DSSSB (Court/Room/Security Attendant): (2nd June 2026) Memory-Based Paper (Previous Year Paper)

'संकट के समय बचाव के लिए सोचना' लोकोक्ति का सही अर्थ है। अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points

अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प- 

Additional Information

'उल्लू सीधा करना' मुहावरे के लिए उपयुक्त अर्थ होगा - स्वार्थ सिद्ध करना

Key Points 

• 'उल्लू सीधा करना' का अर्थ - स्वार्थ सिद्ध करना
• वाक्य प्रयोग - आज कल सभी लोग सबसे पहले अपना फायदा देख कर अपना "उल्लू सीधा करते हैं"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• जैसे : नाकों चने चबाना - बहुत परेशान होना, वाक्य प्रयोग - शिवाजी से टक्कर लेकर मुगलों को "नाकों चने चबाने पड़े"।

Important Points

Additional Information 

सही विकल्प है -गायिका।

उपयुक्त शब्दों में वर्तनी कि दृष्टि से सही शब्द गायिका है। 

Key Points गायिका का अर्थ है - गाना गाने वाली। 

वाक्य निर्माण - लता दीदी एक प्रसिद्ध गायिका थी।

Additional Information 

   उदाहरण :- 

सही उत्तर है - "खीर" l

Key Points

• 'खीर' एक तद्भव शब्द है, जिसका तत्सम रूप है - क्षीर l
• अन्य विकल्प :- असुर, देवी, देवता - तत्सम शब्द है l
• इस प्रकार 'खीर' के अलावा विकल्पों में दिए सभी शब्द तत्सम शब्द है l

Additional Information

• संस्कृत भाषा के ऐसे शब्द, जिनके प्राचीन में रूप में ही बिना किसी बदलाव के,हिंदी भाषा में प्रयोग के लिए ले लिया गया है, उन्हें तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं l
• तत्सम शब्दों के नवीन और कुछ बदलाव वाले रूप को तद्भव शब्द कहते हैं l
• विकल्पों में दिए तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप प्रकार हैं :-
• असुर - राक्षस l
• देवी - देविका l
• देव - दई l

'मुख' का पर्यायवाची है- 'वदन'

• 'मुख' का पर्यायवाची है- मुँह, चेहरा, मुखड़ा, आनन।

Mistake Points

• पूय- घाव का पीव, मवाद।
• सर्वश्रेष्ठ - प्रधान, वरेण्य, प्रवर, सरदार, मुख्य, खास, श्रेष्ठ।

Key Points

• जो शब्द समान अर्थ के कारण किसी दूसरे शब्द की जगह ले लेते हैं उन्हें पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है।

Additional Information कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• पल्लव - कोंपल, किसलय, पर्ण, पत्ता, पात।
• कमल - शतदल, अम्बुज, नलिन, पुष्कर, पंकज, नीरज, सरोज, जलज।
• खुशबू  - सुगंधि, सौरभ, परिमल, सुरभि, महक।
• पुत्र - बेटा, सुत, तनय, आत्मज, जनज, लड़का, तनुज।
• दोस्त - बन्धु, मित्र, साथी, यार, सखा, हितैषी, अंतरंग, साखी, जीवन-साथी, मीत।
• पृथ्वी - धरा, धरती, वसुधा, भूमि, वसुंधरा, भू, इला, धरा, धरत्री, धरणी।
• पर्वत - शैल, नग, भूधर, पहाड़, अंचल, महीधर, गिरि, भूमिधर, तुंग, अद्रि।
• सर्प - साँप, अहि, भुजंग, विषधर, व्याल, फणी, उरग, पन्नग, नाग।

'कर' शब्द से अर्थ का द्योतन नहीं होता है - गधा

• 'द्योतन' का अर्थ - प्रकट या व्यक्त करना, दिखाना।

Key Points

• 'कर' के सभी अनेकार्थी शब्द - हाथ, किरण, टैक्स, हाथी की सूँड़ ।
• 'खर' के सभी अनेकार्थी शब्द - दुष्ट, गधा, तिनका, कड़ा, तीक्ष्ण, मोटा, एक राक्षस।
• अनेकार्थी शब्द - ऐसे शब्द, जिनके अनेक अर्थ होते है, अनेकार्थी शब्द कहलाते है।

Additional Information  कुछ प्रमुख अनेकार्थी शब्द:-

"गुरुजी से आशीर्वाद लो।" यह वाक्‍य शुद्ध है। 

Key Points

• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- गुरुजी से आशीर्वाद लो।
• अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍पों में द‍िए गए सभी वाक्‍य अशुध्‍द्ध हैं।

Important Points 

• वाक्य रचना में संज्ञा,सर्वनाम,विशेषण,क्रिया,अव्यय, वर्तनी से सम्बंधित या अन्य प्रकार की अशुद्धियाँ हो सकती हैं जिनसे सम्बंधित विभिन्न प्रश्न परीक्षाओं में पूछे जाते हैं।

जैसे -

संज्ञा संबंधित वाक्य शुद्धि

• अशुद्ध - मैं रविवार के दिन तुम्हारे घर आऊँगा।
• शुद्ध - मैं रविवार को तुम्हारे घर आऊँगा।

लिंग संबंधित अशुद्धियाँ

• अशुद्ध - सविता ने जोर से हँस दिया।
• शुद्ध - सविता जोर से हँस दी।

वचन संबंधित अशुद्धियाँ

• अशुद्ध -मेरे आँसू से रूमाल भींग गया।
• शुद्ध - मेरे आँसुओं से रूमाल भींग गया।

कारक संबंधित अशुद्धियाँ

• अशुद्ध - सब से नमस्ते।
• शुद्ध - सब को नमस्ते।

सही उत्तर ग्राम्य है। 

Key Points 

• ग्राम्य शब्द का अर्थ - गाँव से संबंधित गाँव का (जैसे - ग्राम्य सुधार, ग्राम्य अर्थ व्यवस्था)।

Confusion Points 

• खरा विशेषण से खरापन यह भाववाचक संज्ञा बनी है।
• तेजस्वी विशेषण से तेजस्विता यह भाववाचक संज्ञा रूप बना है।
• चिकना विशेषण से चिकनाई यह भाववाचक संज्ञा रूप बना है।

Additional Information 

सही उत्तर 'काला' है। 

Key Points

• 'काला' शब्द घोड़े की विशेषता प्रकट कर रहा है अर्थात 'काला' शब्द यहाँ विशेषण है।
• घोड़ा- विशेष्य है क्योंकि घोड़े की विशेषता बताई गयी है।
• विशेषण- वाक्य में संज्ञा अथवा सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्दों को विशेषण कहते हैं।
• जैसे- सुन्दर, नीला,  दयालु,  भारी, थोड़ा-सा, एक मीटर आदि।

Additional Information

उपरोक्त विकल्पों में से “थोडा पानी दीजिए” वाक्य में थोड़ा परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण होता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अतः विकल्प 2 परिमाणवाचक सही उत्तर है।

Key Points

Additional Information

सही उत्तर है- कथन सही है। 

Key Points

• मुहावरे वाक्यांश होते हैं, पूर्ण वाक्य नहीं; जैसे- अपना उल्लू सीधा करना, कलम तोड़ना आदि।
• जब वाक्य में इनका प्रयोग होता तब ये संरचनागत पूर्णता प्राप्त करती है।
• लोकोक्तियाँ पूर्ण वाक्य होती हैं। इनमें कुछ घटाया-बढ़ाया नहीं जा सकता।
• मुहावरे का स्वतंत्र प्रयोग संभव नहीं है लोकोक्ति एक पूरे वाक्य के रूप में होती है इसलिए इसका स्वतंत्र प्रयोग संभव है।
• इसीलिए लोकोक्ति का क्षेत्र मुहावरे कि तुलना में अधिक व्यापक है।

 Important Pointsमुहावरे और लोकोक्ति में अंतर:-

• मुहावरे की तरह लोकोक्ति का अर्थ भी लाक्षणिक होता है। मुहावरे लोकोक्ति में मुख्य अंतर यह है कि मुहावरा एक पदबंध, वाक्यांश होता है, जबकि लोकोक्ति एक स्वतंत्र वाक्य है।
• मुहावरे और लोकोक्ति में अंतर यह भी है कि मुहावरा किसी वाक्य में समा जाता है तथा उक्त वाक्य में चमत्कार, विशादता ला देता है, जबकि लोकोक्ति किसी वाक्य के समर्थन या खण्डन के लिए प्रयुक्त की जाती है।

 Additional Information

• मुहावरे कि परिभाषा:- मुहावरा का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘अभ्यास’ है। मुहावरा शब्द अरबी भाषा का शब्द है। हिन्दी में ऐसे वाक्यांशों को मुहावरा कहा जाता है, जो ���पने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़कर  विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करते हैं।
• लोकोक्ति कि परिभाषा:- किसी विशेष स्थान पर प्रसिद्ध हो जाने वाले कथन को 'लोकोक्ति' कहते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में- जब कोई पूरा कथन किसी प्रसंग विशेष में उद्धत किया जाता है तो ;लोकोक्ति कहलाता है।

'दूसरे के कंधे पर रखकर बंदूक चलाना' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त करता है - दूसरे के बहाने अपना काम करना

Key Points

• 'दूसरे के कंधे पर रखकर बंदूक चलाना' का अर्थ - दूसरे के बहाने अपना काम करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - अक्षय तो उन व्यक्तियों में से है जो "दूसरों के कंधे पर रखकर बंदूक चलते हैं"।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• उदाहरण के लिए - 'नौ-दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ- भाग जाना। वाक्य प्रयोग - पुलिस के आते ही चोर "नौ-दो ग्यारह हो गया"।

Additional Information

सही विकल्प है -चतुर्भुज।

• उपयुक्त शब्दों में वर्तनी कि दृष्टि से सही शब्द "चतुर्भुज" है।

Key Points

• चतुर्भुज का अर्थ है - चार सरल रेखाओं से घिरी बन्द आकृति को चतुर्भुज (Quadrilateral) कहते हैं।
• वाक्य निर्माण - अध्यापक ने आज चतुर्भुज के क्षेत्रफल के बारे में पढ़ाया।

Additional Information   उदाहरण :- 

सही उत्तर है - "सूर्य" l अन्य विकल्प अनुचित है l

Key Points

• तत्सम शब्दों के नए रूप को तद्भव शब्द कहते हैं l
• तद्भव शब्द:- वे शब्द जो संस्कृत से उत्पन्न या विकसित हुए हैं, तद्भव शब्द कहलाते हैं l
• तद्भव शब्द वे शब्द हैं जिनमे थोडा सा परिवर्तन करके हिंदी में प्रयुक्त किया जाता हैं।
• तत्सम शब्द:-
• संस्कृत भाषा के कुछ शब्द ऐसे होते हैं जो हिंदी में भी बिना परिवर्तन के प्रयुक्त होते हैं। उन शब्दों को तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं।

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:-

• अन्य तीनों विकल्प तद्भव शब्द है जिनके तत्सम रूप है:-
• भाई- भ्राता
• आम- आम्र
• हाथ- हस्त

Additional Information

• कुछ तत्सम शब्द और उनके तद्भव रूप:-

"अवनति, किनारा, किरण, चाँदनी" इन सभी पर्यायवाची शब्दों के क्रमश: है- **'अधोगति, कूल, अंशु, ज्योत्स्ना'**​

Mistake Points 

• अवनति के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द- अपकर्ष, पतन, ह्रास, उतार, घटाव, गिराव।
• किनारा के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द- तट, तीर, कगार, पुलिन, साहिल।
• किरण​​ के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द - मयूख, रश्मि, मरीचि, प्रभा, गो।
• चाँदनी के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द - चन्द्रिका, कौमुदी, चन्द्रमरीचि, उजियारी, चन्द्रप्रभा, जुन्हाई।

Key Points

• जो शब्द समान अर्थ के कारण किसी दूसरे शब्द की जगह ले लेते हैं उन्हें पर्यायवाची शब्द कहते है।

Additional Informationकुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पर्यायवाची शब्द:-

• अनुपम- अपूर्व, अतुल, अनोखा, अनूठा, अद्वितीय, अदभुत, अनन्य।
• जल - वारि, पानी, नीर, सलिल, तोय, उदक, अंबु, जीवन, पय, अमृत, मेघपुष्प।
• नदी - सरिता, तटिनी, तरंगिणी, निर्झरिणी, आपगा, निम्नगा, कूलंकषा।
• असुर - राक्षस, दैत्य, दानव, निशाचर, दनुज, यातुधान, निशिचर, रजनीचर।
• आकाश - व्योम, शून्य, गगन, अम्बर, आसमान, अंतरिक्ष, नभ, धौ, अनंत।
• हवा - पवन, वायु, समीर, अनिल, वात, मरुत्, पवमान, बयार, प्रकंपन।
• साँप - सर्प, नाग, विषधर, व्याल, भुजंग, उरग, अहि पन्नग।
• उत्कृष्ट- उत्तम, उन्नत, श्रेष्ठ, अच्छा, बढ़िया, उम्दा।

उपरोक्त शब्दों में से तत्सम शब्द है - 'शिक्षा'

• सीख शब्द का तत्सम रूप शिक्षा है।

Key Points

• हाथ शब्द का तत्सम रूप हस्त है।
• मीत शब्द का तत्सम रूप मित्र है।

Additional Informationतत्सम:-

• तत्सम शब्द संस्कृत भाषा के दो शब्दों, तत् + सम् से मिलकर बना है।
• तत् का अर्थ है – उसके, तथा सम् का अर्थ है – समान। अर्थात – ज्यों का त्यों अर्थात संस्कृत के समान।
• जिन शब्दों को संस्कृत से बिना किसी परिवर्तन के ले लिया जाता है, उन्हें तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं।
• जैसे- अग्नि, आम्र, आलस्य, कर्पूर, क्षेत्र, ग्राहक, गोमय इत्यादि।

तद्भव:-

• तद्भव मूल भाषा संस्कृत के वे शब्द जिनका हिंदी में रूप परिवर्तन हो गया है उन्हें तद्भव शब्द कहते हैं।
• तद्भव शब्द ‘तत्’ एवं ‘भव’ के योग से बना हुआ शब्द है, जहाँ तत् का अर्थ- उससे (संस्कृत) तथा भव का अर्थ- विकसित होता है,
• अतः तद्भव शब्द का शाब्दिक अर्थ- उससे (संस्कृत) विकसित हुआ। 
• जैसे- आग, आम, आलस,  कपूर, खेत, गाहक, गोबर इत्यादि।

'बृहस्पति के समान पण्डित' मुहावरे के अर्थ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ रूप से व्यक्त करता है - श्रेष्ठ पण्डित

Key Points

• 'बृहस्पति के समान पण्डित' का अर्थ - श्रेष्ठ पण्डित, वाक्य प्रयोग - पण्डितों में रामचन्द्र को **"**बृहस्पति के समान पण्डित" माना गया है।
• मुहावरा - ऐसे वाक्यांश, जो सामान्य अर्थ का बोध न कराकर किसी विलक्षण अर्थ को प्रकट करते है, उसे मुहावरा कहते है।
• जैसे : 'तिनके का सहारा' का अर्थ - थोड़ी-सी मदद,
• वाक्य प्रयोग - प्राकृतिक आपदा में सब कुछ बह जाने के कारण बचत की पूँजी ने तिनके के "सहारे का काम किया"।

Important Points

Additional Information

एक वर्तनी शुद्ध है- 'कवयित्री'

• कवयित्री - कविता रचनेवाली स्त्री, महिला कवि।
• अन्य सभी विकल्प वर्तनी की दृष्टि से गलत है।

Mistake Points

• 'नुपूर' का शुद्ध रुप 'नूपुर' - ('ऊ व उ' की मात्रा से सम्बन्धित त्रुटि)
• नूपुर - स्त्रियों के पैर का गहना, घुँघरू, पाज़ेब।
• 'स्मर्ण' का शुद्ध रुप 'स्मरण' - ('र' की मात्रा से सम्बन्धित त्रुटि)
• स्मरण - याद रखने की शक्ति, याददाश्त, (मेमोरी)।
• 'परिस्थिती' का शुद्ध रुप 'परिस्थिति' - ('इ' की मात्रा से सम्बन्धित त्रुटि)
• परिस्थिति - चारों ओर की स्थिति, माहौल, वस्तुस्थिति, वातावरण

Key Points 

• किसी शब्द में आये हुए अक्षरों को मात्राओं सहित कहने या लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं। वर्तनी का सीधा सम्बन्ध उच्चारण से होता है।
• यदि उच्चारण शुद्ध होगा तो वर्तन��� शुद्ध होगी और यदि उच्चारण अशुद्ध होगा तो वर्तनी भी अशुद्ध होगी।

Additional Information कुछ अशुद्ध से शुद्ध शब्द:-

• अशुद्ध - शुद्ध
• उंतीस - उनतीस
• अनभिग्य - अनभिज्ञ
• सन्यास - संन्यास
• नमष्कार - नमस्कार
• दुरावस्था - दुरवस्था
• आशिर्वाद - आशीर्वाद

सही उत्तर है - "दूध" l

Key Points

• दूध द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा है l
• संपूर्ण वाक्य:-
• अभी मैंने दूध खरीदा है l
• वह शब्द जो किसी तरल, ठोस, अधातु, धातु, पदार्थ, द्रव्य आदि का बोध कराते हो, उन्हें द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा कहा जाता है।
• तोता, घोड़ा, घर द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा ना होने के कारण सही उत्तर नहीं है l

Additional Information

• द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा अगणनीय होती है और इन्हें ढेर के रूप में तोली या मापी जाती है।
• पानी, घी, तेल, कोयला, चाँदी, सोना, फल, सब्जी, हिरा, लोहा, चीनी, आदि द्रव्य द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा कहलाते है।

सही उत्तर 'पीना' हैं।

• पीना सकर्मक क्रिया हैं।
• जैसे-रंजना पानी पीती है।
• उक्त वाक्य में प्रश्न करने पर – क्या पीती है? तो उत्तर में 'पानी' आता है इसीलिए पीना 'सकर्मक क्रिया' है।

Key Points

• जिन शब्दों से किसी कार्य का करना या होना व्यक्त हो उन्हें क्रिया कहते हैं।
• जैसे- रोया, खा रहा, जायेगा आदि।
• कर्म के आधार पर क्रिया के 2 भेद होते है।
• कर्मक क्रिया - वे क्रिया जिनके साथ कर्म प्रयुक्त नहीं किया होता तथा क्रिया का प्रभाव कर्ता पर पड़ता है उसे अकर्मक क्रिया कहते है।
• जैसे- हँसना, सोना, रोना, बैठना आना आदि।
• सकर्मक क्रिया - वे क्रिया जिनका प्रभाव वाक्य में प्रयुक्त कर्ता पर ना पड़ कर कर्म पर पड़ता है अर्थात क्रिया के साथ कर्म भी प्रयुक्त हो, उन्हें सकर्मक क्रिया कहते है।
• जैसे- नीतू खाना बना रही है।

एक दूसरे को कहने-सुनने का मौका मिलता है I इसलिए इसे सामूहिक चेतना का प्रतीक कहते हैं।

Key Points

• अलाव को लोक की सामूहिक चेतना का प्रतीक कहा गया है क्योंकि गाँव जो अलाव के पास बैठकर अपने-अपने दुख-सुख बाँटता था वह अब शहराता जा रहा है I

Additional Information

• चेतना
• स्त्रीलिंग
• ज्ञानमूलक मनोवृत्ति।
• बुद्धि, समझ।
• सामूहिक 
• समूह + इक (प्रत्यय)
• सामूहिक
• विशेषण
• समूह द्वारा होनेवाला।
• समूह से संबंधित।

अलाव स्मृति की चीज बनता जा रहा है क्योंकि शहर के प्रभाव में गाँव की जीवन शैली बदल दी है।

Key Points

• पहले गांव के लोग आपस में बैठकर सुख-दुख बांटा करते थे लेकिन वे लोग अब शहरीपन में ढल गए हैं।
• इसके अलावा शहरों से आयातित शहरी पन गांव की नस नस में समाता जा रहा है।

Additional Information

• स्मृति
• स्त्रीलिंग
• याद, स्मरण।
• अनुस्मरण, दोबारा याद दिलाना।
• स्मृति का विलोम
• विस्मृति
• वि (उपसर्ग) + स्मृति
• विस्मृति
• स्त्रीलिंग
• भूल जाना।

रेखांकित शब्द को सामूहिकता समाप्त होने का भाव के लिए लिखा है।

Key Points

• "वह अब शहराता जा रहा है।" में शहराता से तात्पर्य सामूहिकता समाप्त होने के भाव से है।
• अर्थात शहरीपन के प्रभाव से लोगों में सामूहिकता का भाव समाप्त हो गया है।
• गद्यांश से
• "गाँव जो अलाव के पास बैठकर अपने-अपने दुख-सुख बैठता था वह अब शहराता जा रहा है।"

Additional Information

• समाप्त
• विशेषण
• पूरा किया गया।
• अस्तित्व नष्ट कर दिया गया।
• सुख के पर्याय
• आमोद ,आह्लाद , उल्लास , मोद , प्रमोद , खुशी , प्रसन्नता , हर्ष , आनंद।

"नेह-छोह" का अर्थ स्नेह होता है।

Key Points

• छोह
• पुल्लिंग
• प्रेम, स्नेह।
• कृपा, दया।
• नेह
• पुल्लिंग
• स्नेह, प्रीति, प्यार।

Additional Information

• "नेह-छोह" के मध्य लगे चिह्न को हाइफ़न(-) कहते हैं।
• हिंदी में इसे योजक चिह्न कहते हैं।
• योजक चिह्न
• जब दो संयुक्त क्रियाएँ एक साथ प्रयुक्त हों तो दोनों के बीच योजक चिह्न का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे-पढना-लिखना, खाना-पीना, उठना-बैठना, कहना-सुनना, मारना-पीटना, आना-जाना आदि ।

'लोकानुग्रही' का संधि विच्छेद "लोक + अनुग्रही" है।

Key Points

• लोकानुग्रही
• लोक + अनुग्रही
• अ + अ :- आ
• दीर्घ संधि
• लोकानुग्रही शब्द का अर्थ लोगों पर कृपा है।
• अनुग्रह
• पुल्लिंग
• कृपा।

Additional Information

• दीर्घ संधि के उदाहरण
• धर्म + अर्थ = धर्मार्थ ।
• हिम + आलय = हिमालय ।
• विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी ।
• विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय ।
• रवि + इंद्र = रवींद्र, मुनि + इंद्र = मुनींद्र ।
• गिरि + ईश = गिरीश, मुनि + ईश = मुनीश ।
• मही + इंद्र = महींद्र, नारी + इंदु = नारींदु ।
• नदी + ईश = नदीश मही + ईश = महीश ।
• (उ + उ = ऊ)
• भानु + उदय = भानूदय, विधु + उदय = विधूदय ।
• (उ + ऊ = ऊ)
• लघु + ऊर्मि = लघूर्मि, सिधु + ऊर्मि = सिंधूर्मि ।
• (ऊ + उ = ऊ)
• वधू + उत्सव = वधूत्सव, वधू + उल्लेख = वधूल्लेख ।
• (ऊ + ऊ = ऊ)
• भू + ऊर्ध्व = भूर्ध्व, वधू + ऊर्जा = वधूर्जा ।

The correct answer is: Option 4 i.e. manage.

Key Points

• The word "squander" means to waste something, especially money or time, in a reckless and foolish manner. (अपव्यय करना)
• Example: He squandered all his savings on gambling.
• "Manage" refers to the act of handling or controlling something with skill and efficiency. (प्रबंधन करना)
• Example: She manages her finances very wisely.
• Hence, we can infer that the opposite of 'squander' is 'manage'.

Therefore, the correct answer is: Option 4 i.e. manage.

Additional Information

Here are the other options explained along with their Hindi meanings and example sentences:

• Fritter away (बरबाद करना): To waste time, money, or energy on trifling matters.
• Example: He frittered away his inheritance on unnecessary luxuries.
• Splurge (फिजूलखर्ची करना): To spend money freely or extravagantly.
• Example: She decided to splurge on a new dress for the party.
• Squabble (झगड़ा करना): To engage in a petty quarrel.
• Example: The siblings often squabble over trivial matters.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e., are.

Key Points

• The question is inquiring about a plan, which is ongoing or future-oriented.
• Therefore, the present continuous tense, "are planning" is used.
• "Are" is the correct auxiliary verb to use with "you" in forming present continuous questions.

Therefore, the correct answer is- "When are you planning to start the project?"

Additional Information

• "Is" and "was" do not align with the second-person pronoun "you."
• "Will" would suggest a simple future inquiry without the ongoing aspect that "planning" conveys.

The correct answer is "Dull."

Key Points

• "Blunt" means (used about a knife, pencil, tool, etc.) without a sharp edge or point. ((चाक़ू आदि) कुंद, भोथरा)
• Example: That knife is blunt.
• Synonym of "blunt" is "dull."
• "Dull" means lacking sharpness or intensity. (तीक्ष्णता या तीव्रता का अभाव)
• Example: The pencil was so dull that it couldn't even make a mark on the paper.
• The correct answer is Option 2.
  

Additional Information

• Option 1, "Cheerful", means happy and optimistic. (प्रसन्‍न, प्रमुदित; हँसमुख)
• Option 3, "Valiant", means brave and courageous. (साहसी और निर्भीक)
• Option 4, "Sharp", means having a thin edge or point. (तेज़ धार या नोंक वाला, धारदार या नोकदार; जो आसानी से किसी वस्‍तु को काट दे या उसमें छेद कर दे, पैना, तीक्ष्‍ण)

The correct answer is option 3), i.e., 'loud.'

Key Points 

• Let's look at the meaning of the words given in the options:

• According to the context of the sentence, the word "cackle" refers to loud, harsh, and shrill laughter or cry. In the given sentence, the witch made a loud noise as she turned the boy into a beast.
• According to the above-mentioned points, the most appropriate word to fill in the blank is "loud."
• Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.
• Another example:
• The loud music made him feel totally uninhibited.

Complete Sentence: The crowing witch released a loud cackle as she turned the boy into a beast.

The correct answer is 'A notice'.

Key Points

• A notice: A piece of paper or a sign giving information, a warning, etc. that is put where everyone can read it.
• E.g.- There’s a notice on the board saying that the meeting has been cancelled.

Hence, the correct answer is 'A notice'.

Additional Information

• An office order: An order issued by the employer or the authority or senior employees.
• ​ E.g.- Vivek is afraid of an office order for the act he has done.
• ​A note sheet: A brief summary or record in writing
• ​E.g.- He has a habit of making a note sheet.
• ​A report: To give people information about what you have seen, heard, done, etc.
• ​E.g.- Several people reported having seen the boy.

Important Points

• A notice: This is a written announcement or warning publicly displayed. Its purpose is to inform people about something - it might present news, instructions, warnings, schedules, or any kind of general information to an audience.
• A report: A report is a detailed account or statement of a particular matter prepared after thorough investigation or examination.
• Reports are typically not used for public display of information, but rather for in-depth analysis of specific issues.

Therefore, when referring to a displayed sheet giving news or information, the term "notice" is the most accurate choice.

The correct answer is 'To do something that is dangerous'.

 Key Points

• This question aims to find the correct meaning of the idiom "Sail close to the wind".
• "Sail close to the wind" is a popular idiom in the English language. It is often used to denote someone who is operating on the limits of what is considered acceptable or safe.
• From the provided options, 'To do something that is dangerous' mirrors the connotation of the idiom perfectly.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

The correct answer is “To laugh quietly to oneself”.

Key Points

• The idiom "to laugh in one's sleeves" means to laugh quietly to oneself without anyone else knowing.
• It is often used to describe someone who is trying to hide their amusement or pleasure.
• The phrase "in one's sleeves" refers to the fact that someone who is laughing in this way will often cover their mouth with their hand or sleeve.
• This idiom is often used in a humorous way to describe someone who is trying to keep a secret from someone else.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 1'

The correct answer is "Option 3" i.e. 'is'.

 Key Points

• This question involves subject-verb agreement rules. In English, class or subject names such as Physics, Maths, Electronics, etc., are generally considered as singular nouns.
• For example: "Mathematics is a complex subject."
• Here, the correct word 'is' (है) aligns with the singular subject 'Physics'.

Therefore, the correct answer is - Option 3 "is".

 Additional Information

• 'Are' is incorrect as it is used with plural nouns.
• 'Were' is also incorrect as it is the past tense of 'are' and doesn't fit in the context of this sentence.
• 'Have' is usually used to indicate possession or to form perfect tenses.

The correct answer is "reads".

Key Points

• In the sentence the error lies in the use of the verb "reads."
• In English language grammar, when we use the base verb after 'to,' it is always in its simplest form.
• Here**, "reads"** should be "read."
• The construction 'to' followed by a basic verb form is known as the infinitive, used commonly after verbs like 'love,' 'like,' 'hate,' etc.
• So, the correct form of the verb in this sentence should be "read" rather than "reads."
• This change would correctly express that he loves the activity of reading books.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

The correct answer is 'Capital punishment kills a man at once, but lifelong imprisonment kills him slowly.'

 Key Points

• Option 2 is grammatically correct and follows Standard English Usage.
• The preposition "at" is correctly used in the phrase "at once" to mean "immediately."
• The adverb "slowly" properly modifies the verb "kills," contrasting with the immediate effect of capital punishment.
• The overall sentence structure is grammatically correct and maintains parallelism.
• The sentence conveys a comparison between two severe punishments, emphasizing their different impacts on a person.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1 contains the errors "on once" instead of "at once" and "kills him slow" instead of "kills him slowly."
• Corrected sentence: 'Capital punishment kills a man at once, but lifelong imprisonment kills him slowly.'
• Option 3 has the error "killing him slowly" instead of "kills him slowly." The correct sentence needs to maintain parallelism in verb tense.
• Corrected sentence: 'Capital punishment kills a man at once, but lifelong imprisonment kills him slowly.'
• Option 4 has multiple errors, including "killing a man at once" instead of "kills a man at once" and "kill him slower" instead of "kills him slowly."
• Corrected sentence: 'Capital punishment kills a man at once, but lifelong imprisonment kills him slowly.'

The correct answer is 'changing, stabilising'.

 Key Points

• "Changing" fits with "ambient temperatures," as it refers to varying temperatures that warm-blooded fishes can adapt to.
• "Stabilising" makes sense with body temperatures, as it refers to the ability to maintain or regulate body temperature.
• Warm-blooded fishes' ability to adapt to varying environmental temperatures is by regulating their internal body temperatures.
• The words create a scientifically accurate and coherent sentence that illustrates an attribute of warm-blooded fishes.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

 Additional Information

• "Recording" means to measure and note, not relevant in this context.
• "Energising" means to give vitality and enthusiasm, not suitable here.
• "Immediate" means occurring or done at once, inappropriate in this context.
• "Revitalising" means to imbue with new life, not suitable for describing temperature regulation.
• "Modifying" means to make partial changes, not fitting with ambient temperatures.
• "Surrendering" means to cease resistance, not suitable for describing temperature control.

The correct answer is "Vigorous".

 Key Points

• Dynamic: Full of energy, vitality, or activity. (ऊर्जा, जीवन शक्ति या गतिविधि से भरपूर)
• Example sentence: The dynamic leadership of the company inspired the employees to achieve great success.
• The sentence mentions a dynamic work environment, which implies a lively and energetic atmosphere that encourages creativity and innovation.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

Additional Information

• Static: Not moving or changing. (गतिहीन या बदलता नहीं)
• Gloomy: Dark, dismal, or depressing. (अंधेरा, निराशाजनक या निराशाजनक)
• Encouraging: Inspiring or motivating. (प्रेरणादायक या प्रेरक)

The correct answer is 'whether'.

 Key Points

• The sentence requires a word that can be used to introduce a direct or indirect question. Among the options, "whether" is the most suitable.
• "Whether" is used to express a doubt or choice between alternatives. In this sentence, it introduces the question of whether elephants are present or not.
• The words "either", "while", and "rather" do not appropriately introduce a doubt or choice between alternatives and therefore would not fit in this context.
• The use of "whether" makes the sentence grammatically and logically correct.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

 Additional Information

• "Either" typically introduces a choice between two alternatives but does not fit in this context because it is not followed by "or".
• "While" is used to connect two contrasting clauses or to denote something happening at the same time as something else, neither of which applies to this sentence.
• "Rather" is used to indicate a preference or correction, neither of which fits the context of this sentence.

The incorrectly spelt word is: Bureaucracy.

Key Points

• The correct spelling for the incorrectly spelled word  is 'Bureaucracy' not 'Bureacracy'.
• Meaning: A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. (नौकरशाही).
• For example, "The country is trying to reduce the size of its bureaucracy to make governmental processes faster."

Therefore, the correct answer: Bureaucracy.

Additional Information

• Bequeath means to pass (something) on or leave (something) to someone else. (वसीयत में देना).
• Beverage refers to a drink other than water. (पेय).
• Beguile means to charm or enchant someone, sometimes in a deceptive way. (मोहित करना).

The correct answer is Option 3. i.e. Random.

Key Points

• Specific (विशिष्ट) - Clearly defined or identified.
• Example: She gave him very specific instructions on how to get there.
• Random (अनियमित) - Made, done, happening, or chosen without method or conscious decision.
• Example: Winners were selected at random.
• From the above example it is clear that Random is opposite to Specific.

Therefore, the correct answer is- Random.

Additional Information

• Topple (गिराना) - Overbalance or cause to overbalance and fall.
• Example: The vase toppled off the shelf.
• Lawful (कानूनी) - Conforming to, permitted by, or recognized by law or rules.
• Example: They demanded the lawful right to hold meetings.
• Stroll (टहलना) - Walk in a leisurely way.
• Example: They strolled through the park.

The correct answer is 'swarm'.

 Key Points

• A group of bees is referred to as a 'swarm'.
• 'Gang', 'stock', 'pack', and 'stack' are not the correct terms for a group of bees.

Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the options.

The correct answer is 'Option 3) i.e. some'

Key Points

• "Some" implies an unspecified quantity or amount, indicating that the school still requires additional equipment without specifying exactly how much.
• It suggests that while the school has received donations, there is still a need for more equipment to fulfill certain needs.
• This option maintains the sense of need expressed in the sentence while acknowledging the donations already received.
• It fits grammatically and semantically with the sentence structure, conveying the idea of additional equipment required without specifying a large or small number.

Therefore, the correct answer is:Option 3) some

Additional Information

• Option 1) a few: This option suggests a small number, which may not accurately convey the extent of the equipment needed by the school.
• Option 2) many: This option suggests a large number, which may not fit the context of the sentence where the school still needs additional equipment despite donations.
• Option 4) no: This option implies that the school needs no more equipment, which contradicts the premise of the sentence stating that the school still requires additional equipment.

The correct answer is 'without having any proof'.

Key Points

• The original sentence, "It is wrong to make accusations against Farhan without will have any proof," contains a grammatical error. The phrase "without will have any proof" is not grammatically correct.
• The corrected option, "without having any proof," is the appropriate choice. Here's why:
• "Without having any proof": This phrase indicates the absence of evidence or substantiation. It conveys that making accusations against Farhan without any supporting evidence is not advisable or fair. The structure "without having" shows the absence or lack of something—in this case, proof—before making accusations.
• "Without": This term signifies the absence or exclusion of something. In the sentence, it denotes the condition of not having proof before making accusations.
• "Having any proof": This phrase refers to the possession or existence of evidence or substantiation. By using "having any proof," the sentence emphasizes the necessity of having evidence before making accusations against Farhan.
• In contrast, the other options don't provide a grammatically correct structure to convey the intended meaning. For instance, "without has any proof" (option 1), "without being have any proof" (option 2), and "without to be have any proof" (option 3) all contain grammatical errors or awkward constructions that don't accurately convey the idea that accusations should not be made without evidence.
• Therefore, "without having any proof" is the appropriate choice to communicate the idea that making accusations against Farhan without evidence is not the right approach.
  

Correct Sentence: It is wrong to make accusations against Farhan without having any proof.

The correct answer is 'RPSQ'.

Key Points

• While arranging the parts of the sentence given in options, we have to find some grammatical or contextual connections between them, so let's find out.
• In this sentence, we can see that there are different parts like Subject, Indirect object, subject of subordinating clause and verb, indirect object and direct object.
• The sentence must start with R as it is providing an introduction to the context with the help of 'his favorite subject'.
• The sentence proceeds to give more information about his favorite subject Science which reveals the secrets of life and of nature in P and then in S.
• The sentence further ends with Q by mentioning that these facts were not known men in the past.
• Correct sentence: his favorite subject happens to be Science because Science reveals the secrets of life and of nature which men did not know in the past.

Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

The correct answer is “completely for its”.

Key Points

• The error lies in part 'b' of the sentence.
• We use the preposition ‘to’ following the word ‘owe’.
• The correct expression is 'owe something to someone/something'.
• 'Owe' indicates a debt or a feeling of gratitude for something, and the correct preposition to use after 'owe' is 'to' not 'for'.
• The success is owed "to" something, not "for" something.
• Therefore the correct grammatical structure would be 'owes its success completely to' not 'owes its success completely for'.

Hence, the correct answer is ‘Option 2’.

The correct answer is 'Some areas flourish with life while others are completely devoid of it.'

Key Points

• The correct answer based on the passage is Option 3. The passage illustrates the paradox of the Arctic by contrasting the varied landscapes within the region. It describes how some areas are teeming with life, such as those hosting abundant wildlife like seals, birds, and whales, while other parts of the Arctic are described as "totally devoid of life."
• The line from the passage supporting this is: "Some areas are totally devoid of life, while in others the pulse of life takes our breath away."
• This line underscores the stark contrast between the barren, lifeless regions and the vibrant, thriving ecosystems found in different parts of the Arctic, encapsulating the paradox of the region's diverse landscapes.

The correct answer is 'Excitement and fear'.

Key Points

• The emotions experienced by the voyagers during their journey, as conveyed in the passage, can be best described as option 4. Excitement and fear.
• The passage mentions various emotions felt by the voyagers. For instance, it describes the awe and disappointment of encountering a bowhead whale, the entertainment and occasional fright caused by the wildlife, the caution and respect shown towards encounters with polar bears, and the respect and challenge felt in connection to the ancient Inuit people.
• The line from the passage supporting this is: "At times, these animals scare the living daylights out of us."
• This particular line indicates the sense of fear or startlement that the voyagers experienced during their encounters with the wildlife in the Arctic.
• Additionally, the passage portrays a mix of emotions like awe, respect, and fascination alongside the fear, painting a picture of a journey filled with both excitement and moments of trepidation.

The correct answer is 'Immensity'.

Key Points

• The correct answer is Option 1. Immensity.
• The line from the passage that supports this is: "To revel in its beautiful immensity and to feel its power."
• Here, 'minuteness' implies something small or minute, while 'immensity' refers to vastness or greatness, serving as its antonym. The passage contrasts the desire to experience the grandeur and vastness of the bowhead whale, highlighting the concept of 'immensity' opposite to 'minuteness.'

The correct answer is 'Maclnnis and Beedell's first wind-powered crossing of the Northwest Passage.'

Key Points

• The main focus of the passage is the remarkable feat achieved by Canadians Jeff MacInnis and Mike Beedell - their wind-powered crossing of the Northwest Passage.
• While the text vividly describes encounters with Arctic wildlife and the challenges faced during their expedition, such as encounters with whales, seals, birds, and the environment, these details serve to embellish the central narrative of MacInnis and Beedell's extraordinary accomplishment.
• The passage's primary theme revolves around their historic conquest of the Northwest Passage, showcasing their determination, skill, and perseverance over three summers.

The correct answer is 'Sailing against the wind'.

Key Points

• The idiom that most closely mirrors the perseverance and determination showcased by MacInnis and Beedell during their Northwest Passage expedition is "Sailing against the wind."
• This phrase metaphorically represents the act of persisting and achieving success despite facing numerous challenges and adversities.
• In the context of the passage, MacInnis and Beedell undertook a challenging journey through the Northwest Passage, using wind power and their determination to conquer a route that had previously been elusive to many explorers.
• They navigated against natural elements, relying on their skills and resilience to complete this arduous task over three summers.
• Similar to sailing against the wind, which requires tremendous effort and perseverance, MacInnis and Beedell's expedition demanded resilience, determination, and the ability to overcome obstacles.
• This idiom encapsulates their unwavering spirit and persistence in achieving their historic feat despite the hardships encountered along the way.

The correct answer is Give me blood and I will give you freedom.

Key Points

• ‘Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom’ is a slogan given by Subhash Chandra Bose in Burma in 1944 to members of the Indian National Army.
• Mahatma Gandhi said, “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.”
• Mahatma Gandhi observed, “that the best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.”
• In other words, placing the needs of others before your own is an important step on the journey of self-discovery.
• Mahatma Gandhi has said, "First, they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you and then you win".

Additional InformationFamous Slogans by Indian Freedom Fighters:

The correct answer is At its Lahore Session in 1929.

Key Points

• The All India Congress formalized the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or full independence for India at its Lahore Session in 1929.
• This demand was made on January 26, 1930, which was celebrated as Independence Day or 'Purna Swaraj Day'.
• The Lahore Session was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, who delivered the famous 'Tryst with Destiny' speech on the eve of India's independence in 1947.
• The Lahore Session also adopted the 'Poorna Swaraj Resolution' which declared that the goal of the Congress was complete independence for India.
• The Karachi Session of the All India Congress was held in 1931, but it did not formalize the demand for 'Purna Swaraj'.
• The Guwahati Session of the All India Congress was held in 1926, but it did not formalize the demand for 'Purna Swaraj'.
• The Madras Session of the All India Congress was held in 1927, but it did not formalize the demand for 'Purna Swaraj'..
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed by Allan Octavian Hume in 1885.
• The first session of INC was held in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 under the chairmanship of W.C. Bannerjee.
• Sessions of Indian National Congress

The correct answer is Vembanad Lake.

Key Points

• Vembanad lake 
• Vembanad is the longest lake in India
• It is located in the state of Kerala Spanning several districts in the state of Kerala, it is known as Vembanadu Lake in Kottayam, Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha and Kochi Lake in Kochi.
• It is separated from the Arabian Sea by a narrow barrier island and is a popular backwater stretch in Kerala.
• Vallam Kali also known as Nehru Trophy Boat Race is a Snake Boat Race held every year in the month of August in Vembanad Lake.
• In 2002 it was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention.
• The Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary is located on the east coast of the lake.

Additional Information

Shivaji Sagar Lake

• This lake is located in the state of Maharashtra and is a man-made reservoir created by the Koyna Dam.

Indira Sagar Lake

• This lake is located in the state of Madhya Pradesh and is also a man-made reservoir created by the Indira Sagar dam.
• It is one of the largest reservoirs in India.

Chilika Lake

• This lake is located in the state of Odisha and is the largest brackish water lagoon in India.
• It is an important bird sanctuary and is also used for fishing and tourism.

The correct answer is Provides Inter-State Council framework.

Key Points

• Article 263 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to establish an Inter-State Council if it appears to him that the public interests would be served by such a council.
• The primary role of the Inter-State Council is to facilitate coordination between the Union and State governments, ensuring harmonious decision-making.
• The Council can inquire into and discuss disputes or subjects of common interest between states or between the Union and one or more states.
• It provides a forum for discussing administrative issues and suggesting better methods for policy and implementation of decisions affecting Union-State relations.
• The Inter-State Council is an advisory body and does not have executive powers; its recommendations are not binding.

Additional Information

• Settles taxation disputes (Option 1)
• Taxation disputes between states or between the Union and states are primarily resolved through institutions such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, set up under Article 279A of the Constitution.
• The GST Council is responsible for making recommendations to the Union and States on issues related to GST, including tax rates and exemptions.
• Article 263 does not directly deal with settling taxation disputes.
• Creates Zonal Councils (Option 2)
• Zonal Councils are established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, and are not directly linked to Article 263.
• These councils aim to promote cooperation and coordination between states in each zone and with the Union government.
• There are five Zonal Councils: Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western, and Central, and they address regional issues like economic development, infrastructure, and border disputes.
• Enforces Emergency Provisions (Option 4)
• Emergency provisions are governed by Articles 352, 356, and 360 of the Constitution and are unrelated to Article 263.
• These provisions empower the President to declare a National Emergency, President’s Rule in a state, or a Financial Emergency under specific circumstances.
• Article 263 is focused on coordination and cooperation between the Union and states and does not deal with emergencies.

The correct answer is Humayun.

Key Points

• Humayun was the son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
• Humayun succeeded his father Babur after his death in 1530.
• Humayun's reign was marked by a series of setbacks and recoveries, including being ousted from his kingdom by Sher Shah Suri.
• He eventually regained his throne with the help of the Persian Empire and re-established Mughal rule in India before his accidental death in 1556.

Additional Information

• Babur
• Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, establishing it after his victory at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.
• He was a descendant of Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
• Babur's contributions laid the foundation for a powerful and enduring empire in the Indian subcontinent.
• Humayun
• Humayun was the eldest son of Babur and succeeded him as the second Mughal Emperor.
• His full name was Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Humayun.
• Humayun faced challenges from Afghan and Rajput rulers and was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, leading to his temporary exile.
• With Persian assistance, Humayun was able to reclaim his throne in 1555.
• Sher Shah Suri
• Sher Shah Suri was an Afghan ruler who defeated Humayun and established the Suri Empire in India.
• He is known for his administrative reforms, including the introduction of the Rupiya and the improvement of infrastructure.
• Sher Shah's rule was short-lived, but his policies greatly influenced the Mughal administration.
• Mughal Empire
• The Mughal Empire was a prominent empire in the Indian subcontinent that lasted from the early 16th to the mid-18th century.
• It was known for its rich cultural contributions, monumental architecture, and the amalgamation of Persian and Indian cultures.
• The empire reached its zenith under rulers like Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.

The correct answer is Andhra Pradesh.

Key Points

• Rottela Panduga, also known as the Roti Festival, is a unique and traditional festival celebrated in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
• The festival takes place at the Bara Shaheed Dargah in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, and is held annually during the month of Muharram.
• It is a time when people from different religious backgrounds come together to exchange rotis (bread) as a symbol of their wishes and prayers being fulfilled.
• The festival signifies communal harmony and is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of Andhra Pradesh.

Additional Information

• Bara Shaheed Dargah
• The Bara Shaheed Dargah is a renowned shrine in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
• It is dedicated to 12 martyrs who are believed to have died fighting for justice and righteousness.
• The dargah becomes a focal point during the Rottela Panduga, attracting thousands of devotees.
• Significance of Rottela Panduga
• The Rottela Panduga is significant for its message of unity and communal harmony, as it brings together people from various communities and religions.
• Devotees believe that exchanging rotis during this festival will fulfill their wishes, whether it be for health, wealth, or other personal desires.
• Celebration Details
• The festival involves a series of rituals, including prayers and the exchange of rotis at the Nellore Tank, where devotees congregate.
• People write their wishes on pieces of paper and place them inside the rotis, which are then exchanged with others, symbolizing the sharing of blessings and prayers.

The correct answer is President.

Key Points

• The President appoints a member of the Lok Sabha as the Speaker Pro Tem.
• One of the senior-most members of the newly-elected Lok Sabha is generally appointed as a Protem Speaker.
• The President himself administers oath to the Speaker Pro Tem of the Lok Sabha.
• Pro-tem speaker is the temporary speaker who presides over the first meeting of the Lower House of Parliament after the general elections besides presiding over the sitting in which the Speaker and Deputy.
• As provided by the Constitution, the Speaker of the last Lok Sabha vacates his office immediately before the first meeting of the newly-elected Lok Sabha.

Additional Information

• As per the second provision to article 94 of the Constitution, the office of the Speaker becomes vacant immediately before the first meeting of the new Lok Sabha.
• In that case list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a pro tem speaker and is approved by the President.
• A President pro tempore or speaker pro tempore is a constitutionally recognized officer of a legislative body who presides over the chamber in the absence of the normal presiding officer.

• Latitude is defined as the angular distance of a place north or south of Earth's equator.
• Pole is a point on the either side of the surface of the Earth where lines of longitude meet.
• The Earth is divided by the 0 degree latitude into equal halves known as Hemisphere.
• Longitude are defined as the imaginary lines that bisects the globe through the North and South poles.

The correct answer is Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defence.

In News

• Project Veer Gatha 5.0 (2025-26) was recently launched as a collaborative effort to disseminate stories of valor among school students across India.

Key Points

• Project Veer Gatha was instituted in 2021 by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in collaboration with the Ministry of Education (MoE) to foster patriotism and civic values.
• The initiative targets students from Classes 3 to 12, encouraging them to create projects like poems, essays, paintings, and multimedia presentations on gallantry award winners.
• The 5.0 edition (2025-26) expanded its scope to include pre-independence warriors and historical military traditions under the theme "Samarik Parampara."
• Project Participation
• Inception - 2021 (as part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav)
• Veer Gatha 5.0 Participation - Over 1.92 crore students
• National Winners - Top 100 students known as "Super 100"

Additional Information

• Gallantry Awards Portal (GAP)
• Significance - The digital platform where stories of bravery are documented; Project Veer Gatha is instituted under this portal.
• Objective - To serve as a single-window source for information on all gallantry awardees since independence.
• Super 100 Rewards
• Cash Prize - Rs 10,000 per winner.
• Recognition - Felicitated jointly by the MoE and MoD in New Delhi and invited to the Republic Day Parade at Kartavya Path.

The correct answer is "Swatantrata ka Mantra – Vande Mataram" and "Samriddhi ka Mantra – Atmanirbhar Bharat".

In News

• The Tableaux during the Republic Day Parade 2026 were presented under the broader themes of “Swatantrata ka Mantra – Vande Mataram” and “Samriddhi ka Mantra – Atmanirbhar Bharat”.

Key Points

• The two specific themes chosen for the Tableaux were “Swatantrata ka Mantra – Vande Mataram” (Mantra of Freedom – Vande Mataram) and “Samriddhi ka Mantra – Atmanirbhar Bharat” (Mantra of Prosperity – Self-Reliant India).
• A total of 30 Tableaux (17 from States/UTs and 13 from Ministries/Departments/Services) were selected to roll down Kartavya Path reflecting these themes.
• States like Chhattisgarh and Gujarat explicitly focused on the "Swatantrata ka Mantra – Vande Mataram" theme, while others like Tamil Nadu and Kerala highlighted self-reliance and prosperity.
• The cultural performances by approximately 2,500 artists were also organized under these same two broader themes.

Additional Information

• Specific State Themes
• Assam's tableau was themed "Ashirakandi: The craft village".
• Uttar Pradesh showcased the "Culture of Bundelkhand".
• Jammu & Kashmir presented "Handicrafts and Folk Dances of Jammu and Kashmir".
• Ministry Themes
• The Ministry of Culture's tableau was titled "Vande Mataram: The Soul-Cry of a Nation".
• The Indian Navy's theme was "Samudra Se Samridhi".
• Overall Parade Theme
• The broader context for the entire parade was established as "150 years of Vande Mataram".

It was Ustad Ahmad Lahouri from Persia, who was the chief architect behind the construction of the magnificent Taj Mahal. While designing Taj Mahal he has tried to combine the Persian, Islamic and Mughal architecture to give Taj Mahal its splendour look, and its construction took place from 1632 to 1648.

The correct answer is Option 2. 

Key Points

• The Ex-officio Chairman of NITI Aayog is the Prime Minister of India.
• As per the NITI Aayog Act of 2014, the Prime Minister is the Chairperson of NITI Aayog, and the governing council of the organization includes chief ministers of all states and union territories, as well as members appointed by the central government.
• The Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog is appointed by the central government and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the organization.

Additional Information

• Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.
• The current Finance Minister of India is Nirmala Sitharaman.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans and is spread by vectors such as the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches.

The correct answer is Gross investment - depreciation.

Key Points

• A company's net investment is the sum of its expenditures on capital assets less the cost of depreciating those assets.
• This gives an idea of the actual spending on durable products utilized by the company in its operations, such as buildings, machinery, and software.

 Additional Information

• Depreciation: It means a fall in the value of an asset because of usage or with efflux of time or due to obsolescence or accident.
• Appreciation: It means an increase in the value of an asset over time. This the opposite of depreciation. It is an upward adjustment of the value of an asset held on a company's accounting book.
• Deceleration: It is the rate at which an asset's value in the market goes down.
• Gross investment: It is the total amount spent on goods in order to produce other goods and services.
• Net investment: It is the amount of increase in productive stock.
• Capital investment is the money used by a business to purchase fixed assets, such as land, machinery, or buildings. The money may be in the form of cash, assets, or loans. Without capital investment, businesses may have a hard time getting off the ground.

The correct answer is - Manmohan Singh

Key Points

• Manmohan Singh
• Dr. Manmohan Singh served as the Union Finance Minister from 1991 to 1996 under the Prime Ministership of P.V. Narasimha Rao.
• He is widely regarded as the chief architect of India's New Economic Policy (NEP), which was introduced to rescue the country from a severe economic crisis.
• On July 24, 1991, he presented a landmark budget that shifted India’s economic strategy from a closed, socialist-inspired model to a more market-oriented one.
• His reforms focused on reducing fiscal deficit, removing the License Raj, and encouraging foreign direct investment.

Additional Information

• LPG Reforms
• The New Economic Policy is commonly known as the LPG Model, standing for Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization.
• Liberalization: Aimed at ending the "License Raj" by reducing government control over industries and trade.
• Privatization: Involved the disinvestment of public sector undertakings (PSUs) and increasing the participation of the private sector.
• Globalization: Aimed at integrating the Indian economy with the global economy by reducing import duties and encouraging foreign trade.
• Balance of Payments (BoP) Crisis
• In 1991, India faced a critical Balance of Payments crisis where foreign exchange reserves had dropped to a level barely sufficient to pay for two weeks of imports.
• To stabilize the economy, India had to pledge gold to the Bank of England and the Union Bank of Switzerland to secure loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
• P.V. Narasimha Rao
• He was the 9th Prime Minister of India and is often referred to as the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms" for providing the political will to implement the NEP.
• Other Notable Finance Ministers
• Pranab Mukherjee: Served as Finance Minister under Indira Gandhi (1982–84) and later under Dr. Manmohan Singh (2009–12).
• Yashwant Sinha: Served as Finance Minister just before the 1991 reforms (under Chandra Shekhar) and later under Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
• P. Chidambaram: Served as Finance Minister in various governments, notably presenting the "Dream Budget" in 1997.

• Three northeastern states of Tripura, Manipur and Meghalaya celebrate their foundation day.
• The erstwhile princely states of Tripura and Manipur were merged with India in October 1949 and became full-fledged states on January 21, 1972.
• Meghalaya was part of Assam before becoming a full-fledged state under the North Eastern Region (Re-Organisation) Act, 1971.
• Hence On 21 January, 1972, the states of Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya became full-fledged states under the North Eastern Region (Re-organisation) Act, 1971.

The very first ruler in history to assume the title of "Sultan" was Mahmud of Ghazni, founder of the Ghaznavid Empire.

The correct answer is 2005–06.

In News

• Gender Budgeting was formally adopted by the Government of India in 2005–06 as a tool to promote gender equality and women empowerment.

Key Points

• Gender Budgeting is a fiscal strategy to translate the Government’s commitment towards Gender Equality and Women Empowerment (GEWE) into budgetary allocations.
• It was institutionalized in the Union Budget starting from 2005–06.
• Central Ministries and Departments were mandated to establish Gender Budgeting Cells (GBCs).
• The concept received policy backing under the National Policy for Empowerment of Women, 2001.

Additional Information

• Gender Budgeting is not a separate budget but an approach to ensure gender-sensitive planning and allocation of public resources.
• It aims to address gender disparities and promote inclusive development.
• The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution under the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and Fundamental Duties.
• Union Budget 2026–27 allocated ₹5.01 lakh crore for women and girls’ welfare, an 11.55% increase from ₹4.49 lakh crore last year.
• Gender Budget’s share of total budget rises to 9.37%, up from 8.86% in the previous year.
• Reporting reaches record high: 53 ministries/departments and 5 UTs made gender allocations, with 4 new ministries joining this fiscal.

After the end of the Second World War, the British rulers were in favor of granting freedom to India.

• In the British Parliament, British Prime Minister Attlee clarified the British policy regarding India. According to it, the right of Indian people to draft their own Constitution was recognized.
• The three-member mission visited India between March and June 1946. The delegation of British ministers included Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and Mr. A.V. Alexander.

Key Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan:

1. Rejected the demand for a sovereign Pakistan.
2. Grouping of existing assemblies into 3 sections A, B, C.
3. Provincial autonomy and residual powers.
4. Three-tier executive and legislature at the province, princely states, and union level.
5. Union government will be in charge only of defense, foreign affairs, and communications.

An inert gas is a gas that has extremely low reactivity with other substances. The term inert means non-reactive.

Inert gases are also known as noble gases which are placed in group 18 of the periodic table. Inert gases are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Radon, and Xenon.

The correct answer is Nagara (Kalinga).

Key Points

• The Jagannath Temple in Puri is an example of the Nagara style of architecture, specifically the Kalinga sub-style, which is prevalent in Odisha.
• The Nagara style is characterized by its curvilinear tower (Shikhara), often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures, commonly found in northern and eastern India.
• The Kalinga sub-style is a distinct variation of Nagara architecture, featuring a rekha deula (curvilinear tower), pidha deula (pyramidal roof), and khakhara deula (wagon-shaped roof).
• The Jagannath Temple was built in the 12th century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
• The temple complex includes structures such as the Main Shrine (Vimana), Jagamohana (Audience Hall), Natamandapa (Dance Hall), and Bhoga Mandapa (Offering Hall), showcasing the distinct elements of Kalinga architecture.

Additional Information

• Nagara Style of Architecture:
• The Nagara style is primarily found in North India. It is distinct from the Dravidian style, which is prevalent in South India.
• It typically features a Shikhara (tower) that rises vertically and is often crowned by an amalaka (ribbed circular stone) and a kalasha (finial).
• The temples are often constructed on a raised platform, and the sanctum (Garbhagriha) is centrally located.
• Examples include the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho and the Sun Temple at Konark.
• Kalinga Sub-style:
• The Kalinga sub-style is specific to Odisha and is further divided into three types: rekha deula, pidha deula, and khakhara deula.
• The rekha deula represents the tall, curvilinear tower (Shikhara), as seen in the main shrine of the Jagannath Temple.
• The pidha deula features a pyramidal roof, often used for ancillary structures like the audience hall.
• The khakhara deula, characterized by a wagon-shaped roof, is typically used in temples dedicated to goddesses.
• Jagannath Temple:
• The Jagannath Temple is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites in Hinduism and is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu.
• It was built in the 12th century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva.
• The temple is known for its Rath Yatra, an annual chariot festival that draws millions of devotees.
• The temple complex includes various subsidiary shrines and is surrounded by a 20-foot-high wall called the Meghanada Pacheri.
• Other Architectural Styles:
• Dravidian Style: Found in South India, characterized by pyramidal towers (Gopuram), intricate carvings, and large temple complexes (e.g., Brihadeeswarar Temple).
• Maratha Style: Known for its simplicity and practicality, often featuring flat-roofed structures and courtyards (e.g., Shaniwar Wada).
• Vesara Style: A blend of Dravidian and Nagara styles found in the Deccan region (e.g., Chalukyan temples).

Important Points

• Historical Significance: The Jagannath Temple plays a crucial role in preserving the Kalinga architectural heritage and is a major cultural and spiritual landmark in India.
• Religious Importance: As one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites, it holds immense significance in Hinduism, attracting devotees from across the globe.
• Architectural Innovation: The temple's design reflects the advanced architectural techniques and aesthetic sensibilities of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
• UNESCO Recognition: The nearby Sun Temple at Konark, another example of Kalinga architecture, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, emphasizing the global recognition of this architectural style.

The correct answer is Cholas.

Key Points

• The Chola king Karikala founded Puhar and constructed 160 km of the embankment along the Kaveri River.
• This was built with the labour of 12000 slaves from Sri Lanka.
• Puhar is a place identical to Kaveripattanam.
• It was the capital of Chola.
• Excavations show that it had a large dock and was a centre of trade and commerce.
• The port city of Puhar became an emporium of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port with precious goods.
• Other ports of commercial activity include Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu, and Marakkanam.

Important Points

• Chola dynasty:
• Vijayalaya was the founder of the Chola dynasty. His reign was from 850-870 CE.
• Vijayalaya established the dynasty by taking advantage of the war between the Pandyas and Pallavas.
• He conquered Thanjavur from Elango Mutharaiyar who was the final ruler of the Mutharaiyar dynasty.
• With the help of the Muttaraiyar king, Sattan Paliyilli he established the dynasty in Tanjavur.
• He was succeeded by his son Aditya I.
• The Tiruvalangadu plates or the Tamil copper-plate inscriptions mention Vijayalaya's capture of Tanjavur city.

The correct answer is Bhilai.

• A steel plant under SAIL is located at Bhilai.

Key Points

• Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL):
• It was established in 1954.
• It is a government-owned steel producer.
• It comes under the aegis of the Ministry of Steel.
• Its headquarters is in New Delhi, India.
• Soma Mondal is the current Chairman.
• SAIL currently owns and operates 5 steel plants namely at Bhilai, Bokaro, Burnpur, Durgapur and Rourkela.
• It also operates 3 special steel plants at Durgapur, Salem and Bhadravati.
• A ferroalloy manufacturing unit is also at Chandrapur, Maharashtra.

The Correct Answer is Janaki Prasad.

Key Points

• Janaki Prasad
• The Banaras Gharana of Kathak developed under the leadership of Janaki Prasad.
• He was originally a resident of Bikaner.
• Imparting the intricate knowledge of this ancient dance to his disciple, he founded the Banaras Gharana of Kathak.
• Practitioners of Kathak Banaras Gharana are unique in that they often take turns to both the right and left with equal assurance.
• This Banaras gharana is different from other gharanas in many ways, including thaat (a piece of performance) and tatkar (use of steps).

Additional Information

• Kathak
• The spiritual center of India and one of the oldest cities in the world is Banaras. Kathak and a particular gharana Kathak was popular in Banaras.
• The three main gharanas of Kathak, a traditional dance form originating in Uttar Pradesh, are located in Lucknow, Jaipur and Banaras.
• The Vedic Sanskrit word "Katha", meaning "story", is where the word "Kathak" originates from.
• The resulting text-based analysis suggests that Kathak is an old style of traditional Indian dance.
• With the entry of the British in India, Kathak started declining. Artists passed on their knowledge to the next generation within the family as there were no written texts to preserve this art style.

The correct answer is An Earth observation satellite developed by DRDO and launched by ISRO.

In News

• ISRO launched the PSLV-C62 mission carrying the Anvesha or EOS-N1 Earth observation satellite into a sun-synchronous polar orbit in January 2026.

Key Points

• Anvesha, also known as EOS-N1, is an Earth observation satellite launched aboard PSLV-C62.
• The satellite was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation.
• It provides advanced imaging capabilities to map enemy positions with high accuracy.
• The satellite was placed into a sun-synchronous polar orbit for continuous Earth monitoring.

Additional Information

• Earth Observation Satellites
• Used to capture high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface
• Support defence surveillance, disaster management, agriculture and mapping
• Sun-Synchronous Orbit
• A near-polar orbit where the satellite passes over the same part of Earth at the same local solar time
• Ensures consistent lighting conditions for imaging and observation
• PSLV-C62
• The 64th launch of India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
• Used for deploying Earth observation and commercial satellites
• NewSpace India Limited
• The commercial arm of ISRO responsible for executing satellite launch missions
• Handles dedicated commercial launches for Indian and foreign customers

Shortcut Trick

The time after which all bells ring together is the LCM of their individual ringing intervals.

LCM of 6, 7, 9, and 12 = 252 seconds.

Since the bells ring together every 252 seconds, we check for 252 or its multiples in the options.

Next multiple = 252 × 2 = 504 seconds, which matches an option.

∴ The correct answer is 504 seconds.

Alternate Method

Given:

Intervals at which the four bells ring = 6, 7, 9, and 12 seconds.

Concept Used:

The bells will ring together again after a time that is exactly divisible by all the individual intervals. This specific time represents the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the given numbers. If the exact LCM is not among the options, any integer multiple of the LCM is a valid answer since the bells continue to ring together periodically.

Calculations:

⇒ Prime factorization of 6 = 2 × 3

⇒ Prime factorization of 7 = 7

⇒ Prime factorization of 9 = 3²

⇒ Prime factorization of 12 = 2² × 3

⇒ LCM = Product of the highest powers of all present prime factors

⇒ LCM = 2² × 3² × 7

⇒ LCM = 4 × 9 × 7 = 252 seconds

⇒ This means the bells will ring together every 252 seconds (i.e., at 252s, 504s, 756s, etc.).

⇒ Analyzing the given options, we find that 504 is exactly divisible by 252 (252 × 2 = 504).

∴ The correct answer is 504 seconds.

Additional Information

LCM for Periodic Events

For events that repeat at different regular intervals (like bells tolling, traffic lights changing, or runners on a circular track), they will all occur together again at exactly the LCM of their individual intervals.

Multiples of LCM

If the events coincide for the first time at the LCM, they will continue to simultaneously coincide at every successive integer multiple of the LCM (e.g., 2 × LCM, 3 × LCM).

HCF for Maximum Grouping

While LCM is for simultaneous forward occurrences, the Highest Common Factor (HCF) is used when dividing items into the largest possible equal groups without leaving any remainder (e.g., cutting ropes into maximum equal lengths).

Shortcut Trick

Let CP = x and SP = y. Original Profit = y − x.

New SP = 2y. New Profit = 2y − x.

According to the question: 2y − x = 4 × (y − x).

⇒ 2y − x = 4y − 4x ⇒ 3x = 2y ⇒ y/x = 3/2.

Profit % = (3 − 2) ÷ 2 × 100 = 1/2 × 100 = 50%.

∴ The correct answer is 50%.

Alternate Method

Given: New SP is twice the original SP; New Profit is four times the original profit.

Formulas: Profit = SP − CP | Profit% = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100

⇒ Let CP = 100 and Profit = P. Then SP = 100 + P.

⇒ New SP = 2 × (100 + P) = 200 + 2P.

⇒ New Profit = New SP − CP = (200 + 2P) − 100 = 100 + 2P.

⇒ According to the condition: 100 + 2P = 4P.

⇒ 2P = 100 ⇒ P = 50.

⇒ Profit% = (50 ÷ 100) × 100 = 50%.

∴ The correct answer is 50%.

Additional Information

Profit and Loss Basic Concepts

Profit occurs when the selling price (SP) is greater than the cost price (CP). Profit = SP − CP.

Percentage Calculation

Profit percentage is always calculated on the Cost Price (CP) unless stated otherwise. Profit% = (Profit/CP) × 100.

Shortcut Trick

Lateral Surface Area is proportional to the square of the edge (LSA ∝ edge²).

Using the successive percentage formula: x + y + (x × y / 100).

Here x = 50% and y = 50%.

Required percentage increase = 50 + 50 + (50 × 50 / 100) = 125%.

∴ The correct answer is 125%.

Alternate Method

Given:

Percentage increase in each edge of the cube = 50%

Formula Used:

Lateral Surface Area (LSA) of a cube = 4 × (edge)²

Edge = a Initial LSA = 4a²

+50%

Edge = 1.5a New LSA = 9a²

Calculations:

⇒ Let the initial edge of the cube be a.

⇒ Initial lateral surface area = 4 × a²

⇒ New edge = a + 50% of a = 1.5a

⇒ New lateral surface area = 4 × (1.5a)²

⇒ New lateral surface area = 4 × 2.25a² = 9a²

⇒ Increase in LSA = 9a² − 4a² = 5a²

⇒ Percentage increase = (Increase / Initial LSA) × 100

⇒ Percentage increase = (5a² / 4a²) × 100

⇒ Percentage increase = 1.25 × 100 = 125%

∴ The correct answer is 125%.

Additional Information

Total Surface Area (TSA)

The TSA of a cube is 6a². If the edge increases by x%, the percentage increase in TSA is the same as the increase in LSA.

Volume Increase

The volume of a cube is a³. If the edge increases by x%, the volume increase is [(1 + x/100)³ − 1] × 100%.

Successive Percentage Formula

For any 2D dimension change (Area), the net change is a + b + (a × b / 100). For a cube, a = b = edge change %.

Shortcut Trick

The efficiency (flow rate) of a pipe is directly proportional to the square of its diameter.

Since the new pipes have double the diameter, their efficiency is 2² = 4 times that of the original pipes.

Total capacity of the cistern = 15 pipes × 1 unit × 12 minutes = 180 units.

Total efficiency of 6 new pipes = 6 × 4 units = 24 units/minute.

Time required = Total capacity ÷ New efficiency = 180 ÷ 24 = 7.5 minutes.

∴ The correct answer is 7.5 minutes.

Alternate Method

Given:

⇒ Number of original pipes = 15

⇒ Time taken by original pipes = 12 minutes

⇒ Number of new pipes = 6

⇒ Diameter of new pipes = 2 × Original diameter

Formula Used:

⇒ Flow Rate (Efficiency) ∝ (Diameter)²

⇒ Total Work = Number of Pipes × Efficiency per pipe × Time

Calculations:

⇒ Let the efficiency of 1 original pipe be 1 unit/min.

⇒ The new pipe has twice the original diameter, so its cross-sectional area and efficiency become 2² = 4 units/min.

⇒ Total combined efficiency of 15 original pipes = 15 × 1 = 15 units/min.

⇒ Total capacity of the cistern = Total original efficiency × Time taken = 15 × 12 = 180 units.

⇒ Total combined efficiency of 6 new pipes = 6 × 4 = 24 units/min.

⇒ Time required by new pipes = Total Capacity ÷ Combined New Efficiency

⇒ Time required = 180 ÷ 24 = 7.5 minutes.

∴ The correct answer is 7.5 minutes.

Additional Information

Pipes and Cisterns Flow Rule

When the speed of the fluid is constant, the volume of liquid flowing out is strictly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the pipe. Hence, Flow Rate ∝ r² or d².

MDH Work Equivalence Formula

Total work remains constant and can be solved using the chain rule: M₁ × D₁ × E₁ = M₂ × D₂ × E₂, where M is the number of pipes, D is the time elapsed, and E is the specific flow efficiency.

Rate & Efficiency Trick

If a pipe's radius or diameter is scaled by a factor of 'k', its filling capacity per unit of time scales by a factor of 'k²'. Time needed will correspondingly reduce by a factor of 'k²' for a single pipe.

Given:

84 ÷ 32 × 8 - 15 ÷ 8 × (19 - 35)

Concept used:

Calculation:

84 ÷ 32 × 8 - 15 ÷ 8 × (19 - 35)

⇒ 84 ÷ 32 × 8 - 15 ÷ 8 × (- 16)

⇒ 21/8 × 8 - (15/8) × (- 16)

⇒ 21 + 30

⇒ 51

∴ The required answer is 51.

Shortcut Trick

The total capacity of the tank is the product of the number of taps and the time taken: 15 × 36 = 540 tap-minutes.

To find the number of taps for a new time of 60 minutes (1 hour), divide the total capacity by the new time.

Required taps = 540 ÷ 60 = 9.

∴ The correct answer is 9.

Alternate Method

Given:

Initial number of taps (M₁) = 15

Initial time (T₁) = 36 minutes

Required time (T₂) = 1 hour = 60 minutes

Formula Used:

For a constant work (filling the same tank), the formula is: M₁ × T₁ = M₂ × T₂

Calculations:

⇒ Total Work = 15 × 36 = 540 units

⇒ M₂ × 60 = 540

⇒ M₂ = 540 ÷ 60

⇒ M₂ = 9

∴ The correct answer is 9.

Additional Information

Inverse Proportion

For a constant task, the number of resources (taps/men) is inversely proportional to the time taken. If time increases, fewer taps are needed.

Pipes and Cisterns

This concept follows the same logic as Time and Work, where the rate of filling is the efficiency of the pipe or tap.

Chain Rule Formula

The general formula for such problems is M₁ × D₁ × H₁ ÷ W₁ = M₂ × D₂ × H₂ ÷ W₂, where W represents the work done.

Shortcut Trick

Deviation of the newly adopted girl's age from the current average = 11 − 15 = −4 years.

This deficit of 4 years will be shared equally among all 4 girls (3 current + 1 new).

Change in average = −4 ÷ 4 = −1 year.

New average = 15 − 1 = 14 years.

∴ The correct answer is 14 years.

Alternate Method

Given:

Number of current daughters = 3

Average age of the 3 daughters = 15 years

Age of the adopted girl = 11 years

Formula Used:

Average = Total Sum of Observations ÷ Total Number of Observations

Current Daughters & Adopted Girl:

15

15

15

11

Sum = 56

New Average (Equally Distributed):

14

14

14

14

Avg = 14

Calculations:

⇒ Total age of 3 daughters = 3 × 15 = 45 years

⇒ Total age of all girls after adoption = 45 + 11 = 56 years

⇒ Total number of girls after adoption = 3 + 1 = 4

⇒ New average age = 56 ÷ 4 = 14 years

∴ The correct answer is 14 years.

Additional Information

Weighted Average

If group 1 has n₁ items with an average of A₁, and group 2 has n₂ items with an average of A₂, then the Combined Average = (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂).

Average Replacement

If an existing person is replaced by a new person and the overall average increases by x, the new person's value = Old person's value + (Total persons × x).

Effect of Arithmetic Operations

If each given observation in a set is systematically increased, decreased, multiplied, or divided by a constant value 'k', then the average of the set will also undergo the same exact operation by 'k'.

Shortcut Trick

Perimeter of Square = Circumference of Circle

4 × Side = 2 × π × Radius

4 × 66 = 2 × (22/7) × r

264 = (44/7) × r

r = (264 × 7) ÷ 44 = 6 × 7 = 42 cm

∴ The correct answer is 42 cm.

Alternate Method

Given:

Side of the square (a) = 66 cm

Formula Used:

Perimeter of square = 4 × a

Circumference of circle = 2 × π × r

Calculations:

⇒ Length of wire = Perimeter of square

⇒ Length of wire = 4 × 66 = 264 cm

⇒ Since the same wire is bent into a circle:

⇒ 2 × π × r = 264

⇒ 2 × (22/7) × r = 264

⇒ (44/7) × r = 264

⇒ r = (264 × 7) ÷ 44

⇒ r = 6 × 7

⇒ r = 42 cm

∴ The correct answer is 42 cm.

Additional Information

Perimeter and Area of Square

Perimeter = 4 × side and Area = side². The diagonal of a square is side × √2.

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference = 2πr and Area = πr², where r is the radius and π ≈ 22/7 or 3.14.

Shape Transformation Rule

When a wire is reshaped from one 2D figure to another, its perimeter (length) remains constant, but its area usually changes.

Given:

The shopkeeper announced 20% discount after increasing the price by 30%.

Actual costs/ CP = Rs. 300

Calculation:

According to the question,

Increasing the price by 30% of the actual price.

So, Increasing price = 300 × (\dfrac{130}{100}) = Rs. 390

Now, the shopkeeper announced 20% discount.

Discount price/SP = 390 × (\dfrac{80}{100}) = Rs. 312

Profit = SP - CP

⇒ 312 - 300 = Rs. 12

∴ He will get Rs.12 profit for that item.

Shortcut Trick

Identify the largest number among 56, 84, and 112, which is 112.

Check the multiples of 112 to find the first one divisible by 56 and 84.

112 × 1 = 112 (Not divisible by 84)

112 × 2 = 224 (Not divisible by 84)

112 × 3 = 336 (336 ÷ 84 = 4 and 336 ÷ 56 = 6)

∴ The correct answer is 336.

Alternate Method

Given: Numbers are 56, 84, and 112.

Method: Prime Factorization Method.

⇒ Prime factors of 56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 = 2³ × 7

⇒ Prime factors of 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 2² × 3 × 7

⇒ Prime factors of 112 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 = 2⁴ × 7

⇒ LCM = Product of the highest powers of all prime factors involved.

⇒ LCM = 2⁴ × 3¹ × 7¹

⇒ LCM = 16 × 3 × 7

⇒ LCM = 48 × 7 = 336

∴ The correct answer is 336.

Additional Information

Least Common Multiple (LCM)

The smallest positive integer that is perfectly divisible by each of the given numbers.

Relationship between HCF and LCM

For any two numbers 'a' and 'b', the product of the numbers is equal to the product of their HCF and LCM: a × b = HCF(a,b) × LCM(a,b).

Highest Common Factor (HCF)

The greatest number that divides each of the given numbers without leaving a remainder.

Shortcut Trick

Net percentage growth for 2 years at 6% rate = 6 + 6 + (6 × 6)/100 = 12.36%.

Current Population = 50,000.

Total Growth = 12.36% of 50,000 = 0.1236 × 50,000 = 6,180.

Population after 2 years = 50,000 + 6,180 = 56,180.

∴ The correct answer is 56180.

Alternate Method

Given:

Current Population (P) = 50,000

Growth Rate (R) = 6% per annum

Time Period (n) = 2 years

Formula Used:

Population after n years = P × (1 + R/100)ⁿ

⇒ Population after 1 year = 50,000 × (1 + 6/100)

⇒ Population after 1 year = 50,000 × 1.06 = 53,000

⇒ Population after 2 years = 53,000 × (1 + 6/100)

⇒ Population after 2 years = 53,000 × 1.06

⇒ Population after 2 years = 56,180

∴ The correct answer is 56180.

Additional Information

Successive Percentage Change

When a value increases by x% and then y% successively, the net percentage change is given by [x + y + (xy/100)]%.

Depreciation Formula

If the population decreases at a rate R, the population after n years is calculated as P × (1 − R/100)ⁿ.

Compound Growth Concept

Growth in population, bacteria, or compound interest follows the same mathematical model of exponential growth.

Given:

The marked price of article = Rs. 1200

Discounts are 30% and 40%

Concept Used:

Discount is always given on the marked price.

Formula used:

SP = MP × (100 - D)/100

Here, SP → Selling price, D → Discount

Calculation:

The selling price of article = (1200 × {70 \ \over 100} × {60 \ \over 100} = 504)

∴ The selling price of an article after two successive discounts is Rs. 504

Shortcut Trick

Effective Selling Price after first discount = Final SP ÷ (1 − Second Discount %)

Second discount = 12.5% = 1/8. So, Price after 1st discount = 105 × (8/7) = ₹120.

First discount = List Price − Intermediate Price = 150 − 120 = ₹30.

First discount % = (30/150) × 100 = 20%.

∴ The correct answer is 20%.

Alternate Method

Given: List Price (MP) = ₹150, Final SP = ₹105, D₂ = 12.5%.

Formula: Final SP = MP × (1 − D₁/100) × (1 − D₂/100)

⇒ 105 = 150 × (1 − D₁/100) × (1 − 12.5/100)

⇒ 105 = 150 × (1 − D₁/100) × (87.5/100)

⇒ 105 = 150 × (1 − D₁/100) × (7/8)

⇒ 105 ÷ 150 = (1 − D₁/100) × (7/8)

⇒ 0.7 = (1 − D₁/100) × 0.875

⇒ (1 − D₁/100) = 0.7 ÷ 0.875 = 0.8

⇒ D₁/100 = 1 − 0.8 = 0.2

⇒ D₁ = 20%

∴ The correct answer is 20%.

Additional Information

Successive Discount Formula

The single equivalent discount for two successive discounts a% and b% is given by [a + b − (ab/100)]%.

Marked Price and Selling Price Relationship

Selling Price = Marked Price × (100 − Discount%)/100. Discount is always calculated on the Marked Price.

Fraction Equivalents

Using fractions like 12.5% = 1/8 or 20% = 1/5 simplifies multi-step discount calculations significantly.

Formula Used:

1. Relative speed: If two objects travel with speeds u & v respectively

• In the same direction, Relative speed = u - v
• In the opposite direction, Relative speed = u + v

2. Time = Distance/speed

3. 1 km/hr = 5/18 m/s

Calculation:

Using above formula

Relative speed = (50 - 5) = 45 km/hr

Relative speed = 45 × (\frac{5}{18}) = 12.5 m/s

Time taken = (\frac{125}{12.5}) = 10 sec

∴ The correct answer is 10 sec

Shortcut Trick

Speed of Stream = Speed in still water − Upstream speed

⇒ Speed of Stream = 10 − 8 = 2 km/hr

∴ The correct answer is 2 km/hr.

Alternate Method

Given:

Speed of boat in still water (u) = 10 km/hr

Speed of boat in upstream (U_s) = 8 km/hr

Formula Used:

Upstream Speed (U_s) = Speed in still water (u) − Speed of stream (v)

Calculations:

⇒ 8 = 10 − v

⇒ v = 10 − 8

⇒ v = 2 km/hr

∴ The correct answer is 2 km/hr.

Additional Information

Downstream Speed

It is the speed of the boat in the direction of the stream. Formula: Downstream Speed = Speed in still water + Speed of stream.

Still Water Speed Calculation

If downstream (D) and upstream (U) speeds are given, speed in still water = (D + U) ÷ 2.

Stream Speed Calculation

If downstream (D) and upstream (U) speeds are given, speed of stream = (D − U) ÷ 2.

Given

Amount = Rs. 13,200

Time = 4 years

Rate = 5% per an um

Formula used

Simple interest = (p × r × t)/100

Where p, r and t are principal, rate and time respectively.

Simple interest = Amount - Principal

Calculation

Let the principal is Rs. x

Simple interest = 13,200 - x

13,200 - x = (x × 5 × 4)/100

⇒ 1320000 - 100x = 20x

⇒ 1320000 = 120x

⇒ x = 1320000/120

⇒ x = Rs. 11,000

∴ Rs. 11,000 is a sum borrowed by Mr Peter.

Shortcut Trick

Total mixture = 400 liters, Quantity A = 240 liters.

Quantity B = 400 − 240 = 160 liters.

Ratio A : B = 240 : 160.

Divide both by HCF (80): 240 ÷ 80 : 160 ÷ 80 = 3 : 2.

∴ The correct answer is 3 : 2.

Alternate Method

Given:

Total quantity of mixture = 400 liters

Quantity of component A = 240 liters

Formula used: Quantity B = Total Mixture − Quantity A

Total Mixture = 400 L A = 240 L B = ? Mixture Components Distribution

Calculations:

⇒ Total volume = 400 liters

⇒ Quantity of A = 240 liters

⇒ Quantity of B = 400 − 240 = 160 liters

⇒ Required Ratio = A : B

⇒ Ratio = 240 : 160

⇒ Ratio = 24 : 16

⇒ Ratio = 3 : 2

∴ The correct answer is 3 : 2.

Additional Information

Ratio and Proportion

A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division, expressed as a : b. It must always be simplified to its lowest terms by dividing with the HCF.

Percentage in Mixture

To find the percentage of a component: (Quantity of component ÷ Total Mixture) × 100. For A, it is (240 ÷ 400) × 100 = 60%.

Quantity from Ratio

If ratio A:B is x:y and total is T, then A = [x ÷ (x + y)] × T and B = [y ÷ (x + y)] × T.

Shortcut Trick

If x% of the first number = y% of the second number, the ratio of the first to the second is directly y : x.

First Number : Second Number = 64 : 28

⇒ First Number : Second Number = 16 : 7

∴ The correct answer is 16 : 7.

Alternate Method

Given:

28% of the first number = 64% of the second number

Calculations:

Let the first number be A and the second number be B.

⇒ 28% of A = 64% of B

⇒ (28 ÷ 100) × A = (64 ÷ 100) × B

⇒ 28 × A = 64 × B

⇒ A ÷ B = 64 ÷ 28

Dividing numerator and denominator by their highest common factor (4):

⇒ A ÷ B = 16 ÷ 7

⇒ A : B = 16 : 7

∴ The correct answer is 16 : 7.

Additional Information

Percentage to Ratio Conversion

If a% of x = b% of y, then the ratio of x to y is strictly the inverse ratio of their percentages, which directly means x : y = b : a.

Properties of Proportions

If a : b = c : d, then a × d = b × c. This fundamental rule states that the product of the extremes equals the product of the means.

Simplifying Ratios

A ratio a : b is in its simplest form when the highest common factor (HCF) of a and b is exactly 1. In the given question, 64 and 28 are divided by their HCF, which is 4.

Shortcut Trick

Difference in ratio units between B and A = 5 − 2 = 3 units.

Given income difference = Rs. 291

1 unit = 291 ÷ 3 = Rs. 97

Income of C = 11 units = 11 × 97 = Rs. 1067

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1067.

Alternate Method

Given:

Ratio of daily income of A, B and C = 2 : 5 : 11

Income of B is Rs. 291 more than that of A.

A

2x

B

2x

3x

3x = Rs. 291

C

11x

11x = 11 × 97 = Rs. 1067

Calculation:

Let the daily incomes of A, B and C be 2x, 5x and 11x respectively.

⇒ Income of B − Income of A = 291

⇒ 5x − 2x = 291

⇒ 3x = 291

⇒ x = 291 ÷ 3

⇒ x = 97

Now, the income of C is 11x.

⇒ Income of C = 11 × 97

⇒ Income of C = 1067

∴ The correct answer is Rs. 1067.

Additional Information

Ratio Multiplier

When quantities are given in a ratio a : b : c, their actual values can be assumed as ax, bx, and cx where x is a common multiplying factor.

Direct Proportion

If two quantities are in direct proportion, their ratio remains constant. If one quantity increases, the other increases at exactly the same rate.

Difference in Ratio

The real-world difference between two absolute values corresponds directly to the difference in their ratio parts. This is the fastest way to find the base multiplier.

We know;

Area of square = (a)² where a = side of square

And,  Area of rectangle = (l × b); where l = length and b = breadth

Given: a = 12 cm, l = 18 cm

And sum of area of square and area of rectangle = 252 cm² 

Calculation:

(a)² + (l × b) = 252

Firstly, , we need to find the value of b. Put value of 'a' and 'l';

⇒ (12)² + (18 × b) = 252

⇒ 144 + 18 × b = 252 

⇒ 18 × b = 252 - 144 

⇒ 18 × b = 108

⇒ b = 108 ÷ 18

⇒ b = 6 cm

Now,

Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (l + b)

⇒ 2 (18 + 6)

⇒ 2 × 24

⇒ 48 cm

Hence, the correct answer is "48 cm".

Solution :

Let assume that ages of Neha and Sneha 12 years before is x and 4x year respectively.

According to the question ,

After 3 years from now their ages will be :

(\frac{x + 15}{4x + 15}) = (\frac{3}{7})

⇒ 7x + 105 = 12x + 45

⇒ 5x = 60

⇒ x = 12

Now ratio of their present ages :

⇒ (x + 12) : (4x + 12)

⇒ 24 : 60

⇒ 2 : 5

Hence the correct answer is "2 : 5"

Given

Distance = 300 km

Time = speed/3

Formula used

Time = Distance/Speed

Calculation

let the uniform speed is x km/h

Time = (300/x)

Time = x/3 hours

According to question

(300/x) = x/3

⇒ 300 × 3 = x²

⇒ 900 = x²

⇒ 30 = x

Time taken to cover the distance of 300 km = 30/3

⇒ 10 hours

∴ Time taken to cover distance of 300 km is 10 hours.

Shortcut Trick

Winning candidate = 65%

Losing candidate = 100% − 65% = 35%

Winning Margin = 65% − 35% = 30%

30% of total votes = 420

Total votes (100%) = (420 ÷ 30) × 100 = 1400

∴ The correct answer is 1400.

Alternate Method

Given:

Winner vote share = 65%

Winning margin = 420 votes

Formula Used:

Total Votes = (Winning Margin ÷ Percentage Difference) × 100

Winner (65%) Loser (35%)

Margin = 30% = 420 Total Votes (100%)

⇒ Let the total number of votes be T.

⇒ Votes obtained by the winner = 65% of T = 0.65T

⇒ Since no votes are invalid, Loser votes = 100% − 65% = 35% of T = 0.35T

⇒ Winning Margin = Winner votes − Loser votes

⇒ 420 = 0.65T − 0.35T

⇒ 420 = 0.30T

⇒ T = 420 ÷ 0.30

⇒ T = 42000 ÷ 30

⇒ T = 1400

∴ The correct answer is 1400.

Additional Information

Invalid Votes Concept

If x% votes are invalid, then the winner and loser percentages are calculated on the remaining (100−x)% valid votes.

Vote Casting Scenarios

Total Votes Polled = Total Registered Voters − Voters who did not cast their vote.

Winning Margin Calculation

The margin is always the absolute difference between the votes of the winner and the immediate runner-up: Margin = V₁ − V₂.

Shortcut Trick

A depreciation of 2% means the new value becomes 98% (or 49/50) of the previous year's value.

Present Value = Initial Value × Multiplying Factor²

⇒ Present Value = 362500 × (49 / 50) × (49 / 50)

⇒ Present Value = 145 × 2401 = 348145

∴ The correct answer is ₹348145.

Alternate Method

Given:

Value of the car 2 years ago (P) = ₹3,62,500

Rate of depreciation (R) = 2% per annum

Time (T) = 2 years

Formula Used:

Present Value = P × (1 − R / 100)^T

2 Years Ago ₹3,62,500

1 Year Ago ₹3,55,250

Present Value ?

−2%

−2%

Successive Depreciation over 2 years

Calculation:

⇒ Present Value = 362500 × (1 − 2 / 100)²

⇒ Present Value = 362500 × (98 / 100)²

⇒ Present Value = 362500 × (49 / 50) × (49 / 50)

⇒ Present Value = 362500 × 2401 / 2500

⇒ Present Value = 145 × 2401

⇒ Present Value = 348145

∴ The correct answer is ₹348145.

Additional Information

Depreciation Formula

When the value of an asset decreases uniformly by R% every year, the final value after T years is found using A = P × (1 − R/100)^T.

Successive Percentage Change

The effective net change of two successive percentage changes a% and b% is given by [a + b + (a × b) / 100]%. For two 2% depreciations, the net change is −2 − 2 + (4/100) = −3.96%.

Population Growth

If a value (like a town's population) increases at R% per annum, the new amount after T years follows the standard compound interest formula: A = P × (1 + R/100)^T.

Calculation:

⇒ (24 × 36 × 24 × 36) ÷ (2((\sqrt {1296 \div 2)} {)^2})

⇒ (24 × 36 × 24 × 36) ÷ (2 ×(\sqrt {648}) )²

⇒ (24 × 36 × 24 × 36) ÷ (4 × 648)

⇒ 288

∴ The correct answer is Option 2).