SSC CGL 2022 Tier-I Official Paper (Held On : 07 Dec 2022 Shift 4) (Previous Year Paper)

The image embedded in given figure is as shown below:

Hence, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct order of the words according to the dictionary 2, 5, 3, 1, 4 

Sublimity

Submarine

Submerge

Submerse

Submit

Hence, the correct answer is 2,5,3,1,4.

The logic followed here is:

• (4, 50, 6) → (4 + 6)² ÷ 2 = 10² ÷ 2 = 100 ÷ 2 = 50
• (13, 128, 3) → (13 + 3)2 ÷ 2 = 162 ÷ 2 = 256 ÷ 2 = 128

Similarly,

• (15, 162, 3) → (15 + 3)2 ÷ 2 = 182 ÷ 2 = 324 ÷ 2 = 162

Hence, '(15, 162, 3)' is the correct answer.

By using the symbols in the table given below, we can draw the following family tree:

1. Q × P + R → Q is mother of P, P is father of R

P is father of R.

2. P × Q - R → P is mother of Q, Q is brother of R

P is mother of R.

3. P + R × Q → P is father of R, R is mother of Q

P is father of R.

4. P × Q + R → P is mother of Q, Q is father of R

P is the Paternal Grandmother of R.

Hence, ‘P × Q + R’ is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, 'F' is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

1. KPW → K + 5 = P; P + 7 = W

2. QGM → Q - 5 = G; G + 6 = M

3. DIP → D + 5 = I; I + 7 = P 4. SXE → S + 5 = X; X + 7 = E

Hence, 'QGM' is the correct answer.

As 1 and 4 are the common faces, 3 and 2 are opposite to each other.

As, 1 and 2 are the common faces, 4 and 6 are opposite to each other.

Remaining faces are 1 and 5, and they will be opposite to each other.

So, 1 will be number on the face opposite to the face having '5'.

Hence, ‘1’ is the correct answer.

A % B - C + D * E → A is husband of B, B is mother of C, C is father of D, D is sister of E

By using the symbols in the table given below, we can draw the following family tree:

Clearly, A is E's father's father i.e, grandfather.

Hence, ‘Father's father’ is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

1. 11 - 23 → (11 × 2) + 1 = 22 + 1 = 23 2. 9 - 16 → (9 × 2) + 1 = 18 + 1 = 19 ≠ 16 3. 25 - 51 → (25 × 2) + 1 = 50 + 1 = 51 4. 13 - 27 → (13 × 2) + 1 = 26 + 1 = 27

Hence, '9 - 16' is the correct answer.

After interchanging '+ and -' in the options, we get:

1. 7 + 5 × 3 - 24 ÷ 6 = 7

⇒ 7 + 5 × 3 - 24 ÷ 6 = 7

⇒ 7 + 5 × 3 - 4 = 7

⇒ 7 + 15 - 4 = 7

⇒ 22 - 4 = 7

⇒ 18 ≠ 7

2. 20 ÷ 4 + 5 × 6 - 3 = 32

⇒ 20 ÷ 4 + 5 × 6 - 3 = 32

⇒ 5 + 5 × 6 - 3 = 32

⇒ 5 + 30 - 3 = 32

⇒ 35 - 3 = 32

⇒ 32 = 32

3. 4 - 5 × 2 + 9 ÷ 3 = 5

⇒ 4 - 5 × 2 + 9 ÷ 3 = 5

⇒ 4 - 5 × 2 + 3 = 5

⇒ 4 - 10 + 3 = 5 

⇒ 7 -10 = 5

⇒ -3 ≠ 5

4. 7 × 3 + 10 - 8 ÷ 2 = 29

⇒ 7 × 3 + 10 - 8 ÷ 2 = 29

⇒ 7 × 3 + 10 - 4 = 29

⇒ 21 + 10 - 4 = 29 

⇒ 31 - 4 = 29

⇒ 27 ≠ 29

Hence, '20 ÷ 4 - 5 × 6 + 3 = 32' is the correct answer.

If we check the mirror image considering the line PZ as mirror, we will get:

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, 'KYR' is the correct answer.

The least possible Venn diagram is: 

 

Conclusions:

I. No Ruth is Jack. → Does not follow (As, there is no definite relation between Ruth and Jack. Hence, false)

II. Some Ben are Jack. → Does not follow (As, No Jack is Ben)

III. No Ben is Tim. → Follows (As, All Tim are Jack and No Jack is Ben)

Hence, 'Only conclusion III follows' is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

Hence, '68' is the correct answer.

The word-pair that best represents a similar relationship to "Horizonal : Vertical" is:

Humid : Dry

In the given pair "Horizonal : Vertical," the words are antonyms that represent opposite directions or orientations. "Horizontal" refers to a line or direction that is parallel to the horizon, while "Vertical" refers to a line or direction that is perpendicular to the horizon.

Similarly, in the word-pair "Humid : Dry," the words are antonyms that represent opposite levels of moisture or wetness. "Humid" describes an environment or air that has a high level of moisture, while "Dry" describes an environment or air that lacks moisture.

Therefore, the correct option is Humid : Dry

The figure that will come next in the following figure series is shown below:

Arrow is changing its position in clockwise direction.

Figure at the centre is rotated 90 degree anti-clockwise.

So, option 4 follows the same pattern, it will come next in the series.

Hence, ‘option 4’ is the correct answer.

The relationship between the first and second words is that "second" is a unit of measurement related to "time." Therefore, to find a similar relationship for the third and fourth words, we need to identify a unit of measurement related to "electric current."

The correct option is: Ampere

The "ampere" is the SI unit of electric current. It measures the rate of flow of electric charge in a conductor. It is analogous to how "second" measures the passage of time.

Therefore, the correct answer is Ampere.

Given equation: 20 - 10 × 342 ÷ 19 + 51 = 211

1. 51 and 20, - and +

⇒ 51 + 10 × 342 ÷ 19 - 20 = 211

⇒ 51 + 10 × 18 - 20 = 211

⇒ 51 + 180 - 20 = 211

⇒ 231 - 20 = 211

⇒ 211 = 211

2. 20 and 342, - and ÷

⇒ 342 ÷ 10 × 20 - 19 + 51 = 211

⇒ 34.2 × 20 - 19 + 51 = 211

⇒ 684 - 19 + 51 = 211

⇒ 735 - 19 = 211

⇒ 716 ≠ 211

3. 10 and 20, - and ×

⇒ 10 × 20 - 342 ÷ 19 + 51 = 211

⇒ 10 × 20 - 342 ÷ 19 + 51 = 211

⇒ 10 × 20 - 18 + 51 = 211

⇒ 200 - 18 + 51 = 211

⇒ 251 - 18 = 211

⇒ 233 ≠ 211

4. 19 and 342, × and ÷

⇒ 20 - 10 ÷ 19 × 342 + 51 = 211

⇒ 20 - 180 + 51 = 211

⇒ 71 - 180 = 211

⇒ -109 ≠ 211

Hence, ‘51 and 20, - and +’ is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is: 

• 144 ∶ 36 → 12 × 12 : 12 × 3
• 196 ∶ 42 → 14 × 14 : 14 × 3

Similarly,

• 81 ∶ ? × 3 → 9 × 9 : 9 × 3 = 27

Hence, '27' is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

• (42, 18, 3) → (18 + 3) × 2 = 21 × 2 = 42
• (36, 14, 4) → (14 + 4) × 2 = 18 × 2 = 36

Similarly,

• (34, 13, 4) → (13 + 4) × 2 = 17 × 2 = 34

Hence, '(34, 13, 4)' is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

• 
• 

Similarly,

• 

Hence, 'ATPEDT' is the correct answer.

The image at the centre of the figure is moving in anti-clockwise direction. 

The next figure in the series must have the centre image as shown in option 1.

So, option 1 will come next in the figure series.

Hence, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

Given equation: 16 + 4 ÷ 2 * 12 - 4 = 40 

1. + and *

⇒ 16 * 4 ÷ 2 + 12 - 4 = 40 

⇒ **16 *** 2 + 12 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 32 + 12 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 44 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 40 = 40

2. + and -

⇒ 16 - 4 ÷ 2 * 12 + 4 = 40 

⇒ 16 - 2 * 12 + 4 = 40 

⇒ 16 - 24 + 4 = 40 

⇒ 20 - 24 = 40 

⇒ -4 ≠ 40 

3. ÷ and *

⇒ 16 + 4 * 2 ÷ 12 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 16 + 4 * 6 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 16 + 24 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 40 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 36 ≠ 40 

4. ÷ and +

⇒ 16 ÷ 4 + 2 * 12 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 4 + 2 * 12 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 4 + 6 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 10 - 4 = 40 

⇒ 6 ≠ 40

Hence, '**+ and ***' is the correct answer.

The least possible Venn diagram is: 

Conclusions:

I. All W are F. → Does not follow (As, there is no definite relation between W and F. Hence, false)

II. Some K are not W. → Does not follow (All W are K)

III. Some F are W. → Does not follow (As, there is no definite relation between W and F. Hence, false)

Hence, 'Neither conclusion follows' is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

• 
• 

Similarly,

• 

Hence, 'QPGVQDMQ' is the correct answer.

Correct Answer Chir

Key Points:

Indian forests perform an important role to make a healthy environment and it reduces air pollutions.

• Near about 19.26% of total Indian areas are covered with forest.
• Forests can be classified into five major groups namely:
• Moist tropical
• Dry tropical
• Montane temperate
• Montane subtropical
• Alpine forest

 

​Chir pine or longleaf Indian pine is a species of pine, native to the Himalayas.

• It is found at an altitude of 1500-3000m.
• These trees are found in Montane Temperate forest.
• These types of forests are mainly generated in the Northern middle Himalayas and Southern Niligiri higher Mountain ranges.

Keekar and khair trees are prevalent in the Semi-desert plains of Haryana.

Sundari trees

• Sundari trees are found in the Sunderbans
• The wood of these trees is hard, oily, and durable.
• It is used for making boats and other construction instruments.
• The Sundari Tree is one of the most extensively found mangrove species in the Sundarbans,
• It is a large tree with wing-shaped nuts, which is most easily recognized by the silvery scales on the underside of its leaves.
• Scientifically it is known as Heritiera littoralis.
• The wood from the Sundari Tree is the chief source of timber among the people.
• The wood is hard and red in color and yields good quality charcoal and is often used in boat building, and manufacturing hardwood floors and furniture.
• It is also used in making pilings, bridges, and wharves.

Additional Information

Correct Answer Constitution

Key Points Constitution of India

• Thus, we can say that the Fundamental Duties were not a part of the original constitution of India adopted in 1950.
• DPSPs are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland, which had copied from the Spanish Constitution.
• It denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws.
• It resembles the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in the Government of India Act of 1935.
• It constitutes a very comprehensive economic, social and political program for a modern democratic State.
• They promote social and economic democracy.

Right to equality (Articles 14–18)

• Right to freedom (Articles 19–22)
• Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24)
• Right to freedom of religion (Article 25–28)
• Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30)
• Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)
• Right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights including the writs of (i) habeas corpus, (ii) mandamus, (iii) prohibition, (iv) certiorari, and  (v) quo war-rento (Article 32).

The correct answer is CaOCl₂

Key Points

• The chemical name of the bleaching powder is calcium hypochlorite.
• Bleaching powder is a pale yellowish powder existing with a strong smell of chlorine.
• It is soluble in water but due to the presence of impurities, we never observe a clear solution.
• Its chemical formula is CaOCl2.
• with its chemical name Calcium hypochlorite.

Additional InformationCalcium bicarbonate

• Calcium bicarbonate also called calcium hydrogen carbonate.
• It has a chemical formula Ca(HCO3)2.

Sodium chloride

• Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.

​2) CaO:

This is the formula for calcium oxide, commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime. It is a white, caustic, alkaline crystalline solid that is mainly used in making cement and mortar, and for treating soil due to its alkalinity.

 

3) CaCO₃:

This is the chemical formula for calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite, and it is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine organisms, snails, and eggs.

 

4) Ca(OH)₂:

This is the formula for calcium hydroxide. It is also known as slaked lime or lime water. It is used in the food industry, specifically to process water during the sugarcane and corn sweetener production. It's also used in sewage treatment to raise the pH of the sewage to allow for the sedimentation of organic impurities, to sterilize the sewage, and to help control odors. Furthermore, it plays an important role in construction, where it is used in making mortar or plaster.

The correct answer is census.

Key Points

• A census is a periodic official enumeration of the population.
• The first census in India was conducted in 1872. However, the first complete census was done in 1881.
• Since then, every ten years, censuses have been held. The most thorough source of demographic, social, and economic statistics is the Indian Census.
• The Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, conducts a census every ten years.
• In 2021, India will conduct its 16^th census.
• Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced in September 2019 that the 2021 national census would be conducted entirely digitally via a mobile phone application.

Important Points

• Any statistical component that influences population growth or decline can be included in demographics, although six characteristics are particularly important: population size, density, age structure, fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratio (Dodge 2006).
• The Citizenship Act of 1955 was amended in 2003, requiring the development of the National Register of Citizens (NRC). Its goal is to identify and expel illegal immigrants by documenting all legal citizens of India.
• The National Population Register (NPR) is a database of people who live in a hamlet, rural region, town, ward, or delimited area within a ward in a city or town.

Correct Answer AR Rahman

Key Points

• The Indian music director who was awarded Japan's Fukuoka prize in 2016 for his outstanding contribution in creating, preserving and showcasing South Asian traditional fusion music is A.R. Rahman.
• A.R. Rahman is a renowned Indian composer, singer, and music producer who has won several national and international awards for his work in the music industry.
• He is best known for his work in Indian cinema, especially in Tamil and Hindi films, and has also composed music for several international projects.

The correct answer is July 1947.

Key Points

• Indian Independence Bill:-
• The Indian Independence Act, 1947 received royal assent and entered into force on 18^th July 1947.
• This Act put into action the Mountbatten Plan for the independence and partition of India.
• The Indian Independence Act, 1947 was an act of the British Parliament that partitioned India into two independent dominions of India and Pakistan.
• The legislation was drafted by the Labour government of Clement Attlee.
• It was based on the Mountbatten Plan or the 3^rd June Plan which was formulated after the leaders of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League agreed to the recommendations of the Viceroy Lord Mountbatten.
• Lord Mountbatten came to India with the specific task of seeing over the handing over of the authority to Indians.
• But the INC and the League could not agree on the question of partition.
• An initial plan proposed by Mountbatten known as the Dickie Bird Plan was opposed by Nehru.
• According to this plan, the provinces were to be declared independent and then allowed to join or not join the Constituent Assembly.
• Nehru opposed this as it would, in his opinion, would lead to the country’s Balkanisation.

Additional Information

• Then, Mountbatten came up with the last plan known as the 3^rd June Plan which was accepted by all parties.
• The INC, which was opposed to any partition of the country, finally accepted it as an inevitable process.
• As per this plan, India would be partitioned into India and Pakistan.
• The Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly would not be applicable to the areas which would go into Pakistan.
• These provinces would then decide on a separate constituent assembly.
• The Legislative Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal voted for the partition according to which these provinces were to be divided between the two dominions along religious lines.
• The assembly of Sind was given the choice to join the Indian Constituent Assembly or not.
• It decided to join Pakistan.
• In the North-Western Frontier Province (NWFP) and Sylhet, a referendum was to be held which would decide the country they were to join.
• The complete legislative authority would be given to the Constituent Assemblies of the new countries.
• The Act decided to grant independence to India and Pakistan with effect from 15^th August 1947.
• The new boundaries of the dominions were demarcated by the Boundary Commission.
• British suzerainty over the princely states was to end.
• These states could decide to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.
• 556 states decided to merge with India.

The correct answer is Education.

Key Points:

• Charles Wood was the President of the Board of Control(Introduced through Pitt’s India Act, 1784) of English East India Company.
• He had also been the Secretary of the state of India.
• In 1854 he sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie(the Governor-General of India at that time).
• Wood’s despatch suggested that primary schools must Adopt vernacular languages.
• Through the despatch, he also suggested that high schools use anglo-vernacular medium and that English should be the medium for college-level education.
• Hence, Wood’s Despatch is considered as ‘Magna-Carta’ of English Education in India.

Correct Answer To promote regional equality

Key Points

• The aim of Licensing Policy was to keep the private sector under control.
• No new industry was allowed unless a license was obtained from the government.
• This policy was used for promoting industries in backward regions.
• Even an existing industry had to obtain a license for expanding output or for diversifying production.
• For producing a new commodity the license was compulsory.
• This was to ensure that the quantity of goods produced was not more than what the economy required.
• License to expand production was given only if the government was convinced that the economy required a larger quantity of goods.

The correct answer is Aihole.

Key Points:

• Aihole in Karnataka state, India, is known as the Cradle of Indian architecture.
• It was the first capital of Chalukyas where they built numerous temples dating back to the 6^th century CE.
• Later the capital was changed to Badami by Pulkeshin 1 in 543.

Additional InformationChalukya dynasty:

• It lasted from 543A.D. to 755 A.D.
• Pulakesin I was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty.
• He established a small kingdom with Vatapi or Badami as its capital.
• The Western Chalukyas ruled over an extensive area in the Deccan for about two centuries after which the Rashtrakutas became powerful.
• The family of Western Chalukyas had its offshoots like the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and the Chalukyas of Kalyani.
• Kirtivarman II was the last of the rulers of the Chalukyas.
• He was defeated by Dantidurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

The correct answer is Vinay Mohan Kwatra.

Key Points:

• On 1^st May 2022, Vinay Mohan Kwatra took charge as India's new Foreign Secretary. Hence option 1 is correct.
• He is a 1988 batch Indian Foreign Services (IFS) Officer and is set to replace Harsh Vardhan Shringla.
• Kwatra was serving as an Indian envoy to Nepal 2020 and France from 2017 to 2020.
• He is the 24^th Ambassador to France and the 25^th Ambassador to Nepal.
• He has a diploma in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.

Additional Information:

• Harsh Vardhan Shringla is a 1984 batch IFS officer and served as Indian Ambassador to the United States from 2019 to 2020.
• He also served as India's High Commissioner to Bangladesh from 2016 to 2019.
• He is the chief coordinator for G20 Presidency in India, in 2023.
• Subrahmanyam Jaishankar is the Minister of External Affairs, appointed in 2019.
• ​He is a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha since 2019 representing Gujarat from the BJP.
• Sujata Mehta is an Indian actress from Gujarat who predominantly works in Hindi films.

Correct Answer Lata Mangeshkar

Key Points

• Lata Mangeshkar, the renowned Indian playback singer, was awarded the 'Officier de la Legion d'Honneur' in 2009 for her outstanding contribution to music and culture.
• The award is one of the highest civilian honors conferred by the French government.
• Lata Mangeshkar was the first Indian musician to receive this prestigious recognition.

Lata Mangeshkar

• Hema Mangeshkar, better known as Lata Mangeshkar was born on 28 September, 1929.
• She is one of the most versatile singers in the Indian film industry and an occassional composer of music.
• She is regarded as one of India's greatest and most influential vocalists.
• She earned prestigious names like "Queen of Melody," "Nightingale of India," and "Voice of the Millennium" for her contributions to the Indian music industry during her eight-decade-long-career.
• Over the course of her career, she won numerous awards and honours.
• She is honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1989 from the Indian government.
• She received the Bharat Ratna in 2001 in honour of her achievements to the nation.
• Lata mainly sang in Marathi, Hindi, and Bengali, however she also recorded songs in more than 36 different Indian languages and a few foreign languages.

Additional InformationAsha Bhosale:

• Legendary singer Asha Bhosle was honoured with the prestigious Maharashtra Bhushan Award for the year 2021.
• Asha Bhosle was born on 8^th September 1933 in a Marathi Brahmin family based in Pune. She was the third child of Pt. Dinanath Mangeshkar.
• Although she acted as a child artist in Marathi films, she then chose singing as a career.
• Asha got an assignment to sing a Marathi song when she was 10 years old for the film Majha Bal.
• Asha Bhosle made her Hindi Playback debut with the film ‘Chunariya.’
• She has received 17 Maharashtra State Awards.
• She has also received the Freddie Mercury Award.
• She was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India.
• She is the recipient of the first Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) of the Jodhpur National University.
• In 1997, Asha established another milestone in her career graph.
• She became the very first Indian artist to be nominated by the prestigious music Grammy Awards.
• The veteran singer was chosen because of her splendid vocals in Ustad Ali Akbar Khan’s music album, Legacy.
• Mai is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language film which marks the debut of veteran singer Asha Bhosle as a lead actress.

The correct answer is 25^th

Key Points:

• Rajiv Kumar is appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner of the Election Commission of India (ECI) with effect from the 15^th of May 2022.
• He will take up the post after incumbent Chief Election Commissioner Sushil Chandra demits his office on May 14, 2022.
• He has been an Election Commissioner of the ECI since September 1, 2020.
• He also served as Chairman of the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB) in April 2020.
• The appointment is done by the President of India Ram Nath Kovind in pursuance of clause (2) of article 324 of the Constitution, as per a notification dated May 12, issued by the Law Ministry.
• He has been Director, of the Central Board of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), SBI, NABARD; a Member of, the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC); a Member of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC); Member, of Bank Board Bureau (BBB); Member and other such Boards and Committees.
• Kumar was born on February 19, 1960, and has academic degrees in B.SC, LL.B, PGDM, and MA Public Policy.
• An officer of the Indian Administrative Service of Bihar/Jharkhand cadre 1984 batch, Kumar superannuated from the IAS in February 2020.

Correct Answer Badminton

Key Points:

• The game of Badminton originated in Pune (Poona), now in Maharashtra state.
• For the same reason, the game was also known as Poona or Poonah after the garrison town of Poona.
• Extra:-
• Since 1992, badminton has been a Summer Olympic sport.

The Olympics includes five events:

• Men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, and women's doubles and mixed doubles.
• Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the highest international governing body of the sport.
• Indian shuttlers Saina Nehwal, K. Srikanth and P.V. Sindhu are ranked amongst top-10 in current BWF ranking.
• Prakash Padukone was the first player from India to achieve world no.1 spot in the game.
• K. Srikanth was the second male to be ranked the top in male category after Prakash Padukone in April 2018.
• Saina Nehwal is the first female player from India to achieve World no.1 spot in April 2015.
• Kento MOMOTA from Japan is currently the highest-ranked male singles Badminton Player.
• TAI Tzu Ying from Taipei is currently the highest-ranked female singles Badminton Player.

Correct Answer Olfactory

Key PointsCONCEPT:

• Receptors are the organs or cells which respond to light, heat, or external stimulus and transmit the signal to the sensory nerve.
• The smell receptors known as chemoreceptors are present in the Olfactory Epithelium in the nose.
• Olfactory receptors are located in our noses.
• The olfactory system allows the human body to detect and process smell.
• These are also known as smell receptors and are capable of binding odor molecules.
• Most of the olfactory receptors are found on the superior or external surface of the nasal cavity.
• Olfactory receptors are present in the nose and are responsible for giving rise to the sense of smell.

EXPLANATION:

Olfactory epithelium:

• The olfactory receptors in human beings detect smell.
• Olfactory receptors are proteins that exist as clusters at the back of the nasal cavity and interact with odor molecules thus playing a role in smelling.
• The organ of smell is a yellow-tinged patch of the pseudostratified epithelium (olfactory epithelium) located on the roof of the nasal cavity.
• Air entering the nasal cavity must make a hairpin turn to stimulate olfactory receptors before entering the respiratory passageway
• This is why sniffing, which draws more air superiorly across the olfactory epithelium, intensifies the sense of smell.
• Jacobson's Organ: The proper anatomical name for Jacobson's Organ is the Vomeronasal  Organ. The Vomeronasal Organ is a supplemental olfactory sense organ.

Cloves:

• Cloves are aromatic dried flower buds of a tree.
• Cloves are native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisines all over the world.
• Cloves are now harvested primarily in Indonesia, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• They are also grown in India under the name Lavang.
• The aroma and antioxidant property of Clove is due to the presence of eugenol.

The correct answer is K2SO4Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

Key Points

• Potash alum or potassium aluminum sulfate is a double salt of Potassium and Aluminium.
• It is also known as fitkari.
• Formula- K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O ( sometimes also written as KAl(SO4)2·12H2O)

Additional Information

• Potash alum
• It is a coagulant widely used in water treatment.
• Used as a Fire Retardant.
• An aqueous solution of potash alum is acidic.
• Highly soluble in water.
• Double Salt-
• A crystalline salt in which there are two different anions and/or cations.
• Double salts only exist in the solid.
• When dissolved they act as a mixture of the two separate salts.​

The correct answer is spread of women education

**Key Points:**Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve -

• Maharshi Dhondo (Annasaheb) Keshav Karve was born on 18^th April 1858 in the village "Sherwali" in Murud taluka of Ratnagiri district.
• In 1892, Maharshi Karve became a life member of the Deccan Education Society.
• Karveni established the "Student Fund" through the Deccan Education Society.
• On 31^st December 1893, Karve set up an organization in Pune called "Widow Stimulus Congregation".
• Wedding gatherings were held through this organization.
• In 1865, an organization called the Widow Marriage Promotion Society was established by Mahadev Govind Ranade.
• On 14^th June 1896, Maharshi Karve established "Anath Balikashram" at Sadashiv Peth, Pune.
• The actual work of this organization started on 01^st January 1899.
• Due to the plague, the organization was relocated from Pune to Hingane.
• In the early days, only 08 girls were studying in this ashram.
• In 1907, Maharshi Karve established a women's school at Hingane.
• 1910, Maharshi Karve founded the Nishkam Karma Math with the aim of creating activists who would sacrifice their body, mind and money for public service.
• Maharshi Karve established Nishkam Karma Math on November 4, 1908. The motto of this organization is to create and expand a team that sacrifices body, mind and money for public service.
• ​On January 1, 1944, Maharshi Karve founded the "Samata Manch" to eradicate casteism and untouchability.
• Thus began the monthly "Human Equality".
• In 1948, he set up the "Jati Nimurlan Sanstha" to eradicate caste discrimination in society.
• In his speech at the Social Council on April 18, 1953, Karve argued that freedom was meaningless without social equality.
• Maharshi Karve established Shikshanottejak Mandal.
• He was the founder of "Samaj Swasth" magazine. Hence the correct answer is option 4.
• Karve was honoured in Gandhiji's newspaper 'Young India' dated 18 April 1928.

The correct answer is Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose.

Green algae are green because of chlorophyll.

Key PointsChlorophyll  

• Chlorophyll is a green color pigment found in plants, algae
• Plants are perceived as green because chlorophyll absorbs mainly the blue and red wavelengths but the green light is reflected and not absorbed by plant structures like cell walls.
• The only metal present in chlorophyll is Magnesium.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce carbohydrates by absorbing sunlight in the presence of chloroplast.
• Sunlight is the main source of energy for photosynthesis.

xanthophylls

• The pigment gives a yellow colour to the leaves, fruits, and flowers.

​​Phycoerythrin

• A red protein pigment present in red algae.

Phycobilin

• Phycobilins are light-capturing bilins found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes and some cryptomonads.

Cell Structure - 

• The cells are spherical, oval or barrel-shaped.
• Each Nostoc cell has a well-developed cell wall with 3 distinct layers:
• Outer layer - made of mucilaginous coating.
• Middle layer - made of pectose.
• Inner layer - made of cellulose.

Correct Answer Only II

**Key Points:**Budget deficit:

• The budgetary deficit is the difference between all receipts and expenditures on both the revenue and capital accounts of the government.
• Budget Deficit = Total Receipts - Total Expenditure
• If the revenue expenditure of the government exceeds revenue receipts, it results in a revenue account deficit.
• Similarly, if the government's capital disbursements exceed capital receipts, it leads to a capital account deficit.
• The budgetary deficit is usually expressed as a percentage of GDP.

​Revenue Deficit: 

• When the revenue expenditure of the government exceeds its revenue receipts, it is called a revenue deficit.
• Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure - Revenue Receipts.
• Only those transactions, which have a bearing on the current income and expenditure of the government, are included in the revenue deficit.

​​Fiscal Deficit:

• It is the difference between the total expenditure of the government and the total receipts of the government, excluding borrowings.
• Gross Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure – (Revenue Receipts + Non-Debt Created Capital Receipts)

​Primary Deficit:

• The purpose of measuring the primary deficit is to draw attention to current fiscal imbalances.
• Primary deficit is calculated to get an estimate of the amount of borrowing required due to excess of current expenditure over revenue. It is only the difference between fiscal deficit and interest payment.
• Gross Primary Deficit = Gross Fiscal Deficit - Net Interest Liabilities
• The Union Budget of India is also known as the Financial Statement in Article 112.

Components of Government Budget:

The correct answer is Mawlid al-Nabi

Key Points: Milad-un-nabi festival is celebrated to mark the birth anniversary of Prophet Muhammad.

• This day is celebrated in the month of Rabi’ al-awwal (Third month of the Islamic calendar).
• It is celebrated by Muslims all over the world.
• It was first celebrated as an official festival in Egypt.
• On this day the followers of Prophet Muhammad will discuss and celebrate the advent of the Prophet Muhammad's birth and his teachings.
• Prophet Muhammad was an Arab religious and political leader.​
• Muhammed was born in Mecca.
• He is considered the founder of Islam.

Additional Information Muslim festival

• Muharram
• Muharram is the first month of the Hijri year.
• This festival is the festival of sacrifice.
• The martyrdom day of Imam Hussain is celebrated as Shaq Diwas.
• On this day Taziye is taken out with the playing of an instrument called "Tasha".
• Tazia is buried on the grounds of Karbala.
• Eid-ul-Mila-Dulnabi (Barawafat)
• The birthday of Hazrat Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim religion, is celebrated as this festival.
• Muhammad was born in Mecca (Saudi Arabia).
• Eid-ul-Fitr (Sweet Eid)
• Fasting is kept during the month of Ramadan and vermicelli is made on this day.
• Eid-ul-Juha (Bakrid)
• It is a festival of sacrifice.
• Shab-e-Barat is celebrating to commemorate the entry of Muhammad into the city of Mecca.
• Eid al-Adha is known as the festival of sacrifice.

The correct answer is Brajesh Pathak

Key Points:

• By holding onto power in Uttar Pradesh for a second consecutive term, Yogi Adityanath and the BJP create history.
• Yogi Adityanath, the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (UP), won the Gorakhpur Urban constituency's Assembly election on March 10, 2022, by a margin of 62,057 votes.
• Adityanath (with 1,20,610 votes) faced Samajwadi Party (SP) Sabhawati Shukla (47,232 votes), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Khwaja Shamsuddin (6,367 votes), Bhim Army head Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan (6,139 votes), and Congress' Chetna Pandey (1,942 votes).
• Uttar Pradesh Deputy Chief Minister Keshav Prasad Maurya has announced that the road leading to the Ram Janmbhoomi in Ayodhya will be named after the former UP Chief Minister Kalyan Singh.
• KP Maurya and Brajesh Pathak Appointed New UP Deputy CMs in March 2022.
• Besides Ayodhya, one road each in Lucknow, Prayagraj, Bulandshahr, and Aligarh will also be named after him.
• A two-time UP CM, Singh also served as Governor of Rajasthan from 2014 to 2019.

Additional InformationUttar Pradesh:

• It was earlier known as the United Provinces.
• In the year 1950, the name was changed to Uttar Pradesh.
• Uttaranchal was separated from Uttar Pradesh in the year 2000.
• In the year 2007, the name of Uttaranchal was changed to Uttarakhand.
• Capital: Lucknow
• Uttar Pradesh shares its borders with the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh.
• It shares its international border with Nepal.

The correct answer is Maharashtra.

Key Points:

• Gudi Padwa, which is mostly observed in the state of Maharashtra, ushers in the harvest season.
• According to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, Maharashtrians celebrate the day as New Year's Day.
• Gudi, which refers to Brahma's flag, and Padwa, Padva, or Paddava, which refers to the first day of the moon's bright phase, are the two terms that make up the phrase "Gudi Padwa."
• According to the Hindu lunisolar calendar, Gudi Padwa is observed on the first day of Chaitra, which, according to the Gregorian calendar, often occurs between March and April.
• In 2022, Gudi Padwa was celebrated on 2^nd April.

Important Points:

• Gudi Padwa is mentioned in numerous myths and legends.
• It is stated in the Brahma Purana, one of the revered Hindu texts, that Lord Brahma restored the universe after a natural disaster killed everyone and stopped time.
• After Brahma's efforts, time was reset on this day, ushering in a new era of truth and justice. On this day, Lord Brahma is worshipped as a result.

Additional Information:

Correct Answer Jagdeep Dhankhar

Key Points:

• Jagdeep Dhankhar is an Indian politician who is the elected 14^th Vice President of India.
• He served as the Governor of West Bengal and also a member of Bharatiya Janata Party.
• He served as the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs in the Chandrashekhar Mantralaya.
• He won the 2022 election with 74.37% of the votes and recorded the highest election-win margin since the 1992 election.
• Earlier, the 13^th Vice President of India was Venkaiah Naidu.

**Additional Information:**Vice President

• ​In India, the post of Vice President is the second highest post in the executive after the President.
• The Vice President of India also takes part in the legislative business as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
• The Vice-President shall be elected by the members of the electoral college consisting of the members of both the Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and voting at such election shall be secret.
• The Vice-President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of either House of the Legislature of a State and if a member of either House of Parliament or of either House of the Legislature of a State is elected Vice-President, he shall be deemed to He has vacated his seat in that House from the date of his assumption of office as Vice-President.
• A person shall be eligible to be elected Vice-President only if he-
• is a citizen of India,
• has completed the age of 35 years
• is qualified to be elected a member of the Council of States.
• Any person who holds any office of profit under the Government of India or under the Government of any State or under any local or other authority under the control of any of the said Governments shall not be eligible for election as Vice-President.

The correct answer is Slash and burn.

Key Points:

• Shifting cultivation is also known as “slash and burn” agriculture.
• Shifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of the Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, and Northeast India.
• Jhum cultivation is popular as shifting cultivation.
• Shifting cultivation is not only an age-old agricultural practice but also intrinsically related to the culture and identity of those practicing it.
• Such an approach does not aim to make a profit from the agricultural surplus, judiciously used natural resources, and forests.
• Agricultural practice such as jhumming or shifting cultivation is based on the Asiatic mode of production.
• Shifting cultivation in the northeast region is a complex system of cultivation with a wide variation that depends upon the ecological variation in the area and cultural diversity among various tribal communities.
• Shifting cultivation has been considered by many as ecologically destructive.
• They are referred to as the scourge of forests and the practice of shifting cultivation is looked upon as a major cause of soil erosion.
• Shifting cultivation is also held responsible for causing floods in the plains since topsoil erosion affects the valleys and results in the sedimentation of river beds.

**Important Points:**List of local names of shifting cultivation:

Additional Information:Dry Farming:

• Dryland farming or rainfed farming is the technique of doing agriculture without irrigation.
• Crops are grown without irrigation by accumulating the limited moisture available under them.
• Due to the lack of rainfall, constant efforts are made to maintain and increase the moisture content of the soil.
• Features of dry agriculture are that it is cultivated in those areas where there is a lack of moisture for about 8 months in a year.
• Jaisalmer and Barmer region of Rajasthan receives less than annual rainfall of about 20 cm.
• Water scarcity is a permanent problem in these areas.

Terrace farming:

• It is a method of soil conservation that is practised on hilly terrain.
• On steep slopes of a hill, broad flat steps or terraces are built so that level surfaces can be used to cultivate crops.
• They reduce surface runoff and soil erosion.

The correct answer is UAE and Oman

Key Points2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup

• Australia is the winner of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021.
• The T20 World Cup 2021 was started on 17^th October in UAE and Oman.
• The final match was played between Australia and New Zealand.
• That was the first time when the Australian cricket team won the T20 World Cup 2021.
• Australian cricketer Mitchell Marsh was the player of the match in the T20 World Cup 2021.​

Additional Information:

• ICC headquarter is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
• It was established in 1909 by the representatives of Australia, England, and South Africa as Imperial Cricket Conference.
• The ICC is the global governing body for cricket which is also responsible for all ICC events.

The correct answer is Lithification

• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification process.

**Key Points:**Lithification:

• It refers to the process that loose and under-consolidated sediment particles transform into hard and solid rocks.
• This process includes a number of geological processes, such as consolidation, deep bury, cementation, recrystallization and dehydration.

Igneous Rocks

• As igneous rocks form out of magma and lava from the interior of the earth, they are known as primary rocks.
• The igneous rocks (Ignis – in Latin means ‘Fire’) are formed when magma cools and solidifies.
• When magma in its upward movement cools and turns into a solid form it is called igneous rock.
• The process of cooling and solidification can happen in the earth’s crust or on the surface of the earth.
• Igneous rocks are classified based on texture which depends upon the size and arrangement of grains or other physical conditions of the materials.
• Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia, and tuff are some examples of igneous rocks.

Sedimentary Rocks

• The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word sediment, which means settling.
• Rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) of the earth’s surface are exposed to denudational agents and are broken up into various sizes of fragments.
• Such fragments are transported by different exogenous agencies and deposited.
• These deposits through compaction turn into rocks.
• In many sedimentary rocks, the layers of deposits retain their characteristics even after lithification.
• Hence, we see a number of layers of varying thickness in sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale, geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc.

Metamorphic Rocks

• Metamorphic means ‘change of form’.
• These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume, and temperature (PVT) change.
• Metamorphism occurs when rocks are forced down to lower levels by tectonic processes or when molten magma rising through the crust comes in contact with the crustal rocks or the underlying rocks are subjected to great amounts of pressure by overlying rocks.
• Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the proximity of sedimentary rocks with molten magma.
• Mechanical disruption and reorganization of the original minerals within rocks due to breaking and crushing without any appreciable chemical changes are called dynamic metamorphism.
• Examples- Marble, Quartzite, Schist, etc.

Additional Information Foliation:

• In the process of metamorphism in some rocks grains or minerals get arranged in layers or lines.
• Such an arrangement of minerals or grains in metamorphic rocks is called foliation or lineation.

Formula:

The average (arithmetic mean) of a set of values can be calculated by summing all the values and dividing the sum by the total number of values.

Average = (Sum of all values)/(Total number of values)

Solution:

Sum of values in the "P" column = 220 + 200 + 125 + 115 + 85 = 745

Average foreign trade by country P = Sum of values / Total number of years

= 745 / 5

= 149

Therefore, the average foreign trade by country P in all 5 years is 149.

Given:

The side length of the equilateral triangle = 8 cm

Formula:

The formula to calculate the area of an equilateral triangle is given by:

Area = (√3 / 4) × (Side length)²

Solution:

Substituting the given side length of 8 cm into the formula, we can calculate the area of the equilateral triangle.

Area = (√3/4) × (8 cm)²

= (√3/4) × 64 cm²

= 16√3 cm2

≈ 27.71 cm2

Therefore, the area of the equilateral triangle is approximately 27.71 cm2 (correct to two decimal places).

Given:

The HCF of the two numbers is 8.

Concept used:

HCF is the factor of LCM.

Calculation:

According to the Question,

HCF = 8

When we find the LCM of the numbers it contains the HCF of the number

∴ LCM is a multiple of 8

Option 1:

⇒ 56 = 8 ×7 

Option 2:

⇒ 48 = 8 × 6

Option 4:

⇒ 40 = 8 × 5

There is only option 3 which is 42 which is not a multiple of 8.

∴ 42 can never be their LCM

∴ The Required answer is 42.

Given:

The average weight of apples in the original basket = 50 kg

Additional apples added = 6

The average weight of the additional apples = 60 kg

Increase in average weight = 5 kg

Formula:

To calculate the average, we divide the sum of all the values by the total number of values.

Solution:

Let's assume the number of apples in the original basket is 'n'.

(50n + 6 × 60)/(n + 6) = 50 + 5

(50n + 360)/(n + 6) = 55

50n + 360 = 55n + 330

5n = 30

n = 6

Therefore, the number of apples in the basket originally is 6.

Given:

Principle = Rs. 2700

Time = 8 months = 8/12 year = 2/3 year

Rate of interest = 5 paisa per month = 5 × 12 paisa per year = 60 paisa per year = 60 %

Formula used:

SI = PRT/100

Calculation:

SI = (2700 × 60 × 2) / (100 × 3)

⇒ 9 × 120

⇒ 1080

∴ The SI will be Rs. 1080.

Formula used:

If the mean proportional to a and b is x, then,

a / x = x / b or x2 = ab

Calculation:

Let x be the required mean proportional. Then,

x2 = ab

⇒ x2 = 27 × 300

⇒ x2 = 8100

⇒ x = 90

∴ Mean proportional = 90

Shortcut Trick

Use the Ratio Method: Net Multiplier = (Selling Price / Cost Price) × (True Weight / False Weight)

Net Multiplier = (36 / 40) × (1000 / 800)

Net Multiplier = (9 / 10) × (5 / 4) = 45 / 40 = 9 / 8

Profit = 9 − 8 = 1 unit on a base of 8 units

Gain % = (1 / 8) × 100 = 12.5%

∴ The correct answer is Gain 12.5%.

Alternate Method

Given: Cost Price (CP) = ₹40 per kg, Selling Price (SP) = ₹36 per kg, Actual Weight given = 800 g (instead of 1000 g).

Formula: Gain% = [(Total SP − Total CP) ÷ Total CP] × 100

⇒ Cost Price of 1000 g = ₹40

⇒ Cost Price of 1 g = 40 ÷ 1000 = ₹0.04

⇒ Actual Cost Price of 800 g = 800 × 0.04 = ₹32

⇒ Selling Price for 800 g (as claimed 1 kg) = ₹36

⇒ Gain = SP − CP = 36 − 32 = ₹4

⇒ Gain % = (4 ÷ 32) × 100 = (1 ÷ 8) × 100 = 12.5%

∴ The correct answer is Gain 12.5%.

Additional Information

Dishonest Dealer Formula

When a dealer sells at Cost Price but uses false weight: Profit% = [Error ÷ (True Value − Error)] × 100.

Successive Effects

Total Profit or Loss is the product of the Price Multiplier (SP/CP) and the Weight Multiplier (True Weight/False Weight).

Profit Calculation Base

Always ensure that the Selling Price and Cost Price are calculated for the same quantity to find the true profit or loss percentage.

Given:

AB = AC

∠ACD = 130°

Concept Used:

Linear Pair Theorem

Angle sum Property = Sum of all the angles of the triangle is 180°.

Calculation:

In triangle ABC,

∠ACD + ∠ACB = 180°      (Linear Pair)

∠ACB = 180 - 130 = 50° 

Since, AB = AC, 

Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle.

∠ACB = ∠ABC = 50° 

Apply Angle Sum Property,

∠ACB + ∠ABC + ∠BAC = 180° 

∠BAC = 180 - (50 + 50)

∠BAC = 80° 

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Given:

There are 3 candidates in the election.

The third-place candidate got 20% of the total votes.

The difference between the votes of the winner and the first runner-up was 20% of the total votes.

The difference between the votes of the first runner-up and the second runner-up was 37,000 votes.

Formula used:

Percentage = (Part / Whole) × 100

Total = Part1 + Part2 + Part3

Solution:

Let 100x be the total number of votes.

Let the winners get votes and the 2^nd runner-up get b votes.

The number of votes for the third-place candidate is 20% of total votes = 20x.

So the total number of votes winner and 2^nd runner-up gets is

a + b + 20x = 100x

a + b = 80x ..........(1)

According to the question.

The difference in the votes between votes of the winner and the first runner-up was 20% of the total votes

So,

a - b = 20x......... (2)

Solving equation (1) & (2),

We get a = 50x and b = 30x

Now, the difference between the votes of the first runner-up and the second runner-up was 37,000

So, 30x - 20x = 37000

x = 3700

The number of votes for the winner is 50x = 50 × 3700 = 1,85,000

Therefore, the winner received 1,85,000 votes.

Shortcut Trick

Let's assume that total votes = 100 unit

So, person in 3^rd place got 20% which is = 20 unit remaining 80 unit

Difference of votes of 1^st and 2^nd is 20%, so winner must got 50 unit and 2^nd got 30 unit

According to the question, the difference of votes between 2^nd and 3^rd is 37000

So,(30 - 20) = 10 unit → 37,000

So, 50 unit → 37000/10 × 50 = 37000 × 5 = 185000

Given :

O is the centre of the circle

∠AOC =140°

Calculation:

O is the centre of the circle

Take a point D in remaining arc

∠AOC = 140°

∠AOC = 2∠ADC ( Angle formed by chord at centre = twice angle formed in same arc segment)

⇒ 140° =  2∠ADC

⇒ ∠ADC  = 70°

ABCD will be  a cyclic quadrilateral

Sum of opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral = 180°

⇒ ∠ABC + ∠ADC= 180°

⇒ 70° + ∠ABC = 180°

⇒ ∠ABC = 110°

∴ Option 2 is the correct answer.

Calculation:

 3x4 - 2x2 + 4x - 1 is divisible by 2x – 1 

For finding the required remainder put

2x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1/2

Required remainder

⇒ 3(1/2)4 - 2(1/2)2 + 4(1/2) - 1

⇒ 3/16 - 1/2 + 2 -1

⇒ 3/16 + 1/2 = 11/16

∴ The remainder is 11/16.

Additional Information

Please read the question carefully. In the table, the percentage of marks obtained by 5 students in different subjects" is given, not the absolute marks.

Calculation:

Maximum marks in English = 200

Marks obtained by Sushil in English is = 75% of 200 = 150

Marks obtained by Shyamu in English is 65% of 200 = 130

So difference = 150 - 130 = 20

∴ Option 3 is the correct answer.

Given:

k + 1/k = 12

Formula used:

(x + 1/x)2 = (x2 + 1/x2) + 2

(a - b)(a + b) = a² - b²

Calculation:

Take first statement

k + 1/k = 12

using 

(x + 1/x)2 = (x2 + 1/x2) + 2

(k2 + 1/k2) = 144 - 2

(k2 + 1/k2) = =142

So, the first statement is true.

Take second statement

$\left(\mathrm{k}^2+\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}^2}\right)\left(\mathrm{k}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}}\right)\left(\mathrm{k}^4+\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}^4}\right)\left(\mathrm{k}+\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}}\right)$

Using (a - b)(a + b) = a2 - b²

$\left(\mathrm{k}^2+\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}^2}\right)\left(\mathrm{k^2}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{k^2}}\right)\left(\mathrm{k}^4+\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}^4}\right)$

$\left(\mathrm{k^4}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{k^4}}\right)\left(\mathrm{k}^4+\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}^4}\right)$

$\mathrm{k}^{8}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{k}^{8}}$

So, the second statement is not true.

Therefore only statement I is true.

∴ Option 1 is the correct answer.

Mistake Points 

Please note that,

(K⁴)²  = K^{4 * 2} = K⁸

So statement 2 is not correct.

Calculation:

Let's calculate the percentage increase in total production for each year:

The year 1994:

Percentage increase = ((237 - 215) / 215) × 100 = (22 / 215) × 100 ≈ 10.23%

The year 1995:

Percentage increase = ((251.5 - 237) / 237) × 100 = (14.5 / 237) × 100 ≈ 6.11%

The year 1996:

Percentage increase = ((268 - 251.5) / 251.5) ×100 = (16.5 / 251.5) * 100 ≈ 6.55%

The year 1997:

Percentage increase = ((299.5 - 268) / 268) × 100 = (31.5 / 268) × 100 ≈ 11.72%

The year 1998:

Percentage increase = ((334 - 299.5)/299.5) × 100 = (34.5 / 299.5) × 100 ≈ 11.51%

Comparing the percentage increases, we can see that the minimum percentage increase in total production compared to the previous year is in the year 1995, with a percentage increase of approximately 6.11%.

Therefore, the year 1995 has the minimum percentage increase in total production compared to the previous year.

Given:

tan θ + cot θ = 12

Formula used:

(x + 1/x)² = (x² + 1/x²) + 2

cot θ = 1/tan θ

Calculation:

tan θ + cot θ = 12

tan θ + 1/tan θ = 12

Square both sides:

(tan θ + 1/tan θ)² = 12²

tan2 θ + 1/tan² θ = 144 - 2 

tan2 θ + cot2 θ = 142

∴ Option 3 is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

Relative Speed in same direction = 48 − 36 = 12 km/hr.

Convert to m/s: 12 × (5/18) = 10/3 m/s.

Length of faster train = Relative Speed × Time = (10/3) × 33 = 110 m.

∴ The correct answer is 110 metres.

Alternate Method

Given:

Speed of slower train (S₁) = 36 km/hr

Speed of faster train (S₂) = 48 km/hr

Time (t) = 33 seconds

Formula Used:

Relative Speed (Same direction) = S₂ − S₁

Distance (Length of faster train) = Relative Speed × Time

Calculations:

⇒ Relative Speed = 48 − 36 = 12 km/hr

⇒ Conversion to m/s = 12 × (5/18) m/s

⇒ Relative Speed = 10/3 m/s

⇒ Length of faster train = (10/3) × 33

⇒ Length = 10 × 11 = 110 metres

∴ The correct answer is 110 metres.

Additional Information

Relative Speed Concept

When two objects move in the same direction, relative speed is the difference (S₁ − S₂). If they move in opposite directions, it is the sum (S₁ + S₂).

Unit Conversion

To convert km/hr to m/s, multiply by 5/18. To convert m/s to km/hr, multiply by 18/5.

Crossing a Man in a Train

When a train crosses a man sitting in another train, the distance covered is only the length of the crossing train, not the sum of both lengths.

Given:

The radius of the hemisphere (r) = 5.6 cm

Formula:

The volume of a hemisphere (V) = (2/3)πr³

Substituting the given value into the formula:

V = (2/3)π(5.6)³

Calculating the volume:

V = (2/3) × 3.14 × (5.6)³

≈ (2/3) × 3.14 × 175.61536

≈ 3.14 × 117.0769

≈ 367.95 cm3

Therefore, the volume of the hemisphere with a radius of 5.6 cm is approximately 367.95 cm3

Shortcut Trick

Efficiency Relation: 9(12M + 12W) = 12(6M + 15W) ⇒ 1M = 2W

Total work in women units = (12 × 2 + 12) × 9 = 324 units

Half of the work = 324 ÷ 2 = 162 units

Efficiency of 9 women = 9 units/day

Required time = 162 ÷ 9 = 18 days

∴ The correct option is C.

Alternate Method

Given:

Group 1: 12 men + 12 women can do the work in 9 days.

Group 2: 6 men + 15 women can do the work in 12 days.

Formula Used:

Total Work = Efficiency × Time

Efficiency = Work ÷ Time

Combined efficiency of Group 1 = 4 units/day

Combined efficiency of Group 2 = 3 units/day

⇒ 12M + 12W = 4 ... (i)

⇒ 6M + 15W = 3

⇒ Multiply the second equation by 2: 12M + 30W = 6 ... (ii)

⇒ Subtracting (i) from (ii): (12M + 30W) − (12M + 12W) = 6 − 4

⇒ 18W = 2 ⇒ W = 2/18 = 1/9 units/day

⇒ Total work from the table = 36 units

⇒ Half of the work = 36 ÷ 2 = 18 units

⇒ Efficiency of 9 women = 9 × W = 9 × 1/9 = 1 unit/day

⇒ Time taken by 9 women = 18 ÷ 1 = 18 days

∴ The correct option is C.

Additional Information

Work Equivalence Formula

M₁D₁H₁ = M₂D₂H₂ is used when the amount of work is constant for two different groups.

Efficiency and Time Relationship

Time taken is inversely proportional to efficiency. If efficiency doubles, time taken to complete the same work is halved.

Labor Conversion Method

Solve mixed-group problems (men, women, children) by establishing a work-rate ratio to convert all variables into a single common unit.

Given:

(a + 1)2 + (a + 2)2 = 16

Calculation:

(a + 1)2 + (a + 2)2 = 16

a² + 1 + 2a + a² + 4 + 4a = 16

2a² + 6a + 5 = 16

2a2 + 6a = 11

Multiply by 2 on both sides

4a² + 12a = 22

Add 40 both sides

4a² + 12a + 40 = 62

∴ Option 2 is the correct answer.

Given:

tan A = 10/15

Calculation:

tan A = Perpendicular/Base

Using Pythagoras Theorem

Hypotenuse² = Perpendicular² + Base²

Hypotenuse² = 10² + 15²

Hypotenuse = √325

cos A = Base/Hypotenuse

cos A = 15/√325

cos² A = 225/325

∴ Option 3 is the correct answer.

Given:

$x+\frac{1}{x}=7$

Concept Used:

If a + 1/a = t

a³ + 1/a³ = t³ - 3t

Calculation:

$x^3+\frac{1}{x^3} = 7^3 - 3 \times 7$

⇒ 343 - 21

⇒ 322

∴ Option 2 is the correct answer.

Shortcut Trick

Volume of Sphere = (4/3) × π × r³ = 38808 cm³.

Using 11 divisibility rule for Surface Area (4πr²): Only 5544 is divisible by 11.

Calculation: (5+4) − (5+4) = 0. Divisible by 11.

∴ The correct answer is 5544 cm².

Alternate Method

Given: Volume (V) = 38808 cm³

Formula Used: Volume = (4/3)πr³ and Surface Area = 4πr²

⇒ 38808 = (4/3) × (22/7) × r³

⇒ r³ = (38808 × 3 × 7) ÷ (4 × 22)

⇒ r³ = 441 × 21 = 9261

⇒ r = √³(9261) = 21 cm

⇒ Surface Area = 4 × (22/7) × 21 × 21

⇒ Surface Area = 88 × 3 × 21 = 5544 cm²

∴ The correct answer is 5544 cm².

Additional Information

Properties of Sphere

A Sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space. Unlike other solids, it has no edges or vertices.

Hemisphere Formulas

For a Hemisphere of radius r, the curved surface area is 2πr² and the total surface area is 3πr².

Volume Ratios

If the radius is doubled, the Surface Area increases by 4 times (2²) and the Volume increases by 8 times (2³).

Calculation:

Percent distribution of employees for Group B = 35%

Central angle = 35/100 × 360

⇒ 126° 

∴ Option 3 is the correct answer.

Given:

4 tan θ = 3

Calculation:

Applying Pythagoras Theorem

AC² = AB² + BC²

AC² = 3² + 4²

AC = 5

sinθ = 3/5

cosθ =4/5

$\frac{4 \sin θ-\cos θ+1}{4 \sin θ+\cos θ-1}$

Put the above values

⇒ $\frac{4 \times 3/5-4/5+1}{4 \times 3/5+4/5-1}$

⇒ $\frac{12/5-4/5+1}{12/5+4/5-1}$ = $\frac{(12-4+5)/5}{(12 +4 - 5)/5}$

⇒ $\frac{13/5}{11/5}$ = $\frac{13}{11}$ 

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Given:

Discount = 30%

Marked Price = Rs. 800

Concept Used:

Amount to be paid = Original price × (1 - Discount percentage)

Calculation:

Amount to be paid = Original price × (1 - Discount percentage)

= ₹800 × (1 - 0.30)

= ₹800 × 0.70

= ₹560

Therefore, Jasmine would need to pay ₹560 for the skirt after applying the 30% discount.

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

Here the correct answer is Damaged.

Key Points

• The most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1 is "damaged."
• In the given passage, it mentions that our beautiful ecosystem is being systematically affected by industrial pollution, nuclear wastes, and disappearing tropical rainforests and green pastures. The word "damaged" accurately reflects the negative impact and harm caused to the ecosystem by these activities.
• Example: "The oil spill in the ocean severely damaged the marine ecosystem."
• In this example, the word "damaged" emphasizes the negative consequences of the oil spill, indicating that it caused harm and destruction to the ecosystem and its inhabitants.
• Other options and their explanations:
• "Oriented": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Oriented" implies a direction or alignment, which is unrelated to the negative impact on the ecosystem.
• Example: "The solar panels are oriented towards the south for maximum sunlight."
• "Glorified": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Glorified" means to praise or exalt, which is inappropriate in the context of the ecosystem being harmed.
• Example: "The artist's work was glorified for its beauty and creativity."
• "Designed": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Designed" implies intentional planning or creation, which does not accurately capture the negative impact on the ecosystem.
• Example: "The architect designed a sustainable building with energy-efficient features."
• In summary, the correct answer is "damaged" because it accurately reflects the negative impact and harm caused to the ecosystem, as described in the passage.

Here the correct answer is Poisonous.

Key Points

• The most appropriate option to fill in blank number 2 is "poisonous."
• In the given passage, it mentions that our beautiful ecosystem is being systematically affected by industrial pollution, nuclear wastes, and gases such as carbon dioxide. The use of the word "poisonous" accurately reflects the harmful nature of these pollutants and gases, which have detrimental effects on the ecosystem.
• Example: "The poisonous gases released by the factory are causing severe air pollution."
• In this example, the word "poisonous" emphasizes the harmful nature of the gases, indicating that they pose a danger to the environment and living organisms.
• Other options and their explanations:
• "Useful": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Useful" implies something that has value or benefits, which contradicts the idea of pollutants and harmful gases.
• Example: "This device is useful for improving productivity."
• "Nuclear": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. While it is mentioned that nuclear wastes from atomic plants contribute to the pollution of the oceans, the word "nuclear" alone does not capture the toxic and harmful nature of the wastes.
• Example: "The nuclear power plant produces electricity."
• "Hygienic": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Hygienic" refers to cleanliness and sanitation, which is unrelated to the pollution and harmful gases mentioned in the passage.
• Example: "It is important to maintain hygienic conditions in the kitchen."
• In summary, the correct answer is "poisonous" because it accurately reflects the harmful nature of the pollutants and gases that are affecting the ecosystem, as stated in the passage.

Here the correct answer is Under.

Key Points

• The most appropriate option to fill in blank number 3 is "under."
• In the given passage, it states that tropical rainforests and green pastures are disappearing "under" the pressure of a proliferating population. The word "under" indicates the condition or circumstance causing the disappearance of these ecosystems.
• Example: "Tropical rainforests are disappearing under the pressure of deforestation."
• In this example, the use of "under" signifies that deforestation is the cause of the disappearing rainforests.
• Other options and their explanations:
• "In": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "In" typically denotes a location or position, which is unrelated to the concept of disappearing under pressure.
• Example: "The treasure is hidden in the cave."
• "To": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "To" typically indicates direction or purpose, which is unrelated to the concept of disappearing under pressure.
• Example: "She went to the store to buy groceries."
• "On": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "On" typically indicates a location or surface, which is unrelated to the concept of disappearing under pressure.
• Example: "The book is on the table."
• In summary, the correct answer is "under" because it accurately describes the circumstance causing the disappearance of tropical rainforests and green pastures, as mentioned in the passage.

Here the correct answer is Built.

Key Points

• The most appropriate option to fill in blank number 4 is "built."
• In the given passage, it mentions that dams are being "built" over rivers like the Narmada. The word "built" accurately describes the action of constructing dams. This action is altering the natural surface equations between flora and fauna, as mentioned in the passage.
• Example: "Dams are being built over the rivers like the Narmada."
• In this example, the use of "built" indicates the construction of dams and their impact on the ecosystem.
• Other options and their explanations:
• "Validated": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Validated" means to confirm or verify, which is unrelated to the concept of building dams.
• Example: "The scientist validated the results of the experiment through rigorous testing."
• "Detected": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Detected" means to discover or notice, which is unrelated to the concept of constructing dams.
• Example: "The sensor detected the presence of harmful gases in the air."
• "Associated": This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Associated" means to connect or link, which is unrelated to the concept of building dams.
• Example: "The company's brand is often associated with luxury and high quality."
• In summary, the correct answer is "built" because it accurately describes the action of constructing dams, as mentioned in the passage.

Here the correct answer is Endangered.

Key Points

• The most appropriate option to fill in blank number 5 is "endangered."
• In the given passage, the sentence talks about elephants, tigers, and wild rhinos of South Africa, along with other forest creatures. It states that they have become "endangered" species. The word **"endangered"(**संकटग्रस्त)  accurately describes the situation of these animals, indicating that their population is at risk of extinction due to various factors mentioned in the passage, such as pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction.
• Example: "Elephants, tigers, the wild rhinos of South Africa, and many other forest creatures have become endangered species."
• In this example, the use of "endangered" highlights the critical state of these animals and emphasizes the need for conservation and protection measures.
• Other options and their explanations:
• **"Accumulated"(**संचित): This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Accumulated" means to gather or collect gradually, which does not accurately describe the status of the animals mentioned.
• Example: "Over time, the debris and waste accumulated in the river, polluting the ecosystem."
• "Specified"(निर्दिष्ट): This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Specified" means to define or indicate clearly, which is unrelated to the concept of the animals becoming endangered.
• Example: "The report specified the exact locations where pollution levels exceeded the safety standards."
• "Granted"(स्वीकृत): This option does not fit in the context of the passage. "Granted" means to give or allow something, which is unrelated to the concept of the animals' endangered status.
• Example: "The permission was granted to construct a new building on the vacant land."
• In summary, the correct answer is "endangered" because it accurately reflects the critical situation of the mentioned animals and their risk of extinction due to various environmental factors.

The correct answer is 1) an opportunity for improvement.

Key Points

• The phrase "room for improvement" is an idiomatic expression that means there is potential or opportunity for something to be improved or enhanced. Option 1, "an opportunity for improvement," closely captures the meaning of the original phrase.
• Example: "Your presentation was good, but there is always room for improvement. You can work on your delivery and add more supporting examples."
• In this example, "room for improvement" suggests that there are areas in the presentation that can be enhanced or made better.
• Options 2), 3), and 4) do not accurately convey the meaning of "room for improvement."
• Option 2) "room in a house for improvement" does not make sense in the given context because the phrase is not referring to physical space in a house.
• Option 3) "advice for improvement" does not capture the meaning of "room for improvement." The original phrase does not imply advice; it simply suggests that there is potential for improvement.
• Option 4) "a warning for improvement" is not an appropriate substitution for "room for improvement." The phrase does not imply a warning but rather a recognition of areas that can be enhanced or worked on.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 1) an opportunity for improvement because it closely conveys the meaning of "room for improvement."