DSSSB LDC (Jr. Assistant/Steno/LDC): (10 Oct 2025) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Firuz Shah Tughluq.

Key Points

• Firuz Shah Tughluq ruled Delhi from 1351 to 1388, succeeding his cousin Muhammad bin Tughluq.
• He was known for his administrative reforms, including the establishment of several public works such as canals, roads, and bridges.
• Firuz Shah Tughluq introduced multiple welfare schemes for his subjects and was known for his patronage of scholars and artisans.
• He built several important structures, including the Firuz Shah Kotla in Delhi and repaired historical monuments like the Qutub Minar.
• Firuz Shah Tughluq is remembered for his efforts to stabilize the economy and for being a relatively benevolent ruler compared to his predecessors.

Additional Information

• Tughluq Dynasty: The Tughluq dynasty was founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in 1320 and is known for its administrative innovations and architectural contributions.
• Firuz Shah Kotla: A fortified citadel built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in Delhi, housing a famous Ashokan pillar brought from Topra.
• Economic Policies: Firuz Shah Tughluq implemented policies to reduce taxation and introduced new revenue systems aimed at benefiting the peasantry.
• Religious Tolerance: Although a devout Muslim, Firuz Shah Tughluq is noted for his relative tolerance towards other religions compared to some of his predecessors.
• Succession and Decline: Firuz Shah Tughluq's successors were unable to maintain the stability of the empire, leading to the eventual decline of the Tughluq dynasty.

The correct answer is Dhamma Mahamatras.

Key Points

• Dhamma Mahamatras were special officers appointed by Emperor Ashoka to spread the principles of Dhamma (moral law).
• They were primarily responsible for promoting ethical values and non-violence across the Mauryan Empire.
• The Dhamma Mahamatras also worked towards the welfare of the people, animals, and the environment, emphasizing compassion and harmony.
• They were tasked with spreading Ashoka's edicts and ensuring their adherence among his subjects.
• The role of the Dhamma Mahamatras is mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions, particularly in the Rock Edicts.

Additional Information

• Dhamma:
• It refers to the moral and ethical principles promoted by Ashoka, emphasizing non-violence, truthfulness, compassion, and respect for all life forms.
• Ashoka's Dhamma was influenced by Buddhist teachings but was inclusive and universal, catering to people of all religions and beliefs.
• Ashoka's Edicts:
• The inscriptions carved on rocks and pillars across the Mauryan Empire contain messages about Dhamma and governance.
• They are a valuable source of information about Ashoka's policies and his efforts to spread ethical and moral values.
• Rajukas:
• Rajukas were officers appointed by Ashoka for judicial and administrative duties.
• Unlike Dhamma Mahamatras, they were responsible for upholding law and order rather than promoting Dhamma.
• Legacy of Ashoka:
• Ashoka is remembered as a model ruler who prioritized the welfare of his subjects and emphasized moral governance.
• His efforts to spread Buddhism and ethical values had a long-lasting impact on Indian history and culture.

The correct answer is Pamban Bridge.

In News

• On the occasion of Ram Navami in April 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the newly constructed vertical lift Pamban Sea Bridge connecting Rameswaram to the mainland.

Key Points

• The Pamban vertical lift sea bridge was inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi in April 2025.
• It is India’s first vertical lift railway sea bridge, built at a cost of Rs.550 crore.
• The bridge allows lifting up to 17 meters, enabling smooth passage of ships underneath.
• It replaces the century-old bridge built in 1914, which served as the only rail link to Rameswaram.

Additional Information

• Pamban Bridge
• The new bridge is constructed with stainless steel reinforcement, high-grade protective paint, and fully welded joints.
• Designed for dual rail tracks to accommodate future capacity.
• Equipped with an automated electro-mechanical lift system to elevate for maritime traffic.
• Cultural Significance
• Deeply associated with the Ramayana; Rameswaram is a major pilgrimage center.
• The bridge holds symbolic and spiritual importance for the region.
• Prime Minister's Visit Highlights
• Also flagged off the Rameswaram-Tambaram Express and a Coast Guard ship passing under the bridge.
• Offered prayers at Rameswaram Temple and inaugurated infrastructure projects worth Rs.8300 crore.
• Scheduled to leave for Madurai and later return to Delhi the same day.

The correct answer is - 97th Constitutional Amendment

Key Points

• 97th Constitutional Amendment:
• It was enacted in 2011 and gave Constitutional status to Cooperative Societies.
• Added a new Part IX-B titled "The Co-operative Societies" to the Constitution.
• Introduced Article 43B in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), emphasizing the promotion of voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, and professional management of cooperatives.
• Made amendments to Article 19(1)(c), allowing citizens to form cooperative societies as a fundamental right.

Additional Information

• Cooperative Societies:
• A cooperative society is an organization formed by a group of individuals to achieve common economic, social, or cultural goals.
• They operate based on the principles of self-help and mutual assistance.
• Significance of the Amendment:
• Improved transparency and accountability in the functioning of cooperative societies.
• Ensured democratic functioning and autonomy of cooperatives.
• Strengthened the role of cooperatives in economic development and rural empowerment.

The correct answer is Article 63.

• The vice president of India is the deputy to the head of state of the Republic of India, the president of India.
• The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the order of precedence and first in the line of succession to the presidency.

Important Points

1. The Vice-President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament. The voting in the Election of the Vice-President shall be by secret ballot.
2. The Office of the Vice-President of India is mentioned in Part V of the Constitution of India under Chapter I (Executive). Article 63 of the Indian Constitution mentions the post of Vice-President.
3. The Constitutional Articles from 63-73 deal with the qualifications, election and removal of the Vice-President of India.

Hence, Article 63 of the Indian constitution provides for The vice President of India.

The correct answer is Mumbai.

Key Points

• Mazgaon Dock is one of the leading shipbuilding yards in India and is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Mazgaon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) is engaged in constructing warships and submarines for the Indian Navy and offshore platforms and associated support vessels for offshore oil drilling operations.
• MDL was established in the 18th century, making it one of the oldest shipbuilding yards in India.
• The shipyard has been instrumental in enhancing India's maritime capabilities and contributes significantly to the defense sector.

Additional Information

• Vishakhapatnam
• Also known as Vizag, it is a major port city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
• It is home to the Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), another major shipbuilding yard in India.
• Vishakhapatnam is known for its natural harbor and steel plant.
• Cochin
• Cochin, also known as Kochi, is a major port city on the southwest coast of India in the state of Kerala.
• The Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) is a major shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India, located in Kochi.
• CSL is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India.
• Kolkata
• Kolkata is the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal.
• It houses the Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd (GRSE), a premier shipyard involved in the construction of warships and other vessels for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.
• GRSE is known for building highly sophisticated and technologically advanced vessels.

The correct answer is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Key Points

• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, born on October 31, 1875, was a key leader in the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement.
• After India gained independence, Patel was appointed as the first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs.
• As the "Bismarck of India," Sardar Patel's most significant contribution was the integration of over 550 princely states into the Indian Union.
• Due to his strong leadership and decisive actions, he is often referred to as the "Iron Man of India".

Additional Information

• Mahatma Gandhi-
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869.
• Mahatma Gandhi is popularly known as the "Father of the Nation" in India.
• He led several nationwide campaigns against British rule, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.
• He is known worldwide for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, or Satyagraha.
• He was assassinated on January 30, 1948, but his ideas and principles continue to inspire people worldwide.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri:
• Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904.
• After India's independence, he held several ministerial positions and eventually became the second Prime Minister of India in 1964 after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru.
• He is best known for his slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan" during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, which highlighted the importance of the armed forces and farmers in ensuring India's security and prosperity.
• Shastri G passed away on January 11, 1966.
• Jawaharlal Nehru:
• Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889.
• After India gained independence, Nehru became the country's first Prime Minister, serving from 1947 until his death in 1964.
• His vision for a modern, secular, and democratic India laid the foundation for the nation's development. Nehru implemented numerous economic and social policies, such as the Five-Year Plans, aimed at industrialization, agricultural growth, and poverty reduction.
• He also played a crucial role in shaping India's foreign policy, advocating for non-alignment and peaceful coexistence among nations.

The correct answer is Jupiter.

Key Points

• The Solar System contains 8 planets:

Additional Information

• Venus and Earth are almost the same size, have about the same mass (they weigh about the same), and have a very similar composition (are made of the same material).
• Venus is considered as Earth’s-twin because its size and shape are very much similar to that of the earth.
• Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the brightest planet in the solar system.
• It is sometimes referred to as the sister planet to Earth, because of its similar mass and size.
• The planet is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.
• Venus is the brightest planet and is easily noticeable with unaided eyes.
• One of the earliest Babylonian astronomical documents speaks about Venus.

Shortcut Trick

My Very Excited Mother Just Served Us Nachos

• M → Mercury, V → Venus, E → Earth, M → Mars, J → Jupiter, S → Saturn, U → Uranus, N → Neptune

The correct answer is Tropical Deciduous Forests

Key Points:Tropical Deciduous Forests

• They are also called the monsoon forests, these are the most widespread forests in India.
• The term ‘Deciduous’ relates to the ability of some plants to lose their leaves annually.
• They are spread over regions which receive rainfall between 70 and 200 cm.
• Important Species: The common trees are Sal, Teak, Sandalwood, neem, Ajun, Ebony, Shisham, Hurra, Mahua, Amla, Semul, Mulberry and Kusum.
• It is found on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, eastern coastal plains, eastern plateaus, Himalayan foothills and in some parts of the Satluj-Ganga plains, Eastern Rajasthan, Kathiawar, rain-shadow areas of the Deccan plateau, central India and Punjab.

Additional Information:

• Tropical dry deciduous types of forests occupy the largest percentage in India.
• Of the total forest cover in India, tropical dry deciduous forests occupy an area of (34.80%) followed by tropical moist deciduous forest (33.19%), tropical semi-evergreen (7.72%), and tropical wet evergreen (7.54%) forests.

Tropical dry deciduous forest:

• These are similar to moist deciduous forests and shed their leaves in the dry season.
• The major difference is that they can grow in areas of comparatively less rainfall.
• They represent a transitional type – moist deciduous on the wetter side and thorn forests on the drier side.
• They have a closed but uneven canopy.

The correct answer is Sikkim.

Key Points

• Sikkim is the state with the lowest population in India, as per the 2011 Census of India.
• The population of Sikkim was recorded at 6,10,577 in 2011, making it the least populated state in the country.
• Sikkim is located in the northeastern part of India and is known for its mountainous terrain.
• The state has a low population density of 86 people per square kilometer, which is among the lowest in India.
• Sikkim is also the first fully organic farming state in the country, gaining international recognition for its sustainable practices.

Additional Information

• Geography of Sikkim:
• Sikkim is bordered by Nepal to the west, Bhutan to the east, Tibet (China) to the north, and West Bengal to the south.
• The state is home to Kangchenjunga, the third-highest peak in the world, which is considered sacred by the local population.
• Languages: The official languages of Sikkim include Nepali, English, Sikkimese (Bhutia), and Lepcha.
• Economy: The state’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, horticulture, and tourism.
• Culture: Sikkim is known for its rich cultural heritage, including Buddhist monasteries, festivals, and traditional music and dance forms.
• Recent Population Data: While the 2011 Census is the latest comprehensive population data, estimates from the 2021-2023 period suggest minor population growth, keeping Sikkim as the least populated state.

The correct answer is Harbin, China

In News

• Event Details: The 9th Asian Winter Games 2025 are scheduled to be held from 7th to 14th February.
• Venue Information: The games will be hosted in Harbin, China, providing a platform for winter sports competition.
• Government Initiative: The Government of India approved the participation of an 88-member contingent under the ANSF Scheme.
• Sports Promotion: This move underlines India's commitment to fostering winter sports and enhancing athlete exposure at global competitions.

Additional Information

• Asian Winter Games: A major international event that gathers athletes from across Asia to compete in winter sports disciplines.
• Harbin, China: Known for its cold winters and winter sports facilities, making it an ideal host city for such events.
• ANSF Scheme: The Assistance to National Sports Federations scheme that provides financial support to athletes in various sports.
• Government's Role: The approval emphasizes transparency and merit-based selection, reinforcing India's resolve to excel in winter sports.

The correct answer is Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences.

In News

• ILBS (Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences) launched the HEALD initiative on World Liver Day 2025.

Key Points

• HEALD stands for Healthy Liver Education and Alcohol-associated Liver Disease Prevention.
• ILBS aims to reduce liver disease through education, screening, and policy integration.
• Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the initiative and praised ILBS for its public health leadership.
• The initiative focuses on early prevention and destigmatizing alcohol-related liver conditions.

Additional Information

• ILBS (Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences)
• Autonomous institute under Government of NCT of Delhi.
• Dedicated to liver and biliary care and education.
• Directed by Prof. SK Sarin, a globally renowned hepatologist.
• Initiated India’s first Liver Habilitation (LiHAB) Centre.
• HEALD Initiative
• Multi-sectoral program involving education, screening, treatment, and policy.
• Launched on World Liver Day 2025.
• Aims to integrate liver care with mental health and community outreach.
• Backed by Delhi’s top health officials and national leaders.

The correct answer is Lord Vishnu.

Key Points

• Onam is a significant festival celebrated primarily in the state of Kerala, India, marking the harvest season.
• It is associated with the legend of King Mahabali, whose reign is believed to have been blessed by Lord Vishnu in his Vamana avatar.
• The festival symbolizes the annual return of King Mahabali to visit his people, as per the boon granted by Lord Vishnu.
• Lord Vishnu, in his Vamana incarnation, subdued King Mahabali but recognized his devotion and righteousness.
• Onam celebrations include rituals, cultural performances, traditional feasts, and floral decorations to honor both King Mahabali and Lord Vishnu.

Additional Information

• Onam: A 10-day festival celebrated in Kerala, with the main day known as "Thiruvonam". It marks the beginning of the Malayalam calendar's Chingam month.
• Vamana Avatar: The fifth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, where he took the form of a dwarf Brahmin to restore cosmic balance by subduing King Mahabali.
• Pookalam: Floral carpets made during Onam as a symbol of prosperity, happiness, and welcoming King Mahabali.
• Sadhya: A traditional vegetarian feast served during Onam, consisting of multiple dishes served on a banana leaf.
• Snake Boat Race: A popular event during Onam where long boats compete in races, showcasing Kerala's cultural heritage.

The correct answer is Option 2.

In News

• The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) launched Operation Chakra V, arresting 4 individuals involved in ‘digital arrest’ scams across 12 locations in India.

Key Points

• Operation Chakra V is an anti-cybercrime initiative by the CBI. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• It targets scams known as "digital arrests", where fraudsters impersonate officials from agencies like RBI, SEBI, or police and extort money by creating fear of legal action.
• Victims are manipulated through video calls, fake uniforms, and legal jargon, creating a false sense of arrest or investigation.
• PM Modi, in his October 2024 ‘Mann Ki Baat’, urged citizens to be vigilant and report such cases.

Additional Information

• This operation is part of a larger campaign to counter international cyber fraud rings.
• Public awareness and reporting through portals like cybercrime.gov.in are encouraged for quick action.

The correct answer is 343.

Key Points

• The official language of the Union is Hindi in the Devanagari script, according to Article 343(1) of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 343(2) stated that English would continue to be used in official Union activities for a period of 15 years from the date of the constitution's inception, i.e. until January 25, 1965.
• Again, article 343(3) empowered the parliament to pass laws to ensure that English would continue to be spoken after January 25, 1965.
• Both Houses of Parliament passed the Official Language Resolution on January 18, 1968.
• This Resolution was approved to create a comprehensive programme for the Union of India to expand the use of the Hindu language for official purposes.
• As a result, the Official Languages Act of 1963 was passed, allowing English to be used after the stated date of 1965.
• According to the Act, resolutions, regulations, general instructions, notices, press communiqués, administrative and other reports, licences, tenders, and other documents must be written in both English and Hindi.

Important Points

• The number of Anglo-Indians who may be nominated to the State Legislative Assemblies is left to the Governor's discretion under Article 333 of the Constitution.
• Article 334 established a time limit for these reservations, however, it is periodically extended by the parliament.
• In making appointments to services and posts in connection with the operations of the Union or a State, Article 335 states that the claims of members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into account, commensurate with the maintenance of administrative efficiency.

The correct answer is Buland Darwaza.

Key Points

Buland Darwaza

• Buland Darwaza (Door of Victory) is located at Fatehpur Sikri in Agra.
• Buland Darwaza is the highest Gateway in the World
• It was built in 1602 AD by Mughal Emperor Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.
• It is the main entrance to the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri.
• It took nearly 12 years to make the highest gateway.

Important Points

Jama Masjid (Agra)

• Jama Masjid is located just opposite the Agra fort.
• Jama Masjid was built by Shah Jahan in 1648 AD, it was dedicated to his daughter, Jahanara Begum.
• Jama Masjid is also known as the 'Friday mosques'.
• Jama Masjid is one of the largest mosques in India.
• The Jama Masjid is built mainly of red sandstone and white marble that stand as a testimony to the magnificent Mughal architecture.
• It has a fountain at the center and is supported by four kiosks in the courtyard.
• The interior walls have scriptures in the Persian style praising for Shah Jahan and Jahan Ara.
• The inlaid panels of work here are quite similar to that of the Taj Mahal and are common to all the monuments and structures built by the Mughals in Agra.
• The Tomb of Salim Chisti is a part of the mosque compound.

Red Fort

• Red Fort is located in Old Delhi was built by Shah Jahan in 1638.
• Red Fort is also known as Lal Qila.
• The Red sandstone walls of the massive Red Fort rise 33-m above the clamor of Old Delhi as a reminder of the magnificent power and pomp of the Mughal emperors.
• Lahori Gate is the main entrance to the Red Fort.
• Shah Jahan Shifted the capital from Agra to Delhi.

Agra Fort

• Agra Fort is located in Agra.
• The construction of the Agra fort was started around 1565, when the initial structures were built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and subsequently taken over by his grandson Shah Jahan, who added most of the marble creations to the fort.
• It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty till 1638 when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi.
• The Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal.

The correct answer is Homi J. Bhabha.

Key Points

• Homi Jehangir Bhabha is called as father of Indian nuclear program.
• He is also called as Architect of the nuclear Age and Architect of the atomic bomb.
• He was founding director of Atomic energy establishment, Trombay (AEET) which is now named the Bhabha atomic research centre in his honor.
• He was the founding chairman of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which was established in 1948.
• He was awarded the Adam prize and Padma Bhushan.
• He was also nominated for Noble prize for physics in 1951 and 1953-56.

Additional Information

• Vikram Sarabhai initiated space research and helped to develop nuclear power in India.
• He is internationally regarded as father of Indian space program.
• He was the founder of Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO).
• APJ Abdul Kalam was an Indian aerospace scientist and known as Missile Man of India.
• He was intimately involved in civil space program and military missile development efforts.
• U.R.Rao was an Indian space scientist and former chairman of ISRO.
• He is known as The Satellite Man of India.
• C.V. Raman discovered the Raman effect, which occurs when light scatters and changes wavelength as it passes through a material. This phenomenon is now known as Raman scattering.
• Venkatraman Radhakrishnan was a physicist and radio astronomer who contributed to many areas of study, including the magnetic field of Jupiter, the rotation of Jupiter's interior, and pulsar astronomy.

The correct answer is Article 48A.

Key Points

• Article 48A was added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
• It is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) under Part IV of the Constitution.
• The article directs the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.
• It emphasizes the State's responsibility in promoting ecological balance and environmental sustainability.
• Article 48A complements Article 51A(g), which highlights the fundamental duty of citizens to protect the environment.

Additional Information

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP):
• DPSPs are non-justiciable guidelines for the State to frame policies aimed at socio-economic welfare.
• They are inspired by the Irish Constitution and aim to establish a welfare state.
• 42nd Amendment Act, 1976:
• Known as the "mini-Constitution," it introduced significant changes, including the addition of Article 48A.
• It emphasized environmental protection and aimed to strengthen the Directive Principles.
• Article 51A(g):
• Part of the Fundamental Duties introduced by the 42nd Amendment Act.
• It mandates citizens to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
• Environment Protection Laws in India:
• The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and the Environment Protection Act, 1986 are key legislations for environmental conservation.
• India is also a signatory to several international treaties like the Convention on Biological Diversity and Ramsar Convention.

The correct answer is Microdata Portal.

In News

• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) launched a revamped Microdata Portal during the Conference of State Government Ministers.

Key Points

• The new Microdata Portal serves as a centralized repository for extensive statistical data from national surveys and economic census.
• It overcomes technological limitations faced by the previous portal, featuring a modern and scalable technology stack.
• The portal ensures compliance with the latest security standards and offers a responsive design and data access mechanism.

Additional Information

• National Industrial Classification (NIC)
• NIC is a system used for categorizing industries in India based on their primary activity.
• The AI/ML-based classification tool introduced by MOSPI uses this system to ease official statistics production.

The correct answer is Peace.

Important Points 

• Kailash Satyarthi 
• Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social activist who works and campaigned against child labour in India and elsewhere and advocated the right to education.
• In 2014 he was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Pakistan Malala Yousafzai, “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education”.
• Kailash Satyarthi founded the movement called Bachapan Bachao Andolan in India. Hence statement B is correct.
• Kailash Satyarthi is the fifth Indian Nobel prize winner.
• Other Noble Prize winners from India:
• Rabindranath Tagore
• Chandrashekhar Venkataraman
• Mother Teresa
• Amartya Sen

Key Points 

• The 2025 Nobel Prizes were awarded across five categories, highlighting achievements in quantum physics, materials science, immunology, literature, and peace.
• Physics Prize:
• Awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their work in macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in electric circuits, showcasing quantum mechanics at a macroscopic scale.
• Their work enabled advances in quantum computing, cryptography, and quantum sensors.
• Chemistry Prize:
• Awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar M. Yaghi for their development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), materials with vast internal surface areas for various applications such as water harvesting, carbon capture, and toxic gas storage.
• Medicine Prize:
• Awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for discovering regulatory T cells (Tregs) that prevent autoimmune diseases and play a role in cancer therapy.
• Their work has revolutionized the understanding of autoimmune diseases and immunotherapy.
• Literature Prize:
• Awarded to László Krasznahorkai for his visionary works, including "Satantango", which explore themes of apocalyptic terror, chaos, and human isolation.
• Known for long, complex sentences and dark, philosophical narratives.
• Peace Prize:
• Awarded to Maria Corina Machado, a Venezuelan leader and symbol of democratic resistance against authoritarianism in Venezuela, emphasizing "ballots over bullets" and leading the opposition.
• Praised for her courage despite life-threatening risks and for unifying the opposition around democratic principles.

Additional Information

• Geographical Distribution:
• United States leads with six laureates.
• Other countries: Japan (2 laureates), Australia, Hungary, and Venezuela (1 laureate each).
• Ceremony: 
• The award ceremony will take place on December 10, 2025, in Stockholm (Peace Prize in Oslo).
• Each prize includes 11 million Swedish kronor, a gold medal, and a diploma.

The correct answer is Sharavati.

Key Points

• Jog Waterfall:
• Jog Waterfall, also known as Gerosoppa Falls or Joga Falls, is one of the highest waterfalls in India.
• It is located in the state of Karnataka, near the border with Goa.
• Sharavati River:
• The Sharavati River is a river in India that originates and flows entirely within the state of Karnataka.
• It is famous for creating the Jog Falls as it makes a spectacular drop of 253 meters (830 feet), making it one of the major tourist attractions in Karnataka.
• Significance of Sharavati River:
• Besides housing the magnificent Jog Falls, the Sharavati River basin is a biodiversity hotspot, supporting various species of flora and fauna.
• The river is also crucial for hydroelectric power generation in Karnataka, with several dams and power stations, including the Linganmakki Dam, built across it.
• Geography and Hydrology:
• The Sharavati River originates at Ambutirtha, near Nonabur, in the Thirthahalli taluk and flows northwest through the Western Ghats forming the Jog Falls before discharging into the Arabian Sea.
• The river basin covers a total area of about 2,985 square kilometers, demonstrating its significant catchment area which is vital for the region's water resources.
• Cultural and Ecological Importance:
• The region around the Sharavati River and Jog Falls is rich in cultural heritage and is a part of numerous local legends and histories.

The correct answer is Justice B R Gavai.

In News

• Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna named Justice B R Gavai as his successor, who will become the 52nd Chief Justice of India after government approval.

Key Points

• Justice B R Gavai is currently the senior judge in the Supreme Court.
• He was elevated to the Supreme Court on May 24, 2019.
• He will take charge after CJI Khanna retires on May 13, 2025.
• He will remain in office until November 23, 2025.

Additional Information

• Justice B R Gavai
• Hails from Amravati, Maharashtra.
• Was a part of key rulings including demonetisation, abrogation of Article 370, and Electoral Bonds judgement.
• Advocated for applying the creamy layer principle to SCs/STs for real equality.
• Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul
• Recently retired from the Supreme Court in December 2023.
• Justice D Y Chandrachud
• Served as the 50th Chief Justice of India.
• Justice S Abdul Nazeer
• Known for his role in the Ayodhya verdict, retired in 2023.

The correct answer is To create or declare a High Court.

Key Points

• Under Article 241(1) of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has the authority to create or declare a High Court for a Union Territory.
• This provision empowers Parliament to make laws for the governance of Union Territories and to ensure their judicial needs are fulfilled.
• The Union Territories are directly governed by the Central Government, and their judicial requirements are catered to through High Courts established or declared by Parliament.
• For example, the Delhi High Court was established in 1966 under this provision.
• This helps maintain a uniform judicial system across Union Territories, promoting efficient governance and access to justice.
• Establishing a High Court in Union Territories ensures that citizens residing there have access to the same level of judicial infrastructure as those in states.
• The provision is also instrumental in ensuring that the judiciary in Union Territories is in line with the constitutional framework of India.

Additional Information

• To grant statehood
• The process of granting statehood to a Union Territory does not fall under Article 241(1). Instead, it is governed by provisions under Article 3 of the Constitution.
• Article 3 allows Parliament to reorganize states and Union Territories by forming new states or altering boundaries.
• Examples of statehood being granted include Goa, which transitioned from Union Territory to statehood in 1987.
• To merge with states
• Merging Union Territories with states is also governed by Article 3 of the Constitution, not Article 241(1).
• An example includes the merger of Pondicherry (now Puducherry) territories with India from French control in 1954.
• To appoint Governor
• The appointment of Governors is governed by Article 155 and Article 156 of the Constitution.
• Governors are appointed by the President of India for states, but Union Territories are generally administered by Lieutenant Governors or Administrators, as specified under different provisions.

The correct answer is Bangladesh,1985.

Key Points

• SAARC was founded on 8 December 1985 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• The full form of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
• Member states Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• Headquarters: Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Secretary general: Esala Weerakoon.
• The 2020 SAARC Summit will take place in Islamabad. Pakistan.

Additional Information

• List of some important organization

The correct answer is  Subhas Chandra Bose - The Indian Struggle

Key Points

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in the year 1905.
• Foundation Date: The society was established on June 12, 1905.
• Purpose: The Servants of India Society aimed to promote education, social reform, and the welfare of the underprivileged in India.
• Significance: It was one of the first secular organizations in India dedicated to social service, and its members took vows of poverty and lifelong service.
• Legacy: Gokhale's efforts through the society contributed significantly to the Indian independence movement and inspired many future leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi.

The correct answer is GDP - Depreciation.

Key Points

• Net Domestic Product (NDP):
• NDP is a measure of the total economic output of a country that takes into account the value of the depreciation of capital goods.
• The formula to calculate NDP is as follows: NDP = GDP - Depreciation where,
• GDP is the Gross Domestic Product.
• Depreciation refers to the reduction in the value of the physical capital of a country due to wear and tear or obsolescence.

Additional Information

• Understanding GDP and NDP:
• GDP provides the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period.
• NDP gives a more accurate representation by considering the depreciation on capital goods, offering a clearer picture of the economy's health.

Important Points

The correct answer is Visakhapatnam and Kakinada; Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

In News

• India and the US conducted a 13-day tri-services military exercise 'Tiger Triumph' focusing on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR).

Key Points

• The exercise is a 13-day event focusing on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and is scheduled at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada.
• The joint exercise involved naval, army, and air force units from both India and the US.
• The exercise aims to enhance interoperability and establish standard operating procedures (SOPs) for combined coordination during HADR operations.
• Key assets such as Indian Naval ships, Army troops, Air Force aircraft, and US Navy ships will participate in the exercise.

Additional Information

• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
• HADR operations are focused on providing aid, support, and relief during disasters such as natural calamities.
• These operations aim to mitigate human suffering and help restore normalcy after a crisis.
• Interoperability
• The ability of military forces from different nations to work together effectively during joint operations, ensuring smooth coordination.
• Command and Control Centre
• A central facility that facilitates coordination between the participating forces during joint operations.

The correct answer is It can issue writs only for enforcing Fundamental Rights..

Key Points

• The Supreme Court's writ jurisdiction under Article 32 is specifically designed to enforce Fundamental Rights.
• Article 32 is referred to as the "heart and soul of the Constitution" by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, as it ensures the protection of Fundamental Rights.
• The Supreme Court can issue five types of writs under Article 32: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo-Warranto.
• Only the Supreme Court and High Courts (under Article 226) have the authority to issue writs in India.
• Article 32 cannot be suspended except during a National Emergency under Article 359, and even then, it applies only to certain Fundamental Rights.

Additional Information

• Habeas Corpus: This writ ensures that no person is detained unlawfully. It is a safeguard against illegal detention by authorities.
• Mandamus: This writ is issued by a court to compel a public official or body to perform their lawful duty.
• Prohibition: Issued to lower courts or tribunals, this writ prevents them from exceeding their jurisdiction.
• Certiorari: This writ is issued to transfer a case from a lower court to a higher court or to quash an order passed by a lower court that lacks jurisdiction.
• Quo-Warranto: This writ questions the legality of a person holding a public office and can result in their removal if they are found to be occupying it unlawfully.

The correct answer is option 3

Key PointsThe Jaipur Gharana is considered one of the primitive gharanas of the Kathak style of dance.

• It is renowned for its focus on intricate footwork, percussion patterns, and dynamic spins, showcasing a connection with traditional Rajasthani folk dance and devotional themes.
• Other prominent Kathak gharanas include Lucknow Gharana (emphasizing grace and expression) and Varanasi Gharana (known for devotional aspects).

The Correct answer is Article 330.

Key Points

• Article 330 of the Indian Constitution provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in the Lok Sabha.
• It ensures representation for these communities to promote their political participation and address their socio-economic challenges.
• The provision is based on the principles of social justice and equality enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
• The reservation is determined in proportion to the population of SCs and STs in each state, as per the latest census data.
• These reservations are part of the larger framework for affirmative action to uplift marginalized communities.
• This provision is reviewed periodically and included in every constitutional amendment related to elections and representation.
• The aim of this reservation is to ensure that SCs and STs have adequate political representation to voice their concerns and participate in governance.

 Additional Information

• Article 148
• Article 148 deals with the appointment and duties of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.
• The CAG is responsible for auditing all receipts and expenditure of the Union and State governments and ensuring financial accountability.
• Article 280
• Article 280 provides for the establishment of a Finance Commission to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the States.
• The Finance Commission is constituted every five years by the President of India.
• Article 213
• Article 213 relates to the power of the Governor to promulgate ordinances during recesses of the State Legislature.
• This power is exercised under circumstances requiring immediate legislative action.

The correct answer is Dual Citizenship.

Key Points

• India does not provide for dual citizenship under its Constitution or any law. Indian citizens must renounce their original citizenship to acquire citizenship of another country.
• The concept of dual citizenship contradicts the single citizenship model adopted by India, which ensures uniform rights and duties for all citizens irrespective of their state of residence.
• The Indian Constitution allows for the acquisition of Indian citizenship in specific ways (birth, descent, registration, naturalization, etc.), but prohibits retaining citizenship of another country simultaneously.
• The Citizenship Act, 1955 governs the rules regarding citizenship in India and explicitly prohibits dual citizenship.
• Instead of dual citizenship, India offers the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card, which provides certain privileges but does not equate to citizenship.

Additional Information

• Indian Federalism: India follows a federal structure with a division of powers between the Union and State governments. This is outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, categorized into Union, State, and Concurrent lists.
• Written Constitution: The Indian Constitution is a written document that defines the framework of governance and distribution of powers in detail, making it the longest constitution in the world.
• Independent Judiciary: India has an independent judiciary, with the Supreme Court functioning as the guardian of the Constitution and an arbiter in disputes between the Union and States.
• Single Citizenship: Unlike the federal model in some countries like the USA, India provides for single citizenship applicable to all Indians, irrespective of the state or union territory they belong to.
• Overseas Citizen of India (OCI): OCI is a special status granted to foreign citizens of Indian origin, allowing them visa-free entry and certain rights in India, but it does not confer full citizenship or voting rights.

The correct answer is Cricket.

Key Points

• Duleep Trophy is associated with the sport of Cricket.
• It is a domestic first-class cricket competition played in India.
• Named after Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji of Nawanagar.
• The competition was first introduced in the 1961-62 season.
• Teams are selected from different zones of India to compete.

Additional Information

• The Duleep Trophy was originally contested by teams representing geographical zones of India.
• Over the years, the format has been changed to improve the competitiveness of the tournament.
• It has served as a platform for many players to showcase their talent and make their case for selection to the national team.
• Some of the greatest Indian cricketers have participated in the Duleep Trophy early in their careers.

The correct answer is Pune

Key Points:

• The Aga Khan Palace was built by Sultan Muhammed Shah Aga Khan III in the city of Pune, Maharashtra in 1892.
• The palace was an act of charity by the spiritual leader of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, who wanted to help the poor in the neighboring areas of Pune, who were drastically hit by famine.

Additional Information:

• Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah, Aga Khan III was the 48th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili sect of Islam.
• He played a very important role in giving the Muslims a political stance to express their opinions to the British.
• In 1906, the Aga Khan was a founding member and first president of the All India Muslim League.

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

In News

• Vadhavan Port is located in Maharashtra, and it is being developed to become one of the top 10 global ports in line with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision.

Key Points

• Vadhavan Port, located in Maharashtra, is expected to boost India's maritime capacity and trade with regional and global partners.
• The port is part of the larger infrastructure development plan, aimed at tripling India's port capacity and facilitating regional trade.
• The development of Vadhavan Port aligns with the vision of transforming India's maritime sector into a key global player under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Additional Information

• Vadhavan Port
• Located in Maharashtra, it is set to become a major deep-draft port, enhancing India’s capacity for handling various types of cargo.
• Expected to transform India’s maritime sector by handling larger volumes of cargo and boosting regional trade.
• Maharashtra
• Maharashtra, India's leading maritime state, hosts some of the most important ports in the country, including Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port.

 

 

1. P4Q3R7S → P is mother of Q, Q is father of R, R is daughter of S.

P is mother-in-law of S.

2. P3Q3R3S → P is father of Q, Q is father of R, R is father of S.

P is great grandfather of S.

3. P3Q3R7S → P is father of Q, Q is father of R, R is daughter of S.

P is father-in-law of S.

4. P4Q4R3S → P is mother of Q, Q is mother of R, R is father of S.

P is great grandmother of S.

Hence, ‘P4Q3R7S’ is the correct answer.

Given: 'oka peru' means 'fine cloth', 'meta lisa' means 'clear water' and 'dona lisa peru' means 'fine clear weather'.

Comparing the given information, we get-

Therefore, we see that the word 'dona' in that language means 'weather'. 

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 1".

The pattern followed here is,

1071 ÷ 63 = 17,

1683 ÷ 99 = 17,

1566 ÷ 87 = 18,

1717 ÷ 101 = 17.

Hence, 1566 : 87 is the odd one.

Given statements: B < K > Z ≤ A < L = F

Conclusions:

I. B < Z → False (as B < K > Z → B < K and K > Z → B < K > Z → thus clear relation between B and Z cannot be determined)

II. F > Z → True (as Z ≤ A < L = F given; so F > Z is true).

III. K = L → False (as K > Z ≤ A < L → K > Z and Z < L → K > Z < L → thus clear relation between K and L cannot be determined)

IV. B > F → False (as B < K > Z ≤ A < L = F → B < K, K > Z and Z < F → B < K > Z < F → thus clear relation between B and F cannot be determined)

Therefore, “Only II is true”.

The pattern followed here is:

Pattern in the numerator: Sum of previous fraction’s numerator and denominator

Pattern in the denominator: Product of previous fraction’s numerator and denominator

So, next term in the series must be (\frac{{41 + 330}}{{41 \times 330}} = \frac{{371}}{{13530}})

Hence, the correct answer is (\frac{{371}}{{13530}}) .

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this is as follows;

Similarly;

Hence, the correct answer is "OFJDTBHEHS".

The least possible Venn diagram is;

Conclusion

I. Some eraser are black - True (As all eraser are black, some eraser are black is definitely true.)

II. Some bottle are pencil - True (As all pencil are eraser and all eraser are bottle, some bottle are definitely pencil.)

III. All book are bottle - True (As all book are pencil, all pencil are eraser and all eraser are bottle, then all book are bottle is definitely true.)

Hence, the correct answer is "All Follow".

Bhadri is 13^th from left end and Sarayu is 20^th from right end

On combining the statements, we get,

(Left end is taken on the top and right end are taken on the bottom)

<br>

 

Number of people between Bhadri and sarayu = 50 – (13 + 20) = 17

Now leaving Nanda in the middle i.e., 17- 1 = 16

Now half the people on one side and half on other side i.e., 16/2 = 8

Therefore, number of people between Bhadri and Nanda are 8

Hence, the correct answer is 8.

Least possible venn diagram is:

Conclusions

I. Some bull are ox → False.

There is no direct relationship between bull and ox so, no conclusion can be derived.

II. No ox is bull → False.

There is no direct relationship between bull and ox so, no conclusion can be derived.

III. Some ox cannot be yak → False.

Some ox are yak but there is no information about the remaining yak so, the conclusion is considered false.

Here Conclusion I and II form complementary pairs and either of them has to be true. 

Hence, Either I or II follows is the correct answer.

Note: 

Conditions of Either-or case:

1. The elements should be the same in both the statements.
2. Individually both the conclusions should be false.
3. One conclusion should be positive and one conclusion should be negative (Complementary pair)

The two complementary pairs are:

1. All + Some not

2. No + Some

Additional Information

Emphasizing basic and pure sciences does not imply that India has excelled in the fields of agriculture, technology, and tourism.

Therefore, conclusion I does not follow.

Conclusion II says that to meet the current food requirement of our country, we need a green revolution.

But, the given statement does not mention anything about the food situation in India. Therefore, conclusion II does not follow.

Hence, neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.

According to given information;

So, the code for "she and apples" is "kew and deko"

Hence, the code for "kew and deko".

In TB ∶ 24

→ Positions of T and B are 20 and 2 respectively in the English alphabet and the next term is obtained by;

20 + 2² = 20 + 4 = 24

Similarly,

In SD ∶ ?

→ Positions of S and D are 19 and 4 respectively in the English alphabet and the next term is obtained by;

19 + 4² = 19 + 16 = 35

Hence, ‘35’ is the correct answer.

Consider the English alphabet series to gauge the numerical value of letters.​

The pattern followed here is,

A + 2 = C, C + 3 = F, F + 4 = J

I + 3 = L, L + 4 = P, P + 5 = U

E + 2 = G, G + 3 = J, J + 4 = N

M + 2 = O, O + 3 = R, R + 4 = V

Hence, ‘ILPU’ is the correct answer.

Given sequence without vowels:

Q T F T B Q L D W D L P S C T K

7th alphabet from extreme right end = D

5th to the left of D = B

Hence, “B” is the correct answer.

We know that the clock lags by 2 min 30 sec for every hour = 150 sec.

Therefore, for 4 hours the clock will lag 4 × 150 sec. = 600 sec = 10 min

So, the correct time will be 8 AM - 10 mint.. = 7:50 AM

Hence, the correct answer is 7:50 AM**.**

The logic followed here is :-

By using BODMAS RULE :

Given expression is : 8 I ({\sqrt{1444}}) K 56 L 14 J 195 = ?

After replacing operators in place of alphabets the expression is as follows : 8 × ({\sqrt{1444}}) + 56 ÷ 14 - 195

= 8 × ({\sqrt{1444}}) + 56 ÷ 14 - 195

= 8 × 38 + 56 ÷ 14 - 195

= 8 × 38 + 4 - 195

= 304 + 4 - 195

= 308 - 195

= 113

Hence, the correct answer is "113".

The analogue clock is divided into 12 sectors, 1 – 12. One sector represents 30 degrees (360/12 = 30)

We know that in one minute,

Minute hand travels 6° and hour hand travels ½°.

NOTE:

1) Every angle forms twice in an hour except 0° and 180°, these two angles form only once in an hour.

2) 5 – 7 the angle of 180° forms only for once.

3) 11 – 1 the angle of 0° forms only for once.

Thus, to find the exact time we use the following formula.

Time (In minutes) = (30 H ± θ) × (\frac{2}{{11}})

Here, H is time in hours (Starting hour) and θ is the angle.

Note: If we get answer negative or greater than 60 then we do not consider it as an answer.

We have time 3 – 4, H = 03 and θ = 30°.

We get,

1. Time = (30 × 3 – 30) × (\frac{2}{{11}}) = (\frac{{120}}{{11}}) = 10(\frac{{10}}{{11}})

Hence, the correct answer is 3 hr 10(\frac{{10}}{{11}}).

The pattern followed is,

Hence, ‘81’ is the correct answer.

All options except “Myanmar” are north-eastern states of India, while “Myanmar” is a Southeast Asian country.

Hence, “Myanmar” is the correct answer.

The mirror image would be as follows:

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The path travelled by Karishma and Kareena from their home to their respective hostels is shown below:

As can be seen from the diagram above, Kareena's hostel is to the north-west of Karishma's hostel.

The distance between two hostels is given by Pythagoras theorem:

Required distance2 = 242 + 72

Required distance2 = 576 + 49 = 625

Required distance = 25 km.

Therefore, the correct answer is 25 km, North-west.

Hence, Fig. a is the correct answer.

Diagram for the circular arrangement is as follows:

Now, by checking each option:

1. Q is standing between O and N → False (as Q is standing between O and J)

2. J is second to the left of O → False (as J is second to the right of O)

3. M is opposite to L → True

4. N is adjacent to Q → False (as N is opposite to Q)

Hence, statement 3 is true.

The position and positional values or English Alphabets are:

The logic followed here is:

For, 'CAPTION' is coded as 'SDFWQRL',

Similarly, for 'DECLINE',

So, ‘DECLINE’ will be written as 'FHGOHQL'

Hence, the correct answer is "Option (3)".

The pattern followed here is:

Similarly,

Hence, EHGITH is the correct answer.

The logical order as per the process of selling a book is as follows:

2. Writing
3. Editing
4. Designing
5. Publishing
6. Selling

Hence, the meaningful order is 2, 4, 5, 1, 3

People who visit both Sweden and Norway but not Denmark = 1

People who visit both Norway and Denmark but not Sweden = 2

People who visit both Sweden and Denmark but not Norway = 3

All three places are visited by 2 people only

Number of people going to Sweden only = 4

Number of people going to Denmark only = 3

On adding the above figures, we get = 15

Total number of persons = 20

So, 20 – 15 = 5, this is the people visiting only Norway.

Total number of persons visiting Norway = 5 + 1 + 2 + 2 =10

Hence, 10 is the correct answer.

People – A, B, C, D, E, P, Q, R, S and T.

1. Q is not facing north is sitting opposite to the one who is sitting second to the right of D.

2. D and Q are not sitting at any of the extreme ends.

3. Only one person is sitting between B and D.

4. S is sitting in the opposite row of B but is not sitting opposite to D.

5. S is an immediate neighbour of A but not of Q.

6. R is facing north and is sitting at one of the extreme ends but not opposite to S.

7. C is sitting second to the right of E and opposite to the one who is an immediate neighbour of D.

(So, C is facing south and is sitting at either 1st or 3rd position from left.

But S and A are immediate neighbours so C can’t be on 1st position as no immediate sitting positions are left for S and A.

Thus, C is sitting on 3rd position from left.)

8. P is not sitting at any of the extreme ends.

Hence, the pair CT is not sitting opposite to each other.

Procession proceeds on a certain route.

Similarly, Earth revolves around the Sun in its orbit.

Hence, Orbit is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

Logic: (Sum of the place value of the alphabets) - 4 = Code.

Now, 

For, TIME' is coded as '43'

→ (20 + 9 + 13 + 5) - 4

→ 47 - 4 = 43.

For, 'WHEN' is coded as '46"

→ (23 + 8 + 5 + 14) - 4

→ 50 - 4 = 46.

Similarly, for 'TURN'

→ (20 + 21 + 18 + 14) - 4

→ 73 - 4 = 69.

Hence, the correct answer is "Option 4".

The pattern followed here is:

H + 2 = J, J + 2 = L, L + 2 = N, N + 2 = P

N + 2 = P, P + 2 = R, R + 2 = T, T + 2 = V

For numbers:

H = 8, N = 14 → 1 + 4 = 5, 8 × 5 = 40

J = 10 → 1 + 0 = 1, P = 16 → 1 + 6 = 7, 1 × 7 = 7

L = 12 → 1 + 2 = 3, R = 18 → 1 + 8 = 9, 3 × 9 = 27

N = 14 → 1 + 4 = 5, T = 20 → 2 + 0 = 2, 5 × 2 = 10

P = 16 → 1 + 6 = 7, V = 22 → 2 + 2 = 4, 7 × 4 = 28

Hence, ‘PV28’ will complete the given series.

Given series: JOP, MKU, QFA, VZH ?

The pattern is as follows:

Hence, “BSP” is the correct answer.

The pattern followed is,

In each step, one column interchanges position with another column.

In the first step, the first column interchanges position with the second column.

In the next step, the second column interchanges position with the third column.

In the next step, again the first column interchanges position with the second column.

This pattern is continued throughout the series.

The figure which will come next is,

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

First letter of each term is added by 5 to get next term.

Second letter of each term is 4 more than the first letter.

Number is the sum of numerical value of 2 letters.

G + 4 = K, G = 7, K = 11, 7 + 11 = 18

G + 5 = L

L + 4 = P, L = 12, P = 16, 12 + 16 = 28

L + 5 = Q

Q + 4 = U, Q = 17, U = 21, 21 + 17 = 38

Q + 5 = V

V + 4 = Z, V = 22, Z = 26, 22 + 26 = 48

Hence, ‘VZ48’ is the missing term.

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, “HVY” is the correct answer.

Given:

She needs 40 % marks to pass the exam.

But she gets 150 marks and fails by 50 marks.

Calculation:

Let, the maximum marks set for the exam be 100x.

As per the question,

100x × (40/100 )= 150 + 50

⇒ 40x = 200

​⇒ x = 200 / 40

​⇒ x = 5

So, 100x = 100 × 5

​⇒ 500

The maximum marks set for the exam is 500.

Given:

Percentage of votes secured by the losing candidate = 41%

Difference in votes = 97,632

Formula Used:

Total votes polled = (Votes of losing candidate) / (Percentage secured by losing candidate)

Votes of winning candidate = Total votes polled - Votes of losing candidate

Calculation:

Let the total votes polled be V .

Votes secured by the losing candidate = 0.41V

Difference in votes = Votes secured by winning candidate - Votes secured by losing candidate

97,632 = Votes of winning candidate - 0.41V

Votes of winning candidate = 0.59V

Given:

0.59V - 0.41V = 97,632

0.18V = 97,632

⇒ V = 97,632 / 0.18

⇒ V = 542,400

Votes of winning candidate = 0.59 × 542,400

⇒ Votes of winning candidate = 320,016

The number of votes obtained by the winning candidate is 320,016.

Given:

Average of a family = 28 years

The average of 5 elders = 42 years

The average of children = 18 years

Formula used:

Average = Sum of observation/Total number of observation

Calculation:

Let there be ‘x’ children in the family.

⇒ Total age of x children = 18x years

⇒ Total age of 5 elders = 5 × 42 = 210 years

Now,

Total no. of family members = 5 + x

⇒ Total age of family = 28(5 + x) = 140 + 28x

⇒ 140 + 28x = 18x + 210

⇒ 10x = 70

⇒ x = 70/10 = 7

∴ There are 7 children in the family

Elders : Childern = 10x : 14x = 5x : 7x

Elders = 5x = 5

x = 1

Childerns 7 × 1 = 7

∴ There are 7 children in the family

Given:

The population of a town increases by 5% annually

The present population = 640000

Calculation:

According to the question:

The population of town in first year = (640000 × 5/100)

⇒ 32000

After first year, the population of town = (640000 + 32000)

⇒ 672000

Now,

The population of town in second year = (672000 × 5/100)

⇒ 33600

After second year, the population of town = (672000 + 33600)

⇒ 705600

∴ The population be in 2 years' time is 705600.

Calculation:

We have,

21- 4.9 ÷ 7 + 3.9 × 0.4 + 0.9

⇒ 21 - 4.9 × 1/7 + 3.9 × 0.4 + 0.9

⇒ 21 - 0.7 + 3.9 × 0.4 + 0.9

⇒ 21 - 0.7 + 1.56 + 0.9

⇒ 23.46 - 0.7 

⇒ 22.76

∴ The correct answer is option (4).

Shortcut Trick

Let the income of Ram and Shyam be 45 & 60 units.

According to the question

Shyam saving is (\frac{1}{3})rd of 60 = 20 units

Shyam Expenditure  = 60 - 20 = 40 units

Ram expenditure : Shyam expenditure 4 : 5

⇒ Ram expenditure = (\frac{4}{5}\times 40 = 32) units

⇒ Ram Saving =  45 - 32 = 13 units

∴ Ratio of their savings Ram : Shyam = 13 : 20

Alternate Method 

Given :

Income of Ram and Shyam = 3 : 4

Expenditure ratio = 4 : 5

Shyam saves one-third of his income

Formula used :

Income - Expenditure = Savings

Calculation:

Let, the income of Ram and Shyam be 3x and 4x

Expenditure of Ram and Shyam be 4y and 5y

According to the question 

Savings of Shyam = (4x) × 1/3 = 4x/3    ----(1)

⇒ 4x - 5y = 4x/3

⇒ 4x - 4x/3 = 5y

⇒ 8x/3 = 5y

⇒ 8x = 15y

⇒ x : y = 15 : 8

Savings of Ram = 3x - 4y

⇒ 3x - 4 × (8x/15)

⇒ 3x - 32x/15 = 13x/15     ----(2)

From (1) and (2), we get 

Ratio of saving of Ram and Shyam = (13x/15) : (4x/3) = 13 : 20

∴ The ratio of their savings is 13 : 20.

Shortcut Trick

Sum of ages 10 years ago = 111 − (3 × 10) = 81 years.

Ratio of ages 10 years ago = 2 : 3 : 4 (Total units = 9).

Value of 9 units = 81 ⇒ 1 unit = 9 years.

Nikhil's age 10 years ago = 3 units × 9 = 27 years.

Nikhil's present age = 27 + 10 = 37 years.

∴ The correct answer is 37 years.

Alternate Method

Given: Present sum = 111 years. Ratio (R:N:A) 10 years ago = 2 : 3 : 4.

Formula Used: Sum of ages (T years ago) = Present Sum − (n × T)

⇒ Sum 10 years ago = 111 − (10 + 10 + 10) = 81 years.

⇒ Let ages 10 years ago be 2x, 3x, and 4x.

⇒ 2x + 3x + 4x = 81

⇒ 9x = 81 ⇒ x = 9.

⇒ Nikhil's age 10 years ago = 3x = 3 × 9 = 27 years.

⇒ Nikhil's present age = 27 + 10 = 37 years.

∴ The correct answer is 37 years.

Additional Information

Age Sum Property

If the sum of ages of 'n' persons is 'S' at present, then 'T' years ago, the sum was S − (n × T).

Ratio Application

To find a specific person's share from a total sum using a ratio a:b:c, use: Share = [Ratio Part / Total Ratio Sum] × Total Value.

Shortcut Trick

Savings = Income − Expenditure

Radha's savings = 60,000 − 24,000 = 36,000

Avinash's savings = 50,000 − 18,000 = 32,000

Ratio (Radha : Avinash) = 36 : 32 = 9 : 8

∴ The correct answer is 9 : 8.

Alternate Method

Given:

Avinash's salary = ₹50,000, Expenditure = ₹18,000

Radha's salary = ₹60,000, Expenditure = ₹24,000

Formula Used:

Savings = Income − Expenditure

Radha

₹36,000 (9 parts)

Avinash

₹32,000 (8 parts)

Ratio = 9 : 8

Calculations:

⇒ Avinash's savings = 50,000 − 18,000 = ₹32,000

⇒ Radha's savings = 60,000 − 24,000 = ₹36,000

⇒ Ratio of Radha's savings to Avinash's savings = 36,000 : 32,000

⇒ Dividing both sides by 4000, we get:

⇒ Ratio = 9 : 8

∴ The correct answer is 9 : 8.

Additional Information

Income, Expenditure & Savings

The basic fundamental rule used in all such personal finance problems is: Income = Expenditure + Savings.

Compound Ratio

If two ratios are given as a : b and c : d, their compound ratio is formed by multiplying the antecedents and consequents respectively to get (a × c) : (b × d).

Duplicate & Sub-duplicate Ratio

The duplicate ratio of any ratio a : b is a² : b², whereas the sub-duplicate ratio is √a : √b.

Given:

40^0.11 = x

40^0.1 = y

x^z = y^2

Formula used:

From the property of exponents: a^(m*n) = (a^m)^n

We use the equation x^z = y^2 and simplify using logarithms or exponent rules.

Calculations:

x = 40^0.11, y = 40^0.1

Substitute values into the equation:

(40^0.11)^z = (40^0.1)^2

Using the property of exponents:

40^(0.11*z) = 40^0.2

Equating the powers of 40:

0.11*z = 0.2

z = 0.2 / 0.11

z ≈ 1.82

Therefore, the value of z is approximately 1.82.

Formula Used:

Distance = Speed × Time

Let the speed of the two trains be 'x' m/sec and 'y' m/ sec

Then,

Length of the first train = 30x meters

And length of the second train = 20y meters

Calculation:

 According to question,

⇒ {(30x + 20y)/x + Y} = 25 seconds

⇒ 30x + 20y = 25x + 25y

⇒ 5x = 5y 

⇒ x/y = 1/1

∴ The ratio of speed = 1 : 1

Given:

120 km distance with a speed of 40 km/h

And 180 km distance with the speed of 20 km/h

Formula used:

Relative speed = Total distance/total time

Time = Distance/Speed

Calculation:

T₁  = 120/40 = 3 hr.

T₂ = 180/20 = 9 hr.

Total distance = 120 + 180 = 300 km

Relative Speed = 300 Km/12 hr

⇒ 25 km/h

Given:

6 women can complete a work in 3 days.

9 girls can complete the same work in 2 days.

Calculation:

⇒ 6W × 3 = 9G × 2

⇒ W : G = 1 : 1

Total work = 6W × 3 = 6 × 3 = 18

Time taken to complete the same work by 8 women and 6 girls,

⇒ 18/(8W + 6G)

⇒ 18/(8 + 6)

⇒ 18/14

⇒ 9/7

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Given:

Vikram and Himanshu can do a piece of work in 15 days.

Vikram is a 50% more skilled worker than Himanshu.

Calculation:

Let Vikram can do a piece of work in 2x days.

And Himanshu can do a piece of work in 3x days.

According to question

(\frac{1}{2x} + \frac{1}{3x} = \frac{1}{15})

⇒ 5/6x = 1/15

x = 15 × 5/6 

x = 25/2

∴ Vikram can do a piece of work in 2x = 2 × 25/2 = 25 days.

Alternate Method⇒ 50% = 1/2

 

Total work = (3 + 2) × 15 = 75

∴ Vikram can do a piece of work in = 75/3 = 25 days.

Shortcut Trick

Profit = 12% ⇒ Multiplier for Selling Price (SP) = (100 + 12) ÷ 100 = 1.12

SP = Cost Price (CP) × 1.12

SP = 1975 × 1.12

SP = 1975 × (1 + 0.1 + 0.02) = 1975 + 197.5 + 39.5 = 2212

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 2212.

Alternate Method

Given: CP = Rs. 1975, Profit% = 12% Formulas: Profit = (Profit% ÷ 100) × CP | SP = CP + Profit

⇒ Profit = (12 ÷ 100) × 1975 ⇒ Profit = 0.12 × 1975 = 237 ⇒ SP = 1975 + 237 ⇒ SP = 2212

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 2212.

Additional Information

Cost Price and Selling Price

The Cost Price is the price at which an item is purchased, while the Selling Price is the price at which it is sold to a customer.

Profit Percentage

Profit% is always calculated on the Cost Price unless stated otherwise. Formula: Profit% = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100.

Let the cost price of the article be Rs. 100

MP of the article = 100 × (140/100) = Rs. 140

SP of the article = 140 × (80/100) = Rs. 112

Profit = 112 – 100 = 12

∴ Profit percentage = 12/100 × 100 = 12%

Calculation:

To calculate the percentage increase, we can use the following formula:

Percentage Increase = [(New Value - Old Value) / Old Value] ×  100

Given that the old value is Rs. 365 and the new value is Rs. 438, we can substitute these values into the formula:

Percentage Increase = [(438 - 365) / 365] ×  100

Percentage Increase = (73 / 365) ×  100

Percentage Increase = 20%

Therefore, the percentage increase in the value of the piece of metal is approximately 20%.

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Given:

The compound ratio of 3 ∶ 4 and 6 ∶ 7 is 36 ∶ x.

Calculation:

Form the compound ration we know that,

3/4 × 6/7 = 36 / x 

⇒ 18 / 28 = 36 /x

⇒ x = 56

∴ The correct option is 3

Shortcut Trick

Since the expenditure on food is constant, the income is inversely proportional to the percentage spent.

Initial % : New % ⇒ 33% : 27% ⇒ 11 : 9

Income ratio (Inverse) ⇒ 9 : 11

Difference in income ratio = 11 − 9 = 2 units → ₹1,000

1 unit = ₹500 ⇒ Initial income (9 units) = 9 × 500 = ₹4,500

∴ The correct answer is ₹4,500.

Alternate Method

Given: Initial spend = 33% | New spend = 27% | Increment = ₹1,000 | Food expenditure is constant.

Formula Used: Expenditure = Income × Spend %

⇒ Let initial income be I.

⇒ 33% of I = 27% of (I + 1000)

⇒ 33I = 27I + 27,000

⇒ 33I − 27I = 27,000

⇒ 6I = 27,000

⇒ I = 27,000 ÷ 6

⇒ I = ₹4,500

∴ The correct answer is ₹4,500.

Additional Information

Constant Product Rule

If Product = A × B and the product is constant, then A is inversely proportional to B. If A increases by x/y, B decreases by x/(x+y).

Percentage Change

Percentage change = (Final Value − Initial Value) / Initial Value × 100.

Income and Savings

Income = Expenditure + Savings. If expenditure is fixed, any increase in income directly reflects in savings or other overheads.

Given:

Sum of two numbers = 25 

Difference of two numbers = 15 

Calculation:

Let the two no be = a & b 

a + b = 25 

a - b = 15 

(1) + (2)

⇒ 2a = 40 

⇒ a = 20 

By putting the value of a in equation (1)

⇒ b = 5

∴ a : b = 20 : 5 = 4 : 1

Given:

Cost of one variety of apple = Rs. 60 per kg

Cost of another variety of apple = Rs. 72 per kg

S.P of mixture = Rs. 75.9 per kg

Gain = 10%

Formula: 

(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d - m) : (m - c)

Calculation :

Cost price = Rs. 75.9 × (100/110) = Rs. 69

Ratio to be mixed = (72 – 69) : (69 – 60)

⇒ 3 : 9

⇒ 1 : 3

∴ The varieties of apples will be mixed in 1 : 3

From the bar graph:

Total number of people who travelled by bus in the year 2000 = 250000

Total number of people who travelled by train in the year 2001 = 550000

Required ratio = 250000 : 550000 = 5 : 11

People travelling by bus in the year 2002 = 200000

Total number of people travelling by bus, train and flight in the year 2000 = 250000 + 500000 + 50000 = 800000

Hence,

Required percentage = (200000/800000) × 100 = 25%

From the bar graph:

Total number of people who travelled by bus from 2000 to 2002

= 250000 + 350000 + 200000 

= 800000

We know that, volume of cube = a³(a is side of cube)

Given, cubes of sides 6 cm, 8 cm and 1 cm are melted to form a new cube

⇒ Volume of three cubes = 6³ + 8³ + 1³ = 216 + 512 + 1 = 729 cm³

⇒ So, volume of new cube = 729 cm³

⇒ Side of new cube = (729)^1/3 = 9 cm

⇒ Surface area of new cube = 6a² = 6 × 9² = 486 cm² 

Shortcut Trick

Multiplying factor (MF) for 1 year = 8575 ÷ 7350 = 7/6

For Compound Interest, Principal × (MF)ⁿ = Amount

Principal × (7/6)² = 7350

Principal = 7350 × (36 / 49) = 150 × 36 = 5400

∴ The correct answer is ₹5400.

Alternate Method

Given:

Amount after 2 years (A₂) = ₹7350

Amount after 3 years (A₃) = ₹8575

Formula Used:

Amount (A) = P(1 + r/100)ⁿ

Calculations:

⇒ A₃ / A₂ = [P(1 + r/100)³] / [P(1 + r/100)²]

⇒ (1 + r/100) = 8575 / 7350

⇒ (1 + r/100) = 343 / 294 (Dividing by 25)

⇒ (1 + r/100) = 7 / 6 (Dividing by 49)

⇒ Now, P(1 + r/100)² = 7350

⇒ P × (7 / 6)² = 7350

⇒ P × (49 / 36) = 7350

⇒ P = (7350 × 36) / 49

⇒ P = 150 × 36

⇒ P = 5400

∴ The correct answer is ₹5400.

Additional Information

Ratio Method for CI

In Compound Interest, the ratio of the amounts of any two consecutive years is always constant and equal to (1 + r/100).

Effective Rate of Interest

If interest is compounded half-yearly, the rate becomes r/2 and the time becomes 2n. For quarterly compounding, the rate is r/4 and time is 4n.

Difference between CI and SI

For 2 years, Difference = P(r/100)². For 3 years, Difference = [P(r/100)²] × [(300 + r)/100].

Shortcut Trick

We know that, Profit Ratio = Ratio of Equivalent Capital (Investment × Time).

Profit of P / Profit of Q = (P's Capital × P's Time) / (Q's Capital × Q's Time)

3 / 5 = (4 × 21) / (7 × Q's Time)

3 / 5 = 12 / Q's Time ⇒ Q's Time = (12 × 5) / 3 = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20 months.

Alternate Method

Given:

Investment ratio of P : Q = 4 : 7

P's investment period = 21 months

Profit ratio of P : Q = 3 : 5

Formula Used:

Profit Ratio = (Capital of A × Time of A) : (Capital of B × Time of B)

Calculation:

Let the investments of P and Q be 4x and 7x respectively.

Let Q's investment period be t months.

⇒ Profit of P / Profit of Q = (4x × 21) / (7x × t)

⇒ 3 / 5 = 84x / 7xt

⇒ 3 / 5 = 12 / t

⇒ 3 × t = 12 × 5

⇒ 3t = 60

⇒ t = 20

∴ The correct answer is 20 months.

Additional Information

Basic Principle of Partnership

In a partnership, the profit is distributed in proportion to the product of capital invested and the time period of investment. Hence, Profit = Capital × Time.

Active and Sleeping Partners

An active partner actively manages the business and usually receives a fixed salary or a specific percentage of profit for their effort, while the remaining profit is distributed according to capital investments.

Joining Mid-Way

If a business runs for a specific period (e.g., 12 months) and a partner joins after 'x' months, their capital is considered invested only for the remaining time, i.e., (12 − x) months.

Shortcut Trick

Effective interest rate for Case 1 = 9% × 2.5 years = 22.5%

Total amount percentage = 100% (Principal) + 22.5% = 122.5%

Given, 122.5% → ₹11760 ⇒ 1% → 11760 ÷ 122.5 = ₹96

Required Simple Interest for Case 2 = 15% × 4.4 years = 66%

Total Simple Interest = 66 × 96 = ₹6336

∴ The correct answer is ₹6336.

Alternate Method

Given: Amount (A₁) = ₹11760, Rate (R₁) = 9%, Time (T₁) = 2.5 years, Rate (R₂) = 15%, Time (T₂) = 4.4 years.

Formula Used: SI = (P × R × T) / 100 | Amount = P + SI

⇒ Amount₁ = P + (P × 9 × 2.5) / 100

⇒ 11760 = P + (P × 22.5) / 100

⇒ 11760 = P(1 + 0.225) ⇒ 11760 = 1.225P

⇒ P = 11760 ÷ 1.225 = 9600

⇒ SI₂ = (9600 × 15 × 4.4) / 100

⇒ SI₂ = 96 × 66 = 6336

∴ The correct answer is ₹6336.

Additional Information

Simple Interest Constant Property

Simple Interest remains constant for every year if the principal and rate are unchanged. SI = Principal × Rate × Time / 100.

Effective Rate of Interest

For Simple Interest, the effective rate for a period is the product of the annual rate and the time in years (R × T).

Amount in Simple Interest

The total amount (A) is the sum of the principal (P) and interest (SI). A = P(1 + RT/100).

Shortcut Trick Let the original length and breadth be 3x and 2x respectively. New Area = (3x + 5) × 2x = 2600 m2 ⇒ 6x2 + 10x = 2600 ⇒ 3x2 + 5x − 1300 = 0 Solving the quadratic equation, we get x = 20 (since x cannot be negative). Original Perimeter = 2(3x + 2x) = 10x = 10 × 20 = 200 m. ∴ The correct answer is 200 m. Alternate Method Given: Ratio of length to breadth = 3 : 2, Increase in length = 5 m, New Area = 2600 m2. Formula Used: Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth; Perimeter = 2 × (Length + Breadth).

⇒ Original Length (L) = 3x and Breadth (B) = 2x ⇒ New Length (L') = 3x + 5 ⇒ New Area = L' × B = (3x + 5) × 2x = 2600 ⇒ 6x2 + 10x = 2600 ⇒ 3x2 + 5x − 1300 = 0 ⇒ 3x2 + 65x − 60x − 1300 = 0 ⇒ x(3x + 65) − 20(3x + 65) = 0 ⇒ (x − 20)(3x + 65) = 0 ⇒ x = 20 (as x > 0) ⇒ Original Length = 3 × 20 = 60 m ⇒ Original Breadth = 2 × 20 = 40 m ⇒ Original Perimeter = 2(60 + 40) = 2(100) = 200 m. ∴ The correct answer is 200 m. Additional Information Area and Perimeter of Rectangle The Area is the product of length and breadth (L × B), while the Perimeter is the total boundary length given by 2(L + B). Quadratic Root Shortcut For ax2 + bx + c = 0, identify two numbers whose product is (a × c) and sum is (b). The roots are these numbers with signs reversed, divided by (a). Ratio and Proportionality When dimensions are in a ratio m : n, we can assume the actual values to be mx and nx, where x is the common proportionality constant.

Let CP of car be x

SP at 20% gain = x + 0.20x = 1.2x

SP at 25% gain = x + 0.25x = 1.25x

According to question,

1.25x – 1.2x = 50000

⇒ 0.05x = 50000

⇒ x = 50000/0.05

x = Rs.10,00,000

Initially  CP = 100%

SP increase 50000 when Profit increase 20% to 25%

5% = 50000

1% = 10000

100% = 1000000 or 10 lakh

CP = 10 lakh

Shortcut Trick

The ratio of circumferences of two circles is always equal to the ratio of their radii.

Given Ratio of Radii (Outer : Inner) = 5 : 4

Difference in ratio parts = 5 − 4 = 1 unit

This 1 unit represents the path width = 50 metres.

Inner radius = 4 units = 4 × 50 = 200 metres.

∴ The correct answer is 200 metres.

Alternate Method

Given:

Ratio of Outer Circumference to Inner Circumference = 5 : 4

Width of the circular path = 50 metres

Formula Used:

Circumference of a circle = 2 × π × radius

Width of circular path = Outer Radius (R) − Inner Radius (r)

Calculations:

⇒ (2 × π × R) ÷ (2 × π × r) = 5 ÷ 4

⇒ R ÷ r = 5 ÷ 4

⇒ R = 5r ÷ 4

⇒ Path Width = R − r = 50

⇒ (5r ÷ 4) − r = 50

⇒ (5r − 4r) ÷ 4 = 50

⇒ r ÷ 4 = 50

⇒ r = 50 × 4 = 200 metres

∴ The correct answer is 200 metres.

Additional Information

Area of a Circular Ring

The area of the path between two concentric circles is given by A = π × (R² − r²).

Relationship of Parameters

For any two circles, the ratio of their radii, diameters, and circumferences are all equal (R₁/R₂ = D₁/D₂ = C₁/C₂).

Area Ratio

The ratio of the areas of two circles is the square of the ratio of their radii (Area₁/Area₂ = (R₁/R₂)²).

Shortcut Trick

 

Combined efficiency = 6 + 5 + outlet = 3

Efficiency of outlet pipe = 3 - 11 = -8 units

Here minus sign indicates it will work against the inlet pipe

Efficiency of outlet pipe = 44 gallons/hour

⇒ 8 units → 44

⇒ 1 unit → 44/8 = 5.5

Capacity of tank = 120 units = 120 × 5.5 = 660 gallons.

Alternate Method

Given:

Time taken by pipe-1 to fill the tank = 20 hours

Time taken by pipe-2 to fill the tank = 24 hours

Efficiency of outlet pipe = 44 gallons/hour

Time taken to fill tank while working together = 40 hours

Formula used:

Total work = Efficiency × Time

Calculation:

Let the capacity of the tank be x gallons

Pipe-1's one hour work = x/20

Pipe-2's one hour work = x/24

And one hour work of all together = x/40

⇒ x/20 + x/24 - 44 = x/40

⇒ x/20 + x/24 - x/40 = 44

⇒ (6x + 5x - 3x)/120 = 44

⇒ 8x/120 = 44

⇒ 8x = 44 × 120 = 5280

⇒ x = 5280/8 = 660

Hence, the capacity of the tank is 660 gallons.

Given:

10 men can do work = 25 days

Formula used:

Total work = efficiency × time

Calculation:

Let the efficiency of a man = M

According to the question:

⇒ 10 M × 25 = 10 M × 12 + 13 M × D

⇒ 250 M - 120 M = 13 M × D

⇒ 13 M × D = 130 M

⇒ D = 130/13 = 10 days

∴ The correct answer is 10 days.

Alternate Method Let, the monthly incomes of Pawan and Sunil be 4x and 3x respectively

Income - Saving = Expenditure

So, According to Question

(4x - 4000)/(3x - 6000) = 3:2

⇒ 8x - 8000 = 9x - 18000

⇒ x = 10000

Now, Sum of their monthly incomes = 3x + 4x = 7x

⇒ 7 × 10000 = Rs. 70000

∴ Sum of their monthly incomes is Rs. 70000.

Calculation:

Let the monthly income of Pawan & Sunil be 4x & 3x respectively

Let the monthly expenditure of Pawan & Sunil be 3y & 2y respectively

According to the question,

⇒ 4x – 3y = 4000      ...i)

⇒ 3x – 2y = 6000      ...ii)

⇒ (i) × 2 – (ii) × 3

⇒ 8x – 6y – (9x – 6y) = 8000 – 18000

⇒ -x = -10000

⇒ x = 10000

Sum of their monthly income = 4x + 3x = 7x

= Rs. 70000

Given:

Distance between policemen and thief = 120 m

Speed of the thief = 7 km/h

Speed of policeman = 8 km/h

Concept Used:

Distance = Speed × Time

Calculation:

⇒ Relative speed = 8 – 7 = 1 km/h [they are running in the same direction]

⇒ 1 km/h = 1 × (\frac{5}{18}) = (\frac{5}{18}) m/s

⇒ Time taken to cover 120 m = (\frac{120}{\frac{5}{18}}) = (\frac{120 \times18}{5}) = 432 s

⇒ Speed of the thief = 7 km/h = 7 × (\frac{5}{18}) = (\frac{35}{18}) m/s

⇒ Distance covered by the thief in 432 s = (\frac{35}{18}) × 432 = 840 m

Therefore, thief runs 840 m before he is caught by the policemen

Shortcut Trick

Downstream speed (u) = 5 + 1 = 6 km/h

Upstream speed (v) = 5 − 1 = 4 km/h

Distance (D) = [Total Time × (u × v)] ÷ (u + v)

⇒ D = [(75 ÷ 60) × (6 × 4)] ÷ (6 + 4)

⇒ D = [1.25 × 24] ÷ 10 = 30 ÷ 10 = 3 km

∴ The correct answer is 3 km.

Alternate Method

Given:

Speed of man in still water (x) = 5 km/h

Speed of river current (y) = 1 km/h

Total time taken = 75 minutes = 75 ÷ 60 = 1.25 hours

Formula Used:

Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Calculations:

⇒ Downstream Speed = x + y = 5 + 1 = 6 km/h

⇒ Upstream Speed = x − y = 5 − 1 = 4 km/h

⇒ Let the distance be D km.

⇒ (D ÷ 6) + (D ÷ 4) = 75 ÷ 60

⇒ (2D + 3D) ÷ 12 = 5 ÷ 4

⇒ 5D ÷ 12 = 5 ÷ 4

⇒ D = (5 ÷ 4) × (12 ÷ 5)

⇒ D = 3 km

∴ The correct answer is 3 km.

Additional Information

Downstream and Upstream Speed

Downstream speed = Speed in still water + Speed of stream. Upstream speed = Speed in still water − Speed of stream.

Speed in Still Water

Speed in still water = 1/2 × (Downstream Speed + Upstream Speed).

Speed of Stream

Speed of stream = 1/2 × (Downstream Speed − Upstream Speed).

वाक्य में रेखांकित भाग के लिए एक सार्थक शब्द - अंतर्यामी

Key Points 

• वाक्य - गुरु जी सबके मन की बात जानते हैं।
• 'सब के मन की बात जाननेवाला' वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अंतर्यामी
• वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Information कुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

आज ______ संकट के बादल छाए हैं। वाक्य के रिक्त स्थान में 'देश पर' आएगा। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ‘देश पर’ है।

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में 'पर' चिह्न आने पर 'अधिकरण कारक' है।

Key Points

'हुक्का भरना' मुहावरे का सही अर्थ वाला विकल्प है - सेवा करना

Key Points

• "हुक्का भरना" का अर्थ - सेवा करना। वाक्य प्रयोग - राम अपने माँ की बीमारी के कारण "हुक्का भरना है"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• उदाहरण के लिए - पगड़ी रखना- इज्जत बचाना। वाक्य प्रयोग - हल्दी घाटी में झाला सरदार ने राजपूतों की "पगड़ी रख ली"।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information 

सही विकल्प अधिकरण कारक है।​  

Key Points

• गहने अलमारी में हैं।' अलमारी पद में अधिकरण कारक है।​
• 'में' चिह्न आने पर वाक्य में अधिकरण कारक है।​
• अधिकरण कारक के चिह्न मैं, पे, पर, के ऊपर, के अन्दर, के बीच, के भीतर -इसके परसर्ग/कारक चिह्न हैं।
• अधिकरण कारक- संज्ञा का वह स्वरूप जिसमें क्रिया के आधार का बोध होता हो, उसे अधिकरण कारक कहते हैं।

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है - वचन

Key Points

• अशुद्ध वाक्य - वह बहुत ज्ञानी व्यक्ति है। उसने अनेकों ग्रन्थों की रचना की है।
• दिए गये वाक्य में वचन​ प्रयोग की त्रुटि है,
• ​यहाँ 'अनेकों' सार्थक शब्द नहीं है और इससे सही अर्थ प्रकट नहीं हो रहा।
• ​अत: सार्थक शब्द 'अनेक' होना चाहिए। जबकि 'अनेक' शब्द का प्रयोग सदैव बहुवचन में होता है।
• शुद्ध वाक्य - वह बहुत ज्ञानी व्यक्ति है। उसने अनेक ग्रन्थों की रचना की है।
• (वाक्य में लिंग,वचन, पुरुष, काल, कारक आदि का क्रिया के साथ ठीक ठीक मेल हो, उसे शुद्ध वाक्य कहते है।)

Important Points 

 वचन संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ - 

Additional Informationवाक्यों में अशुद्धियाँ- 

• विशेषण संबंधित अशुद्धियाँ
• अशुद्ध - मुझे बड़ी भूख लगी है।
• शुद्ध - मुझे बहुत भूख लगी है।
• अव्यय संबंधित अशुद्धियाँ
• अशुद्ध - एकमात्र दो उपाय है।
• शुद्ध - केवल दो उपाय है।
• लिंग संबंधित अशुद्धियाँ
• अशुद्ध - सविता ने जोर से हँस दिया।
• शुद्ध - सविता जोर से हँस दी।

​सही उत्तर है उत्तरदायी। 

शाब्दिक अर्थ:

• उत्तरदायी शब्द का अर्थ है किसी क्रिया के लिए जिम्मेदार (ANSWERABLE)

वाक्य प्रयोग:

• आपने जो कार्य मुझे दिए है उसको समय से पूरा करने के लिए मैं उत्तरदायी हूँ।

Key Points

• किसी शब्द में आये हुए अक्षरों को मात्राओं सहित कहने या लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं।
• वर्तनी का सम्बन्ध का सीधा सम्बन्ध उच्चारण से होता है ।
• यदि उच्चारण शुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी शुद्ध होगी और यदि उच्चारण अशुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी भी अशुद्ध होगी।

'पापड़ बेलना' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त करता है - सफलता प्राप्ति के उद्देश्य से हर प्रयास करना

Key Points

• 'पापड़ बेलना' का अर्थ - सफलता प्राप्ति के उद्देश्य से हर प्रयास करना
• वाक्य प्रयोग - सरकारी दफ्तर में हर बार काम निकलवाने के लिए काफी "पापड़ बेलने पड़ते हैं"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• उदाहरण के लिए - 'अपने पैर पर कुल्हाड़ी मारना' का अर्थ - अपना नुकसान स्वयं करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - रजत ने कुत्ते को पत्थर मार कर "अपने ही पैर पर कुल्हाड़ी मार ली"।

Important Points

Additional Information

शुद्ध वर्तनी वाला शब्द है- 'भागीरथी'।

शेष अन्य विकल्प अशुद्ध है।

Key Pointsवर्तनी:

• लिखने की रीति को 'वर्तनी' या 'अक्षरी' कहते है। वर्तनी में अगर उच्चारण अशुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी भी अशुद्ध ही होगी, इसलिए शुद्ध शब्द उच्चारण के लिए वर्तनी भी शुद्ध होनी चाहिए।
• उदाहरण:  'तत्कालिक' शब्द वर्तनी की दृष्टि से अशुद्ध शब्द है जबकि, शुद्ध रूप 'तात्कालिक' होगा।

वर्तनी से सम्बंधित शब्दों के शुद्ध-अशुद्ध रूप;- 

Additional Informationवर्तनी में निम्न प्रकार की अशुद्धियाँ हों सकती है-

भाषा (अक्षर या मात्रा) सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ :

• अशुद्ध  —    शुद्ध

1. बृटिश     –    ब्रिटिश
2. त्रगुण     –     त्रिगुण
3. रिषी     –       ऋषि

समास सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ:

• अशुद्ध   —   शुद्ध

1. दिवारात्रि – दिवारात्र
2. निरपराधी – निरपराध
3. ऋषीजन – ऋषिजन

संधि सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ:

• अशुद्ध   —   शुद्ध

1. उपरोक्त – उपर्युक्त
2. सदोपदेश – सदुपदेश
3. वयवृद्ध – वयोवृद्ध

विशेष्य–विशेषण सम्बन्धी अशुद्धियाँ:

• अशुद्ध  —   शुद्ध

1. पूज्यनीय व्यक्ति – पूजनीय व्यक्ति
2. लाचारवश – लाचारीवश
3. महान् कृपा – महती कृपा

वह शिव भक्त है, रेखांकित भाग के लिए एक शब्द - शैव।

Key Points

• वाक्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द - अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।
• अन्य विकल्प -

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द -

'अनुकूल' शब्द का विरोधार्थक पद है - प्रतिकूल

Key Points

• 'अनुकूल' शब्द का विलोम शब्द 'प्रतिकूल' होगा।
• 'अनुकूल' शब्द का अर्थ है - जो इच्छा, रुचि या समय के अनुरूप या उपयुक्त हो।
• 'प्रतिकूल' शब्द का अर्थ -  जो अनुकूल न हो, विपरीत, विरुद्ध।
• विलोम - जो शब्द किसी एक शब्द के विपरीत अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं, वे विलोम शब्द कहलाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

• 'अनानूकूल, प्रतीकूल' शब्दों में वर्तनी सम्बन्धित त्रुटि हैं।

Additional Information   कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द -

सही विकल्प करण कारक है। 

Key Points

• 'वह चम्मच से चावल खाता है।'- वाक्य में करण कारक का प्रयोग हुआ है।
• इस वाक्य में 'से' शब्द का प्रयोग द्वारा के अर्थ में हुआ है इसलिए इसमें करण कारक है।
• हिंदी भाषा में कारक आठ प्रकार के होते हैं।
• वाक्य में प्रयोग होने वाले संज्ञा तथा सर्वनाम जिस रूप से वाक्य के अन्य शब्दों के साथ संबंध, वाक्य की क्रिया से जाना जाए,उसे कारक कहते हैं।

Additional Information

• सम्बन्ध कारक - ऐसे शब्द जिनके माध्यम से संज्ञा एवं सर्वनाम का वह रूप जो किसी दो वस्तुओं के बीच में संबंध बताता हो, उन्हें संबंध कारक कहते हैं।
• संबंध कारक के विभक्ति चिन्ह के रूप में का, के, की, ना, ने, नो, रा, रे, री इत्यादि का प्रयोग होता है।
• उदाहरण : वह राम का बेटा है। यह सुरेश की बहन है।
• अधिकरण कारक -  संज्ञा का वह स्वरूप जिसमें क्रिया के आधार का बोध होता हो, उसे अधिकरण कारक कहते हैं।
• भीतर, अंदर, ऊपर, बीच आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग अधिकरण कारक में किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण - पानी में मछली रहती है।
• इस वाक्य में 'पानी में' अधिकरण कारक है, क्योंकि यह मछली के आधार पानी का बोध करा रहा है।
• कर्ता कारक - वाक्य में वह संज्ञा या सर्वनाम पद जो क्रिया करने वाले का बोध करवाता है उसे कर्ता कारक कहते हैं।
• कर्ता कारक के साथ 'ने' विभक्ति चिह्न का प्रयोग सिर्फ़ भूतकालिक क्रिया में किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण - राम ने आज क्रिकेट खेला। इस वाक्य मे ‘ने’ विभक्ति चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया गया‌ है।​

'अनिवार्य' का विलोम शब्द है- वैकल्पिक

Key Points

• 'अनिवार्य' शब्द का विलोम शब्द 'वैकल्पिक' होगा।
• 'अनिवार्य' शब्द का अर्थ है - जिसके बिना काम न चले।
• 'वैकल्पिक' शब्द का अर्थ - जो किसी एक पक्ष में हो, एकांगी।
• विलोम - एक-दूसरे के विपरीत या उल्टा अर्थ देने वाले शब्दों को, विलोम शब्द कहते है।

अन्य विकल्प-

• 'दुराधीन, परधीन' शब्दों में वर्तनी सम्बन्धित त्रुटि है।

Additional Information कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण विलोम शब्द -

'हम आँखों से देखते हैं।'  -वाक्य के रिक्त स्थान के लिए 'करण कारक' की विभक्ति (से) है।

Key Points

• 'करण’ का अर्थ है – साधन।
• संज्ञा का वह रूप जिससे किसी क्रिया के साधन का बोध हो, उसे करण कारक कहते हैं।
• जैसे- 'कानों सुनी बात सच्ची नहीं है।' वाक्य में ‘’ कान करण(साधन) है।
• कानों सुनी वाक्यांश में परसर्ग ‘से’ या ‘के द्वारा’ का प्रयोग किया जाएगा।
• ​करण कारक के चिन्ह – ‘से’, ‘के द्वारा' हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

Additional Information

• कारक- संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के जिस रूप से वाक्य के अन्य शब्दों के साथ उसके सम्बन्ध का बोध होता है, उसे कारक कहते हैं।
• हिन्दी में आठ कारक होते हैं- कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध, अधिकरण और सम्बोधन।