CIL MT Systems: 2017 Official Paper (Previous Year Paper)

• Biomass refers to the total organic matter present in the environment. It includes both plants and animal matter and is used as fuel, source of heat, and raw material in various industries.
• Biomass is one kind of fuel developed from organic matters.
• It is a renewable and sustainable source of energy helpful to produce electricity or other forms of power.
• Scrap lumber, forest debris, certain crops, manures and different kinds of residues are the materials that make up biomass fuels.
• Coal is not an example of biomass material.

• RAM is an acronym used for Random Access Memory.
• A RAM can be accessed randomly and it is found in servers, computers, tablets, smartphones and printers.
• A RAM makes it possible for the users to find specific information very quickly.
• It acts as volatile storage used as the main memory in computer systems. All information that was stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
• There are two main types of RAM: dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or Dynamic RAM, and static random access memory (SRAM).

• Asia's first and longest cycle highway runs between Etawah and Agra in Uttar Pradesh.
• It is 207-km-long and 7-feet-wide.
• It was inaugurated by then  Chief Minister, Akhilesh Yadav.

• On March 15, 2017**, Shashank Manohar** has stepped down as the Chairman of International Cricket Council (ICC).
• He was serving his second term as a chairman of the International Cricket Council (ICC).
• The post of ICC President was abolished in April 2016 and Shashank Manohar became the first independent chairman of ICC after replacing the ICC President M. Srinivasan.
• At present, Anil Kumble is the Chairman of the International Cricket Council.

• Brij Bhushan Mohanty has received Dronacharya Award in August 2017.
• He has served the Army Sports Institute (ASI) for thirteen years.
• He coached the Jharkhand Boxing Association for two years.
• Presently he is training the boxers at the National Boxing Academy.

• The Jamaican athlete and the sprint king, Usain Bolt has been awarded the 2016 IAAF World Athlete of the Year Award in the male category for the sixth time.
• Alma Ayana, the Ethiopian athlete won the same ward for the year 2016 in the women category.
• Usain Bolt earlier won the same award in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
• Bolt has won gold in 100 meters, 200 meters and 4x100 meters at the Rio Olympics 2016.

• At present, Sharad Arvind Bobde is the 47th Chief Justice of India.
• Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar was the Chief Justice of India in February 2017.
• Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar was appointed as the Chief Justice of India on January 4, 2017, till August 27, 2017, by the then President of India, Pranab Mukherjee.

• Abidali Neemuchwala is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Wipro Group.
• He is an Indian-American business executive, also the managing director (MD) of Wipro since February 2016.
• He holds an engineering degree in Electronics and Communication from National Institute of Technology, Raipur and a master's degree in Industrial Management from the IIT Bombay.
• Rishad Premji is Chairman of Wipro Group.

• Chandragupta Maurya overthrew Dhana Nanda to take over the reins of the Magadha Empire.
• Dhana Nanda was the contemporary of Alexander the Great who invaded India in 326 BCE.
• India's first subcontinental empire came after the establishment of the kingdom of Magadha.
• Chandragupta Maurya established the Mauryan empire in the Magadha Kingdom. Kautilya was the mentor of Chandragupta Maurya.
  

In his later years, Chandragupta Maurya became a Jain Monk.

• A physical balance is an example of a lever.
• A lever is a physical device used to translate the application point of a force by a distance.
• A lever is a device consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed fulcrum. The level used in Physical balances is pivoted at the centre of gravity of the beam and hence are very accurate to calculate the weight on both sides of the scale.
• Lever has been in practice from the ancient period for simple balance scale. There are other levels used such as spanners, screwdrivers.
• The law of lever was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning.

• All executive actions and functions of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President.
• The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and the allocation among Ministers of the said business.
• The validity of such orders and rules authenticated by the President of India cannot be questioned on the ground.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e., Malik Muhammad Jayasi

Key Points

• Malik Muhammad Jayasi wrote the medieval-era epic poem Padmavat.
• It was written in the Hindustani language of Awadhi, but the original script of Padmavat is in the Persian Nastaʿlīq script.
• It is an allegorical fictional story about the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji's desire for the gorgeous Padmavati, the Queen of Chittor.

• As per the data released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a United Nations agency, Brazil has the largest inventory of cattle in the world.
• India is on the second rank followed by China while the USA is on the fourth rank having the largest cattle inventory in the world.
• Globally, around more than 100 countries have cattle over 1 million head.

• Bhutan was the first country to invent the idea of "Gross National Happiness" (GNH) to use happiness as a measure of good governance.
• The phrase was first coined by the 4^th King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck in 1972 when he declared, “Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross Domestic Product.”
• Since its inception, Bhutan considers GNH in its economic and social policy and set a benchmark tool for other countries of the world.

• The Jungle Book has won the 70^th British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award in the Best Special Visual Effects category.
• The 70^th BAFTA awards ceremony was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London, United Kingdom.
• La La Land with five awards won the most awards at the events.
• BAFTA award was founded by the British Film Academy in 1947.

• When a batsman hitting a ball, the kinetic energy been used on the ball.
• When the fielder fields the moving ball on the ground, the fielder uses the potential energy to lift the ball from the ground against the gravity.
• If an object or a particle is in motion, it possesses kinetic energy.
• If an object is placed at a height, it possesses Gravitational Potential energy.
• Water stored in a dam is an example of pure potential energy.

• A position that brings to the person holding it for some financial gains, or advantages, or benefits will be termed as the office of profit.
• In India, as per the Article 102(1) of the Indian Constitution, a member of either house of the Indian Parliament barred from holding any office that would give its occupant the chance to gain a financial advantage or benefit.
• In case of appointment of the President of India, a person shall not be eligible for presidential election if he/she holds any office of profit under the Government of India or Governments of any States or any local or other authority subject to the control of either Government.

• Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the Jnanpith Award in 1976 for her 1965-novel Pratham Pratisruti(The First Promise).
• Jnanpith Award is the highest literary honour in India, was instituted in 1961.
• The Jnanpith award was established by the Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain family, the family who owns the Times of India group.

• The Gobi Desert is also known as the rain shadow desert.
• As its name suggests, Gobi means 'water-less'.
• The Gobi Desert is the sixth-largest desert in the world and Asia's second-largest desert.
• It covers the parts of Southern Mongolia and Northern and Northeastern China.
• . It is known for its dunes, mountains and rare animals such as snow leopards and Bactrian camels.

• Jharkhand has the largest coal reserves in India.
• Jharia coalfield in Jharkhand is one of the oldest and richest coalfields of India.
• Odisha has the second-largest coal reserves in India.
• Chhattisgarh registered the highest coal production of 158.409 MT, followed by Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand.
• Raniganj, Jharia, Chandrapura, Bokaro, Ramgarh, S. Karanpura, N. Karanpura, Auranga, Hutar, Daltonganj, Itkhori, Chope, Giridih, Jainti, Sahajori, Kunditkaria, Brahmani, Pachwara, Chuperbhita, Jilwari, Hura. Main Coal Field at Jharkhand state.

• The current Speaker of Lok Sabha is Om Birla.
• Om Birla is the 17th Lok Sabha Speaker appointed on June 19, 2019.

Note According to the Previous year Paper of CIL CE 2017, the below answer is mentioned

• Sumitra Mahajan was the 16th Lok Sabha Speaker served the office from June 6, 2014, to June 16, 2019.
• In the first meeting after the general election, the Speaker in the Lok Sabha is elected for a five years term.

• The full form of the abbreviation IDBI is the Industrial Development Bank of India.
• IDBI was established in 1964 and came into operation on July 1, 1964.
• It was established to provide credit and other financial facilities for the development of industries in India.
• IDBI Bank has been categorised as a private sector bank by the Reserve Bank of India, with effect from January 21, 2019.
  

The move came following the acquisition by Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) having 51%  stake in the bank.

• Roger Federer had won the men's singles Australian Open Tennis Championship 2017 in which he beat Rafael Nadal.
• It was his 18^th grand slam title at the age of 35.
• It was his 6th Australian Open Tennis Championship.
• Presently Roger Federer with 20 Grand Slam singles titles has become the world's first male player having such a record title.
• Roger Federer belongs to Switzerland.

• Lord Dalhousie, the Governor Generals of India earned the title of "Maker of Modern India".
• He introduced several reforms in India which led the way for the modernisation of India, the reason due to which he gets the title of "Maker of Modern India".
• According to him, promotion of civilisation meant the promotion of reforms done by the West because Western administration and institutions were the superior to the administration and institutions existed in India and Indian subcontinents. Some developments done by Lord Dalhousie were as follows

1. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) the Governor-General of India under whom the first railway line connecting Bombay to Thane was laid in 1853.
2. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) also passed the Post office Act in 1854.
3. During Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) tenure Widow Remarriage Act was taken place in 1856.

The correct answer is All i), ii) and iii).

• The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India is about the subject of the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States are defined under several articles.
• The Articles 245 and 246 of the Indian Constitution have been defined in Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution.
• The Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution consists of three lists i.e. Union List, State List and Concurrent List.

We know that, any factor of the (2⁵ × 3³ × 5²) can be expressed as 2^a × 3^b × 5^c, where a ranges from 0 to 5, b ranges from 0 to 3 and c ranges from 0 to 2.

Here, we need to find odd factors of 2⁵ × 3³ × 5², so there will be no factor of 2 in the given number. So, a will be 0.

As a result, a can take only 1 value, b can take 4 values and c can take 3 values.

∴ total number of odd factors = 1 × 4 × 3 = 12

We know that, Average = Sum of all quantities/number of quantities

Average of 7 numbers = 29

∴ sum of all numbers = 29 × 7 = 203

Average of first 3 numbers is 23.

Sum of first 3 numbers = 3 × 23 = 69

Average of last 3 numbers is 42.

Sum of last 3 numbers = 3 × 42 = 126

4^th number = 203 – 69 – 126 = 8

Let’s assume he invested Rs. x each in both firms.

We know that Simple interest = (P × R × T)/100

Where, P = principal, R = % rate of interest, T = time in years

For both investments, P = x, R = 15

T = 3.5 for first investment and T = 5 for second investment.

As per given information:

(\begin{array}{l} \frac{{x \times 15 \times 5}}{{100}} - \frac{{x \times 15 \times 3.5}}{{100}} = 270\ \Rightarrow \frac{{x \times 15 \times 1.5}}{{100}} = 270 \end{array})

⇒ x = 270 × 100/22.5 = 1200

∴ He invested Rs. 1200 in each firm.

Therefore, he invested Rs. 1200 + Rs. 1200 = Rs. 2400 in total.

Let’s assume that every person consumes x units of food every day.

Initially, army of 1800 men has provision for 50 days.

∴ total supplies = 1800 × 50 × x

Let’s assume n men left after 10 days. So for first 10 days, there were 1800 men, but for next 50 days, there were (1800 – n) men.

∴ 1800 × 50 × x = 1800 × 10 × x + (1800 – n) × 50 × x

⇒ 1800 × 40 = (1800 – n) × 50

⇒ 1800 – n = 1440

⇒ n = 360

A finishes the work in 25 days, so A does 1/25^th part of work in one day.

B finishes the work in 25 days, so B does 1/25^th part of work in one day.

A and B together work for 5 days.

∴ Part of work finished by both in 5 days (= 5 \times \left( {\frac{1}{{25}} + \frac{1}{{25}}} \right) = \frac{{10}}{{25}} = \frac{2}{5})

Part of work remaining (= 1 - \frac{2}{5} = \frac{3}{5})

Number of days taken by A to finish remaining work (= \frac{3}{5} \div \frac{1}{{25}} = 15)

(\begin{array}{l} 5{\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^{x + 5}} = {\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^{2x + 7}}\ {\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^2}{\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^{x + 5}} = {\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^{2x + 7}}\ {\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^{x + 7}} = {\left( {\sqrt 5 } \right)^{2x + 7}} \end{array}) 

From laws of indices: x + 7 = 2x + 7

⇒ x = 0

Speed of train = 36 km/hr = 36000/3600 m/s = 10 m/s

When a train crosses a bridge, it travels a distance equal to its own length and the length of the bridge.

Since the train crosses a bridge in 30 sec,

Distance traveled by train = 30 × 10 = 300 m

∴ Length of train + Length of bridge = 300

⇒ Length of bridge = 300 – 130 = 170 m

Let the three shares be a, b and c.

As per given information, 4a = 3b = 2c = k

⇒ a = k/4, b = k/3 and c = k/2

Now, a + b + c = 1833

(\Rightarrow \frac{k}{4} + \frac{k}{3} + \frac{k}{2} = 1833) 

(\Rightarrow \frac{{\left( {3 + 4 + 6} \right)k}}{{12}} = 1833) 

⇒ k = 1833 × 12/13 = 1692

∴ 2^nd share = b = k/3 = 1692/3 = 564

Let’s assume the speed in still water is x km/hr and speed of the stream is y km/hr.

Now, speed with the stream = x + y km/hr

And speed against the stream = x – y km/hr

As per given information, x + y = 8 and x – y = 4

Solving the two equations simultaneously, we get: x = 6 and y = 2

Hence, speed of boat in still water = 6 km/hr

y exceeds x by 10%.

∴ y = 1.1x

x = y/1.1

Required percentage (= \frac{{y - \frac{y}{{1.1}}}}{y} \times 100 = \frac{{1.1 - 1}}{{1.1}} \times 100 = 9\frac{1}{{11}})

Let’s assume that the original speed is x km/hr.

∴ Original time taken = 3000/x hrs

When the speed reduces by 200 km/hr, its speed = (x – 200) km/hr

This time, the flight takes 30 more minutes, i.e. ½ hour more.

(\begin{array}{l} \frac{{3000}}{{x - 200}} - \frac{{3000}}{x} = \frac{1}{2}\ \Rightarrow \frac{{3000\left[ {x - \left( {x - 200} \right)} \right]}}{{x\left( {x - 200} \right)}} = \frac{1}{2}\ \Rightarrow \frac{{3000 \times 200}}{{{x^2} - 200x}} = \frac{1}{2} \end{array})

⇒ x² – 200x – 1200000 = 0

⇒ (x – 1200)(x + 1000) = 0

⇒ x = 1200 or x = -1000

Taking only positive value, x = 1200 km/hr

Original time taken = 3000/1200 = 2.5 hours

We know that, (a^b)^c = a^bc

∴ 3⁶ⁿ – 6³ⁿ = (3⁶)ⁿ – (6³)ⁿ = 729ⁿ – 216ⁿ

We also know that, from binomial expansion: (aⁿ – bⁿ) is divisible by (a – b).

∴ Here, 729ⁿ – 216ⁿ is divisible by (729 – 216) = 513

Also, 3 is a factor of 513, hence the given number is also divisible by 3.

Let the rational number be p/q.

As per the given condition: if 2 is added to the denominator, it becomes 1/3.

(\therefore \frac{p}{{q + 2}} = \frac{1}{3})

⇒ 3p – q = 2        ----(i)

Also, if 4 is added to the numerator it becomes ½.

(\therefore \frac{{p + 4}}{q} = \frac{1}{2})

⇒ 2p – q = - 8        ----(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get:

p = 10 and q = 28

sum of the numerator and the denominator of the rational number = p + q = 10 + 28 = 38

As we can see, the given triangle is an isosceles triangle. The altitude in this triangle divides the triangle in two equal parts, as show in figure.

In right angled triangle ADC, AD² + DC² = AC²

AD² = 34² – 16² = 900

AD = 30 cm

∴ Area of triangle ABC = ½ × BC × AD = ½ × 32 × 30 = 480 cm²

The population of bacteria increases by 9% per annum and 1% due to additional factors, so every year, there is a net increase of 10% in yeast population.

Let’s assume that the population today is x.

∴ Population after 2 years (= x \times \frac{{110}}{{100}} \times \frac{{110}}{{100}} = \frac{{121x}}{{100}} = 1.21x)

% increase in population = (1.21x – x)/x × 100 = 21

The given expression 2y – 3x will be minimum when y is minimum and x is maximum.

Minimum value of y = -1

Maximum value of x = 1

Minimum value of given expression = 2 × (-1) – 3 × (1) = -2 – 3 = -5

The curved surface area of hemisphere with radius r is given as:

CSA = 2πr²

∴ 8π = 2πr²

⇒ r = 2 cm

Since their HCF is 25, let the two numbers be 25x and 25y, where x and y are coprime numbers.

We know that, product of numbers = LCM × HCF

∴ 25x × 25y = 300 × 25

⇒ xy = 12 ⇒ y = 12/x

Also, 25x + 25y = 175 ⇒ x + y = 7

⇒ x + 12/x = 7

⇒ x² – 7x + 12 = 0

⇒ (x – 3)(x – 4) = 0

⇒ x = 3 and y = 4 OR x = 4 and y = 3

∴ the two numbers are: 25 × 3 = 75 and 25 × 4 = 100

∴ difference of two numbers = 100 – 75 = 25

Let’s assume that pipe B alone can the tank in x minutes, so pipe B fills 1/x^th part of tank in one minute.

Pipe A can fill the tank 2 times faster than pipe B, so pipe A fills 2/x^th part of tank in one minute.

Together, the two pipes fill the tank in 24 minutes, so together they fill 1/24^th part in one minute.

(\therefore \frac{1}{x} + \frac{2}{x} = \frac{1}{{24}}) 

⇒ 3/x = 24

⇒ x = 72 minutes

∴ Pipe B alone fills the tank in 72 minutes.

We know that, for a quadratic equation ax² + bx + c,

Sum of its roots = -b/a and product of roots = c/a

For x² + 2x – 15 = 0:

x₁ + x₂ = -2 and x₁x₂ = -15

For the equation whose roots are 1/x₁ and 1/x₂,

Sum of roots (= \frac{1}{{{x_1}}} + \frac{1}{{{x_2}}} = \frac{{{x_1} + {x_2}}}{{{x_1}{x_2}}} = \frac{{ - 2}}{{ - 15}}; = \frac{2}{{15}})

Product of roots ( = \frac{1}{{{x_1}{x_2}}} = - \frac{1}{{15}})

∴ the quadratic equation becomes: ({x^2} - \frac{2}{{15}}x - \frac{1}{{15}} = 15{x^2} - 2x - 1)

The given sequence is 5, 20, 80, 320, ………., 81920

We can see that, the given series is is a geometric progression with common ratio 4.

n^th term of a geometric progression is given as: ar^{n – 1}

Where, a = first term, r = common ratio

∴ 5 × 4^{n – 1} = 81920

⇒ 4^{n – 1} = 81920/5 = 16384

⇒ n – 1 = 7

⇒ n = 8

As we can see, the given series is an arithmetic progression, with first term 20 and common difference 5.

n^th term of an arithmetic progression is given as: a + (n – 1)d

150 = 20 + (n – 1) × 5

⇒ n – 1 = 130/5 = 26

⇒ n = 27

A has 62% spirit.

Amount of spirit in 2 liters of A = 0.62 × 2 = 1.24 liters

B has 84% spirit.

Amount of spirit in 4 liters of B = 0.84 × 4 = 3.36 liters

Total amount of mixture = 2 + 4 = 6 liters

Amount of spirit in the final mixture = 1.24 + 3.36 = 4.6 liters

Amount of water in the final mixture = 6 – 4.6 = 1.4

Required ratio = 4.6 : 1.4 = 23 : 7

Let’s assume that the original price of eggs is $x per dozen.

Now, the reduced price = x – 40% of x = $ 0.6x per dozen

As per given condition, reduced price enabled a woman to buy 64 more eggs for $50

(\begin{array}{l} \therefore \frac{{50}}{{0.6x}} - \frac{{50}}{x} = \frac{{64}}{{12}}\ \Rightarrow \frac{{50}}{{0.6x}} - \frac{{30}}{{0.6x}} = \frac{{20}}{{0.6x}} = \frac{{64}}{{12}} \end{array})

⇒ 0.6x = 20 × 12/64 = 3.75

∴ Reduced price = $ 3.75 per dozen

We know that, (A = P{\left( {1 + \frac{R}{{100}}} \right)^T})

Where, A = total amount, P = Principal, R = % interest rate; T = time period

Here, the interest rate is 20% per annum, and interest is compounded quarterly.

∴ interest rate per interest period is 20/4 = 5%.

Also, the interest is calculated after six months, number of periods = 6/3 = 2

∴ Amount (= 4000 \times {\left( {1 + \frac{5}{{100}}} \right)^2} = 4000 \times \frac{{21}}{{20}} \times \frac{{21}}{{20}} = 4410)

16 ÷ 36 – 6 × 2 + 3 = ?

‘+’ means ‘ × ’

‘ - ‘ means ‘÷’

‘ × ’ means ‘ - ‘

‘÷’ means ‘+’

⇒ 16 + 36 ÷ 6 – 2 × 3 = ?

⇒ 16 + 6 – 6 = ?

⇒ 16 = ?

Hence, 16 is value of given equation.

p _ n n m _ p m n _ m p _ m n _ m p

1. n m n p p ⇒ p nnn m m p m n n m p p m n p m p

2.m n p n p ⇒ p m n n m n p m n p m p n m n p m p

3.m p n p n ⇒ p m n/n m p/ p m n/n m p/p m n/n m p

4.n p m p n ⇒ p nnn m pp m n m m p p m n n m p

Here in option 3) we can have repeated pattern of “pmn” and **‘’nmp’’**alternatively.

Hence above image shows question figure.

Hence, There will be total 28 triangles in given diagram.

Seven friends – A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting in a circle facing at the center. ‘E’ is neighbor of A and D. ‘G’ is between ‘F’ and ‘C’, ‘F’ is to the immediate right of ‘A’.

Note – Where nothing mention about position of position then we consider right as immediate right.

Hence, right(Immediate ) of G is C is sitting.

Hence aboge diagram show complete pattern.

“Kindness” is antonym of “Cruelty”. In similar way “Cowardice” is antonym of “Kindness”

Hence, “EAJQ” is correct option.

Some of the Boys can be athlete as well as Student. Student can be a Boy or Athlete and similarly an Athlete can be Boy and Student.

Above diagram represent best relationship among Boys, Student and Athlete.

Hence, “MOTHER” will be coded as “PRWKHU”

Logic: a * b = a² – b²

⇒ 8 * 6 = 64 – 36 = 28

⇒ 11 * 5 = 121 – 25 = 96

⇒ 15 * 7 = 225 – 49 = 176

Hence, 176 is missing term.

As we can see 5, 2, 4 and 6 are adjacent to 1 and 5 and 2 are adjacent to 3

Therefore 1 will be opposite side of ‘3’

In 23 : 35

⇒ (4 × 6) – 1 : (4 × 9) – 1

Similarly,

⇒ (4 × 12) – 1 : (4 × 15) – 1

⇒ 47 : 59

Therefore 59 will be correct option.

Grams, Kilograms, Quintal are units of measuring Weight. Similarly;

Tonnes is also used to measure Weight.

Hence, "Tonnes" is the correct answer.

Units of weight: Grams, Kilograms, Quintal, Tonnes, etc

Units of length: Meter, Decimeter, Kilometer, Foot, Inch, Mile, Yard, etc.

1) Grams: The gram is a metric system unit of mass.

2. Kilograms: The SI unit of mass (equivalent to approximately 2.205 lb), first introduced as a unit of mass for the metric system.

1 Kilogram = 1000 Grams

3) Quintal: The quintal or centner is a historical unit of mass in many countries which is usually defined as 100 base units, such as pounds or kilograms.

1 Qunital = 100 kg

4) Tonnes: a unit of weight in the metric system 

1 Tonnes = 1000 kg

IRJQ, HGST and KPLO contain atleast one vowel but “GHST” does not contain any vowel.

1. Alok is older than Malvika. (Alok > Malvika)

2. Gyan is older than Malvika but younger than Alok. (Alok > Gyan > Malvika)

3. Kamal is younger than Rashmi and Malvika. (Rashmi, Malvika > Kamal)

4. Malvika is older than Rashmi. (Malvika > Rashmi)

Alok > Gyan > Malvika > Rashmi > Kamal

Hence, Malvika age is Middle of five.

A) STRONG → can be format as ORGANISATION.

B) ORANGE → can’t be format as ORGANISATION.(Since there is no ‘E’)

C) NOTION → can be format as ORGANISATION.

D) GROAN → can be format as ORGANISATION.

Hence the word ORANGE cannot be formed.

Let age of daughter = X years.

Age of Mother = 2X years

Age of Son = X + 1 years.

Age of Father = 2X + 5 years

Now son has completed 18 years ⇒ X + 1 = 18 ⇒ X = 17 years.

Father age = 2X + 5 = 2(17) + 5 = 39 years.

Hence, age of Father is 39 year.

Vivek stands thirteenth from the left and Ravi is thirteenth from the right.

If they interchange their places, Ravi would be eighteenth from the right.

Hence there will be total 30 student in row.

Alternative Method:

As we know that

Total no. of boys in row = boys from left + boys from right – 1

Total no. of boys = 18 + 13 – 1 = 30

⇒ 9 × 2 – 1 = 17

⇒ 17 × 2 – 3 = 34 – 3 = 31.

⇒ 31 × 2 – 5 = 62 – 5 = 57

⇒ 57 × 2 – 7 = 114 – 7 = 107

⇒ 107 × 2 – 9 = 214 – 9 = 205

Hence, 107 will complete the series.

From given information can be traced in diagram shown below.

Hence, Shyam is 25 east with respect to his starting position.

Table is drawn describing symbols and their meanings :

‘R’ is the paternal uncle of ‘P’, who is the daughter of ‘N’ and ‘N’ is the daughter - in - law of ‘M’

Hence, R is son of M.

⇒ (8 + 6) × (3 +2) – 2 = 14 × 5 – 2 = 70 – 2 = 68

⇒ (7 + 3) × (5 +4) – 2 = 10 × 9 – 2 = 90 – 2 = 88

⇒ (4 + 5) × (3 +2) – 2 = 9 × 5 – 2 = 45 – 2 = 43

Hence, 43 is missing number.

1. 42 – 33 ⇒ 42 – 33 = 9
2. 46 – 10 ⇒ 46 – 10 = 36
3. 12 – 91 ⇒ 91 – 12 = 79
4. 25 – 43 ⇒ 43 – 25 = 18

Except “12 – 91” all other has difference between them as multiple of 9.

1. All apples are red. All bananas are apples. So, all bananas are red.

Here, Third statement is implied by the first two statements.

2. All tables are chairs. All cupboards are tables. So, all chairs are cupboards.

Here, Third statement does not implied by the first two statements.

3.All J’s are K’s. All K’s are M’s. So, all M’s are J’s.

Here, Third statement does not implied by the first two statements.

4. All locks are keys. Some ball are keys. So, all locks are balls.

Here, Third statement does not implied by the first two statements.

The correct answer is option 4.

Myself is used when the subject is 'I'. Oneself is used as the object of a verb or preposition when this is the same as the subject of the clause and the subject is stated or understood as ‘one’. Itself is used for things. Himself is used as the object of a verb or preposition to refer to a male person or animal previously mentioned as the subject of the clause. Here, the subject is a male i.e 'my cousin'. So, option 4 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2.

Despair means the complete loss or absence of hope.

For eg; I heard a voice full of despair.

Detest means dislike intensely.

Hope means a feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen.

For eg; He had hope that she would return.

Abandon means cease to support or look after (someone).

The correct answer is option 3.

The correct spelling of the word is molten.

Moist means slightly wet.

Molest means assault or abuse (a person, especially a woman or child) sexually.

Molten means liquefied by heat.

Molecule means a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The correct spelling of the word is expel.
• Meaning of the words given are:
• Expel means officially make (someone) leave a school or other organization.
  

For eg: They had to expel him from the school.

• Access means the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place.
• Excess means an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable.
• Excel means be exceptionally good at or proficient in an activity or subject.

The correct answer is option 2.

The statement is talking about past. So, came, when and began are correct.Weary means tired of. The most appropriate preposition to be used after weary is 'of'. 'With' means accompanied by.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word:-
• Compliment means a polite expression of praise or admiration. (प्रशंसा की विनम्र अभिव्यक्ति)
• For Example - She gave me a compliment yesterday.
• Let's look at the meaning of the correct answer:-
• Admire means regard with respect or warm approval. (सम्मान या गर्मजोशी से स्वीकृति)
• For Example - They admired his courage.
• Thus, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Let's look at the meaning of the other words given in the options:-
• Criticize - the expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of perceived faults or mistakes. (कथित दोषों या गलतियों के आधार पर किसी की या किसी चीज की अस्वीकृति की अभिव्यक्ति)
• Agree - have the same opinion about something; concur. (क��सी बात के बारे में एक ही राय रखना; सहमत होना)
• Please - cause to feel happy and satisfied. (खुश और संतुष्ट महसूस करने का कारण)

The correct answer is option 4.

The given statement is being said in the present tense. So, we will use 'intend'. Intend means have (a course of action) as one's purpose or intention; plan.

The correct answer is option 2.

Since the speaker is pointing towards one book among five, the use of singular pronoun 'this' is correct. Instead of 'that' , 'which' should be used to make the sentence grammatically correct as 'which' is used with non-restrictive clause i.e the statement which can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. 'favaur'.

Key Points       

• The incorrectly spelled word is 'favaur'. The correct spelling of the word is 'favour'.
• All other words are correctly spelled. Lets' look at the meaning of the given options:
• Fault means an unattractive or unsatisfactory feature, especially in a piece of work or in a person's character.
• Fauna means the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
• Favaur is the incorrect spelling of 'Favour' means approval, support, or liking for someone or something.
• Faucet means a tap.

From the above, we can say that the correct answer is 'favaur'.

The correct answer is option 2.

Conceal means not allow to be seen; hide.

For eg; The clouds concealed the view.

Deceive means deliberately cause (someone) to believe something that is not true, especially for personal gain.

Hide means put or keep out of sight.

For eg; She hid the money in the house.

Detest means dislike intensely.

The correct answer is option 2.

Through thick and thin means under all circumstances. 

For eg; Her friends always stood by her through thick and thin.

The correct answer is option 2.

Tranquil means free from disturbance; calm.

For eg; I could feel his tranquil gaze.

Silent means not making or accompanied by any sound.

Calm means not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other strong emotions.

For eg; It is important to stay calm in such situations.

The correct answer is option 3.

Straight means extending or moving uniformly in one direction only; without a curve or bend.

For eg; We were travelling on a straight road.

Crooked means bent or twisted out of shape or out of place.

For eg; His teeth were crooked.

The correct answer is option 4.

'Has' is used for singular nouns. Here 'Antarctica' is singular. 'A' is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with consonants. So, 'a variety' is correct. The use of past participle form 'found' is correct. 'If' is used to introduce a condition. Here there is no condition but a general statement. So, 'if' is incorrect.

The correct answer is option 2.

Some is mostly used in affirmative sentences whereas any is used in negative sentences. A great deal is incorrect with respect to the context. Many is used with countable things. So, option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is option 1.

Let off means a chance to escape.

Let down means a disappointment.

Let aside means To refuse to think about, believe or accept something

Let out means finish, so that those attending are able to leave.

So, 'let off' is most appropriate.

The correct answer is option 4.

Precious means of great value

For eg; He had some precious works of art.

Costly means costing a lot; expensive.

Worthless means having no real value or use.

For eg; I was not interested in buying worthless things.

The correct answer is option 2.

'Can' is used to denote a possibility. Here, it is correct. 'From' is used to indicate a specific thing or point of action. So, it is correct. 'While' is used to denote a period of time.

For eg; Stop talking while studying.

'When' is used to denote a particular circumstance.

Here, 'when' should be used instead of 'while'.

The use of 'produce' is correct as it means to present.

The correct answer is option 2.

Pulled me off means to succeed in something.

Pulled me up means criticize me for not doing well.

Pulled me out means to stop me from doing something.

Pulled me through means manage to stay alive after an incident.

In the given sentence, 'scolded' is closest in meaning to 'pulled me up' as the teacher criticized him for poor spelling.

The correct answer is option 2.

The sentence does not require any preposition as the sentence conveys the required meaning and is grammatically correct.

The correct answer is option 1.

It is mentioned that ''The few plants and animals that live in deserts have developed the ability to require less water than most plants and animals.'' So, plants have adapted themselves to survive in hot and dry climate.

The correct answer is option 4.

It is mentioned that '' A desert region called The Outback covers Central Australia.'' So, option 4 is correct.

The correct answer is option 4.

It is mentioned that ''An oasis is like a green island in the middle of a desert where a spring of a well gives plants and trees a better chance to grow.'' So, option 4 is correct.

The correct answer is option 3.

It is mentioned that '' Camels can drink a lot of water at one time. They can live without water for days together. The reason is they sweat very little. '' Option 1 is true.

Also, ''Deserts cover 1/8 of our planet.'' ''The Arabian Peninsula, between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, is almost entirely desert. ''

So, option 3 is incorrect.

The correct answer is option 1.

It is mentioned that ''The popular belief is that a desert is dry, hot, waterless and without shelter.'' So, option 1 is correct.

L = {ab, c}

L² = {ab, c} × {ab, c}

= {abab, abc, cab, c²}

L³ = {abab, abc, cab, c²} × {ab, c}

= {ababab, ababc, abcab, abc², cabab, cabc, c²ab, c³}

File transfer protocol (FTP) is the mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to another. It is built on the client- server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server.

Explanation:

FTP is different from other client/ server applications as it uses two connections to transfer the file. One is control connection and other is data connection. In this only a line of command or a line of response is transferred at a time. Here is the basic model of FTP.

Communication in FTP is achieved through commands and responses. Using control connection, only one command is sent at a time.  Purpose of data connection is different from control connection. File transfer occurs over the data connection under the control connection. FTP can transfer a file across the data connection by using one of the three modes: stream mode, block mode and compressed mode.

Telnet:

Telnet stands for terminal network. It is a standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal service. It enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in such a way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.

SMTP:

SMTP stands for simple mail transfer protocol. SMTP simply defines how commands and responses must be sent back and forth between client and server.

POP:

POST office protocol is a protocol that extracts and retrieves email from a remote mail server for access by the host machine. It provides end user the ability to fetch and receive mail.

Concept:   

A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in a database table.

Explanation:

Primary key must contain unique values and cannot contain NULL values. A table can have only one primary key. It can consist of single or multiple fields.

Entity integrity constraint enforces that the value of the primary key cannot be NULL because it is used to identify the rows in a relation and if it contains NULL value, then it cannot identify the rows. Allowing a primary key as NULL will cause a potential conflict with uniqueness constraint.

Candidate key column can have null value.

Option 4: int (*pf) (int, int);

It means that pf is a pointer to a function which takes two integer arguments and returns an integer.

Option 1: (int *) pf(int, int);

It means that pf is a function with two integer arguments and returns an integer as pointer.

Option 2: int *pf(int, int);

It means that pf is a function with two integer arguments and returns a pointer to an integer.

Option 3: int (int *pf(int, int));

It is incorrect.  It is a pointer which takes two integer arguments and returns a pointer to an integer to integer.

Concept:

Multiplexer is also known as data selector that selects between several analogy or digital input signals and forwards it to a single output line.

Explanation:

Multiplexer with n select line contains 2ⁿ inputs and a single output. A multiplexer is also known as parallel to serial converter or many to one circuit. A multiplexer can be used to implement if-else statements. So, here selection line is used to select the inputs for the output.

Y = S̅ B + SA

if S = 1

then Y = A

else Y = B

Hence option 1 is correct here.

Interrupt generated by memory parity error does not belong to program – related interrupt category.

Explanation:

Memory parity errors are due to hardware failure or external elements. It means that one or more stored data values carries a different value when it’s recalled than when it was stored. Parity errors are caused by data corruption. Parity errors can bring back invalid commands for the computer.

Cardinality ratio:

It is a concept that describes binary relationship set and its types. (Binary relationship is that which connects two entities). Number of relationship instances in which the entity can participate is defined as cardinality ratio.

Four type of cardinality ratio can be possible:

1. One to one

2. One to many  

3. Many to one         

4. Many to many

Cardinality ratio is about the maximum number of entities of one entity set that are associated with the maximum number of entities of other set.

Participation: It specifies the minimum number of relationship instances that an entity can participate in.

Partial participation specifies that each entity in the entity set may or may not participate in the relationship instance. It is also called as optional participation.

Completion order in case of FCFS: P3 P2 P1

Completion order in case of round- robin: P3 P1 P2

Concept:

Secure shell protocol is a method for secure remote login from one computer to another. It provides the communication security and integrity with strong encryption.

Explanation:

It is a secure alternative to non – protected login protocols and insecure file transfer methods. It is a cryptographic network protocol. It provides a secure client/server communication and can be used for secure transfer of files and e-mails also.

So, given statement 2) SSH cannot be used for file transfer and e-mail tasks is false.

CLR is an asynchronous input pin.

If CLR = 1, all flip flop outputs become 0.

(\overline {CLR} = 0) 

As output of NAND gate is to CLR which is negative triggered i.e.

(\overline {CLR = CB} )  

A is not as input here,

(\overline {CLR} = \overline {CB\bar A} ) 

i.e. (CLR = CB\bar A)

in term of binary representation, it is CLR = 110

i.e. counter will count from 0 to 5 and at 6^th clock flip flop output will be cleared.

So, it is a MOD – 6 counter.

Average time to read or write n bits in a non – random access memory is :

T_n = T_a + n/r

where,

T_n = Average time to read or write n bits

T_a = average access time

n = number of bits

r = transfer rate in bits per second

Language over the set A = {a, b} consisting of all words beginning with one or more a’s and followed by the same number of b’s is number of a’s equal to number of b’s beginning with a.

Consider all the options one by one:

Option 1:   L = {a^mb^m :m > 0}

It represents the required language. Number of a’s are equal to number of b’s where language always begins with a.

Option 2:  L = {a, ab, ab², …}

In this, number of a’s are not equal to number of b’s

Option 3:  L = {a^m bⁿ: m > 0, n > 0}

It also represents a language in which we have no relation between number of a and number of b.

Option 4:  L = {b^mabⁿ : m ≥ 0, n ≥ 0}

This language is starting with b which is not required. So, it is incorrect.

Option 1: This statement is correct.

A sine wave with a phase of 180° starts at time 0 with zero amplitude and amplitude is decreasing. Sin wave is the most fundamental form of periodic analog signal.

Option 2: This statement is false.

Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time. Change in a short span of time means high frequency.

Option 3:  This statement is true. Bipolar encoding is a type of return – to – zero line code where two non-zero values are used. Three voltage levels are: positive, negative and zero.

Option 4: This statement is false.

Infrared signals can be used for short – range communication in a closed area using line of sight propagation.

Radix sort algorithm performs digit to digit sort starting from least significant digit to most significant digit.

In radix sort algorithm, if we consider an array

We have to find the (a[i]/divisor) % 10.

If we have to get individual digit of each number n of the list and n is a positive decimal integer.

Then i^th digit from right of the number n is:

(\left\lfloor {\frac{n}{{{{10}^{i - 1}}}}} \right\rfloor % 10) 

Suppose we have the number 542. Then we have to find the 3^rd digit from the right end is :

(\left\lfloor {\frac{{542}}{{{{10}^{3 - 1}}}}} \right\rfloor % 10)  = 5

Concept:

NP complete problem is a class of computational problems for which no efficient solution algorithm has been found. No polynomial time algorithm is there for NP complete problem.

NP complete problem examples:

Travelling salesman problem, Hamiltonian cycle problem, clique problem, Subset set problem, CNF – Satisfiability problem.

Algorithm for conversion from prefix to infix:

STEP 1:

Start scanning the expression from RHS. Push the operators on the top of the stack by ensuring that only high priority operator can be pushed over a low priority operator.

STEP 2:

If a low priority operator is encountered in expression and if top of stack is high priority operator, then pop it and after that push low priority operator on the top of stack.

STEP 3:

Print each operand.

Given expression is : a/b – c + d * e – a * c

⇒ /ab-c+de-ac

⇒ -/abc+de-ac 

⇒ +-/abcde-ac

⇒ +-/abcde-ac

⇒ +-/abc*de-*ac

⇒ -+-/abcdeac

(X’)’ = X → involution law.

X + Y)’=X’.Y’ → De Morgan Law

X(X+Y) = X + XY = X → Absorption law

X + YZ = (X +Y) (X+Z) → Distributive law

Simple attribute:

These are atomic values which cannot be divided further.

Composite attribute:

These are made up of more than one simple attribute.

Single valued:

These attributes contain only single value.

Key – attribute:

Attribute that uniquely identifies an entity among entity set. Here, enrolment number can be considered as composite, single- valued and key attribute.

Travelling salesman problem is to find the shortest possible route that visits every city exactly once and returns to the starting point.

To calculate the cost of TSP using dynamic programming algorithm, there are some recursive relation in terms of sub problems.

Recurrence relation for this problem:

C(S,j)=minC(S−{j},i)+d(i,j)where i∈S and i≠j

C(S,j)=minC(s−{j},i)+d(i,j) where i∈ S and i≠j

In case of dynamic programming approach, there are at most 2ⁿ.n subproblems and each problem takes linear time to solve.

So, overall time complexity for this is O(2ⁿ.n²).

But we have to find the every case time complexity which will be: O(2ⁿ.n)

Let G be a graph with k components. Let n_i  be the number of vertices in the i^th component., where 1<=i<=k, then the number of edges in the graph is equal to the sum of the edges in each of its components. Thus, G has the maximum number of edges if each component is a complete graph.

Hence, the maximum possible number of edges in the graph is (\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^k \frac{{{n_i}\left( {{n_i} - 1} \right)}}{2})

After expanding, the maximum number of edges: (\frac{{\left( {n - k} \right)\left( {n - k + 1} \right)}}{2})

Example:

n = 6 and k = 3

maximum number of edges = 6

Using Formula:

(\frac{{\left( {n - k} \right)\left( {n - k + 1} \right)}}{2} = \frac{(6 -3)(6-3+1)}{2}= 6)

Concept:

Address line: An address line is basically refers to a physical connection between a CPU/Chipset and memory. They specify which addresses to access in memory. When there are k address lines, then 2^k memory word can be accessed.

Data line: Data lines provides the information to be stored in memory. It represents the number of bits in the word.

Calculation:

Here, it is given that memory unit size = 96 K × 16

Where, 96 K represents the number of words.

16 represents the number of bits per word.

As, 96 > 128 so, we have to take 128 i.e. 2⁷.

Number of words = 96 K = 2⁷ × 2¹⁰ = 2 ¹⁷

It means address line to access those words are 17.

Number of input – output data lines = number of bits in a word = 16

Let us consider a full binary tree with 3 levels:

Here, at level 0 we have only 1 node.

At level 1, maximum 2 nodes are possible.

At level 2, maximum 4 nodes are possible.

i.e. for every level k, there are no more than 2^k nodes possible.

Also, total nodes in the tree are 7. With 3 levels, maximum 7 nodes are possible.

i.e. with h levels maximum 2^h-1 nodes are possible.

Here, we have given n nodes, and we have to find the number of levels.

Number of levels is at least (\left\lceil {{{\log }_2}\left( {N; + ;1} \right)} \right\rceil )

IP address is an address having information about how to reach a specific host. The 32 bit IP address is divided into five sub classes. These are:

1. Class A

2. Class B

3. Class C

4. Class D

5. Class E

Class D and E are reserved for multicast and experimental purposes.

IPv4 addresses are divided into two parts: a) Network ID b) Host ID

Concept:

A spanning tree is a subset of Graph G, which has all the vertices covered with minimum possible number of edges. Spanning tree doesn’t have cycles and it cannot be disconnected.

Formula:

Number of spanning trees possible with n nodes = n^n-2

Calculation:

Here, number of vertices are 4.

So, number of spanning trees possible = 4^4-2 = 4² = 16

Type 3 grammar: These generate regular languages. These languages are accepted by a finite state automaton. Type 3 is the most restricted form of grammar.

Type 2 grammars: These grammars generate the context-free languages. These are accepted by pushdown automata. In type 2, the Left-hand side of the production must have only one variable. Grammar production is in the form of α → β where |α| = 1 for type 2 grammar. No restriction on β.

Type 1 grammar: This type of grammar generates context-sensitive language. These languages are accepted by linear bounded automata. Grammar production is in the form of α → β where |α| ≤ |β| or α → λ

Type 0 grammar: These are Turing recognizable language. These languages are also called recursively enumerable languages.

Production is of the form of α → β where α is (V + T)⁺  and β is (V + T)*, V is variable and T is terminal.

Concept:

Binary search tree: A BST is a tree in which all the nodes follow the two properties.

1. The left sub tree of a node has a key less than or equal to its parent node’s key.

2. The right sub tree of a node has a key greater than its parent’s key.

Complete binary tree: A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which every level except possibly the last level is completely filled and all nodes are as left as possible.

Explanation:

In this tree, it is clearly showing that node J and K are siblings.

Also, given tree is satisfying the property of a complete binary tree.

But it is not following the property of binary search tree. So, option 3) it is a binary search tree is incorrect here.

Concept:

Blocking factor: Number of records that can be stored in one block. It is calculated by dividing the block size by the length of each record.

Calculation:

Block size = 1024 bytes

Number of records = 30000

Record length or size = 100 bytes

File records are of fixed size and unspanned.

So, blocking factor = 1024/ 100 = ⌊10.24⌋ = 10

To find number of blocks needed:

10 records require = 1 block

1 record requires = 1/ 10 block

30000 records require = (\frac{1}{{10}}; \times ;30000 = 3000) blocks

Concept: A ripple counter is an asynchronous counter where only the first flip – flop is clocked by an external clock. All subsequent flip –f lops are clocked by the output of the preceding flip – flop.

Calculation:

Given that delay of one flip- flop = 20 ns

Here, we have to find the maximum delay before the output of the counter has settled to the next value. This will happen when all the bits will change.

As, it is a ripple counter, next bit cannot change until the previous is set.

So, the worst case will be when we multiply the number of flip flops with delay of one flip flop.

So, maximum delay in a 16- bit ripple counter = 20 × 16 = 320 ns

Attenuation: Attenuation is the loss of communication signal strength. It means loss of energy. When a signal travels through a medium, it loses some of its energy in overcoming the resistance of the medium.

Distortion: It means that the signal changes its form or shape. Distortion can occur in a composite signal made up of different frequencies. Signal components at the receiver have phases different from what they has at the sender. The shape of the signal is not the same.

Nquist Bit rate: Nquist bit rate is used for noiseless channels. It defines the bit rate as:

Bit rate = 2 × bandwidth × log₂L, where L is the number of signal levels.

Shannon capacity: Shannon capacity is used for noisy channels. Bit rate in this case:

Bit rate = bandwidth × log₂(1 + SNR), where SNR is signal to noise ratio.

RAID (Redundant array of inexpensive disks or drives) is a technology that is used to increase the performance and reliability of data storage. It consists of two or more drives working in parallel. There are different RAID levels, each optimized for a specific situation.

RAID 0 – Striping

RAID 1 – mirroring

RAID 5 - distributed parity

RAID 3 – parallel access

RAID 6 – Double distributed parity

RAID 10 – combining mirroring and striping

The software to perform the RAID- functionality and control the drives can either be located on a separate controller or it can simply be a driver.

Here, arr is the starting address of the array.

arr = “world” will give the error     // L- value required error.

Because, it doesn’t allow you to do the assignment since arr is an array not a free pointer.

This statement is to assign the pointer value of world to arr but cannot change the arr since nothing is pointing to the array. This can work if arr is a char* .

Double ended queue:

it is queue data structure in which deletion and insertion can be possible from either end. We can insert at both front and rear end and can delete from both the ends.

Priority queue:

A priority queue is a special type of queue in which each element is associated with a priority and is served according to its priority.

Stack:

Stack is a data structure which follows a particular order in which the operations are performed. The order stack follows is LIFO (Last in first out).

Queue:

Queue is a data structure which follows the order FIFO (First in First out).

Concept:

A natural join compares two relational schemas and is structured in such a way that columns with the same name of associated tables will appear only once.

Rules for natural join:

1. The tables have one or more pairs of identically named columns.

2. The columns must be same data type

Explanation:

The degree of a relation is the number of attributes in the table or the number of columns.

Here given two relational schemas R (A, B, C, D) and S (C, D, E, F).

Given expression is:

In this first we take the attribute A, B, C and apply the condition and then select the tuples, but number of attributes will remain same as A, B, C.

Similarly, for relational schema S according to the relational expression we will consider only attribute C, D, E.

So, when we do the natural join of these two results, we will find total 5 attributes in the final table.

So, degree of resultant relation = 5

Initially low = 0, high = n-1

n = 1000, So, high = 999

x = 501

1)while (0 <= 999) ---------------true

m = (0 + 999)/2 = 499

if(501 > a[m]), i.e. if (501 > a[499] )i.e. if (501 > 500) ----------true      [1st comparison]

low = 499 + 1 = 500

2. while(500 < = 999) -----------------true

m = (500 + 999)/2 = 749

if(501 > 749 ) --------------false   [2nd comparison]

elseif(501 < 749) ---------true         [3rd comparison]

high = 749 – 1 = 748

3. while (500 <= 748) ----------------true

m = (500 + 748)/ 2 = 624

if (501 > 624) ------------false     [4th comparison]

elseif(501 < 624) -------------true    [5th comparison]

high = 624 -1 = 623

4. while (500 < = 623) ---------------true

m = (500 + 623)/2 = 581

if(501 > 581) -------------false     [6th comparison]

elseif( 501 < 581)--------------true   [7th comparison]

high = 581 - 1 = 580

5. while (500 < = 580) ---------true

m = (500 + 580)/ 2 = 540

if ( 501 > 540)---------false       [8th comparison]

else if (501 < 540) --------------true   [9th comparsion]

high = 539

6. while (500<= 539) -----------true

m = (500 + 539)/2 = 519

if (501 > 519) ---------------false    [10th comparison]

elseif (501 < 519) ----------------true   [11th comparison]

high = 519 - 1 = 518

7. while (500 < = 518) --------------true

m = (500 + 518)/ 2 = 509

if( 501 > 509 ) ---------------false    [12th comparison]

elseif( 501 < 509) --------------true    [13th comparison]

high = 509 – 1 = 508

8. while(500 <= 508) -----------true

m = (500 + 508)/2 = 504

if(501 > 504)------------false     [14th comparison]

elseif(501 < 504 ) ----------true    [15th comparison]

high = 503

9. while (500 <= 503) ---------------true

m = (500 + 503)/2 = 501

if(501 > 501) ----------false                [16th comparison]

elseif( 501 < 501 )----------false              [17th comparison]

else part will be executed and it will return m i.e. location where the required element is present.

So, total 17 comparisons are required in this case.

Concept:

Level is the number of nodes on path from root to the node.

Explanation:

If T is a binary tree with number of levels as L, then number of leaf nodes in the binary tree is at most 2^L-1.

Consider, tree has only one level, then number of nodes = 2^1-1 = 2⁰ = 1

It means tree will have only one node i.e. root

If tree has two levels, then maximum nodes possible at that level = 2^2-1 = 2

i.e. maximum 2 leafs are possible and 3 total nodes are possible with 2 levels.

Similarly, if we take 3 levels, number of nodes that level = 2^3-1 = 4

i.e. maximum leaf nodes possible = 4 and total nodes = 7

So, if we take level as L, total leaf nodes possible are atmost 2^L-1.

Floyd’s warshall algorithm is used find the shortest path between every pair of nodes. It is used for all pair shortest path problem.

Algorithm:

N= w.rows

D⁰ = w

For k = 1 to n

Let D^k = d_ij^k be new n × n matrix

For i = 1 to n

For j = 1 to n

D_ij^k = min (d_ij^k-1, d_ik^k-1 + d_kj^k-1)

Returns Dⁿ.

So, in Floyd warshall to calculate the shortest path three for loops are used which goes upto n, so time complexity will be Θ(n³).

Here mutex = 1

first, take Process 1, that is, P₁

P(mutex);

CS

V(mutex);

This code will run. mutex = 0 and P₁ will move into the critical section.

After this, try to enter the P₈ in the critical section, it will run the code :

V(mutex);

CS

V(mutex);

In this case, it will changes mutex into 1, and P₈ will enter into the critical section. After this, exit the P₈ from the critical section, it will change mutex to 2. Then again enter P₈. In this way, it increases the mutex value always.

In this way, if Mutex becomes 8 then all the 8 processes can simultaneously enter the critical section.

So, the maximum number of processes that can be present in the critical section at any point in time = 8.

Given declaration is:

int * (*P) (char * Q[]);

This expression states that:

P is a pointer to a function that accepts an argument which is an array of character pointers and returns a pointer to an integer.

Concept:

Class B has 16 bits for network id part and 16 bit for host id part.

Explanation:

Given that, organization have 60 departments and has a class B network. As class B network has 16 bits for network id, so, for subnet mask all 16 bits for network id will be 1.

Now 60 departments will require 6 bits for subnet.

First 16 bits are 1. We take first 6 bits of third octet in class B network and make them 1 for subnet mask.

So, subnet mask will be: 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000

i.e. 255. 255. 252. 0

A cache is a hardware or software component that stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster.

Write-through approach:

Using this approach, data is written to the cache and memory store location at the same time. It is not compulsory here that in which order it happens. Main point is that i/o completion is only confirmed once the data has been written to both places. It ensures fast retrieval while making sure the data is in the backing store.

Write back approach:

Using this approach, data is written to the cache and then i/o is confirmed. In this updates are made only in the cache and it minimizes memory writes.

LRU replacement algorithm can be used in associative and set associative mappings.

So, here option 1) is incorrect.

Network security provides the following services:

Message authentication:

It ensures that message has been sent by a genuine identity and not by an imposter. In this, receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity. It is a service beyond message integrity.

Message integrity:

It means that data must arrive at the receiver exactly as they were sent. There must be no changes during the transmission, neither accidentally nor maliciously.

Message non- repudiation:

It means that a sender must not be able to deny sending a message that he or she in fact did send. For example, when a customer sends a message to transfer money from one account to another, the bank must have proof that the customer actually requested this transaction.

Message confidentiality:

It means that the sender and the receiver expect confidentiality. The transmitted message must make sense to only the intended receiver. To all others, message must be garbage.

Entity integrity constraint:

It states that primary key value cannot be NULL. This is because the primary key value is used to identify individual rows in relation and if the primary key has a NULL value, then we cannot identify those rows.

Cardinality ratio:

It is a concept that describes binary relationship set and its types. It is about the maximum number of entities of one entity set that are associated with the maximum number of entities of other entity set.

Foreign key constraint:

A foreign key joins a table to another table by referencing its primary key. A foreign key constraint specifies that the key can only contain values that are in the referenced primary key and ensures the referential integrity of data that is joined on the two keys.

Participation constraint:

It specifies the presence or existence of an entity when it is related to another entity in a relationship type. It is also called as minimum cardinality constraint.

Topological sorting for directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a linear ordering of vertices such that for every directed edge <v, w>, vertex v comes before vertex w in the ordering.

There can be more than one topological sorting for a graph.

Algorithm to find topological sort:

1. Use a temporary stack

2. recursive call topological sort for all the adjacent vertices one by one

3. then push them to the stack.

4. Finally print the content of the stack.

Consider an example:

Topological sort for this one: 1 2 3 4 5

Another topological sort possible: 1 2 3 5 4

Concept:

Addressing modes refers to the way in which the operand of an instruction is specified. They specify a rule for modifying the address field of an instruction before the operand is executed.

Explanation:

Register addressing mode:

It is the simplest addressing mode in which the source or destination is a data register or an address register. Content of the register provides the operand. Here, only one register reference is required to access the data.

Displacement addressing mode:

In this content of indexed register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address of the operand.

Effective address = base value + displacement

Auto increment mode:

Effective address of the operand is the contents of a register specified in the instruction. After accessing the operand, contents of register are automatically incremented to point to next memory location. Useful in a loop.

Index mode:

The address of the operand is obtained by adding to the contents of the general register (index register) a constant value. Index mode is used to access an array whose elements are in successive memory locations.

Concept:

Hamming distance is for comparing two binary data strings. Hamming distance is the number of bit positions in which the two bits are different.

Explanation:

It can be calculated by performing XOR operation on two binary strings and then count the number of 1’s in the result.

Take two pairs one by one and find hamming distance between them.

1. take data word “00” and “01”

00111 XOR 01001 = 01110, hamming distance = 3

2. take data word “00” and “10”

00111 XOR 10101 = 10010, hamming distance = 2

3. take data word “00” and “11”

00111 XOR 11100 = 11011, hamming distance = 4

4. take data word “01” and “10”

01001 XOR 10101 = 11100, hamming distance = 3

5. take data word “01” and “11”

01001 XOR 11100 = 10101, hamming distance = 3

6. take data word “10” and “11”

10101 XOR 11100 = 01001, hamming distance = 2

As, we have checked all the possibilities, so minimum hamming distance for given coding scheme = 2

Concept:

Data independence is defined as a property of DBMS that helps you to change the database schema at one level of a database system without requiring to higher level.

Explanation:

Database has 3 levels:

1. Physical level

2. Conceptual level

3. External level

Two types of data independence

a) logical data independence b) physical data independence

Logical data independence:

Logical data is data about database. It is a kind of mechanism which liberalizes itself from actual data stored on the disk. It is the ability to change the conceptual scheme without changing external view or APIs.

Any change made will be absorbed by the mapping between external and conceptual levels.

Physical data independence:

It is mainly concerned with the storage of the data. A change in the physical level usually does not need change at application program level.

A clustered index is an ordered file with two fields, the first field is the same as the clustering field is called monkey, and the second is the block pointer.

It is created on a data file whose file records are physically ordered on a non-key field which does not have a distinct value for each record that field is called the clustering field.

Some important points:

1. Index entry is created for each distinct value of a clustering field

2. block pointer points to the first block in which key is available.

3. type of index is sparse index

9’s complement can be find out by subtracting the given number from 9.

Subtract each and every digit of a given number by digit 9.

i.e. 999999 – 139452 = 860547

A pointer in C language is an address which is a numeric value. We can perform arithmetic operations on a pointer just as on a numeric value. But there are some restrictions in case of pointers:

Valid pointer operations are:

1. assignment of pointers of same type

2. adding or subtracting a pointer or an int

3. subtracting or comparing two pointers to members of same array

4. assigning or comparing to zero

We cannot add two pointers. Because if we add two pointers, then in case of array it can go out of the scope.

Consider all the options one by one:

1. P[2][5]

It represents the element present in 2^nd row and 5^th column.

2. ((P+2) + 5)

*(P+2) ---- it leads to enter 2^nd row

*(P+2)+5 ------- will give address of element present at 5^th column of 2^nd row.

((P+2) + 5) ------- it will represent at 5^th column of 2^nd row.

3. *(P + 2 + 5)

*(P+7) ------- will return starting address of 7^th row.

4. *(P [2] + 5)

It will also return the element present at 5^th column of 2^nd row.

Conflict equivalent: Two schedules are said to be conflict equivalent when one can be transformed to another by swapping non – conflicting operations. Two schedules are conflict equivalent if the order of any two conflicting operations is same in both the schedules.

Example:

View equivalent: Two schedules are said to be view equivalent if they satisfy these conditions:

1)  Initial read: Initial read of each data item must match in both schedules.

2. Final write: it means if a data item X is last written by transaction T1 in schedule S1 then in S2, the last write operation on X should be performed by the transaction T1.

3. Update read: If in schedule S1, the transaction T1 is reading a data item updated by T2 then in schedule S2, T1 should read the value after the write operation of T2 on same data item.

A binomial coefficient ⁿC_k gives us the number of ways that k objects can be chose among n objects. WE have to find k element subset from n element set.

To calculate the value of binomial coefficient we call it recursively as :

ⁿC_k = ^n-1C_k-1 + ^n-1C_k for n> k> 0

ⁿC₀ = ⁿC_n = 1            (Base case)

It is computed by constructing a table.

Cost of the algorithm is the cost of filling the table.  Because k< = n, this sum is to be splitted into two parts.

T(n,k) = sum for upper triangle + sum for lower triangle

(= \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^k \mathop \sum \limits_{j = 1}^k 1 + \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n \mathop \sum \limits_{j = 1}^k 1)

(= \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^k \left( {i - 1} \right) + \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n k)

= (k-1)k/2 + k (n-k) = nk

So, time complexity to compute the binomial coefficient is : Θ(nk)

Concept:

A greedy approach tries to find a localized optimum solution, which may eventually lead to globally optimized solutions. It also makes the choice that seems to be the best at that moment.

Some of the problems which use a greedy approach:

• Traveling salesman problem
• Prim’s algorithm (Minimum spanning tree)
• Huffman code
• Graph – map colouring
• Fractional knapsack problem
• Job scheduling problem

Explanation:

For 0-1 knapsack, dynamic programming approach is used. It cannot be solved using greedy approach.

In 0-1 knapsack, items cannot be broken which means you should take the item as whole or should leave it.

The relation returned by the division operator between two relations A and B are those tuples from relation A which are associated to every B’s tuple.

R:

S:

Now check which values of A in S is associated with B in R.

a1 is associated with [b1, b2, b4]

a2 is associated with [b1, b3, b4]

a3 is associated with [b1, b2, b3, b4]

Now, [b1, b4] are the common elements that are associated with values of A in S.

T = R/S

T:

A counter is a device which tells about the number of times an event has occurred. Two types of counters are: Asynchronous counter and synchronous counter

Asynchronous counter: in this different flip- flops have different clock cycles. It is also known as ripple counter. Also known as parallel counter. Asynchronous counter operates in a fixed count sequence. Example of asynchronous counter: ripple counter etc.

Synchronous counter: All flip flops are triggered with same clock simultaneously. These types of counters are faster than asynchronous.  These are also known as serial counter. Examples of synchronous counter: ring counter, Johnson counter etc.