is possible but not definite)

II. Some pens are lions → False (It is possible but not definite)

III. Some pencils are lions→ False (It is possible but not definite)

Thus, none follows.

The logic follows here is :-

Thus, the correct answer is '454'.

i) P is to West of Q.

ii) R is to the South of P.

iii) T is to the North of Q and S is to the East of T.

Drawing the Diagram as per the given information:

Thus we can see point R is in South-West with respect to S.

Hence, the correct answer is "South-West".

Shortcut Trick

Total Simple Interest = Amount − Principal = ₹11,928 − ₹8,400 = ₹3,528

Simple Interest for 1 year = 7% of 8,400 = ₹588

Time = Total Interest ÷ Interest per year = 3528 ÷ 588 = 6 years

∴ The correct answer is 6 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹8,400

Amount (A) = ₹11,928

Rate (R) = 7% per annum

Formula Used:

Simple Interest (SI) = Amount − Principal

SI = (P × R × T) ÷ 100

Principal ₹8,400

• SI at 7% p.a. T = ? years

Amount ₹11,928

SI = ₹11,928 − ₹8,400 = ₹3,528

Calculations:

⇒ SI = 11,928 − 8,400 = 3,528

⇒ 3,528 = (8,400 × 7 × T) ÷ 100

⇒ 3,528 = 84 × 7 × T

⇒ 3,528 = 588 × T

⇒ T = 3,528 ÷ 588

⇒ T = 6

∴ The correct answer is 6 years.

Additional Information

Compound Interest (CI) Formula

When interest is compounded annually, Amount = P × (1 + R/100)^T. The CI is the difference between the Amount and the Principal.

Difference Between SI and CI for 2 Years

For a given principal P and rate R, the difference between CI and SI over 2 years is calculated as: D = P × (R/100)².

Rule of 72

A quick rule of thumb used to estimate the number of years required to double the invested money at a given annual fixed interest rate. Time ≈ 72 ÷ R.

Given

Pipe A can fill a tank in 80 min

Pipe B can fill a tank in 40 min

Concept

First find the tank filled by pipe A and B together in one minute. and then, reciprocate the answer to find the time taken  by both the pipes to filled the tank

Calculation

Tank filled by pipe A in 1 minute = 1/80

Tank filled by pipe B in 1 minute = 1/40

Tank filled  by pipe A and B in 1 minute together = (1/80) + (1/40)

⇒ (1 + 2)/80

⇒ 3/80

∴ Tank will be filled by A and B together in 80/3 minutes. i.e. (26{2\over3})

Shortcut Trick

Profit of 60% implies Selling Price (SP) is 160% of Cost Price (CP).

Given SP = Rs 1180 → 160% = 1180

CP = 100% = (1180 ÷ 160) × 100

CP = 7.375 × 100 = Rs 737.5

∴ The correct option is A.

Alternate Method

Given:

Selling Price (SP₂) = Rs 1180

Profit % = 60%

Formula Used:

Cost Price (CP) = [SP ÷ (100 + Profit %)] × 100

CP (100%)

SP = 1180 +60% Profit Total SP = 160% of CP

⇒ Cost Price (CP) × (160 / 100) = 1180

⇒ CP × 1.6 = 1180

⇒ CP = 1180 ÷ 1.6

⇒ CP = 11800 ÷ 16

⇒ CP = 737.5

∴ The correct option is A.

Additional Information

Profit and Loss Percentage

Profit % = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100 and Loss % = (Loss ÷ CP) × 100. Both are always calculated on the Cost Price unless stated otherwise.

Selling Price for Loss

When an item is sold at a loss of L%, the Selling Price = CP × (100 − L) ÷ 100.

Marked Price and Discount

Selling Price = Marked Price − Discount. Discount % is always calculated on the Marked Price (MP).

Given

Compound interest for 3 years = Rs. 4900

Compound interest for 5 years = Rs. 6400

Concept:

The formula for compound interest A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), and that the difference in compound interest for two periods is the compound interest for the period in between.

Solution:

⇒ Compound interest for the period from the 3rd year to the 5th year = Rs. 6400 - Rs. 4900 = Rs. 1500

⇒ This amount is the interest for 2 years on the amount of Rs. 4900.

⇒ Using the compound interest formula, we have 4900(1 + r/100)² = 6400.

⇒ Solve for r to get r = 14(\frac{2}{7})% per annum.

Therefore, the rate of interest per annum is 14(\frac{2}{7})%.

Given:

((\sqrt{162}\div \sqrt{147})\times(\sqrt{588}\div \sqrt{18})=?)

Calculation:

((\sqrt{162}\div \sqrt{147})\times(\sqrt{588}\div \sqrt{18})) =  x 

⇒ ((\dfrac{ \sqrt{162} }{ \sqrt{147}}) \times (\dfrac{ \sqrt{588} }{ \sqrt{18}}) ) = x

⇒ (\sqrt{ \dfrac{162}{147} \times \dfrac{588}{18} }) = x

⇒ x = (\sqrt{ 9 \times 4})   = (\sqrt{ 36}) = 6

∴ ((\sqrt{162}\div \sqrt{147})\times(\sqrt{588}\div \sqrt{18})) = 6.

Given:

The difference between the circumference and the diameter of a circle = 105 cm.

Formula used:

Circumference of a circle = 2πr

Diameter of a circle = 2r

Calculation:

Let the diameter of the circle be D cm and radius be r cm.

⇒ D = 2r

Circumference - Diameter = 105 cm

⇒ 2πr - 2r = 105

⇒ 2 × (\dfrac{22}{7}) ×  r - 2r = 105 

⇒ (\dfrac{44\text{r}}{7}) - 2r = 105

⇒ (\dfrac{44\text{r} - 14\text{r}}{7}) = 105

⇒ (\dfrac{30\text{r}}{7}) = 105

⇒ 30r = 105 × 7 = 735

⇒ r = (\dfrac{735}{30}) = 24.5 cm

Diameter (D) = 2r = 2 ×  24.5 = 49 cm

∴ The diameter of the circle is (49) cm.

Given:

Radius and height ratio = 8:15

Volume of the cone = 1005(\frac{5}7) cm³

Formula Used:

Volume of a cone = (1/3) × π × r² × h

Slant height (l) = √(r² + h²)

Calculation:

Let radius be 8k and height be 15k.

Volume = 1005(\frac{5}7) = 1005 + 5/7 = 7040/7 cm³

Volume of the cone = (1/3) × π × (8k)² × (15k)

⇒ 7040/7 = (1/3) × π × 64k² × 15k

⇒ 7040/7 = (1/3) × π × 960k³

⇒ 7040/7 = 320πk³

⇒ k³ = 1

⇒ k = 1

Therefore, radius r = 8k = 8 × 1 = 8 cm

Height h = 15k = 15 × 1 = 15 cm

Slant height (l) = √(r² + h²)

⇒ l = √(8² + 15²)

⇒ l = √(64 + 225)

⇒ l = √289

⇒ l = 17 cm

The slant height of the cone is 17 cm.

Given:

Time to fill a cistern = 10 hours

Time to fill a cistern when there is a leak in it = 10 + 2 = 12 hours

Calculation:

When there is a no-leak,

Pipe's 1-hour work = (1\over10)

When there is a leak,

Pipe's 1-hour work = (1\over12)

Now, a leak can empty a cistern in 'x' hour then,

⇒ (1\over10) - (1\over12) = (1\over x)

⇒ (1\over60) = (1\over x)

⇒ x = 60 hours

Therefore, a cistern will empty in 60 hours.

Hence, the correct answer is 60 hours.

Shortcut Trick

Let the Cost Price (CP) be 100.

Marked Price (MP) = 100 + 20% of 100 = 120.

Selling Price (SP) = 120 − 10% of 120 = 120 − 12 = 108.

Profit Percentage = SP − CP = 108 − 100 = 8%.

Alternatively, use Successive Percentage formula: a + b + (a × b) ÷ 100.

Net change = 20 − 10 + (20 × −10) ÷ 100 = 10 − 2 = 8%.

∴ The correct answer is 8%.

Alternate Method

Given: Markup% = 20%, Discount% = 10%.

Formulas: SP = CP × (100 + Markup%) ÷ 100 × (100 − Discount%) ÷ 100 | Profit% = (SP − CP) ÷ CP × 100

⇒ Let Cost Price = 100 units.

⇒ Marked Price = 100 × (120 ÷ 100) = 120 units.

⇒ Selling Price = 120 × (90 ÷ 100) = 108 units.

⇒ Profit = SP − CP = 108 − 100 = 8 units.

⇒ Profit Percentage = (8 ÷ 100) × 100 = 8%.

∴ The correct answer is 8%.

Additional Information

Marked Price and Discount

The Marked Price (MP) is the price listed on the product. Discount is always calculated on the MP to arrive at the Selling Price (SP).

Successive Percentage Change

When a value is increased by x% and then decreased by y%, the net percentage change is given by: [x − y − (xy ÷ 100)]%.

Calculation:

The given expression is:

({{5^3}\ ×\ {2^4}\ ×{\ 25^{-2}}}\over{{125} \ ×\ {5^{-4}}})

⇒ ({{5^3}×{2^4}×{5^{4}}}\over{{125}×{25^{2}}})

⇒ ({{5^7}×{2^4}}\over{{5^3}×{5^{4}}})

Since, 5³ = 125 and 5⁴ = 625

⇒ ({{5^7}×{2^4}}\over{{5^7}})

⇒ 2⁴

⇒ 16

∴ the value of the expression is 16.

Shortcut Trick

Difference in percentage = 3% − (−1%) = 4%

This 4% difference is equal to the numerical difference of 122.

⇒ 4% → 122

⇒ 1% → 122 ÷ 4 = 30.5

⇒ 100% → 30.5 × 100 = 3050

∴ The correct answer is 3050.

Alternate Method

Given:

Let the original population be P.

Increased population = P + 3% of P = 1.03P

Decreased population = P − 1% of P = 0.99P

Calculations:

According to the question, the difference between these two states is 122.

⇒ 1.03P − 0.99P = 122

⇒ 0.04P = 122

⇒ P = 122 ÷ 0.04

⇒ P = 12200 ÷ 4

⇒ P = 3050

∴ The correct answer is 3050.

Additional Information

Percentage Change

To find the net percentage change between an increase of x% and a decrease of y%, the total gap is (x + y)% if they are on opposite sides of the base value.

Base Value Concept

In population or price problems, the original value is always considered as 100% unless specified otherwise.

Successive Percentage

If a value changes by a% and then b%, the effective change is [a + b + (ab/100)]%.

Shortcut Trick

Let the numbers be 10x, 15x, and 13x.

Given: 10% of 10x = 66 ⇒ 1x = 66.

Required value: 50% of (15x − 13x) = 50% of 2x = 1x.

Since 1x = 66, the required value is 66.

∴ The correct answer is 66.

Alternate Method

Given: Ratio = 10 : 15 : 13 | 10% of 1st number = 66

Calculations:

⇒ Let the numbers be 10x, 15x, and 13x.

⇒ 10% of 10x = (10/100) × 10x = 1x

⇒ x = 66

⇒ Difference between 2nd and 3rd number = 15x − 13x = 2x

⇒ 50% of the difference = (50/100) × 2x = 1x

⇒ Since x = 66, the value is 66.

∴ The correct answer is 66.

Additional Information

Ratio and Proportion

If a : b : c is the ratio, then the numbers can be expressed as ax, bx, and cx where x is a common multiplier.

Percentage Calculation

To find p% of a number N, use the formula (p/100) × N. Note that 50% is equivalent to half (1/2) of the value.

Base Value Logic

When the percentage and the ratio part result in 1 unit of 'x', that value directly represents the scaling factor for all other calculations.

Given:

Distance covered by car = 30 km

Speed of car = 60 km/h

Distance covered by cycle = 20 km

Total journey time = 3 hours

Formula used:

Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Total time = Time by car + Time by cycle

Calculation:

Time by car = Distance covered by car ÷ Speed of car

⇒ Time by car = 30 ÷ 60 = 0.5 hours

Total time = Time by car + Time by cycle

⇒ 3 = 0.5 + (Distance by cycle ÷ Speed of cycle)

⇒ 3 - 0.5 = (20 / Speed of cycle)

⇒ 2.5 = (20 / Speed of cycle)

⇒ Speed of cycle = 20 / 2.5 = 8 km/h

∴ The correct answer is option (3).

Given:

The curved surface area of a cylinder is three-fifth of its total surface area.

Formula Used:

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of a cylinder = 2πrh

Total Surface Area (TSA) of a cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr²

CSA = (3/5) TSA

Calculation:

Let the radius of the cylinder be r and the height be h.

Given, CSA = (3/5) TSA

⇒ 2πrh = (3/5)(2πrh + 2πr²)

⇒ 2πrh = (6πrh + 6πr²)/5

⇒ 10πrh = 6πrh + 6πr²

⇒ 10rh = 6rh + 6r²

⇒ 4rh = 6r²

⇒ h/r = 6/4

⇒ h/r = 3/2

The ratio between the height and radius of the cylinder is 3:2.

Shortcut Trick

In a set of consecutive numbers, the Average is always the middle term.

Average = Total Sum ÷ Number of terms = 260 ÷ 5 = 52

For any set of numbers in Arithmetic Progression, the sum of the 1^st and last terms is equal to twice the average.

Sum of first and last = 2 × Average = 2 × 52 = 104

∴ The correct answer is 104.

Alternate Method

Given: Sum of 5 consecutive numbers = 260.

Formula Used: Let the five consecutive numbers be x, (x + 1), (x + 2), (x + 3), and (x + 4).

Calculations:

⇒ Sum = x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) + (x + 3) + (x + 4) = 260

⇒ 5x + 10 = 260

⇒ 5x = 260 − 10

⇒ 5x = 250

⇒ x = 50

⇒ First number = x = 50

⇒ Last number = x + 4 = 50 + 4 = 54

⇒ Sum of first and last numbers = 50 + 54 = 104

∴ The correct answer is 104.

Additional Information

Arithmetic Progression (AP)

Consecutive numbers form an Arithmetic Progression with a common difference of 1. The sum of such a series is given by S = n ÷ 2 × (a + l), where a is the first term and l is the last term.

Middle Term Property

For an odd number of terms (n), the Average is exactly equal to the middle term. For a set of 5 numbers, the 3^rd number is the average.

Equidistant Sum Rule

In any AP, the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is constant. Thus, First + Last = Second + Second Last = 2 × Middle term.

Given:

A and B can do a piece of work in 36 days,

B and C can do the same work in 60 days,

A and C can do the same work in 45 days.

Concept used:

Efficiency = 1/(Total time)

Calculation:

(A + B)’s 1 day work = 1/36      ----(i) 

(B + C)’s 1 day work = 1/60      ----(ii) 

(C + A)’s 1 day work = 1/45      ----(iii)

From equations (i), (ii) and (iii),

2(A + B + C)’s 1 day work = 1/36 + 1/60 + 1/45

⇒ (5 + 3 + 4)/180 = 1/15

⇒ (A + B + C)’s 1 day work = 1/(15 × 2) = 1/30      ----(iv)

From equations (ii) and (iv) we get

A’s 1 day work = 1/30 – 1/60 = 1/60 = 1/60

Time taken by A alone to complete the work = 60

∴ A alone can complete the same work in 60 days

Given:

In a school, the total number of boys is 20% more than the total number of girls.

Formula Used:

Let the number of girls be G.

Number of boys = G + 20% of G

Calculation:

Number of boys = G + 0.2 × G

⇒ Number of boys = 1.2G

The ratio of the number of boys to that of girls = 1.2G : G

⇒ (\dfrac{1.2G}{G})

⇒ 1.2 : 1

⇒ 6 : 5

∴ The correct answer is option 1.

Given:

The difference between any two consecutive numbers is 5.

The average of the five numbers is 215.

Calculation:

Let the first number = x

Second number = x + 5

Third number = x + 10

Fourth number = x + 15

Fifth number = x + 20

Average = (x + x + 5 + x + 10 + x + 15 + x + 20) / 5 = 215

⇒ (5x + 50) / 5 = 215

⇒ 5x + 50 = 215 × 5

⇒ 5x + 50 = 1075

⇒ 5x = 1075 - 50 = 1025

⇒ x = 1025 / 5

⇒ x = 205

The least number is 205.

Given:

Volume of the hemisphere = 486π cm³

Formula Used:

Volume of a hemisphere = (2/3)πr³

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of a hemisphere = 2πr²

Calculation:

Given Volume,

(2/3)πr³ = 486π

⇒ r³ = (3/2) × 486

⇒ r³ = 729

⇒ r = 9 cm

If the radius is tripled, new radius = 3r = 3 × 9 = 27 cm

Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2π(27)²

⇒ CSA = 2π × 729

⇒ CSA = 1458π cm²

The correct answer is option 3.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of numbers = 3 : 5 : 7 (all are co-prime)

LCM = Product of Ratios × HCF

25200 = (3 × 5 × 7) × HCF ⇒ 25200 = 105 × HCF

HCF = 25200 ÷ 105 = 240

Sum of smallest (3) and largest (7) = (3 + 7) × HCF = 10 × 240 = 2400

∴ The correct answer is 2400.

Alternate Method

Given: Ratio = 3 : 5 : 7, LCM = 25200

Formula Used: Numbers are ax, bx, cx where x is HCF. LCM of (ax, bx, cx) = x × LCM(a, b, c)

Let the numbers be 3x, 5x, and 7x, where x is the HCF.

⇒ LCM(3x, 5x, 7x) = x × 3 × 5 × 7 = 105x

⇒ 105x = 25200

⇒ x = 25200 ÷ 105

⇒ x = 240

⇒ Smallest number = 3x = 3 × 240 = 720

⇒ Largest number = 7x = 7 × 240 = 1680

⇒ Sum = 720 + 1680 = 2400

∴ The correct answer is 2400.

Additional Information

HCF and LCM Relation

For two numbers a and b, Product of numbers = HCF × LCM. For more than two numbers, this direct product rule does not apply.

Co-prime Numbers

If numbers are co-prime (HCF = 1), then their LCM is simply the product of the numbers.

Ratio and HCF

If the ratio of numbers is a : b : c and their HCF is x, then the numbers are ax, bx, and cx.

Given:

Length of train = 140 m

Speed of train = 54 km/hr = 54 × (5/18) = 15 m/sec

Time required to cover the bridge = 30seconds

Concept Used:

Distance covered = Speed × Time

1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec

Calculation:

Let, the length of the bridge is x m

To cross the bridge the train have to cross (140 + x) m

Accordingly,

140 + x = 15 × 30

⇒ x = 450 - 140

⇒ x = 310

∴ The length of the bridge is 310 m.

Shortcut Trick

Let the Savings be 100%. Then Expenditure = 100% + 40% = 140%.

Ratio of Savings : Expenditure = 100 : 140 = 5 : 7

Total Income = Savings + Expenditure = 5 + 7 = 12 units.

Given 12 units = ₹72,000 ⇒ 1 unit = ₹6,000

Savings = 5 units = 5 × 6,000 = ₹30,000

∴ The correct answer is ₹30000.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total Income = ₹72,000

Expenditure is 40% higher than Savings.

Formula Used:

Income = Expenditure + Savings

Calculations:

⇒ Let his Savings be x.

⇒ Expenditure = x + (40% of x) = x + 0.4x = 1.4x

⇒ Total Income = x + 1.4x = 2.4x

⇒ According to the question, 2.4x = 72000

⇒ x = 72000 ÷ 2.4

⇒ x = 720000 ÷ 24

⇒ x = 30000

∴ The correct answer is ₹30000.

Additional Information

Income, Expenditure & Savings

The fundamental equation of personal finance is: Income = Expenditure + Savings. Any total change in income is always equal to the sum of the changes in expenditure and savings.

Ratio Method for Percentages

When a value is P% higher than another, their ratio becomes (100 + P) : 100. This heavily simplifies calculations by avoiding decimals and allowing you to solve the question completely using proportional unit parts.

Base Value Identification

It is crucial to identify the correct base. Here, Expenditure is 40% higher than Savings, meaning Savings is the base (100%). Misinterpreting the base value is the most common error in percentage problems.

Given:

When 80% of a number is added to 80, the result is the same number.

Formula used:

Let the number be x.

0.8x + 80 = x

Calculations:

0.8x + 80 = x

⇒ x - 0.8x = 80

⇒ 0.2x = 80

⇒ x = 400

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

As per pie chart,

Percentage fund allotted for Sevage = 16%

Percentage fund allotted for Road = 22%

Total percentage fund allocated for Sevage and Road area = 16 + 22 = 38%

Fund allocated to a village under a special village development scheme = Rs. 1200 Crore

The total fund allocation for Road and Sevage construction together

= 1200 × (38/100) = 456

∴ the total fund allocation for Road and Sevage construction together is Rs.456 crore.

As per pie chart,

Percentage fund allotted for electrification = 10%

Fund allocated to a village under a special village development scheme = Rs. 1200 Crore

Total budget for electrification =

= 1200 × (10/100)

= 120

∴ total budget for electrification is Rs. 120 crore.

As per pie chart,

Percentage fund allotted for Drinking water = 20%

Percentage fund allotted for Toilet = 28%

The total fund allocation for Drinking Water and Toilet together = 20 + 28 = 48%

Fund allocated to a village under a special village development scheme = Rs. 1200 Crore

The total fund allocation for Drinking Water and Toilet together = 

= 1200 × (48/100)

= 576

∴ The total fund allocation for Drinking Water and Toilet together is Rs. 576.

Given:

Principal = Rs. 6000

Rate = 20%

Time = 18 months

Concept Used:

A = P ×  (1 + r/n)^(nt)

Where:

A = Amount

P = Principal

r = Annual interest rate 

n = Number of times the interest is compounded per year

t = Time period (in years)

Calculation:

The interest is compounded half-yearly, so n = 2 (twice a year).

The time period (t) is 18 months, which is equivalent to 1.5 years.

Rate, r = 20% = 0.20

Let's substitute these values into the formula:

A = 6000 ×  (1 + 0.20/2)^{(2 × 1.5)}

⇒ 6000 ×  (1 + 0.10)³

⇒  6000 ×  1.10³

⇒  6000 ×  1.331

⇒ A = Rs. 7986

Compound interest = A - P

⇒  7986 - 6000

⇒  Rs. 1986

Therefore, the compound interest for 18 months at a rate of 20% per annum, compounded half-yearly, would be Rs. 1986.

∴ Option 2 is the correct answer.

Given:

Selling Price (SP) = Rs. 2400

Loss Percentage = 20%

Formula Used:

Cost Price (CP) = SP / (1 - Loss Percentage)

Calculation:

Loss Percentage = 20% = 20/100 = 0.2

CP = 2400 / (1 - 0.2)

CP = 2400 / 0.8

⇒ CP = 2400 × (1/0.8)

⇒ CP = 2400 × (10/8)

⇒ CP = 2400 × (5/4)

⇒ CP = 2400 × 1.25

⇒ CP = 3000

The cost price of the watch is Rs. 3000.

Given:

A retailer gets a discount of 40% on the printed price of an article. 

Calculation:

Let assume marked price of an article = 100

After 40% discount on the marked price,

Cost price for the retailer = 40% of Marked price

= 60% of 100

= 60

So, cost price = Rs. 60

Now the retailer is selling at the marked price,

So, profit of the retailer = (\dfrac{100-60}{60} \times 100)

= (\dfrac{40}{60} \times 100)

= (66 \frac{2}{3} %)

So, the percentage of profit of the retailer is (66 \frac{2}{3} %).

Calculation : 

⇒ 16 × 12 - 672 ÷ 21 = ? - 211

⇒ 192 - 32 = x - 211

⇒ 160 = x - 211

⇒ x = 211 + 160 

⇒ x = 371

Shortcut Trick

Let R's age be 1 unit.

Then Q's age = 2 units, and P's age = 2 units + 5 years.

Total = (1 + 2 + 2) units + 5 = 55 years

⇒ 5 units = 50 years ⇒ 1 unit = 10 years.

P's age = 2 units + 5 = 2 × 10 + 5 = 25 years.

∴ The correct answer is 25 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total age of P, Q, and R = 55 years

R

x

Q

2x

P

2x

+5

Total = 55

Let the age of R be x years.

Q is twice as old as R ⇒ Q = 2x

P is 5 years older than Q ⇒ P = 2x + 5

Calculations:

According to the sum of their ages:

⇒ P + Q + R = 55

⇒ (2x + 5) + 2x + x = 55

⇒ 5x + 5 = 55

⇒ 5x = 50

⇒ x = 10

Age of P = 2x + 5 = 2(10) + 5 = 25 years.

∴ The correct answer is 25 years.

Additional Information

Constant Age Difference

The age difference between any two individuals always remains constant over time. If A is 5 years older than B today, A will be 5 years older than B after 10 years as well.

Past and Future Ages

If the current age of a person is x, their age n years ago was (x − n) and their age n years from now will be (x + n).

Shortcut Trick

Net efficiency = Filling rate − Emptying rate.

Let Total capacity (LCM of 8 and 16) = 16 units.

Filling pipe efficiency = 16 ÷ 8 = 2; Emptying pipe efficiency = 16 ÷ 16 = 1.

Combined efficiency = 2 − 1 = 1 unit/hour.

Time for 3/4 filled = (3/4 × 16) ÷ 1 = 12 hours.

∴ The correct answer is 12 hours.

Alternate Method

Given: Filling time = 8 hours, Emptying time = 16 hours.

Formula Used: Work = Efficiency × Time; Net Efficiency = (1/Filling time) − (1/Emptying time).

⇒ Combined efficiency of both pipes = 2 − 1 = 1 unit/hour.

⇒ Target volume to be filled = 3/4 × Total Capacity

⇒ Target volume = 3/4 × 16 = 12 units.

⇒ Time taken = Target volume ÷ Combined efficiency

⇒ Time taken = 12 ÷ 1 = 12 hours.

∴ The correct answer is 12 hours.

Additional Information

Pipes and Cisterns Concept

Filling pipes (inlets) have positive efficiency, while emptying pipes (outlets) have negative efficiency.

Net Work Formula

If pipe A fills in 'x' hours and pipe B empties in 'y' hours, net work in 1 hour = (1/x − 1/y). If x < y, the tank will eventually fill.

Fractional Filling

To find time for a specific fraction of the tank, multiply the total fill time by that fractional value.

Calculation:

Let 50 paise, 25 paise, and 10 paise coins are

in ratio 3x ,4x & 5x respectively.

Total Value of 50 paise coins = (\frac{50}{100})× 3x = 3x/2

Total Value of 25 paise coins = (\frac{25}{100})× 4x = x

Total Value of 10 paise coins = (\frac{10}{100})× 5x = x/2

Total Value of coins is Rs. 12

⇒ 3x/2 + x + x/2 = 12

⇒ 6x/2 = 12

⇒ x = 4

⇒ Number of 25 paise coins =  4x = 4 × 4 = 16

∴ The correct answer is 16

Given 

The capacity of water tank = 900 liters 

Height = 5 m

Formula Used 

Volume = Area × Height

1 m³ = 1000 liters

1000 cm³ = 1 litre

Calculation 

Capacity of the tank = 900 litre = 900 × 1000 cm³ = 900000 cm³

Capacity of tank = Surface Area × 5 

⇒ 900000 = Area × 500

⇒ Area = 1800 cm²

∴ The area of surface tank is 1800 cm²

Calculation:

Let efficiency of 1 man and 1 boy be x and y respectively.

According to the question

(6x + 8y) × 10 = (26x + 48y) × 2

⇒ 60x + 80y = 52x + 96y

⇒ 60x – 52x = 96y – 80y

⇒ 8x = 16y

∴ x : y = 2 : 1

शुद्ध वर्तनी वाला शब्द उत्कर्ष है। 

Key Points

• उच्चारित शब्द के लेखन में प्रयोग होने वाले लिपि चिह्नों के व्यवस्थित रूप को वर्तनी कहते है।

Additional Information

जिसके पास कुछ भी न हो' वाक्यांश के लिए इनमें से एक शब्द उपयुक्त है- अकिंचन

Key Points

• 'जिसके पास कुछ भी न हो' वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अकिंचन
• वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

'आलमारी टूट गया है' इस अशुद्ध वाक्य का शुद्ध रूप इनमें से है- आलमारी टूट गयी है।

Key Points

• अशुद्ध वाक्य - आलमारी टूट गया है।
• दिए गये वाक्य में क्रिया प्रयोग की त्रुटि है,
• ​यहाँ 'गया है।' सार्थक शब्द नहीं है और इससे सही अर्थ प्रकट नहीं हो रहा।
• ​अत: सार्थक शब्द 'गयी है।' होना चाहिए। क्योंकि 'आलमारी' ​एक स्त्रीलिंग शब्द है।
• शुद्ध वाक्य - आलमारी टूट गयी है।
• (वाक्य में लिंग,वचन, पुरुष, काल, कारक आदि का क्रिया के साथ ठीक ठीक मेल हो, उसे शुद्ध वाक्य कहते है।)

Additional Information 

 क्रिया संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ - 

वाक्य अशुद्ध है- एक फूल की माला दे दो।

Key Points

• अशुद्ध वाक्य - एक फूल की माला दे दो।
• दिए गये वाक्य में पदक्रम व वचन प्रयोग की त्रुटि है,
• ​यहाँ 'एक फूल की' सार्थक शब्द नहीं है और इससे सही अर्थ प्रकट नहीं हो रहा।
• ​अत: सार्थक शब्द 'फूलों की एक' होना चाहिए।
• शुद्ध वाक्य - फूलों की एक माला दे दो।

Important Pointsपदक्रम संबंधी नियम -

• वाक्य में पहले कर्ता, फिर कर्म तथा अन्त में क्रिया आती है।
• यदि क्रिया अकर्मक है तो वाक्य में पहले कर्ता फिर क्रिया आती है।
• विस्मयादि बोधक शब्द वाक्य के आरंभ में आते हैं।
• जहाँ प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों हाँ/नहीं उत्तर वाले प्रश्नों में 'क्या' प्रश्नवाचक शब्द वाक्य के आरंभ में आते हैं
• तथा शेष प्रश्नवाचक शब्द प्रायः वाक्य के मध्य में आते हैं।
• क्रिया-विशेषण शब्द, क्रिया के पूर्व आते हैं।

Additional Information पदक्रम संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ - 

'विधि' का विलोम शब्द है- निषेध 

Key Points

• 'विधि' शब्द का विलोम शब्द 'निषेध' होगा।
• 'विधि' का अर्थ- व्यवस्था आदि का ढंग, प्रणाली।
• 'निषेध' का अर्थ- मना करने की क्रिया या भाव।
• विलोम - जो शब्द किसी एक शब्द के विपरीत अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं, वे विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

     कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द -

'जिसका जन्म पहले हुआ हो' - इस वाक्यांश के लिए सही शब्द है- अग्रज

Key Points

• 'जिसका जन्म पहले हुआ हो' वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द होगा - अग्रज
• वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Information

  कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

सही उत्तर है - स्वभाव।

 Key Points

• प्रकृति, स्वभाव, कर्त्तव्य’ धर्म के अनेकार्थक शब्द हैं।
• ‘सम्प्रदाय’ शब्द भी ‘धर्म’ के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Additional Information

'ज़हर उगलना' मुहावरे का अर्थ है- अपमानजनक बात कहना

Key Points

• 'ज़हर उगलना' का अर्थ - अपमानजनक बात कहना,
• वाक्य प्रयोग - रमेश की चाची कभी मीठे बोल नहीं बोलती। जब देखो "ज़हर उगलती रहती है"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• उदाहरण के लिए - पगड़ी रखना- इज्जत बचाना। वाक्य प्रयोग - हल्दी घाटी में झाला सरदार ने राजपूतों की "पगड़ी रख ली"।

Important Points 

Additional Information 

विद्यार्थी शुद्ध वर्तनी है, अन्य सभी विकल्प निरर्थक है।

अत: विकल्प 4 सही उत्तर है।

Key Points

• वर्तनी- लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं,
• अर्थात उच्चारित होने वाले शब्द के लेखन में प्रयोग होने वाले लिपि चिह्नों के व्यवस्थित रूप को वर्तनी कहा जाता है।
• विद्यार्थी का अर्थ-  छात्र आदि।
• विद्यार्थी का समास विग्रह-  विद्या का अर्थी( चाह), अर्थ- विद्या की चाह रखने वाला।

Additional Informationअशुद्ध- शुद्ध वर्तनी के कुछ उदाहरण-

'मखमली जूते मारना' लोकोक्ति का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प है - मीठी बातों से लज्जित करना

Key Points

• 'मखमली जूते मारना' का अर्थ है - मीठी बातों से लज्जित करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - रोहन का मैनेजर हमेशा उसके काम खराब करने पर उसे "मखमली जूते मारता है"।
• लोकोक्ति - जब कोई पूरा कथन किसी प्रसंग विशेष में उद्धत किया जाता है, लोकोक्ति कहलाता है। इसी को कहावत कहते है।
• जैसे - एक तो करेला दूजे नीम चढ़ा - एक दोष होने के साथ ही साथ दूसरा दोष भी होना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - कालू तो पहले से ही बिगड़ा हुआ था अब उसने आवारा लोगों का साथ और कर लिया है- "एक तो करेला दूजे नीम चढ़ा"।​

Important Points 

Additional Information 

"नौका झील में डूब गई" रेखांकित पद में कारक है- अधिकरण

• (यहाँ पर 'में' विभक्ति चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया गया है। जिससे नौका के झील में डूबने का बोध करा रहा है। अतः यह उदारहण अधिकरण कारक के अंतर्गत आएगा।)

अधिकरण:-

• अधिकरण का अर्थ होता है - आश्रय। संज्ञा का वह रूप जिससे क्रिया के आधार का बोध हो, उसे अधिकरण कारक कहते हैं।
• इसकी विभक्ति में और पर होती है। भीतर, अंदर, ऊपर, बीच आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग इस कारक में किया जाता है।

उदाहरण-

• भँवरा फूलों पर मँडरा रहा है।
• जब मैं घर में गया तो कोई भी नहीं था।

Key Pointsहिन्दी में आठ कारक’ हैं -

Confusion Pointsकरण और अपादान कारक में अंतर:-

• करण और अपादान दोनों ही कारकों में ‘से’ चिन्ह का प्रयोग होता है।
• परन्तु अर्थ के आधार पर दोनों में अंतर होता है।
• करण कारक में जहाँ पर ‘से’ का प्रयोग साधन के लिए होता है
• वहीं पर अपादान कारक में अलग होने के लिए किया जाता है।

Important Points 

'बर्बर' का विलोम शब्द है- सभ्य

Key Points

• 'बर्बर' शब्द का विलोम शब्द 'सभ्य' होगा।
• 'बर्बर' का अर्थ- असभ्य एवं जंगली।
• 'सभ्य' का अर्थ- शिष्ट, सिविल।
• विलोम - जो शब्द किसी एक शब्द के विपरीत अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं, वे विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information 

 कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द -

‘जूते चाटना' का सही अर्थ है - खुशामद करना

Key Points

• ‘जूते चाटना' का अर्थ - खुशामद करना, वाक्य प्रयोग - विजय को कुछ मत कहो वो वो काम नहीं "जूते चाटने" में विश्वास रखता है।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• जैसे - चिकना घड़ा होना - बेशर्म होना, वाक्य प्रयोग - मोहित ऐसा "चिकना घड़ा है" कि उसके ऊपर कहने-सुनने का कोई असर नहीं पड़ता।

Important Points  

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर है - आँख

Key Points

• 'आँख' शब्द का समानार्थी 'चक्षु​' होगा।
• 'आँख' के अन्य समानार्थी शब्द - ​नेत्र, नयन, लोचन, अक्षि, दृग, अंबक।
• समानार्थी शब्द - ऐसे शब्द जिनके अर्थ समान हों, पर्यायवाची शब्द या समानार्थी शब्द  कहलाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information 

 कुछ महत्वपूर्ण समानार्थी शब्द-

इनमें से शुद्ध वाक्य है- चन्द्रगुप्त के कई नाम हैं।

Key Points

• शुद्ध वाक्य - चन्द्रगुप्त के कई नाम हैं।
• वाक्य में लिंग, वचन, पुरुष, काल, कारक आदि का क्रिया के साथ ठीक-ठीक मेल हो, उसे शुद्ध वाक्य कहते है।
• अन्य विकल्पों में व्याकरणिक त्रुटि हैं।

Important Pointsहिन्दी में आठ कारक’ हैं -