DSSSB LDC (Jr. Assistant/Steno/LDC): (14 Oct 2025) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The Correct Answer is Madhya Pradesh.

In News

• Madhya Pradesh CM Dr. Mohan Yadav Releases Two Cheetahs.

Key Points

• Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav released two cheetahs, “Prabash” and “Paavak”, in Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary, Mandsaur.
• Four more cheetahs will arrive from Botswana.
• The climate and ecology of Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary is suitable for cheetahs.
• National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is working on importing more cheetahs from:
• South Africa
• Botswana
• Kenya
• Kuno National Park currently has 26 cheetahs:
• 16 in the open forest.
• 10 in a rehabilitation center.

The correct answer is Sir William Jones.

Key Points 

• The Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by Sir William Jones.
• It was established in 1784.
• The Society was founded to inquire into the history, civil and natural, the antiquities, laws, arts, sciences and literature of Asia.
• The Asiatic Society is the oldest centre of learning and research in the whole continent of Asia.
• The name of the society underwent several changes during the last two centuries such as the Asiatick Society of Bengal (1832-1935), the Royal Asiatick Society of Bengal (1936-1951) and in July 1952 it came to be known as the Asiatic Society.
• Since 1984 the Asiatic Society has been declared as an Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament of India.

Concept-

• The Human neural system is divided into two parts-
• Central neural system - consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the site of information processing and control.
• The peripheral neural system - the nerve arising from the CNS, constitutes the PNS.
• The nerve fibres of the PNS are of two types-
• Afferent fibres (Sensory)- Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS.
• Efferent fibres (Motor)- Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).

Explanation-

• The PNS is divided into two divisions-
• Somatic neural system (SNS)- controls and coordinate those organs which are under voluntary control.
• Autonomic neural system (ANS)- controls and coordinate those organs which are under involuntary control.
• All the nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord are included in PNS.
• Nerves that come from the brain are called cranial nerves.
• And nerves that come from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves are found in mammals.
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves are found in humans.

Therefore Peripheral nervous system consists of the Cranial nerve, Spinal nerve.

Additional Information

• Central Nervous System-
• It is a part of the nervous system which keeps control of the whole body and the nervous system itself.
• It is made up of two parts - The brain and Spinal Cord.

The correct answer is Anapneo.

Key Points

• Writs are a written order from the Supreme Court or High Court that commands constitutional remedies for Indian Citizens against the violation of their fundamental rights.
• Article 32 in the Indian Constitution deals with constitutional remedies that an Indian citizen can seek from the Supreme Court and High Court against the violation of his/her fundamental rights.
• The five types of writs are:
• ​Habeas Corpus
• Mandamus
• Prohibition
• Certiorari
• Quo-Warrantoa
• So the option one is incorrect regarding writ.

Additional Information

The Correct Answer is 1973.

In News

• India celebrates 52 years of Project Tiger: A global conservation success story.

Key Points

• Project Tiger's 52-Year Legacy: India celebrates 52 years of Project Tiger, launched in 1973 to protect the country’s tiger population.
• Tiger Population Growth: India’s tiger population surged from 1,411 in 2006 to 3,682 in 2022, now hosting 75% of the world’s wild tigers.
• Tiger Reserves: India now has 57 tiger reserves, covering 83,000 sq km of forest land. Tamil Nadu alone houses five reserves across 6,200 sq km.
• Doubling Tiger Numbers: India achieved the goal of doubling tiger numbers ahead of schedule, as per the ‘St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation.’
• International Big Cats Alliance: Launched in 2023, India also took leadership in global big cat conservation with this initiative.
• NTCA: The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) plays a critical role in the implementation of Project Tiger.

The Correct Answer is 1975.

In News

• India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, completes 50 years on 19 April.

Key Points

• Aryabhata was India’s first satellite, launched on 19 April in 1975 — marking 50 years today.
• Named after ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata.
• Built by ISRO and launched with help from the USSR at Kapustin Yar.
• Aimed to study: Solar Physics, Aeronomy, and X-ray Astronomy.
• Shape: 26-sided polyhedron, 1.4 meters in diameter, 360 kg in weight.
• 24 of its 26 faces were covered with solar panels (except top & bottom).
• It suffered a power failure after 5 days, but still sent useful data and helped scientists gain critical experience.
• Despite the glitch, Aryabhata’s launch made India the 11th country to send a satellite into orbit.
• It laid the foundation for India's space program.

The Correct answer is Bahauddin Zaqaria.

Key Points

• Bahauddin Zaqaria was a prominent Sufi saint of the Suhrawardi order.
• He lived during the reign of Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi from 1211 to 1236 CE.
• Bahauddin Zaqaria was originally from Multan, which is now part of modern-day Pakistan.
• He was known for his spiritual teachings and played an important role in spreading Sufism in South Asia.
• He established a Khanqah (a Sufi lodge) in Multan, which became a major center for Sufi practices and teachings.
• Bahauddin Zaqaria emphasized the importance of balancing worldly responsibilities with spiritual growth, which was a core philosophy of the Suhrawardi order.
• His tomb in Multan is considered an architectural masterpiece and remains a site of pilgrimage for followers of Sufism.

Additional Information

• Nizamuddin Aulia
• Nizamuddin Aulia was a famous Sufi saint of the Chishti order, but he lived during the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and Mohammed bin Tughlaq, not Iltutmish.
• He is best known for his teachings on love, humanity, and devotion to God.
• His tomb, located in Delhi, is a significant pilgrimage site.
• Gesu Daraj
• Gesu Daraj, also known as Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz, was a Sufi saint of the Chishti order.
• He lived much later, during the reign of the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan region.
• He is associated with the city of Gulbarga in Karnataka, India.
• Salim Chisti
• Salim Chisti was a Sufi saint of the Chishti order who lived during the reign of Akbar, the Mughal Emperor.
• His tomb is located in Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh, India, and is a popular pilgrimage site.

The correct answer is Serchhip.

Key Points

• A person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate.
• Serchhip was the most literate district in India as per Census 2011.
• Serchhip is a city in the Indian state of Mizoram.
• As per census data in 2011, the average literacy rate in Serchhip district was 98.23 %.

Important Points

• According to the 2011 census:
• The national literacy rate in the country is 74.04%.
• The literacy rate among males is 82.14%.
• The literacy rate among females is 65.46%.
• Kerala retained the top with a 93.91% literacy rate.
• Bihar ranks the last in the overall ranking with a 63.8% literacy rate.
• Serchip in Mizoram is the most literate district in India.
• Alirajpur in Madhya Pradesh is the least literate district in India.
• Lakshadweep is the most literate union territory in India with a 91.85% literacy rate.
• Dadra Nagar Haveli is the least literate union territory in India with a 76.24% literacy rate.

The Correct Answer is ​Immunization for All is Humanly Possible.

In News

• World Immunization Week 2025 begins with theme “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible”.

Key Points

• World Immunization Week 2025 starts April 24 and runs until April 30.
• Held every last week of April, led by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
• Theme: “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible”.
• Focuses on equal vaccine access for all people, no matter their age or location.

The correct answer is Lonar lake.

Key Points

• Lonar Lake
• It is also known as Lonar crater, is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument, saline (pH of 10.5), Soda Lake, located at Lonar in Buldhana district, Maharashtra. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• It was created by an asteroid collision with earth impact during the Pleistocene Epoch.
• It is one of the four known, hyper-velocity, impact craters in basaltic rock anywhere on Earth.
• It sits inside the Deccan Plateau—a massive plain of volcanic basalt rock created by eruptions some 65 million years ago.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Geneva.

Key Points

• The World Health Organization was established on April 7, 1948.
• The headquarters of the World Health Organisation (WHO) is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Tedros Adhanon is the Director-General of the World Health Organization.
• Therefore April 7 is observed as World Health Day every year.
• The World Health Assembly and the Executive Board are the governing bodies of WHO.
• WHO gets funding from its member nations which can be either compulsory or Voluntary.
• The countries which are members of UNO are the members of WHO also.

Additional Information

• WHO is a specialized UN agency which aims to promote health and provide universal health coverage worldwide.
• It conducts research regarding various diseases and health care systems so that preventive measures can be taken worldwide.
• In the case of health emergencies, WHO's statements and reports are very crucial according to which the countries take policy initiatives to curb the diseases (For eg. declaring a disease as a global pandemic).
• It also runs various campaigns to eradicate the disease from the globe for eg. Smallpox and polio eradication programs.
• WHO also prepares and publishes the World Health Statistics Report every year.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e Bombay.

Key Points

• Bombay High Court's jurisdiction covers the states of Maharashtra and Goa and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
• Bombay High Court has the regional branches at Panaji, Aurangabad and Nagpur, as well as this high court, is well known for its contribution to Independent India as the first Chief Justice, the Attorney General & the Solicitor General were from this court only.
• Bombay High Court has a sanctioned strength of 94 Judges among which 71 are permanent and 23 are additional well as Bombay High court has its Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate and the decisions of this court can only be appealed in Supreme Court.
• The Present Chief Justice of Bombay High Court is Hon'ble Justice Dipankar Datta who swore the oath on 28th April 2020 and he was oathed by Present Governor of Maharashtra, Mr Bhagat Singh Koshyari.

The Correct Answer is Heart Lamp.

In News

• ‘Heart Lamp’ becomes 1st Kannada title shortlisted for International Booker Prize 2025.

Key Points

• Banu Mushtaq’s short story collection, ‘Heart Lamp’, has been shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2025.
• The collection has been translated from Kannada to English by Deepa Bhasthi.
• This is the first time a Kannada title has been shortlisted for the International Booker Prize.
• The collection consists of 12 stories, originally published between 1990 and 2023.
• Mushtaq’s work is praised for its witty, vivid, colloquial, moving, and excoriating style in capturing portraits of family and community tensions.
• The collection is one of six titles shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2025.

The correct answer is Nitric acid.

Key Points

• Nitric acid:
• ​Nitric acid (HNO₃), is a highly corrosive and toxic strong mineral acid that is normally colorless but tends to acquire a yellow cast to the accumulation of oxides of nitrogen if long–stored.
• Applications:
• Some precious metals such as gold and platinum do not react with nitric acid  hence it is used for cleaning purpose of these metals.
• ​Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers, making plastics, and in the manufacture of dyes.
• Nitric acid is commonly used in science laboratories at schools for experimenting when specifically testing for chloride.
• Nitric acid has been used in various forms as the oxidizer in liquid–fueled rockets.

The correct answer is 22.

Key Points

• RTGS stands for Real-Time Gross Settlements.
• RTGS is a system where there is a continuous and real-time settlement of fund transfers, individually on a transaction-by-transaction basis.
• Unique Transaction Reference (UTR) number is a 22 character code used to uniquely identify a transaction in the RTGS system.
• The unique Transaction Reference number is used to identify a specific bank transaction in India.
• All banks in India use UTR numbers for all types of money transfers.
• UTR numbers can recognize and keep an eye on financial transactions.
• NEFT transactions UTR numbers are 16 characters long.
• Example of a UTR number: XXXXRCYYYYMMDD########
• XXXX indicates IFSC (this is the first 4 characters) and is the bank code of the sender.
• R indicates the RTGS system.
• C indicates the transaction channel.
• YYYYMMDD indicates the date of the transaction in this order: year, month, and day.
• ######## indicates the sequence number.

Jizya tax was imposed on Hindus.

Important Points Historically, the jizya tax has been understood in Islam as a fee for protection provided by the Muslim ruler to non-Muslims, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state, and as material proof of the non-Muslims’ submission to the Muslim state and its laws.

• In 1564, the third Mughal emperor Akbar abolished the jizya.
• In 1679,  Aurangzeb decided to re-impose jizya on non-Muslim subjects in lieu of military service, a decision that was widely criticized by many Hindu rulers and Mughal court officials.

Thus, it is clear that Aurangzeb reimposed "Jaziya".

The correct answer is Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis.

Key Points

• About Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis :
• He was known as “Father of Indian Statistics”.
• He was born on 29th June 1893.
• He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1968 for his contribution to science and services.
• He established the National Statistical System, founder of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), and contributed to the field of economic planning and statistical development of India.
• India celebrates June 29th as the National Statistics Day to recognize the contribution of statistics in daily life and to educate the general public on the importance of statistics in socio-economic planning and policy formulation. The first National Statistics Day was celebrated on 29th June 2007.
• June 29th is chosen to celebrate National Statistics Day to commemorate the birth anniversary of Prof. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis.

The Correct Answer is “BIMSTEC – Prosperous, Resilient and Open”.

In News

• PM Modi to visit Thailand for BIMSTEC summit.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi will embark on a two-day visit to Thailand.
• This will be the Prime Minister’s third visit to Thailand after 2016 and 2019.
• The theme of the 6th BIMSTEC Summit, to be held this Friday, is “BIMSTEC – Prosperous, Resilient and Open.”
• The Bangkok Vision 2030 will be adopted at the Summit, and the Report of the BIMSTEC Eminent Persons’ Group will also be endorsed.
• Following the BIMSTEC Summit, Prime Minister Modi will travel to Sri Lanka from the 4th to the 6th of April for a state visit at the invitation of Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Disanayake.

The correct answer is the Currency deposit ratio.

• Currency Deposit Ratio:
• ​The currency deposit ratio shows the amount of currency that people hold as a proportion of aggregate deposits.
• And this monetary tool does not use by the Reserve Bank of India to manage liquidity.

Key Points

• Cash Reserve Ratio​
• The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) refers to the share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that banks have to hold as balances with the RBI.
• The objective of CRR is to keep inflation under control.
• During high inflation in the economy, the central bank raises the CRR to lower the bank’s loanable funds.
• The current Cash Reserve Ratio is 4 %.
• The Central bank has the authority to regulate monetary policies.
• The Ministry of Finance has the authority to regulate fiscal policies.
• Repurchase obligation (Repo)​
• Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds.
• Open market operations
• Open market operations (OMO) refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system, facilitated by the Federal Reserve.

The correct answer is Article 315.

Key Points

• Article 315 of the Indian Constitution provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for the Union and Public Service Commissions for the States.
• The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body that conducts examinations for appointments to the services of the Union.
• It is responsible for recruiting candidates for All India Services, Central Services, and other government posts under the Union.
• Article 315 ensures that the Public Service Commissions function independently, free from executive interference.
• The provisions under Article 315 aim to maintain transparency and meritocracy in the recruitment process for government positions.

Additional Information

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
• The UPSC is governed by Part XIV of the Indian Constitution under the title "Services under the Union and the States."
• The commission's role includes conducting examinations like the Civil Services Examination, Engineering Services Examination, and others.
• It also advises the President of India on matters related to recruitment, transfers, and disciplinary actions.
• State Public Service Commissions
• Each state in India has its own Public Service Commission to conduct recruitment for state-level services.
• These commissions function under the provisions of Articles 315 to 323 of the Indian Constitution.
• Independence of Public Service Commissions
• The members of the UPSC and State Public Service Commissions are appointed by the President or the Governor, respectively.
• Their independence is ensured by provisions related to security of tenure and conditions of service.
• Other Relevant Articles
• Article 316: Deals with the appointment and term of office of members of the Public Service Commissions.
• Article 317: Provides for the removal and suspension of a member of the Public Service Commission.
• Article 318: Empowers the President or Governor to make regulations regarding the conditions of service for members.

Key Points

Mohini Attam:

• Mohiniattam or Mohiniyattam is an Indian classical dance form that evolved in the state of Kerala.
• Mohiniattam is among the two popular dance arts of the state, the other being Kathakali.
• Mohiniyattam is considered a very graceful form of dance meant to be performed as solo recitals by women.
• It is believed to have originated in the 16th century.
• It is one of the eight Indian classical dance forms recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi.

Important Points

• Kalamandalam Sathyabhama, the doyen of classical dance form Mohiniyattam passed away in the Palakkad district of Kerala. She was 77.
• She was regarded as a matriarch of Mohiniyattam and was well-known for her experimental reforms in this classical dance form which helped to preserve and popularise the traditional art form.

Thus, Mohini Attam is a famous dance form of Kerala.

Additional Information

 

Kuchipudi:

• Kuchipudi, one of the major dance forms of India was originated from Andhra Pradesh.
• It is the traditional dance of the state.
• It grew largely as a product of the Bhakti movement beginning in the 7th Century AD.
• Kuchipudi derives its name from the village Kuchelapuram, where it was nurtured by great scholars and artists who built up the repertoire and refined the dance technique.

Bharat Natyam:

• Bharata Natyam is a form of Indian classical dance that originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu.
• It is known for its grace, elegance, purity, tenderness, expression and sculpturesque poses.

Kathak:

• Kathak is a North Indian dance that originated in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
• The name Kathak comes from the word "Katha" which means a story.

Kathakali:

• Kathakali is a classical Indian dance form which is a story play genre of art is the folk dance form of Kerala.
• Kathakali is the most difficult style of the traditional dance form.
• In this, the actors speak ‘sign language’ where hand gestures are used to dictate word part of the character and facial and eye movements express emotions and mood.
• Kathakali is based on the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Odissi:

• Odissi is a dance of love and passion touching on the divine and the human, the sublime and the mundane.
• The Natya Shastra mentions many regional varieties, such as the south-eastern style kanharis were the chief repositories of this dance.
• The maharis, who were originally temple dancers came to be employed in royal courts which resulted in the degeneration of the art form.

Concept :

• The number of water molecules present is 'washing soda' is 10.
• We know the molecular formula for Washing Soda is Na₂CO₃.10H₂O.
• Recrystallisation of Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃) gives washing soda.
• In a Washing soda, water is present in the form of crystals.

Hence we can conclude that 10 water molecules are present in one formula unit of Washing Soda.

Additional Information

The correct answer is The Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Key Points

• The Ministry of Commerce and Industry brings out the Wholesale Price (WPI) data in India.
• The Wholesale Price Index measures the changes in the prices of goods sold and traded in bulk by wholesale businesses to other businesses.
• It is published by the Office of Economic Advisor (Ministry of Commerce & Industry).
• The base year for WPI is 2011-12.
• It is effective from April 2017.
• It is unlike the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which tracks the prices of goods and services purchased by consumers.
• It captures the average movement of wholesale prices of goods and is primarily used as a GDP deflator.
• WPI(2011-12) reckons only basic prices and does not include taxes, rebate/trade discounts, transport and other charges.

The correct answer is Madras.

Key Points

• In India, the First Municipal Corporation was set up in Madras.
• In 1687, the first municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras.
• The Chennai Municipal Corporation (officially the Corporation of Chennai), formerly known as the Corporation of Madras, is the civic body that governs the city of Chennai (formerly Madras), India.
• Inaugurated on September 29, 1688, under a Royal Charter issued by King James II on December 30, 1687, as the Corporation of Madras, it is the oldest municipal body of the Commonwealth of Nations outside Great Britain.
• It is headed by a mayor, who presides over 200 councillors, each of whom represents one of the 200 wards of the city.
• It is also the second oldest corporation in the world.

Indian Cash Crops is a crop grown for their commercial value to make a profit by selling them.

• Cash Crops in India form the strong base over which the Indian trade and commerce flourish both within and outside the country.
• Earlier, cash crops were grown on a very small scale but today these are grown on a large scale which forms a major contributor to the nation’s economy.
• One of the major occupations of the people of India is agriculture and a huge percentage of the total population depends on it.

Important Points

• Tea is the most important cash crop in Assam and the state is well known worldwide for its tea.
• The Jute, being one of the major cash crops grown in West Bengal, covers about 5.15 lakh hectare land and shares about three-fourths of the total production of the country.
• Coffee is Karnataka's famous plantation and beverage crop and ranks first in the production of coffee in India.
• Kerala is the largest producer of natural rubber producing 595 thousand tonnes or 92 percent of the total rubber production of India in 2002-03.
• In Tamil Nadu, paddy is the most leading crop.

​Thus, we can say that Tamil Nadu is not the leading producing state of Rubber.

The Correct Answer is ​Gajasimha.

In News

• Khelo India Youth Games 2025: Bihar Launches Mascot 'Gaj Singh'.

Key Points

• Nitish Kumar, CM of Bihar, unveiled the official logo of Khelo India Youth Games, Bihar 2025.
• Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya participated remotely, and both launched the sports song and flagged off the torch.
• PM Narendra Modi will inaugurate the event in Patna on May 4, 2025.
• This is the first time Bihar is hosting Khelo India Youth Games.
• The games will run from May 4 to May 15 across 5 districts: Patna, Nalanda (Rajgir), Gaya, Bhagalpur, Begusarai.
• 8,500 players and 1,500 technical staff will participate in 28 sports—totaling around 10,000 people.
• The Mashal Gaurav Yatra (torch relay) will cover 38 districts from April 15 to May 2.
• The logo features:
• Orange & green (excitement & nature)
• Mascot 'Gajasimha': inspired by Pala-period sculptures (elephant-lion hybrid)
• Icons from Nalanda University, Mahabodhi Temple, Peepal trees, Gangetic dolphins, Madhubani art, Chhath Puja, and Valmiki Tiger Reserve
• Ashok Chakra and lion symbolizing justice and strength
• The slogan: “Colors of the game!” reflects Bihar’s cultural and sporting revival

The correct answer is The Governor.

Key Points

• The State Legislative Assembly is a legislative body in the states and union territories of India.
• Single-member constituencies directly elect each Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) to serve five-year terms.
• A State Legislative Assembly in India must have at least 60 and no more than 500 members, according to the Indian Constitution.
• The Governor of the state is empowered to dissolve the Legislative Assembly of a State.
• In the event of a state of emergency, the Governor may dissolve the State Legislative Assembly at the request of the Chief Minister, or if a resolution of no confidence is approved against the ruling majority party or coalition.
• If a state government fails to implement its executive powers in accordance with Union government orders, the governor of the state is responsible for assessing the situation and recommending the dissolution of the state Assembly to the Union cabinet, according to Article 365.

Important Points

• State Legislative Assemblies are also known as Vidhan Sabhas.
• State Legislative Assembly is chaired by the speaker.
• The Governor can summon and prorogue the state legislation and dissolve the state legislative assembly.
• State Legislative Assembly is directly elected by the people.
• Each Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by single-member constituencies.

Additional Information

• Governor is the head of the state who is appointed by the President of the country.
• Governor works on the pleasure of the President and has no fixed term.
• Governor may also get transferred from one state to another by the President.
• Governor also can be reappointed.
• The central government nominates the governor for each state.
• A person should complete the age of 35 for the appointment as the governor.
• Governor gives his resignation letter to the President.
• The Seventh Constitutional Amendment facilitated the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more states.

The correct answer is Alveoli.

Key Points

• The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.
• These are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs).
• Oxygen breathed in from the air passes through the alveoli and into the blood and travels to the tissues throughout the body.
• Carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues and passes through the alveoli to be breathed out.

The correct answer is Self-help group.

Key Points

• Self Help Groups (SHGs) are small groups of poor people. The members of an SHG face similar problems. They help each other, to solve their problems.
• SHGs promote small savings among their members. The savings are kept with the bank. This is the common fund in the name of the SHG. The SHG gives small loans to its members from its common fund
• SHG is an informal group registered under any Societies Act.

Important Points

• Major Functions of an SHG
• Savings and Thrift:
• All SHG members regularly save a small amount. The amount may be small, but savings have to be a regular and continuous habit with all the members.
• “Savings first — Credit later” should be the motto of every SHG member.
• SHG members take a step towards self-dependence when they start small savings. They learn financial discipline through savings and internal lending.
• Internal lending:
• The SHG should use the savings amount for giving loans to members.
• The purpose, amount, rate of interest, schedule of repayment etc., are to be decided by the group itself.
• Proper accounts are to be kept by the SHG.
• Discussing problems:
• In every meeting, the SHG should be encouraged to discuss and try to find solutions to the problems faced by the members of the group. Individually, the poor people are weak and lack the resources to solve their problems. When the group tries to help its members, it becomes easier for them to face the difficulties and come up with solutions.
• Taking bank loans: The SHG takes loans from the bank and gives it as loans to its members.

The correct answer is Option 3.

Key Points

• Ryotwari system of land revenue:
• Implemented by: Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras.
• Year: 1820.
• Areas under the system: Madras, Bombay, Assam and Coorg provinces.
• Tax to be paid by: Farmers directly to the government.
• Peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land. They had ownership rights of the land.
• Tax rates:-  50% in dryland and 60% in the wetland.
• Taxes had to be paid in form of cash which caused the rise of moneylenders and increased exploitation of peasants and cultivators.

The correct answer is Hornbill Festival.

Key Points

• The Hornbill Festival is a major cultural festival celebrated annually in Nagaland, India, by the state’s tribal communities.
• It is held from 1st to 10th December every year at Kisama Heritage Village, near Kohima, the capital of Nagaland.
• The festival is organized by the Government of Nagaland to promote and preserve the rich heritage of the state’s 16 major tribes and numerous sub-tribes.
• The event features traditional dance, music, art, handicrafts, and cuisine, showcasing the vibrant culture of Nagaland.
• It is named after the Hornbill bird, a revered symbol in Naga folklore, representing courage and grandeur.

Additional Information

• Tribes of Nagaland:
• Nagaland is home to 16 major tribes, including the Ao, Angami, Sumi, Chakhesang, and Lotha tribes, each with distinct traditions, language, and attire.
• The tribal communities celebrate many festivals throughout the year, often tied to agricultural cycles.
• Significance of the Hornbill Festival:
• It is often referred to as the "Festival of Festivals" and serves as a platform to unify the Naga tribes.
• The event attracts both domestic and international tourists, boosting Nagaland’s cultural tourism.
• Kisama Heritage Village:
• Kisama is a cultural hub specifically developed to host the Hornbill Festival.
• It represents a miniature version of Naga villages, showcasing their architecture and way of life.
• Hornbill Bird:
• The Great Indian Hornbill is a large bird found in the forests of India and Southeast Asia.
• It is a recurring motif in Naga folklore and is deeply respected for its majestic appearance.
• Government Initiatives:
• The festival is an initiative of the Nagaland government to preserve and promote the state’s cultural heritage and to encourage tourism.
• It also provides opportunities for artisans and performers to showcase their talent on a global stage.

The Correct Answer is 8.

In News

• India end ISSF World Cup Buenos Aires with 8 medals, including 4 gold.

Key Points

• India won 8 medals at the ISSF World Cup 2025 in Buenos Aires:
• 4 Gold
• 2 Silver
• 2 Bronze
• India finished 2nd overall in the medal standings, behind China.
• China: 11 medals (5 Gold, 3 Silver, 3 Bronze)
• India’s Gold Medal Winners:
• Sift Kaur Samra – Women’s 50m Rifle 3 Positions
• Rudrankksh Patil – Men’s 10m Air Rifle
• Suruchi Singh – Women’s 10m Air Pistol
• Vijayveer Sidhu – Men’s 25m Rapid-Fire Pistol
• India’s Silver Medal Winners:
• Esha Singh – Women’s 25m Pistol
• Arya Borse & Rudrankksh Patil – Mixed 10m Air Rifle
• India’s Bronze Medal Winners:
• Saurabh Chaudhary & Suruchi Singh – Mixed 10m Air Pistol
• Chain Singh – Men’s 50m Rifle 3 Positions

The correct answer is Article 360.

Key Points

• Article 360 of the Indian Constitution provides for the imposition of a financial emergency in the country.
• A financial emergency can be declared if the President of India is satisfied that there is a threat to the financial stability or credit of India.
• During a financial emergency, the central government is empowered to direct states on financial matters.
• It allows the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union or a state, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
• No financial emergency has been declared in India so far.

Additional Information

• Constitutional Provisions for Emergency:
• India's Constitution provides for three types of emergencies: National Emergency (Article 352), State Emergency or President's Rule (Article 356), and Financial Emergency (Article 360).
• These provisions empower the central government to deal with extraordinary situations that threaten the nation's security or stability.
• Impact of Financial Emergency:
• Parliament gains authority over all financial matters, including state budgets.
• The President can issue directions regarding the reduction of salaries and allowances, including those of judiciary officials and other government personnel.
• All money bills and financial proposals require the President's approval during the emergency.
• Article 352 - National Emergency:
• It can be declared on grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
• The effect of a National Emergency is the centralization of powers, overriding federalism in India.
• Article 356 - State Emergency:
• Also called President's Rule, it is invoked when a state government is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions.
• The state's administration is taken over by the central government during this period.
• Judicial Review of Emergency Provisions:
• The Supreme Court has the power to review the imposition of emergencies to ensure they are not misused.
• The landmark SR Bommai vs. Union of India case (1994) established limits on the arbitrary use of Article 356.

The correct answer is Prakrit.

Key Points

• The Satavahanas were an ancient Indian dynasty in the Deccan region.
• Simuka was the founder of the Satavahana Dynasty.
• Satavahana's official language was Prakrit and its script was Brahmi.
• Hence, option 2 is correct.
• They patronised Prakrit more than Sanskrit.
• The golden age for Prakrit was the reign of King Hala of Satavahanas.
• The inscriptions of Satavahanas are mostly in Prakrit.

Important Points

• The Satvahanas were not matriarchal or matrilineal yet they used matronyms like Gautamiputra and Vaishishthiputra.
• They are known for starting the practice of giving royal grants of land to Brahmans and Buddhist monks.
• Some of the great rulers of the dynasty are Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vashishthiputra Pulumayi, Yajna Sri Satakarni.
• They assumed the title of Dakshinapatha Pati.

The correct answer is 2002.

Key Points

1. 11th fundamental duty Provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
2. This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.
3. The 11th fundamental duty which was added to this list is: To provide opportunities for education to children between 6-14 years of age, and duty as parents to ensure that such opportunities are being awarded to their child.
4. The 86th amendment to the constitution of India in 2002, provided the Right to Education as a fundamental right in part-III of the Constitution.

Important Points

1. The same amendment inserted Article 21A which made the Right to Education a fundamental right for children between 6-14 years.
2. The Fundamental Duty added by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 is that it is the duty of a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be ward between the age of six and fourteen years
3. Today, there are 11 Fundamental Duties described under Article 51-A, of which 10 were introduced by the 42nd Amendment and the 11th was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties.
4. Fundamental duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties.

Additional Information

• The rights of the citizens to the StateThe Fundamental Duties were inserted in Constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976:
• To remind its citizens that though they enjoy basic fundamental rights, they are supposed to observe certain basic norms of democratic conduct and behavior.

1. The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 and came into action on 26th January 1950.

The logic followed here is :-

'GINGER' is coded as LZCKGF.

and

'GARLIC' is coded as WDHOYF.

Similarly,

'CLOVES' will be coded as :

Hence, the correct answer is "MZRLJB".

The figure that will replace the question mark (?) in the following figure series is shown below:

1) First to the second figure:

• The horizontal alphabet's first two letters interchange their position and the last two letters interchange their position.
• The horizontal alphabet's series moves one step downward.
• When it's moved downword middle alphabet replace into place value of that alphabets.

2) Second to third figure:

• Horizontal alphabet first two pairs of letters interchange positions with the last two pairs of letters position.
• The horizontal alphabet's series moves one step downward.
• The middle number replaces the alphabets whose place value is that number.

3) Third to fourth figure:

• According to the figure first to second figure.

4) Fourth to fifth figure:

• According to the figure second to third figure.

5) Fifth to sixth figure:

• According to the figure first to second figure.

Final series is

 

Hence, ‘option 2’ is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: First number = (Second number - 1) × 4

1) 100 : 26 → 100 = (26 - 1) × 4 (Correct)

2. 16 : 5 → 16 = (5 - 1) × 4 (Correct)

3) 8 : 4 → 8 = (4 - 1) × 4 ⇒ 8 ≠ 12 (Incorrect)

4) 120 : 31 → 120 = (31 - 1) × 4 (Correct)

Hence, the correct answer is "8 : 4"

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this is as follows;

Hence, "RST" is the correct answer.

Using BODMAS rule as follows:

Checking options one by one:

1. ×, +, =, +, ÷, -

After replacing the symbol @ by the symbols given in option 1 we get:

(15 × 5 + 25) = 20 + (25 ÷  6) - (- 26)

⇒ 75 + 25 = 20 + 4.167 + 26

⇒ 100 ≠ 50.167 (Incorrect)

2. ×, +, =, ÷, -, +

After replacing the symbol @ by the symbols given in option 2 we get:

(15 × 5 + 25) = 20 ÷ (25 - 6) + (- 26)

75 + 25 = 20 ÷ 21 - 26

75 + 25 = 0.952 - 26

100 ≠ - 25.048 (Incorrect)

3. +, ÷, ×, +, =, -

After replacing the symbol @ by the symbols given in option 3 we get:

(15 + 5 ÷ 25) × 20 + 25 = 6 - (- 26)

(15 + 0.2) × 20 + 25 = 6 + 26

15.2 × 20 + 25 = 32 

304 + 25 = 32

329 ≠ 32 (Incorrect)

4. ×, +, ÷, -,+, =

After replacing the symbol @ by the symbols given in option 4 we get:

(15 × 5 + 25) ÷ 20 - (25 + 6) = (- 26)

100 ÷ 20 - 31 = (-26)

5 - 31 = (-26)

(-26) = (-26) (Correct)

Hence, the correct answer is "×, +, ÷, -,+, =".

The logic followed here is :- Immediate previous letter is written and then arrange in descending order according to English alphabetic series.

• JABBED : ZIDCCA​

<br>

Similarly,

• SYSTEM :

Hence, the correct answer is "XSRRLD".

The logic is shown: 

Positional values of (first letter + second letter) = Positional value of third letter

ACD → A = 1; C = 3 → 1 + 3 = 4 = D

OJY → O = 15; J = 10 → 15 + 10 = 25 = Y

MKG → M = 13; K = 11 → 13 + 11 = 24 = X ≠ G

LHT → L = 12; H = 8 → 12 + 8 = 20 = T

In 3rd option, the last letter should be X, not G, so this is not following the series

Hence, "MKG" is the correct answer.

Given Statements (On combining): R = U ≤ B = F < H = P < A

1. R = U ≤ B = F < H = P < A; P < A = B → (as A > B → hence false)

2. R = U ≤ B = F < H = P < A;P < A < B → (as A > B → hence false)

3. R = U ≤ B = F < H = P < A; P < A ≥ B → (as A > B → hence false)

4. R = U ≤ B = F < H = P < A; P < A > B → True.

Therefore, ‘>’ symbol is the correct answer.

The pattern followed here is:

1) O and Q are diagonally opposite.

2) Q is facing M, which is adjacent to T.

3) N is row- II faces R and is not at an extreme end.

4) T is adjacent to R and is facing P.

Both Case 1 and Case 2 are correct here.

Let's check each option one by one.

1) N and Q are adjacent to each other. (Incorrect)

2) M is second to the left of S. (Incorrect)

3) S is an extreme end and facing north. (Correct)

4) T is between O and S. (Incorrect)

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 3".

The positional values of alphabet is:

The logic followed here is:

1) BULK : BKLU : EXON

2) TRACK : ACKRT : DFNUW

3) SLICE : EICLS : HLFOV

4) PRICE : EICPR : HLFSU

We can understand by the above figures that,

"BULK : BKLU : EXON" is odd one.

Hence the correct answer is "BULK : BKLU : EXON".

The given options are sequence of life cycle of a plant:

4. Seed
5. Germination
6. Growth
7. Pollination
8. Reproduction

Thus, 45213 is the correct answer.

Drawing the diagram as per the given instructions:

1) B is 3m to the south of D and 3m to the west of C.

2) A is 3m to the south of E who is 5m to the west of D.

3) F is 3m to the north of G and 3m to the west of A.

On joining the above figures, we get,

Hence, C is in the East direction with respect to F.

The pattern followed is:

1. Reverse the number

2. Add the consecutive numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Hence, the correct answer is "28".

If a mirror is placed along the AB line, then only the left and right sides of a given image will be interchanged in the mirror image while everything else will remain same. Thus, we will get the following mirror image:

Hence, Option 3 is the correct answer.

Here, we use the table given below:

Logic: [(Addition of positional values of all alphabet) × Number of alphabet]

'ROSE' is coded as ‘228’ →

'TULIP'is coded as ‘390' →

Similarly, 'LOTUS' will be coded as:

Here, 'LOTUS' is coded as '435'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (1)".

The code for each word is shown below:

Code for:

not - rt and then - el

So, 'el rt' is the code for 'not them' in that language.

Hence, 'el rt' is the correct answer.

When we fold a given figure then we get,

By solving the options:

a)

 It cannot be formed because opposite phase are adjacent to each other.

b)

 It can be formed because there is no opposite phase adjacent to each other.

c)

 It cannot be formed because opposite phase are adjacent to each other.

d)

 It cannot be formed because opposite phase are adjacent to each other.

Hence, (2) is the correct answer.

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this is as follows;

Hence, "DCB" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is,

The positional values of alphabets is multiplied by digit 12 i.e.,

D – 4 → Now the positional value 4 is multiplied by 12 → 4 × 12 = 48

F – 6 → Now the positional value 6 is multiplied by 12 → 6 × 12 = 72

H – 8 → Now the positional value 8 is multiplied by 12 → 8 × 12 = 96

Similarly,

I – 9 → Now the positional value 9 is multiplied by 12 → 9 × 12 = 108

Hence, the correct answer is 108.

Θ = |Hours x 30⁰ - 11/2 x Minute| × Minute |

Θ = |2 × 30⁰ - 11/2 x 19|1111 × 13 |

Θ = |60⁰ - (11 x 19)/2|

Θ = |60⁰ - (209/2)|

Θ = |60⁰ - 104.5|

Θ = 44.5⁰

Hence, '44.5⁰' is the correct answer.

The least possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows,

Conclusion:

I. At least some margin are loss → False (It is possible but not definite)

II. Some loss are saving → False (It is possible but not definite)

III. Some profit are saving → True (Some profit are margin hence, some profit are saving)

Hence, only conclusion III follows.

The pattern followed here is :

11² + 11 = 132

13² + 13 = 182

17² + 17 = 306

Hence, 306 is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

Given letters are "M U B Y I J R L G D O P C V Z Q N A H K"

Place value : M(13), U(21), B(2), Y(25), I(9), J(10), R(18), L(12), G(7), D(4), O(15), P(16), C(3), V(22), Z(26), Q(17), N(14),  A(1), H(8), K(11).

Ascending order: A, B, C, D, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, U, V, Y, Z.

Pick out the "first, fifth, seventh, twelfth, sixteenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth"

A, B, C, D, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, U, V, Y, Z

AGINRVY

Therefore, the meaningful word is 'VARYING' by using all letters must be used and each letter is to be used only once.

Hence, "Option (2)" is the correct answer.

In the first part of the question, the second figure is the mirror image of the first figure.

Hence, figure 1 is the correct answer.

Logic:

Sourdough, Pumpernickel, and Loaf are types of bread.

Rye is not bread.

Here, 'Rye' is different from all other options as per logic.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (1)".

The logic followed here is :-

‘DESIGN’ is coded as 8-10-38-18-14-28.

and

‘FOREST’ is coded as 12-30-36-10-38-40.

Similarly,

‘PLAYER’ will be coded as :

Hence, the correct answer is "32-24-2-50-10-36".

The logic is

91 : 80 → (9² – 1²) : 80

Similarly,

42 : ? → (4² – 2²) : 12

Hence, ‘12’ is the correct answer.

Here, we use the table given below:

Logic: Addition of consecutive even numbers in the position value of the letters from the first letter to the sixth letter.

'AROUND' is coded as 'CVUCXP' →

'ONLINE' is coded as 'QRRQXQ' →

Similarly, 'RUSTIC' will be coded as:

Here, 'RUSTIC' is coded as 'TYYBSO'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (3)".

Leukopenia is a condition where a person has a reduced number of white blood cells. Similarly, Anarchy is a state of lack of government.

Hence, 'Government' is the correct answer.

For this question, we use the table given below-

According to the given information,

By using the symbols given in the above table we solve the expression, L ④ M ② R ④ S ③ T ① V as -

On decoding the given codes:

L is sister of M, M is Husband of R, R is sister of S, S is Son of T, T is wife of V.

The family tree will be as follows:

i) M is son - in - law of V. → True

ii) L is sister - in - law of R. → True

iii) S is son of V. → True

iv) V is mother of L. → False

Hence, 'V is mother of L' is incorrect.

Eight friends, Abhiraj, Yuvraj, Rana, Manish, Jaipal, Aadhira, Daksh and Hemang are sitting in a circle, facing away from centre of the circle.

1) Abhiraj sit between Jaipal and Daksh and Rana sits to right of person who is facing towards Abhiraj.

Case(i) :

<br>

Case(ii) :

2) Yuvraj is third right of Manish.

Case(i) :

Case(ii) :

<br>

 

3) People sitting between Hemang and Jaipal is same as Manish and Yuvraj and Hemang will be to the left of Aadhira.

∴ Here, 'Aadhira is facing towards 'Abhiraj'.

Hence, the correct answer is "Aadhira".

 

 

Note Multiple of 400 years i.e. 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 have 0 odd days.

Calculating leap year: For Finding number of leap year (1 - 99) years, divide the number of years by 4 and the quotient will be the number of leap years.

Code for weekdays:

 

Total odd days = 0 + 4 + 6 + 0 = 10 days = 1 week + 3 odd day

3 is the code for Wednesday

Hence, the correct answer is **"**Wednesday".

The least possible Venn diagram is:

Conclusions:

I. Some printers are not laptops → False (because all printers can be laptops as there is no direct relationship between these two)

II. No mouse is a computer → False (it is possible as shown but is not definite as there is no direct relation)

III. No hard disk is a laptop → False (because all hard disks can be laptop as there is no direct relationship between these two)

IV. All printers are not mouse → True (as no printer is mouse implies all printers are not mouse)

Hence, only conclusion IV follows.

From the given information:

1. N5 earns the highest income.

2. N6 earns less income than only two people.

3. N4 earns the lowest income.

N5  > _ >  N6  >_ >_ >_ > N4

4. N3 earns more income than N1 but less than N5.

N5 > N3 > N1

5) N2 less income than N1

N1 > N2

From the statement 4 & 5

N5 > N3 > N1 > N2

So, the final arrangement could be

N5 > N7 > N6 > N3 > N1 > N2 > N4

Hence the correct answer is "N7".

The logic followed by here is,

Similarly,

16 × 2 = 32 and R is followed by W and T is followed by Y

Hence, the correct answer is W 32 Y.

Given:

The successive discount are 20%, 25% and 15%.

Formula:

Successive discount = X + Y - (XY)/100

Where,

X = First discount

Y = Second discount

Calculation:

Successive discount = X + Y - (XY)/100

⇒ 20 + 25 - 500/100

⇒ 45 - 5 = 40

Now, again

Successive discount = X + Y - (XY)/100

X = 40%, Y = 15%

⇒ 40 + 15 - (40 × 15)/100

⇒ 55 - 600/100

⇒ 55 - 6 = 49%

∴ The net discount is 49%.

 

Let, marked price = x

After first discount of 20%, price = x - x × 20/100 = 0.8x

After second discount of 25%, price = 0.8x - 0.8x × 25/100 = 0.6x

After third discount of 15%, price = 0.6x - 0.6x × 15/100 = 0.51x

∴ Net discount percentage,

(\Rightarrow \frac{{x - 0.51x}}{x} × 100%)

⇒ 49%

Given :

Price of 2nd mobile phone = 35000 rupees 

Average price of both the phones = 27000 rupees 

Formula used :

Average = total sum of observation/Total number of observation

Calculations :

Total price of both the phone = average price × no of phones 

⇒  27000 × 2 = 54000 rupees 

Price of 1st phone + price of 2nd phone = 54000 rupees 

Price of the 1st phone = 54000 - price of 2nd phone 

⇒  54000 - 35000 

⇒  19000 rupees 

∴ The price of the 1st phone is 19000 rupees

Given:

The average of 45 data is 150

46 is wrongly written as 91

Concept used:

Average = Sum of total observations/Total number of observations

Calculation:

The total sum of all 45 number = 150 × 45 = 6750

Now, 46 is wrongly written as 91

The correct sum of data = 6750 – (91 – 46) = 6705

Then, Correct average of the data = 6705/45 = 149

∴ The correct average is 149

Difference between wrong and actual numbers = 91 – 46 = 45

As the actual number is less than the wrong number

So the average decreased by 45/45 = 1

The correct average = 150 – 1 = 149

∴ The correct average is 149

Calculation:​

(3/5) × (4/7) × (5/9) × (21/24) × 504

⇒ (1/6) × 504 = 84

∴ The required answer is 84.

Concept used:

For a number to be divisible by 11, the difference between the sum of digits at an even place and odd place either be 0 or 11.

Calculation:         

For a number A9257B684

Sum of digits at even place = 9 + 5 + B + 8 = 22 + B

Sum of digits at odd place = A + 2 + 7 + 6 + 4 = 19 + A

Case (1) - When both sums are equal

A + 19 = B + 22

⇒ A - B = 3

Case(2) - When the difference of the sums is 11

A + 19 - (B + 22) = 11    

⇒ A + 19 - B- 22 = 11

⇒ A - B - 3 = 11

⇒ A - B = 14 

Case(3) - When the difference of the sums is 11

B + 22 - (A + 19) = 11    

⇒ B + 22 - A - 19 = 11

⇒ B - A + 3 = 11

⇒ A - B = -8 

∴ The smallest value of (A - B) will be -8.

Given:

Rohit saves 20% of his income.

Concept used:

• Income = Expenditure + Savings

•  (12\frac{1}{2})% = (\frac{1}{8})

Calculation:

Let's assume that Rohit's total income is 100 unit

Then, his savings is 20 unit. so his expenditure will be (100 - 20) = 80 unit

His Income increased by 27%, so his new income is 127 unit

His expenditure increased by (12\frac{1}{2})%, so his new expenditure is (80\times \frac{9}{8} = 90) unit

So, his new savings is (127 - 90) = 37 unit

Here, savings increased (37 - 20) = 17 unit

So, the savings increased percentage is (\frac{17}{20} \times 100 =) 85%

∴ His savings increased by 85%

Shortcut Trick

Side of the square field = √Area = √324 = 18 m.

Length of the steel wire = Perimeter of the square = 4 × side.

⇒ 4 × 18 = 72 m.

∴ The correct answer is 72 m.

Alternate Method

Given:

Area of the square field = 324 m²

Formula Used:

Area of square = (side)²

Perimeter of square = 4 × side

Calculations:

⇒ Let the side of the field be 'a'.

⇒ a² = 324

⇒ a = √324

⇒ a = 18 m

⇒ The length of the steel wire required to surround the field is equal to its perimeter.

⇒ Perimeter = 4 × a

⇒ Perimeter = 4 × 18

⇒ Perimeter = 72 m

∴ The correct answer is 72 m.

Additional Information

Properties of a Square

A square has four equal sides and each internal angle is 90°. Diagonal of a square = a√2.

Fencing Problems

The length of the material (wire/fence) needed to enclose any shape is always equal to the Perimeter of that shape.

Relationship between Area and Perimeter

For a square, Perimeter = 4 × √Area. This direct relation helps in solving multi-step geometry problems quickly.

Shortcut Trick

Assume Total Capacity of the tank (LCM of 8 and 6) = 24 units.

Efficiency of Pipe A = 24 ÷ 8 = 3 units/hr and Pipe B = 24 ÷ 6 = 4 units/hr.

Work done in 2 hours by (A + B) = (3 + 4) × 2 = 14 units.

Remaining Work = 24 − 14 = 10 units.

Time taken by Pipe B for remaining part = 10 ÷ 4 = 2 (1/2) hr.

∴ The correct answer is 2 (1)/(2) hr.

Alternate Method

Given:

Time taken by Pipe A = 8 hr

Time taken by Pipe B = 6 hr

Formula Used:

Efficiency = Total Work ÷ Time Taken

⇒ Combined efficiency of Pipe A and Pipe B = 3 + 4 = 7 units/hr.

⇒ Work done in 2 hours = 7 units/hr × 2 hr = 14 units.

⇒ Remaining tank to be filled = 24 − 14 = 10 units.

⇒ Since Pipe A is closed, Pipe B fills the rest.

⇒ Time taken by Pipe B = 10 units ÷ 4 units/hr = 2.5 hr.

⇒ 2.5 hr = 2 (1/2) hr.

∴ The correct answer is 2 (1)/(2) hr.

Additional Information

Efficiency Relationship

Efficiency is inversely proportional to the time taken. If a pipe takes 'x' hours to fill a tank, its 1-hour work is 1/x of the tank.

Inlet and Outlet Pipes

Inlet pipes (filling) have positive efficiency, while outlet pipes (emptying) have negative efficiency in the total work calculation.

Pipes and Cisterns Concept

Total capacity is usually taken as the LCM of the individual times to simplify calculations into integer efficiency values.

Formula used:

Average = Sum of all quantities/Total number of quantities

Calculation:

35 + 39 + 41 + 46 + 27 + x = 6 × 38

⇒ 188 + x = 228

⇒ x = 228 – 188

∴ x = 40

Given:

(\sqrt {45 + ;\sqrt {8 + ;\sqrt {45 + ;\sqrt {361} } } } )

Calculation:

(\sqrt {45 + ;\sqrt {8 + ;\sqrt {45 + ;\sqrt {361} } } } )

( ⇒ \sqrt {45 + ;\sqrt {8 + ;\sqrt {45 + ;19} } } )

( ⇒ \sqrt {45 + ;\sqrt {8 + ;8} } )

( ⇒ \sqrt {45 + ;4} )

( ⇒ \sqrt {49} )

⇒ 7

∴ 7

Given:

Ms. Suchi deposits an amount of Rs.24000.

Simple interest at the rate of 14% p.a. for 8 years.

Formula Used:

Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Simple Interest (SI)

Simple Interest (SI) = (P × N × R)/100

Where,

P = Principal

N = Time Duration

R = Rate of Interest

SI = Simple Interest

Calculation:

We have a formula for

 S.I.= P × R × T / 100

Where P is the principal amount,

T is the time period and

R is rate of interest.

Given P = 24000,

T = 8 years

and R = 14%.

SI after 8 years = (24000 × 8 × 14)/100

SI = 26880

Hence, amount that Suchi will get after 8 years = 24000 + 26880

⇒ Rs. 50880

∴ The total amount of 50880 will Ms. Suchi get at the end of 8 years.

Mistake PointsQuestion asks the Amount, not simple interest. Read the question carefully.

Given:

0.135135....

Concept used:

The numbers of the form (p/q), where q ≠ 0 and p and q is integer is known as rational number.

Calculation:

Let x = 0.135135....      ----(1)

Multiply equation (1) by 1000, we have

1000x = 135.135....      ----(2)

Subtract equation (1) from equation (2), we have

1000x - x = (135.135...) - (0.135135....)

⇒ 999x = 135

⇒ x = 135/999

⇒ x = 45/333

⇒ x = 5/37

∴ The 0.135135.... can be written as 5/37 in the form of p/q.

Shortcut Trick

When the distance for both journeys is the same, use the Harmonic Mean formula for Average Speed.

Average Speed = (2 × x × y) ÷ (x + y)

Substitute x = 30 km/h and y = 40 km/h:

⇒ Average Speed = (2 × 30 × 40) ÷ (30 + 40) = 2400 ÷ 70 ≈ 34.28 km/h.

∴ The correct answer is 34.28 km/h.

Alternate Method

Given: Speed from A to B = 30 km/h | Speed from B to A = 40 km/h.

Formula: Average Speed = (Total Distance) ÷ (Total Time)

⇒ Let the distance between A and B be the LCM of 30 and 40 = 120 km.

⇒ Time taken to go (A to B) = 120 ÷ 30 = 4 hours.

⇒ Time taken to return (B to A) = 120 ÷ 40 = 3 hours.

⇒ Total Distance = 120 + 120 = 240 km.

⇒ Total Time = 4 + 3 = 7 hours.

⇒ Average Speed = 240 ÷ 7 ≈ 34.28 km/h.

∴ The correct answer is 34.28 km/h.

Additional Information

Average Speed for Different Distances

When distances covered at different speeds are not equal, use: Average Speed = (d₁ + d₂ + ...) ÷ (t₁ + t₂ + ...)

Average Speed for Three Equal Distances

If a journey is divided into three equal distances with speeds x, y, and z, Average Speed = (3 × x × y × z) ÷ (xy + yz + zx).

Unit Conversion

To convert km/h to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/h, multiply by 18/5.

Given

The distance between the thief and the police is 97m

The speed of a thief is 21 m/sec

The speed of the police is 23 m/sec

Formula used

Time is taken to meet = Initial Distance / Relative Speed

Distance = speed × time

Calculation

Initial distance = 97m 

Relative Speed = 23 - 21 = 2m/sec

Time is taken to catch the thief = 97/2 = 48.5 sec

∴ The policeman catches the thief in 48.5 sec.

7 × {4 + (-2) × (-3)}

Applying BODMAS rule,

⇒ 7 × {4 + (-2) × (-3)}

⇒ 7 × {4 + 6} = 70

Let the initial number of red balls be 2x and initial number of blue balls be 3x

When 2 blue balls were added,

New Ratio = 2x : (3x + 2) = 3 : 5

⇒ 5 × 2x = 3 × (3x + 2)

⇒ 10x = 9x + 6

⇒ 10x - 9x = 6

⇒ x = 6

Number of red balls in box = 2 × 6

∴ Number of red balls in the box is 12

Given:

The product of three numbers = 10290

Their ratios = 3 : 5 : 2

Calculation:

Let the ratio of number be 3x, 5x and 2x respectively

Since,

⇒ (3x) × (5x) × (2x) = 10290

⇒ 30x³ = 10290

⇒ x³ = 10290/30

⇒ x3 = 343

⇒ x = 7

Now,

The greatest number among the three = 5x

⇒ 5 × 7

⇒ 35

∴ Required greater number is 35

Given:

A bag has Rs. 420 in the denomination of Rs. 1, Rs. 2, and Rs. 5 coins

Ratio of coins of Rs. 1, Rs. 2, and Rs. 5 = 8 ∶ 1 ∶ 5

Calculation:

Let the number of Rs. 1, Rs. 2, and Rs. 5 be 8y, y, 5y.

Also, it has a total of Rs. 420

⇒ 8y + 2(y) + 5 × (5y) = 420

⇒ 8y + 2y + 25y = 420

⇒ 35y = 420

⇒ y = 12

Number of coins of Rs. 5 in the bag = 5y = 60

∴ The number of coins of Rs. 5 in the bag is 60.

Shortcut Trick

Let the common multiplier be x, which acts as the HCF of the numbers.

LCM of 4x, 5x, and 6x = x × LCM(4, 5, 6) = 60x.

Given LCM = 180 ⇒ 60x = 180 ⇒ x = 3.

∴ The correct answer is 3.

Alternate Method

Given:

⇒ Ratio of three numbers = 4  ∶ 5  ∶ 6

⇒ LCM of the numbers = 180

Concept Used:

⇒ If numbers are given in a ratio, their common multiplier 'x' represents their Highest Common Factor (HCF).

Calculations:

⇒ Let the actual numbers be 4x, 5x, and 6x.

⇒ LCM of 4, 5, and 6 = 60

⇒ Therefore, the LCM of 4x, 5x, and 6x = 60x

⇒ We are given that their overall LCM is 180.

⇒ 60x = 180

⇒ x = 180 ÷ 60

⇒ x = 3

⇒ Since x is the common multiplier, the HCF of the numbers is 3.

∴ The correct answer is 3.

Additional Information

LCM and HCF Relationship

For any two numbers 'a' and 'b', the product of the numbers is equal to the product of their LCM and HCF. Formula: a × b = LCM(a, b) × HCF(a, b). This rule does not directly extend to three numbers.

Co-prime Numbers

If the HCF of two or more numbers is 1, they are called co-prime numbers. For mutually co-prime numbers, their LCM is simply the product of the given numbers.

Ratio Multiplier as HCF

When numbers are expressed in their simplest simplified ratio, the common multiplier 'x' required to obtain the actual original numbers represents their Highest Common Factor (HCF).

Shortcut Trick

Remaining Distance = 288 ÷ 2 = 144 km.

Remaining Time = 20 × (1 − 1/5) = 20 × 4/5 = 16 hours.

Required Speed = 144 ÷ 16 = 9 km/hr.

∴ The correct answer is 9 km/hr.

Alternate Method

Given: Total Distance = 288 km, Total Time = 20 hours.

Formula Used: Speed = Distance ÷ Time

⇒ First half distance = 288 ÷ 2 = 144 km.

⇒ Remaining distance = 288 − 144 = 144 km.

⇒ Time taken for first half = 1/5 × 20 = 4 hours.

⇒ Remaining time = 20 − 4 = 16 hours.

⇒ Speed for remaining journey = 144 ÷ 16 = 9 km/hr.

∴ The correct answer is 9 km/hr.

Additional Information

Average Speed

When a journey is divided into parts, Average Speed = Total Distance ÷ Total Time.

Conversion of Speed Units

To convert km/hr to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/hr, multiply by 18/5.

Relative Speed

If two objects move in the same direction, relative speed = S₁ − S₂. If they move in opposite directions, relative speed = S₁ + S₂.

The total number of males working in these five companies = 76 + 89 + 92 + 96 + 44 = 397

The total number of females working in these five companies = 81 + 83 + 81 + 72 + 36 = 353

⇒ Males are more than females = 44

∴ Required percentage = (44/353) × 100 = 12.46%

Total females working in five different companies = 81 + 83 + 81 + 72 + 36 = 353

⇒ Average of females = Total females/Number of companies

⇒ Average of females = 353/5 = 70.6

∴ Average of females working per company is 70.6

The total number of males working in the Companies C2 and C3 = 89 + 92 = 181

The total number of females working in the Companies C1 and C5 = 81 + 36 = 117

∴ The required ratio is 181 : 117

Given:

A can complete the work in 14 days

B can complete the work in 21 days

Concept:

In this type of question always imagine the total work as LCM of time taken by individuals to perform the work.

Formula used:

Efficiency = Total work/Time taken

Calculation:

Let the total work be LCM of 21, 14 i.e 42 unit

So, Efficiency of A = 42/14 = 3 unit/day

Efficiency of B = 42/21 = 2 unit/day

Efficiency of (A + B) = 5 unit/day

According to Question,

A and B work for 4 days and performed work = 4 × 5 = 20 unit

Remaining work left = 42 – 20 = 22 unit

B completes the remaining work = 22/2 = 11 days

∴ Time taken by B to complete the remaining work is 11 day

Shortcut Trick

Relation between Volume (V) and Curved Surface Area (S) of a sphere: V = (r ÷ 3) × S

First, find radius r: r² = S ÷ 4π ⇒ r² = 1386 ÷ (4 × 22/7) = 110.25

⇒ r = √110.25 = 10.5 cm

Now, Volume V = (10.5 ÷ 3) × 1386 = 3.5 × 1386

V = 4851 cm³

∴ The correct answer is 4851 cm³.

Alternate Method

Given:

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of sphere = 1386 cm²

Formula Used:

1. Surface Area of Sphere = 4πr²
2. Volume of Sphere = (4/3)πr³

Calculations:

⇒ 4 × (22/7) × r² = 1386

⇒ r² = (1386 × 7) ÷ (4 × 22)

⇒ r² = (63 × 7) ÷ 4 = 441 ÷ 4

⇒ r = √(441 ÷ 4) = 21 ÷ 2 = 10.5 cm

⇒ Volume = (4/3) × (22/7) × (21/2) × (21/2) × (21/2)

⇒ Volume = (4/3) × (22/7) × (9261/8)

⇒ Volume = 11 × 21 × 21 = 4851 cm³

∴ The correct answer is 4851 cm³.

Additional Information

Surface Area of Hemisphere

Curved Surface Area = 2πr² and Total Surface Area = 3πr².

Volume of Hemisphere

The volume is exactly half of a sphere: V = (2/3)πr³.

Relationship between Radius and Area

If the radius is doubled, the Surface Area becomes 4 times (2²) and the Volume becomes 8 times (2³).

Shortcut Trick

Total work = 5M × 12 = 10W × 8 ⇒ 60M = 80W.

Efficiency ratio (M/W) = 80 ÷ 60 = 4/3.

Total work = 60 × 4 = 240 units.

Time taken by 3M and 4W = 240 ÷ (3 × 4 + 4 × 3) = 240 ÷ 24 = 10.

∴ The correct answer is 10 days.

Alternate Method

Given:

⇒ 5 men can complete the work in 12 days.

⇒ 1 man can complete the work in 5 × 12 = 60 days.

⇒ 10 women can complete the work in 8 days.

⇒ 1 woman can complete the work in 10 × 8 = 80 days.

Calculations:

⇒ Efficiency of 1 man = 4 units/day

⇒ Efficiency of 1 woman = 3 units/day

⇒ Combined efficiency of 3 men and 4 women = (3 × 4) + (4 × 3) = 12 + 12 = 24 units/day

⇒ Time taken = Total Work ÷ Combined Efficiency

⇒ Time taken = 240 ÷ 24 = 10 days

∴ The correct answer is 10 days.

Additional Information

Chain Rule (MDH Concept)

If M₁ persons can do W₁ work in D₁ days working H₁ hours per day, then M₁D₁H₁ ÷ W₁ = M₂D₂H₂ ÷ W₂.

Work & Wages

Wages are always distributed in the ratio of the total work done by each person. If people work for the same number of days, their wages are distributed directly in the ratio of their efficiencies.

Pipes & Cisterns

This topic works on the exact same logic as Time & Work. Inlet pipes have positive efficiency, and outlet pipes (leaks) have negative efficiency.

Given:

Money borrowed by Dalip from Amarjeet = Rs.24000 

Rate of simple interest = 9% per annum for 3 years 

Formulas used:

Simple Interest = Principal × Rate/100 × Time 

Amount = Principal + Simple Interest 

Calculation:

Amount = Rs.24000 + Rs.24000 × 9/100 × 3 

⇒ Rs.24000 + Rs.6480

⇒ Rs.30480 

∴ The amount to be returned after 3 years by Dalip is Rs.30480.

Alternate Method

Simple interest is calaculated on Principal, that is 100% of itself. 

Amount = (100% + 9% × 3 ) of Principal = 127% of Principal

∴ Amount = Rs.24000 × 127/100 = Rs.30480

Given 

The selling price of the cycle = Rs. 2560

Loss percentage on selling cycle = 20%

Profit Rajesh wants profit = 10%

Formula used

Cost price = (Selling Price × 100)/ (100 – percentage loss)

Selling Price = Cost Price × (100 + percentage profit)/100

Calculation

According to question

Cost price = (2560 × 100)/ (100 – 20)

⇒ Cost price = 256000/80 = Rs. 3200

For the gain of a profit of 10%

⇒ Selling Price = Cost Price × (100 + percentage profit)/100

⇒ Selling Price = 3200 × (100 + 10)/100

⇒ Selling Price = 3200 × 110/100

⇒ Selling Price = 352000/100  = Rs. 3520

∴ The selling price of the cycle to gain 10% profit is Rs. 3520.

Shortcut Trick

Let CP be Rs. 100x

So, SP at 20% loss = 80x

and SP at 10% profit = 110x

Now, 80x = Rs. 2560

⇒ 110x = Rs. (2560/80x) × 110x

⇒ Rs. 3520

∴ The selling price of the cycle to gain 10% profit is Rs. 3520.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of Amount to Principal = 2116 : 1600 = 529 : 400.

Rate of 15% means the multiplication factor per year is 115/100 = 23/20.

Observe the relationship: (23/20)² = 529/400.

The exponent (power) directly represents the number of years.

∴ The correct answer is 2 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Principal (P) = ₹1600

Amount (A) = ₹2116

Rate (R) = 15% per annum

Formula Used:

A = P(1 + R/100)ⁿ, where n = time in years.

Calculations:

⇒ 2116 = 1600(1 + 15/100)ⁿ

⇒ 2116 / 1600 = (115/100)ⁿ

⇒ 529 / 400 = (23 / 20)ⁿ

⇒ (23 / 20)² = (23 / 20)ⁿ

⇒ n = 2

∴ The correct answer is 2 years.

Additional Information

Compound Interest Formula

Amount (A) = P(1 + r/100)ⁿ, where CI = A − P. Interest is calculated on the accumulated principal of previous years.

Difference between CI and SI

For a period of 2 years, the difference between Compound Interest and Simple Interest is given by P(R/100)².

Effective Rate of Interest

For two successive years at R%, the effective compound interest rate is R + R + (R×R)/100.

Given:

Diameter of cone = 8.4m

Height of cone = 1.75m

Formula used:

Pythagoras Theorem,

h = (\sqrt{p^2+b^2})

Where, h = hypotenuse, p = perpendicular, and b = Base

The curved surface area of the cone = πrl

Where, l = Slant height, r = Radius

Calculation:

Radius of cone = (8.4\over2) = 4.2 m

Using Pythagoras Theorem,

l = (\sqrt{r^2+h^2})

⇒ l = (\sqrt{4.2^2+1.75^2} ) 

⇒ (\sqrt{20.7025} ) = 4.55 m

The curved surface area of the cone = πrl

⇒ (22\over7) × 4.2 × 4.55

⇒ 60.06 m² 

∴ The area of canvas required is 60.06 m².

Given:

Length = 16 meters

Breadth = 12 meters

Height = 15 meters

Concept:

Length of the largest rod that can be put in a room is equal to the length of the diagonal of that

room.

Formula used:

Diagonal of a cuboid = √(l² + b² + h²)

Where l, b, and h are respectively the length, breadth, and height of a room

Calculation:

Length of longest rod = √(16² + 12² + 15²)

⇒ Length of longest rod = √(256 + 144 + 225) = √625 = 25m

∴ Length of longest rod = 25 m

Given:

The ratio of length and breadth of a rectangle = 3 : 2

Formula used:

if A is the length and B is the breadth of the rectangle, then

Area of rectangle = A × B

Perimeter of rectangle = 2(A + B)

Calculation:

let length and breadth be 3x and 2x respectively

Now, According to the question

⇒ 3x × 2x = 150

⇒ 6x² = 150

⇒ x² = 25

⇒ x = 5

length = 3 × 5 = 15 cm

breadth =2 × 5 = 10 cm

perimeter of rectangle = 2(15 + 10)

perimeter of rectangle = 50 cm

∴The perimeter of the rectangle is 50 cm.

1^st method

Given:

Principal = Rs. 256

Amount = Rs. 289

Time = 2 yrs.

Formula Used

A = P (1 + R/100)^t

Calculation:

289 = 256 (1 + R/100)²

⇒ 289/256 = (1 + R/100)²

⇒ R/100 = (\sqrt {\frac{{289}}{{256}}} - 1)

⇒ R = (6\frac{1}{4}%)

2nd method

P = Rs. 256 and A = Rs. 289

Now, rate = (1/16) × 100

Rate = (6\frac{1}{4}%)

Calculation:

8127

⇒ 8000 + 120 + 7

Here, both 8000 and 120 are divisible by 8.

Now, the remainder when 8127 is divided by 8 is 7

∴ The remainder when 8127 is divided by 8 is 7.

Given:

A three successive discount of 4%, 5%, and 10% is given on the book. 

Discount = Rs. 448

Calculation:

Percentage to fraction

4% = 4/100 = 1/25

5% = 5/100 = 1/20

10% = 10/10 = 1/10

Let, Marked price(MRP) = 25 × 20 × 10 = 5000 unit

∴ SP = 5000 × (1 - 1/25) × (1 - 1/20) × (1 - 1/10) = 5000 × (24/25) × (19/20) × (9/10)

⇒ 4104 unit

Hence, Discount = MRP - SP = 5000 - 4104 = 896 unit

Now,

Since, 896 unit = Rs. 448

∴ 1 unit = 448/896 = 1/2

∴ 5000 unit = 5000/2

⇒ Rs. 2500

∴ The marked price is Rs. 2500.

वर्तनी की दृष्टि से दिए गए वाक्य का शब्द अशुद्ध है- अतिथी।

Key Points

• अतिथि शुद्ध वर्तनी है।
• शुद्ध वाक्य होगा- विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति कार्यक्रम के मुख्य अतिथि थे।
• अतिथि का अर्थ- मेहमान।
• वर्तनी- लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं,
• अर्थात उच्चारित होने वाले शब्द के लेखन में प्रयोग होने वाले लिपि चिह्नों के व्यवस्थित रूप को वर्तनी कहा जाता है।

Additional Informationअशुद्ध- शुद्ध वर्तनी के कुछ उदाहरण-

कारक की विभक्ति 'से' है - करण और अपादान 

Important Points

चख शब्द का पर्यायवाची नयन है।

Key Points

• चख के अन्य पर्यायवाची- आँखी, दृष्टि, नेत्र, लोचन, निगाह आदि।
• पर्यायवाची शब्द- एक ही अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द जो बनावट में भले ही अलग हों, पर्यायवाची या समानार्थी शब्द कहलाते हैं।
• उदाहरण-

1. मरीचि- किरण, ज्योति, प्रभा, रश्मि, दीप्ति आदि।
2. हय- हय, तुरंग, घोड़ा, घोटक, हरि, तुरग, वाजि, सैन्धव आदि।

• अन्य विकल्प-
• शक्र- इंद्र, देवेंद्र, सुरेश, अमरपति, वज्रधर आदि।
• चिकना- कोमल, चिक्कण, मृदुशिल, मुलायम आदि।
• असुर- दानव, दैत्य, राक्षस, निशाचर आदि।

Additional Informationपर्यायवाची के अन्य उदाहरण-

दिए गए विकल्पों में से "निष्कलुष" शब्द कलुष का विलोम शब्द है। 

Key Points

• कलुष शब्द का अर्थ है - अपवित्रता।
• निष्कलुष शब्द का अर्थ है - पवित्रता।

Additional Information

• जो शब्द किसी दूसरे शब्द का उल्टा अर्थ बताते हैं,
• उन्हें विलोम शब्द या विपरीतार्थक शब्द या विरुद्धार्थी शब्द कहते है।

उदाहरण - 

'मदनशलाका' का पर्याय है- कोकिल

Key Pointsमदनशलाका का अर्थ: 

• मदनशलाका संस्कृत भाषा का एक शब्द है, जिसका तात्पर्य 'कोयल' से है।
• यह एक काव्यात्मक और अलंकारिक नाम है जिसे मधुर और मनमोहक स्वर वाली कोयल के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Important Points

अन्य विकल्पों का पर्याय और वाक्य प्रयोग का सारणी रूप में विवरण:

Additional Information

पर्यायवाची शब्दों के उदाहरण:

1. सूर्य: रवि, दिनकर, प्रभाकर, दिवाकर, भास्कर

• वाक्य: सूर्य (रवि) का उदय होते ही देश में प्रकाश फैल गया।

2. पृथ्वी: धरा, धरती, मही, वसुंधरा, भूमि

• वाक्य: पृथ्वी (धरा) पर हरियाली का विस्तार हुआ है।

3. जल: पानी, नीर, तोय, वारि, सलिल

• वाक्य: तालाब में साफ जल (नीर) है।

4. अग्नि: आग, पावक, अनल, वह्नि, दावानल

• वाक्य: अग्नि (पावक) शुद्धि का प्रतीक मानी जाती है।

5. मनुष्य: इंसान, मानव, बंदा, शख्स, प्राणी

• वाक्य: हर मनुष्य (इंसान) को पर्यावरण का ध्यान रखना चाहिए।

6. गंगा: भागीरथी, जाह्नवी

• वाक्य: गंगा (जाह्नवी) नदी में स्नान करना पवित्र माना जाता है।

कोष्ठक में दिए गए शब्द के विलोम शब्द का सही विकल्प है - मधुर

Key Points

• वाक्य - हमें लोगों से बात करते समय हमेशा (कर्कश) मधुर वाणी का उपयोग करना चाहिए।
• कोष्ठक में 'कर्कश' शब्द का विलोम शब्द 'मधुर' होगा।
• 'कर्कश' शब्द का अर्थ है - कटु एवं अप्रिय बोलने वाला।
• 'मधुर' शब्द का अर्थ - कटुता रहित, मीठा।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द -

"हे नारायण! बचाओ।" - इस वाक्य में कारक है- संबोधन कारक

Key Points

• इस वाक्य में "हे नारायण!" शब्द का प्रयोग भगवान नारायण को संबोधित करने के लिए किया गया है।
• ​जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग किसी को बुलाने या पुकारने में किया जाता है, उसे संबोधन कारक कहते है।
• इसकी पहचान करने के लिए (!) चिन्ह लगाया जाता है। इसके चिन्ह हे, अरे, अजी आदि होते हैं। इसकी कोई विभक्ति नहीं होती है।
• जैसे –
• हे भगवान! उसके साथ ऐसा क्यों हुआ।
• हे ईश्वर! सभी लोगों की रक्षा करें।

Important Points 

 हिन्दी में आठ कारक’ हैं -

Additional Information 

'जो मोक्ष की इच्छा रखता हो' वाक्यांश के लिए सार्थक शब्द होगा - मुमुक्षु

Key Points

• 'जो मोक्ष की इच्छा रखता हो' वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - मुमुक्षु
• वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

दिए गए विकल्पों में से विकल्प ईर्ष्यालु शब्द की वर्तनी शुद्ध है। अतः ईर्ष्यालु सही विकल्प है। अन्य शब्दों की वर्तनी त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

Key Points

• ईर्ष्यालु का अर्थ है - ईर्ष्या करने वाला।
• ईर्ष्यालु विशेषण शब्द है।
• शुद्ध वाक्य होगा - वह बहुत ईर्ष्यालु औरत है।

Additional Information

'उनकी आपस में घनिष्ठ मैत्रता थी।' वाक्य के मैत्रता थी अंश में वर्तनी अशुद्धि है।

Key Points

• मैत्रता थी का शुद्ध रूप होगा- मित्रता थी है।
• मैत्रता अशुद्ध शब्द है।
• मित्रता का अर्थ- दोस्ती, लोगों के बीच पारस्परिक स्नेह का सम्बन्ध आदि।
• वर्तनी की परिभाषा:- लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं।
• वर्तनी शब्द का अर्थ उच्चारित होने वाले शब्द के लेखन  में प्रयोग होने वाले लिपि चिह्नों के व्यवस्थित रूप को वर्तनी कहा जाता है।
• हिन्दी में जो बोला जाता है वही लिखा जाता है, यदि उच्चारण अशुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी भी अशुद्ध होगी।
• जैसे:- अशुद्ध:- सेनिक,  शुद्ध:- सैनिक आदि।

Additional Informationवर्तनी के कुछ अन्य उदाहरण:-

'वह घर से बाहर गया' - इस वाक्य में 'से' कारक है - अपादान

Key Points

• वाक्य - वह घर से बाहर गया (वाक्य में घर से बाहर (अलगाव) की बात की जा रही है।)
• यहाँ से विभक्ति चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जा रहा है, अतः यह उदाहरण अपादान कारक के अंतर्गत आएगा।
• जब संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के किसी रूप से किन्हीं दो वस्तुओं के अलग होने का बोध होता है, तब वहां अपादान कारक होता है।
• अपादान कारक का भी विभक्ति चिन्ह से होता है। 
• उदाहरण - आसमान से बूँदें गिरी। हिमालय से गंगा निकलती है।

Confusion Pointsकरण और अपादान कारक में अंतर:-

• करण और अपादान दोनों ही कारकों में ‘से’ चिन्ह का प्रयोग होता है।
• परन्तु अर्थ के आधार पर दोनों में अंतर होता है।
• करण कारक में जहाँ पर ‘से’ का प्रयोग साधन के लिए होता है
• वहीं पर अपादान कारक में अलग होने के लिए किया जाता है।

Important Pointsहिन्दी में आठ कारक’ हैं -

Additional Information 

दिये गए विकल्पों सही उत्तर यह छोटा कमरा है होगा।

Key Points

• यह छोटा कमरा है। यह वाक्य पुल्लिंग की दृष्टि से शुद्ध है।
• अन्य विकल्प अशुद्ध हैं:
• यह छोटे कमरा है।
• यह छोटा कमरे हैं।
• यह छोटी कमरा है।

Additional Information 

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लिंग के अन्य उदाहरण :​

"शक्‍कर" तद्भव शब्‍द है। अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points

• शक्‍कर तद्भव शब्‍द है। और इसका तत्‍सम शर्करा है।
• शक्‍कर का अर्थ- कच्ची चीनी।

अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प- 

Important Pointsकुछ अन्‍य महत्‍वपूर्ण तत्‍सम-तद्भव शब्‍द-