DSSSB Junior Secretariat Assistant Official paper (Held on: 1 April 2022 Shift 2 ) (Previous Year Paper)

The table is alphabets place value:

FABRICATE is written as  AABCEFIRT

Similarly,

'PACEMAKER' = ?

Hence, 'PACEMAKER' is coded as "AACEEKMPR".

Drawing the diagram according to the given information,

• Shivam walks towards the north, then turns right, then left, and then right.

Thus, he is going now in "East" direction.

Hence, the correct answer is "East".

The pattern followed here is:

1^st number × 1.5 = 2^nd number

Now follow the steps:

72 : 108

= 72 × 1.5

= 108 = 2nd number

And,

112 : 168

= 112 × 1.5

= 168 = 2nd number

Similarly,

88 : ?

= 88 × 1.5

= 132 = 2^nd number

Hence, "132" is correct answer.

The table is alphabets place value:

Given:

Similarly,

Option(1)

Hence, "Option (1)" is the correct answer.

The logic followed here is:

(1^st number) × (1^st number - 2) = 2^nd number

Now follow the steps:

16 : 224 

= 16 × (16 -2)

= 16 × 14

= 224 = 2nd number

And,

22 : 440

= 22 × (22 -2)

= 22 × 20

= 440 = 2nd number

Similarly,

24 : ?

= 24 × (24 -2)

= 24 × 22

= 528 = 2^nd number

Hence, "528" is the correct answer.

Drawing the diagram according to the given information,

• Saurabh started walking towards the north. He turned to the right, then again to the right, and finally to the left.

Hence, "East" direction is he walking now.

Decoding the information, 

 

Given:

3 × 27 + X ÷ 4 - 3 = 12

After replacing the signs from left to right and using the BODMAS rule,

3 - 27 ÷ X + 4 × 3 = 12

=> 3 - 27 ÷ X + 12 = 12

=> 15 - 27 ÷ X  = 12

=> 27 ÷ X = 15 – 12

=> 27 ÷ X = 3

=> 27 ÷ 3 = X

=> X = 9

Hence, “9” is the correct answer.

Preparing the family tree using the following symbols,

Given:

‘S + T’ means S is the father of T,

‘S × T’ means S is the brother of T,

‘S – T’ means S is the mother of T,

Let us first decode the given symbols and then draw a family tree.

 

Now break the code of ‘R – P + Q'

1) R – P

‘R - P’ means ‘R is the mother of P’

2) P + Q

‘P + Q’ means ‘P is the father of Q’.

Now check all the options:

Option (1): P is the son of R → True

Option (2): Q is the father of P → False (P is the father of Q)

Option (3): Q is the son of P → False (Q's gender is not confirmed)

Option (4): R is the mother of Q → False (R is the grandmother of Q)

Hence, ‘Option (1)’ is the correct answer.

Given:

FAIR CALF IDEA HANG

The third letter is removed from each word:

• Option 1: Idea and Hang
• The word IDEA gives IDA after removing the third letter E.
• IDA → Not a meaningful word. Therefore, option 1 gets eliminated.
• Option 2: Calf and Idea
• The word IDEA gives IDA after removing the third letter E.
• IDA → Not a meaningful word. Therefore, option 2 gets eliminated.
• Option 3: Fair and Calf
• The  word CALF gives CAF after removing the third letter L.
• CAF → Not a meaningful word. Therefore, option 3 gets eliminated.
• Option 4: Hang and Fair
• The word HANG gives HAG after removing the third letter N.
• HAG →  A hag is an old, ugly woman with evil powers. Much like witches, crones, and banshees. It is a meaningful word.
• The word FAIR gives FAR after removing the third letter I.
• FAR → Far is used as both an adverb and an adjective, and it can mean both "distant in space" It is a meaningful word.
• Therefore, using the words HANG and FAIR given in option 4, we can get two meaningful words.

Hence, “Hang and Fair” is the correct answer.

The Place value Table:

There are two pairs: PS (In backward direction), LN (In forward direction).

Thus two pairs of word which have as many letters between them as there are in the English alphabetical order.

Hence, "Two" is the correct answer.

The given statement is: C < A ≤ T = D ≥ O; G ≥ D < S; T ≥ A

Combine the statement: C < A ≤ T = D ≥ O; G ≥ D < S

Conclusions:

I: A ≤ O → False (as A ≤ T = D ≥ O gives; as A ≤ D and D ≥ O → clear relationship between A and O cannot be determined).

II: C < G → True (as C < A ≤ T = D ≥ O; G ≥ D < S gives; as by combinatin C < A ≤ T = D ≤ G so C < G True).

Hence, the correct answer is “Only II”.

According to the given information

Thus, ‘high’ is coded as "1".

Hence, '1' is the correct answer.

Family Chart:

Given:

‘A – B’ means ‘A is the son of B’,

‘A ÷ B’ means ‘A is the wife of B’,

‘A × B’ means ‘A is the brother of B’

Let us first decode the given symbols and then draw a family tree.

Now break the code ‘P ÷ Q – R × S’

1) P ÷ Q

‘P ÷ Q’ means 'P is wife of Q'.

2) Q – R

'Q – R' means 'Q is son of R'.

3) R × S

'R × S' means 'R is brother of S'.

Hence, R is the “Husband’s father” of P.

Decoding the information, 

Given:

21 ÷ ? × X = 22

Let the “?” is replace with “Z”

After replacing the signs from left to right and using the BODMAS rule,

=> 21 + Z - 8 = 22

=> 13 + Z = 22

=> Z = 22 – 13

=> Z = 9

Hence, “9” is the correct answer.

The table is alphabets place value:

Given:

KO – NQ – QS

Similarly,

Option (1): GR – JT – MV

Hence, "Option (1)" is the correct answer.

Decoding the information, 

Given:

37 ÷ 192 × 24 – 17 + 83

After replacing the signs from left to right and using the BODMAS rule,

= 37 + 192 ÷ 24 × 17 - 83

= 37 + 8 × 17 – 83

= 37 + 136 – 83

= 173 – 83

= 90

Hence, “90” is the correct answer.

The table is alphabets place value:

The pattern followed here is:

DFTK : LNBS

Similarly,

XVRI ∶ ?

Hence, 'XVRI' is coded as "FDZQ".

Given statements: F = G, R < I < G, J ≥ I, P ≤ F

Combine the statements: R < I < G = F ≥ P, J ≥ I

Conclusions:

 I. J > R → True (as R < I and J ≥ I gives; as R < I ≤ J so J > R true)

II. P ≤ G → True (as G = F ≥ P gives;  so P ≤ G true)

Hence, the correct answer is “Both I and II”.

Given statements: U > Z > O = S < P < A

Conclusions:

I. U > S → True (as U > Z > O = S given; as U > O and O = S so U > S true)

II. O < A → True (as O = S < P < A given; as O = S and S < A so O < A true)

Hence, the correct answer is “Both I and II”.

Preparing the family tree using the following symbols,

Given:

1. T and S are brothers.

2. P and Q are sisters.

3. P's daughter is T's sister.

Hence, Q is the "Mother's sister" of S.

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, the correct answer is "EG10".

The logic followed here is:

1. Plus small figure sign rotate clockwise direction.

2. Star small figure rotate clockwise direction.

3. Small circle shifted from left side to down side than down side to right side than again right side to down side than down side to left side.

Final series is:

Hence, ‘Option 1’ is the correct answer.

Five persons A, B, C, D and E are sitting in a row facing towards the North.

1. Q is sitting at the second position from the right end.

2. T is sitting to the right of N who is sitting to the right of Y.

Final sitting arrangement is:

So, "P" is sitting second to the right of T.

Hence, the correct answer is "P".

The figure that will replace the question mark (?) in the following figure series is shown below:

1. Middle figure rotates anticlockwise direction.

2. Upper left shape (G) rotates square corner to corner in a clockwise direction and also rotate in clockwise direction itself.

Final series is:

Hence, ‘option 1’ is the correct answer.

The image obtained when the paper is unfolded is,

Hence, option 4 is the correct answer

The pattern followed here is:

 

Hence, the correct answer is "JK 83".

Statements:

No beast is a ghost.

All ghosts are dolls.

No doll is a toy.

The least possible diagram for the given statements is as follows

Conclusions:

(I): No ghost is a toy → True (Because all ghosts are dolls and no doll is toy so no ghost is also a toy)

(II): All dolls can never be beasts → True (Because some dolls are ghosts and no ghost is beast so definitely all dolls can never be beasts)  

Hence, “Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow".

The logic followed here is:

In figure A and B:

• The image on the upper left side is obtained after rotating the primary image 90° clockwise.
• The image on the lower right side is obtained after rotating the primary image 90° anticlockwise.

Similarly, 

In figure C and D:

• The image on the upper left side is obtained after rotating the primary image 90° clockwise.
• The image on the lower right side is obtained after rotating the primary image 90° anticlockwise.

Hence, "Option 1" is the correct answer.

The table is alphabets place value:

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, 'WX95' is the correct answer.

Alternate Method

The table is alphabets place value:

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, 'WX95' is the correct answer.

1. In a row, Deepa is at the 19th position from the left and Ranveer is at the 10th position from the right. 

2. They interchange their positions, Deepa becomes 24th from the left.

=> The total number of persons = Deepa position from left + Deepa position from right - 1

=> The total number of persons = 24 + 10 - 1 = 33

Ranveer position from the right:

=> The total number of persons = Ranveer position from left + Ranveer position from right - 1

=> 33 = 19 + Ranveer position from right - 1

=> Ranveer position from right = 33 - 19 + 1 = 34 - 19 = 15

Hence, Ranveer position from right  is “15”.

Table show alphabet serial number –

The pattern followed is,

All follow the same pattern, except 'NKI’.

Hence, “NKI” is the odd one.

The pattern followed here is:

Hence, '17' is the correct answer.

Table show alphabet serial number –

The pattern followed is,

All follow the same pattern, except 'QTP’.

Hence, “QTP” is the odd one.

The logic followed here is:

• Rhombus are rotating in anticlockwise direction in each corner.
• Star are rotating in anticlockwise direction in each corner.
• Black star are rotating in anticlockwise direction in each middle.

Now check all the options,

After following this pattern we get options (1), (2) and (3) but option (4) doesn't get..

Hence, "Option (4)" is different.

The embedded part of this image is:

Hence, option (2) is the correct answer.

The pattern followed here is:

92Hence, '73' is the correct answer.

Mistake Points

If we added the next odd number 15 then:

"71" is in the option but the series last number has not become "92'

So, we can't use the odd numbers for this series.

Given:

A certain number of people are sitting in a row, facing North. 

1. H sits to the immediate left of I.

2. I sits third to the right of K.

3. J sits fourth to the right of H.

4. J sits second to the left of L.

5. M sits third to the right of L.

Hence, "12" total number persons are seated.

The table is alphabets place value:

The pattern followed here is:

AFBE is related to CHDG

And,

INJM is related to KPLO

Similarly,

QVRU related to

Hence, 'QVRU' is coded as "SXTW".

According to the given information:

The shaded part represents the number of people studying only Physics (A) and the number of people studying both English and Maths but NOT Physics (B).

 

The number of people studying only Physics (A) = 50

The number of people studying both English and Maths but NOT Physics (B) = 34

• A + B = 50 + 34 = 84

Hence, ‘84’ is the correct answer.

The shaded part represents students in total study English.

 

The numbers representing students in total study English = 34 + 9 + 53 + 47 = 143

Hence, ‘143’ is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Oak.

Key Points

• The Oak tree is called chestnut, acorn, or oak. Around 600 species of oak trees have been found worldwide.
• The typical lifespan of an oak tree is about 200 years, but some live more than 1,000 years.
• Oak trees have been present on Earth since 60 million years ago. These trees have not become extinct even in so many years, the reason behind this is their seeds which are covered with a circular hardcover, apart from this special type of acid is found in their leaves which prevents insects.
• The oldest oak tree in the United States is the Pechanga Great Oak Tree. Its age is estimated to be up to 2,000 years.
• The oak tree grows to a height of about 15 to 21 meters (50 to 70 ft) and its branches reach an average of 15 meters (50 ft) when fully grown.

Additional Information

Deciduous forests - A deciduous forest is one in which plants, especially trees, lose their leaves at certain times of the year.

• Deciduous forests occur in locations all over the world, including in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
• The World's most extensive deciduous forests are typically concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, with North America, Europe, and parts of Russia, China, and Japan.
• Trees in deciduous forests shed their leaves in certain seasons to save water and moisture loss through transpiration.
• The deciduous forest includes species of deodar, teak, oak, sandal, ash, deodar, etc.​

The Correct Answer is Nagaland.

The nomenclature of the United Democratic Alliance (UDA) for the Opposition-less government in Nagaland has been unanimously approved by the legislators and party leaders of NDPP, BJP, NPF, and Independent MLAs.

Key Points

• Nagaland : 
• Capital: Kohima
• Chief Minister: Neiphu Rio
• Governor: Jagdish Mukhi
• Naga;and is famous as 'Land of Festivals'.
• Manipur:
• Capital: Imphal
• Chief Minister: N Biren Singh
• Governor: La. Ganeshan
• Mabipur is also birthplace of Modern POLO and the local calls this game Sagol Kangjel.
• Assam : 
• Capital: Dispur
• Chief Minister: Hemant Biswa Sharma
• Governor:Jagdish Mukhi
• Assam is known for Assam Tea and Assam Silk .
• Arunachal Pradesh :         
• Capital: ltanagar
• Chief Minister: Pema Khandu
• Governor: B.D. Mishra
• Arunachal Pradesh is known as the Land of Rising Sun  and also famous for its pristine beauty & lush green forest .

The Correct Answer is Gateway of India - Hyderabad.

Key Points

• The Gateway of India is a historical monument in India located right opposite the Hotel Taj Mahal in Mumbai.
• ​Gateway of India is also one of the top tourist destinations in Mumbai. also been referred to as the Taj Mahal of Mumbai and is the city's top tourist attraction.
• The foundation stone of the Gateway of India was laid by the Governor of Bombay (Mumbai) on 31 March 1913.
• This monument is 26 meters high and has 4 minarets and finely carved stone mosaics. 21 lakhs was spent on making its dome only. the cost was incurred.
• The Gateway of India is located on the waterfront at the Apollo Bunder area at the end of Chhatrapati Shivaji Marg in South Mumbai and overlooks the Arabian Sea.

Confusion Points India Gate and Gateway of India are two different monuments :

• India Gate is an important monument in India. India Gate was built in the memory of more than 80,000 Indian soldiers who died in the First World War.
• India Gate is a war monument built between 1921 and 1931 by Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens.
• India Gate is located on the Rajpath in India's capital  New Delhi.
• India Gate was earlier known as the All India War Memorial.

The Correct Answer is Princepal Singh.

Key Points

• Principal Singh became the first Indian to be part of an NBA title-winning team when his side Sacramento Kings clinched the 2021 NBA Summer League crown.
• Sacramento Kings defeated Boston Celtics.
• The 6-foot-9 forward made history by being the first Indian to be part of a championship roster at any level of the NBA.
• 2021 NBA Summer League Crown was held at Thomas & Mack Center Arena in Las Vegas (USA).
• Louis King is the most valuable player (MVP) of the 2021 NBA Summer League.
• Louis King is an American Professional Basketball player.
• Akilan Pari, Rikin Pethani, and Trideep Rai are also Indian Professional basketball Player.

The Correct Answer is Chota lmambada - Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points

• Chota lmambada - Uttar Pradesh -  Imambada Hussainabad Mubarak, Chota Imambada Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh was built primarily as an Imambada for Shia Muslims by Muhammad Ali Shah, the 3rd Nawab of Lucknow city in the 18th century.
• Some other Famous Monuments :

The Correct Answer is Assam.

 Key Points

Tropical Rain Forests :

• A tropical forest is a type of forest found in areas with high regular rainfall and no more than two months of low rainfall and consists of a completely closed canopy of trees that prevents penetration of sunlight to the ground and discourages ground-cover growth.
• India's best rainforests are found in the northeastern region from  Assam to  Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• A tropical rainforest is a forest of tall trees in an area with high temperatures throughout the year with an average annual rainfall of 50 to 260 inches.
• Elephants, monkeys, lemurs, and deer are common animals in these forests. Apart from these, a large number of birds, bats, and snails are also found in tropical rainforests.

Additional Information

• Uttarakhand :
• Capital : 
• Summer - Chamoli District
• Winter - Dehradun
• Oldest National Park, Jim Corbett of Indian continents is located in Uttrakhand
• Assam : 
• Capital: Dispur
• Chief Minister: Hemant Biswa Sharma
• Governor:Jagdish Mukhi
• Assam is known for Assam Tea and Assam Silk.
• Rajsthan :
• Capital: Jaipur ​
• Jaipur and Ahmedabad are the only two cities in UNESCO heritage from India.
• UNESCO Heritage sites in Rajasthan:

• Punjab :
• Capital: Chandigarh
• Panjab has always been land of great saints and fighters.
• Folk Dance of Panjab: Bhangra, Giddha, Dhaman, Bhand .

The Correct Answer is Annelida.

Key Points

• Phylum Annelida is a class of Oligochaeta earthworms one of more than 1,800 species of terrestrial worms, also called angleworms.
• An earthworm is a terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida.
• They display a tube-in-a-tube body plan.
• They are externally segmented with corresponding internal partitions.
• And they are usually set on all segments.

Additional Information 

• Nematodes or Aschelminthes are generally referred to as non-segmented roundworms, threadworms, or pinworms.
• They are distinct from the lower flatworms and higher annelids. They constitute the largest phylum of the pseudo coelomate group.
• This group is also called Aschelminthes (Askos-bladder, helminths-worm) or Nemathelminthes (Nematos-thread, helminths-worm).
• Platyhelminthes:
• ​Animals belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes are also called flatworms due to their dorsoventrally flattened bodies.
• Examples are a liver fluke, tapeworm, etc.
• They are found as endoparasites in human beings.
• About 80 percent of all flatworms are parasitic—i.e., living on or in another organism and securing nourishment from it.
• They are bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the right and left sides are similar) and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems.
• The body cavity (coelom) is absent.
• Cnidaria:
• ​Mostly marine animals, the cnidarians include the corals, hydras, and jellyfish.
• Radial symmetry.
• Diploblastic animals.
• Tissue level of organization.
• Presence of cnidoblasts with stinging nematocysts on the tentacles.

The Correct Answer is Goa.

Key Points

• Goa:
• Capital: Panji, located on the bank of the Mandovi river.
• Goa musician and a popular figure in the State's entertainment industry, Roque Tome Fernandes, has been selected as King Momo, the mythical king of Goa Carnival 2017.
• Arunachal Pradesh :
• Capital: Itanagar
• Chief Minister: Pema Khandu
• Governor: B.D. Mishra
• Arunachal Pradesh is known as the Land of Rising Sun and is also famous for its pristine beauty & lush green forest.
• Mizoram:
• Capital: Aizawl
• Called as the land of the Blue Mountains.
• Known for its evergreens hills and dance bamboo jungles.
• Odisha :
• Capital: Bhubaneswar
• famous for its heritage sites and enthralling views.
• Famous Musician with their instruments :

Additional Information

• Indian States Festivals :

The correct answer is Prime Minister of India.

Key Points

• Every year Since 1947 the Prime Minister of India has hoisted the national flag at the Red Fort and sent out wishes to all Indians to mark the occasion.

Additional Information

• On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi.
• From August 15, 1947, to 1964, he unfurled the Indian flag at Red Fort for continuous 17 years.​
• Every year, the Prime Minister of India unfurls the flag at the Red Fort, but there are some who got a chance to become PM of India but were not able to hoist the flag at the iconic monument.
• List of Prime Ministers who hoisted the flag at Red Fort more than five times:
• Indira Gandhi - From 1966 to 1977, she got the opportunity for nothing less than 11 times.
• Manmohan Singh - Ex-Prime Minister of India unfurled the flag 10 times.
• Narendra Modi - Current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi has been hoisting the Indian flag at Red fort since 2014 till date.
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee - He is the only non- Congress Prime Minister who has unfurled the Indian Flag at Red Fort six times.
• Rajiv Gandhi and Narasimha Rao unfurled the Indian flag five times each.

The Correct Answer is a hypertonic solution.

Key Points

• Hypertonic Solution:
• If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of water out of the cell and the cell will lose volume because water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outside.
• Plasmolysis occurs when water moves out of the cell and the cell membrane of a plant cell shrinks away from its cell wall.
• This occurs when the cell (or tissue) is placed in a solution that is hypertonic (has more solutes) to the protoplasm.Water moves out; it is first lost from the cytoplasm and then from the vacuole.
• The water when drawn out of the cell through diffusion into the extracellular (outside the cell) fluid causes the protoplast to shrink away from the walls. The cell is said to be plasmolyzed.
• Hypotonic solution:
• The process of plasmolysis is usually reversible.
• When the cells are placed in a hypotonic solution (higher water potential or dilute solution as compared to the cytoplasm), water diffuses into the cell causing the cytoplasm to build up a pressure against the wall, which is called turgor pressure.
• If the medium surrounding the cell is having a higher concentration than the cell, the cell is said to be in a hypotonic solution.
• isotonic solution:
• When the cell (or tissue) is placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net flow of water towards the inside or outside.
• If the external solution balances the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm it is said to be isotonic.
• When water flows into the cell and out of the cell and is in equilibrium, the cells are said to be flaccid.
• Isotonic solution is a solution with equal solute concentrations to one another and thus, there is no net movement of water.​
• Isosmotic Solution:
• In an isosmotic solution, Sodium acetate anhydrous is used as an electrolyte replenisher for parenteral replacement of acute losses of extracellular fluid without disturbing normal electrolyte balance.

The Correct Answer is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - Protein production; in particular for export out of the cell.

Key Points

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - 
• ​SER is a membrane-bound network of tubules without surface ribosomes.
• SER is not involved in protein synthesis.
• Its main function is the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as well as the metabolism of exogenous substances, such as drugs or toxins.
• Lysosomes**:**
• These are membrane-bound vesicular structures formed by the process of packaging in the Golgi apparatus.
• These are also called ''Suicidal bags'' because of their phagocytic activity. Lysosome keeps the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn-out cell organelles.
• If any cell or cell organelle gets damaged, the lysosome digest the damaged cell or cell organelle by the application of hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases – lipases, proteases, carbohydrates)
• Mitochondria:
• Mitochondria are called the ''Powerhouse of the cell'' because ATP is synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane by the action of the enzyme ATP synthase.
• Nucleus :
• The nucleus is a pivotal organelle responsible to regulate almost all forms of cellular activities.
• It contains the cell’s hereditary information and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.
• The nucleus has been clearly explained as a membrane-bound structure that comprises the genetic material of a cell.
• It is not just a storage compartment for DNA but also happens to be the home of some important cellular processes.
• First and foremost, it is possible to duplicate one’s DNA in the nucleus. This process has been named DNA Replication and produces an identical copy of the DNA.
• Secondly, the nucleus is the site of transcription. Transcription creates different types of RNA from DNA. Transcription would be a lot like creating copies of individual pages of the human body’s instructions which may be moved out and read by the rest of the cell.
• The central rule of biology states that DNA is copied into RNA, and then proteins.

The Correct Answer is 2021.

Key Points1st SAI Institutional Awards for Athletes and Coaches:

• Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports conferred the first-ever Sports Authority of India in 2021 and gave out its first-ever Institutional Awards to a total of 162 athletes and 84 coaches for their performance in national and international competitions.
• Cash awards amounting to Rs. 84.02 Lakhs were conferred on the awardee during the ceremony.
• Sport is an integral part of the National Educational Policy 2020.

Additional Information

• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2021:​

The correct answer is Snell's law. 

1f=1v+11f=1v+1

Key Points

• Snell's law:
• Snell's Law describes refraction as light strikes the boundary between two media.
• which can be stated a, nA.SinθA= nB.SinθB.
• n_A= incident index
• n_B = refracted index
• θ_A = incident angle
• θ_B = refracted angle
• Snell's law predicts how the ray will change direction as it passes from one medium into another, or as it is reflected from the interface between two media.
• The index of refraction of pure vacuum and of air is n=1.
• The index of refraction of any other medium is greater than 1.

                                           Fig: Snell's Law

• Brewster's law:
• Brewster's law is a relationship of light waves at maximum polarization of angle of light.
• The law states that the polarized ray vanishes completely on different glasses at a particular angle.
• This law is able to determine that the refractive index of the medium is numerically equal to the tangent angle of polarization i.e.
• μ = tan(i)
• where μ - Refractive Index of Medium
• i - Angle of Polarization

 

• Huygen's law:
• Sometimes it is called Huygens - Fresnel Principle.
• This law states that each point on a given wavefront is a source of a secondary wave.
• 
• Malus's law:
• This law states that the intensity of the polarized light transmitted through the analyzer varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of transmission of the analyzer and the plane of the polarizer.
• I = I_o cos²θ

                    Where I_o = Intensity of incoming light and I = Intensity light passing through Polaroid.

The Correct Answer is Pune.

 Key Points

• Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. is now the world's largest vaccine manufacturer by a number of doses produced and sold globally (more than 1.5 billion doses) which includes Polio vaccine as well as Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hib, BCG, r-Hepatitis B, Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccines.
• Serum Institute of India begins production of Covovax vaccine and is now available in India for children.
• The company is already locally producing the Covishield vaccine developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca.(AP).
• Serum Institute of India was founded in 1966 by Dr. Cyrus Poonawalla.
• Its Headquarters is located in Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra.
• CEO - Mr. Adar Poonawalla.

Additional Information

The Correct Answer is Tropical Deciduous Forest.

Key Points

• Tropical Deciduous Forest: 
• Tropical deciduous forests are found in the peninsula with high rainfall and in the plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• These forests are found in abundance in India.
• These are also called Monsoon Forests.
• These forests are found in an area with an annual rainfall of 70cm to 200 cm.

Additional Information

• Thorny bushes:
• Thorny bushes are found in a hot and dry desert climate with seasonal rainfall averaging 250 to 500 millimeters or less than 50 cm.
• The bushes shed their leaves seasonally to avoid loss of water.
• Leaves are modified into spines (thorns) and are small to minimize transpiration.
• The stems are succulent to conserve water.
• Thorny forests are found in the semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana.
• Acacias, palms, euphorbias, and cacti are the main plants found in these forests.
• Mountain vegetation: These are categories into 2 ranges, 
• Mountain Vegetation of the Himalayan Ranges:
• These are very thick forests of lofty trees.
• Oak and chestnut are the predominant trees of the eastern Himalayan region while chir and pine are in the western part.
• Sal is an important tree in lower altitudes.
• Deodar, silver fir, and spruce are predominant trees between the height of 2000 and 3000 meters. These forests are less dense as compared to the forests at lesser elevations.
• The Mountain Vegetation of Peninsular Plateau:
• Stretches of open rolling grass plains with undeveloped forests or bushes are found.
• The wet temperate forests below 1500 meters are less dense than those found above this height.
• The forests have thick undergrowth, epiphytes, mosses, and ferns.
• Magnolia, laurel, and elm are common trees.
• Cinchona and eucalyptus have been introduced from outside the country.
• Tropical rainforest:
• The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome found near Earth's equator.
• The world's largest tropical rainforests are in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
• It receives from 60 to 160 inches of precipitation that is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.
• Tropical rainforests are an important habitat for migratory animals and sustain as much as 50% of the species on Earth, as well as several diverse and unique indigenous cultures.
• ​They store vast quantities of carbon while producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen.

The Correct Answer is **Grace.**​

 Key Points

• Lasya dance form performed by Goddess Parvati .
• The term ‘Lasya’ in the context of Hindu mythology as it expresses happiness and is filled with grace and beauty.
• List of Classical Dance in India :

• List of Folk Dance In Indian States :

The Correct Answer is Palar Pani.

Key Points

• Palar Pani:
• Palar Pani, rainwater is the purest form of water in Rajasthan.
• In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan rainwater is considered to be the purest form of water.
• Khara Pani:
• Salt lake - Chilka Lake (Odisha) and Shambar lake (Rajsthan).

The Correct Answer is Hydrogen.

Key PointsNoble or Inert Gases :

• In periodic table Group 8A :
• Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rn) are called noble gases or inert gases because they are so majestic that they do not react with anything in general.
• The general configuration of the inert gas is given as ns2np6 (except helium which has 1s2).
• Atomic radii of noble gases increase down the group with an increase in atomic number due to the addition of new shells.
• The elements of group 18 exhibit very high ionization enthalpies.
• Ionization enthalpy of inert gases decreases down the group due to the increase in their atomic size.

Hydrogen (H₂):

• Hydrogen (H₂) is not a noble gas .
• Hydrogen is the lightest gas and the most abundant element in the universe.
• Hydrogen can be corrosive at elevated temperatures and pressures.
• Deuterium,Tritium and Protium are the isotopes of the hydrogen
• Deuterium is another name for heavy hydrogen.
• It contains one proton and one neutron.
• Protium has no neutrons in the nucleus.

The Correct Answer is Revenue receipts.

Key PointsThe most important revenue receipt for the government, Income taxes are involuntary fees levied on individuals and corporations to finance government activities.

• Capital Expenditures:
• There are the expenditures of the government that result in the creation of physical or financial assets or depletion of financial liabilities.
• It consists of:
• The long-term investments by the government in creating assets such as roads and hospitals, and
• The money was given by the government in the form of loans to states or repayment of its borrowings.
• All the areas which get capital from the government are part of the capital expenditure.
• Revenue Receipts: 
• Revenue receipts can be those receipts that neither create any liability nor create any reduction in the assets of the government.
• Revenue receipts must satisfy these 2 basic conditions :
• Revenue Expenditure:
• These are short-term expenses used in the current period or typically within one year.
• Revenue expenditures include the expenses required to meet the ongoing operational costs of running a business and thus are essentially the same as operating expenses (OPEX).
• Capital Receipts:
• Capital Receipts are those receipts that decrease the financial assets and increase the liability of the government.
• It can be both debt and non-debt receipts.
• Loans from the general public, foreign governments, and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) form a crucial part of capital receipts.
• Recovery of loans by the Centre from states and others is also found in capital receipts.
• It has a nature of non-recurrence and is counted on the liability side of the balance sheet.
• All capital receipts are tax-free unless there is a proviso to tax them.

The correct answer is $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}$

The mirror formula is that formula with the help of which the relation between the object, the object, and the focus of the mirror can be calculated and mathematically.

• Mirror Formula - $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}$
• The formula showing the relationship between the distance u of the object in the mirror, the distance v of the image, and the focal length f is called the mirror formula.
• Spherical mirrors are of two types - Convex mirrors, and Concave mirrors.
• Convex mirror: If the outer surface of the spherical mirror is the reflecting surface then it is called a convex mirror. It is also called the diverging mirror.
• Concave mirror: If the inner surface of the spherical mirror is the reflecting surface, then it is called a concave mirror. It is also called a focusing mirror/converging mirror.
• Plane mirrors are the most commonly used mirrors. Lateral inversion is seen in the plane mirror.

 Important Points

• The plane mirror always forms an image of the same size as that of the object.

The Correct Answer is 51.

Article 51 of DPSP deals with the promotion of international peace and security.

Key Points

• The main feature borrowed from the Irish Constitution is the provision of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
• The DPSPs are listed in Part IV (Article 36-51) of the Indian Constitution and it clearly states that the State must apply these principles in the process of lawmaking.
• There are mainly three categories of these principles – Socialist Directives, Gandhian Directives, and Liberal Intellectual Directives.
• The procedure for the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha is also borrowed from Ireland.

Additional Information 

• DPSP– Socialistic Principles,
• They are the principles that aim at providing social and economic justice and set the path toward the welfare state.
• Article 37 itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.
• Article 38 Promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order through justice—social, economic, and political and minimizes inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities.
• Article 39 Secure citizens: Right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens
• Article 39A Promote equal justice and free legal aid to the poor
• Article 41 In cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement, secure citizens: Right to work, Right to education, Right to public assistance.
• Article 42 Makes provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
• Article 43 Secure a living wage, a decent standard of living, and social and cultural opportunities for all workers.
• Article 43A Take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.
• Article 47 Raises the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and improves public health.
• DPSP – Gandhian Principles,
• These principles are based on Gandhian ideology used to represent the program of reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement. Under various articles, they direct the state to:
• Article 40 Organise village panchayats and endow them with the necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government
• Article 43 Promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperation basis in rural areas
• Article 43B Promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies
• Article 46 Promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections of the society and protect them from social injustice and exploitation
• Article 47 Prohibits the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health.
• Article 48 Prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle and improve their breeds.
• DPSP – Liberal-Intellectual Principles,
• Article 44 Secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country
• Article 45 Provides early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years
• Article 48 Organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines
• Article 49 Protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest that are declared to be of national importance
• Article 50 Separates the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State
• Article 51 Promotes international peace and security and maintains just and honorable relations between nations

The Correct Answer is The economy was always in full employment.

According to John Maynard Keynes, the idea of the classical economic theory during the Great Depression,

• There was always an equilibrium level of employment and output.
• People spent their entire income on goods and services.
• The economy was not always in full employment.
• No competitive markets existed for factor inputs and outputs.

Key PointsThe General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money(1936) is the seminal work of John Maynard Keynes.

• John Manard Kaynes is considered the father of macroeconomics.
• The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money published during the Great Depression of the 1930s suggested a new set of policy approaches to help economic recovery.
• John Maynard Keynes is the British Economist who worked especially in the area of Macroeconomics.
• After his contributions, the domain of economics is divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics.
• Microeconomics-It studies the economics of the firm, individual, consumers, inflation, etc.
• Macroeconomics-It studies the economics of a nation or a country.

The Correct Answer is Kolkata Port.

Key Points

• Kolkata Port has been renamed Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Port, On the occasion of the 150th-anniversary celebration of the Port.
• The Port once considered the most important port in the country still remains the premier port and has been rightly called the Gateway to Eastern India.
• It is India's only major riverine port, located in Kolkata, West Bengal, and the oldest operating port in India and was constructed by the British East India Company in 1870.
• It is the guiding factor to trade and commerce of vast hinterland comprising entire Eastern India including Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh and the two land-locked Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan.

Additional Information

Important Points

​​Article 364- States about the Special provision for major Ports and aerodromes.

The Correct Answer is The fundamental duties are justiciable in a court of law. 

These duties are non-justiciable i.e. any violation is not punishable.

Key Points

• The original Constitution in 1950 did not incorporate any chapter on fundamental duties.
• Fundamental duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment (1976) of the Constitution for the citizens of India.
• This amendment was made on the recommendation of the 'Sardar Swarn Singh Committee', it is taken from the 'Constitution of Russia'.
• The Fundamental Duties are placed under Article 51(A) in Part IV-A of the Constitution. The total number of fundamental duties is 11.
• The 11th Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution in the year 2002 through the '86th Constitution Amendment 2002'.
• Gandhiji remarked that the true source of right is a duty, In the Kathiawad political conference of 1925.

Additional Information

• Apart from the citizens of India, fundamental rights are available to foreigners as well, While the fundamental duties are available only to the citizens of India.
• Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations was established by the Congress Party in 1976 to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need and necessity of which were felt during the operation of the internal emergency  (1975–1977).
• Recommendations:
• The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution.
• Suggested the incorporation of 8 Fundamental Duties in the Constitution.
• It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.
• The recommendations were accepted and the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act 1976 was enacted.
• This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution.
• This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A which for the first time specified a code of 10 fundamental duties of the citizens.
• In 2002, one more Fundamental Duty was added.
• To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

The Correct Answer is Article 143.

Key Points

• Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court.

1. If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
2. The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.

Additional Information

The Correct Answer is South Central Railways.

Key Points

• Secunderabad is the headquarters of the South Center Railway.
• South Center Railways was formed on 2nd October 1966.
• It is the first railway zone in India to complete 100% LED Lighting At All 733 stations under its jurisdiction.
• South Center Railway is the **3^rd **largest zone in Indian Railways, both in terms of size and gross earnings.
• Secunderabad railway division is one of the six divisions (SECUNDERABAD, HYDERABAD, VIJAYAWADA, GUNTUR, GUNTAKAL, and NANDED) of the South Central Railway zone (SCR) of the Indian Railways.

Additional Information

• Some important Indian Railway Headquarters and their locations,

The Correct Answer is Article 112.

Key Points

The Correct Answer is 2004.

The Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali languages were added vide 92nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2003 published in the gazette of India on 8.1.2004.

**Key Points8^th**Schedule to the Indian Constitution:

• It contains a list of 22 languages.
• These 22 languages are:
• Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili, and Dogri.

Additional Information

• Of these languages, 14 were initially included in the Constitution.
• The Sindhi language was added in the 21^st Amendment Act of 1967.
• Thereafter three more languages viz., Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were included in the 71^st Amendment Act of 1992.
• Subsequently, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali were added to 92^nd Amendment Act.

The Correct Answer is Cholas.

Key Points

• Cholas - 
• The Cholas dynasty was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India 9th to the 13th century.
• The capital of Cholas was Uraiyar.
• Cholas Empire ruled over a large part of South Asia for about 400 years.
• The early Chola rulers conquered mainly a region of South India present-day Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Bengal, and the entire Indian Ocean and Sri Lanka in South Asia and Andaman-Nicobar, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia in Southeast Asia and He was successful in capturing many parts of Maldives.

Additional Information

• Pandyas -
• The Pandyas ruled over the present-day southern Tamil Nadu.
• Their capital was Madurai.
• The earliest kings of the Pandyan dynasty were Nediyon.
• Maduraikkanji written by Mangudi Maruthanar describes the socio-economic condition of the Pandya country.
• Cheras - 
• The Cheras ruled over parts of modern Kerala.
• Their capital was Vanji and their important seaports were Tondi and Musiri.
• They had the palmyra flowers as their garland.
• The Pugalur inscription of the first century A.D refers to three generations of Chera rulers.
• Pallavas -
• The Pallavas were the emperors of the Dravidian country and rapidly adopted Tamil ways.
• Simhavishnu is considered the founder of the Pallava dynasty.
• Earlier Pallava kings ruled from the 4th century but it was Simhavishnu who revived the dynasty.
• The capital of the Pallavas was Kanchi or Kanchipuram.
• The last ruler of the Pallava dynasty was Aparajitavarman who was killed in battle with the Cholas.

The Correct Option is the 86th Constitutional Amendment.

86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 AD added the new Article 21-A to the Constitution of India, which seeks to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.

Key Points

42nd Constitutional Amendment(1976 AD):

• it was enacted in 1976 during an Emergency period by Indira Gandhi Government. ​
• The 42nd Amendment Act is also known as the Mini-Constitution because of the enormous number of revisions it has made to the Indian Constitution.Which are,
• It tries to curtail the power of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
• It added Part IVA (Fundamental Duties) in the constitution.
• It added there new words in the preamble (Socialist, Secular and Integrity).

64th Constitutional Amendment (1990 AD):

• Amend Article 356.
• Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to 3 years and 6 months in the state of Panjab .

73rd Constitutional Amendment (1993 AD):

• 73rd amendment act(The 11^th Schedule (Article 243G)) is the constitutional amendment act on Panchayat Raj Institutions.
• This is a three tire system-
• Gram panchayat at the village level
• Panchayat Samiti at the block level
• Zila Parishad at the district level.
• The Panchayat Samiti is the executive body.
• The Zila Parishad should be the advisory, coordinating and supervisory body.

The Correct Answer is ₹47.

Key Points

Rangarajan Committee (2014):

• The government set up the Rangarajan Committee in 2013 to review the Tendulkar Committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country.
• A committee headed by former RBI governor C Rangarajan has said that the number of poor in India was much higher in 2011-12 at 29.5% of the population, which means that 3 out of 10 persons are poor.
• As per the report submitted by C Rangarajan Committee:
• Persons spending below Rs. 47 a day in cities should be considered poor, much above the Rs. 33/day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar Committee.
• Poverty stood at 38.2% in 2009-10 and reduced to 29.5% in 2011-12.
• This is in contrast with the Tendulkar report as in which poverty was at 29.8% in 2009-10 and decreased to 21.9% in 2011-12.
• A person spending less than Rs. 1,407 a month (Rs. 47/day) should be considered poor in cities, as against the Tendulkar panel’s suggestion of Rs. 1,000 a month (Rs.33/day).
• A person spending less than Rs. 972 a month (Rs. 32/day) should be considered poor in villages which is again a variance with the Tendulkar committee’s suggestion of Rs. 816 a month (Rs. 27/day).

The Correct Answer is 1885, at Bombay.

Key Points

• The Indian National Union was formed by A.O. Hume in 1884.
• The name 'Congress' was suggested by Dadabhai Naoroji.
• The Indian National Union conference was to be held in Pune in December 1885.
• The venue of the first meeting was changed from Pune to Bombay due to the outbreak of Cholera in Pune.
• The National Conference and the Indian National Union merged to form the INC.
• The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay on 28th December 1885.
• A.O. Hume, a retired British Civil Servant (1884).
• The first meeting of INC was organized by A.O. Hume at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanksrit College on 28th December 1885 in Bombay.
• The formation of the Indian National Congress was an effort in the direction of promoting the process of nation-building.

Important Points

• W. C. Banerjee is the first INC President (Bombay Session,1885).
• Dadabhai Nairoji is the first Parsi President and non-Hindu President of INC (Calcutta Session, 1886).
• Badruddin Tyabji is the first Muslim President of INC (Madras Session, 1887).
• George Yule is the first foreign President of INC (Allahabad Session, 1888).
• Annie Besant is the first woman President of INC (Calcutta Session, 1917).
• Sarojini Naidu is the first Indian woman President of INC (Kanpur Session, 1925).
• Subhash Chandra Bose is the first elected President of INC (Tripuri Session, 1939).
• J. B. Kripalani was the President of INC at the time of independence.
• Pattabhi Sita Ramayya is the first President of INC after independence.

The Correct Answer is A situation of full employment implies zero involuntary unemployment.

Key Points

• There are four factors of production- land, labor, capital, and organization/entrepreneurship.
• If the country is not able to generate employment opportunities to gainfully engage and involve these factors of production, the required amount of output cannot be produced and income cannot be generated, which usually, results in unemployment.
• Unemployment is the condition when a large number of able-bodied people of working age, are willing to work but could not find work at the current wage levels.

 

The Correct Answer is Three.

Key Points 

• The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas longitudinal extent are: 
• Himadri (Great or Inner Himalayas):
• The northernmost range is called the Himadri and extends for about 2400 km.
• Mt. Everest and Mt. Kanchenjunga are a part of these ranges.
• Himachal (Lesser Himalayas):
• It lies to the south of Himadri.
• Some famous ranges are the Pir Panjal range, Dhaula Dhar, and Mahabharat ranges.
• It has some famous valleys like Kullu, Kangra, and Kashmir.
• Shivalik (Outer Himalayas):
• This is the outermost range of the Himalayas.
• Shivaliks are known by different names in different areas such as Dafla, Miri, Abor, and Mishmi Hills in Arunachal Pradesh.

The Correct Option is Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Key Points

Andaman and Nicobar islands:

• archipelago is composed of 265 big and small islands [203 Andaman Islands + 62 Nicobar Islands]
• Capital - Port Blair
• Duncan passage separates Little Andaman from South Andaman.
• Saddle peak (737 m) in North Andaman is the highest peak.
• Mt Thuillier being the highest peak on Great Nicobar Island.
• Baratang Island of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands contains the only known examples of mud volcanoes in India, called locally as “Jalki”
• Temperature 23 °C to 30 °C.
• Rain Fall: 120 inches of rain annually, brought mainly by the southwest monsoon and by the tropical cyclones
• National Park - Andamans, Mahatma Gandhi Marine, Mount Harriet, Rani Jhansi Marine, and Saddle Peak National Parks.

Barren Island:

• The Barren and Narcondam island located in the north of Port Blair (Andaman Islands), are the only active volcanic islands of India found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Lakshadweep:

• Nine Degree Channel separates the island of Minicoy from the main Lakshadweep archipelago. The Kalpeni and Suheli Par, and Maliku Atoll and Amindivi Subgroup together form the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.
• It is so named as it lies on the 9-degree line of Latitude, north of the equator.

Important Points

• Channel - A channel is a broad open waterway that passes through two landmasses that lie close to each other. It is different from the strait which is a relatively narrow body of water, connecting two larger bodies of water.
• Eight Degree Channel - It separates the islands of Minicoy(Lakshadweep) and Maldives.
• ​Ten Degree Channel - It separates the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands from each other in the Bay of Bengal.

The Correct Answer is Samudragupta.

Key PointsAllahabad Prasasti:

• The Allahabad Prasasti was originally engraved on the Ashokan Pillar in Kausambhi near Allahabad. Later it was moved to the Allahabad fort.
• Samudra Gupta court poet and minister Harisena composed the Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayag Prasasti.
• The Pillar was an Ashokan Pillar erected by Asoka six centuries before him.
• This Inscription is a eulogy of Samudra Gupta and mentions the conquests of Samudra Gupta and the boundaries of the Gupta Empire.
• As per this inscription, Samudra Gupta defeated 9 kings in the North, and 12 Kings in the South, reducing all the Atavika states to vassalage.
• ​Allahabad Prasasti, composed by Harishena, does not bear any date and for this reason, historians have presumed that it was composed probably before the Ashwamedha Yajna performed by Samudragupta.
• They have opined this on the basis that there is no mention of the Ashwamedha Yajna completed by Samudragupta**.**

Additional InformationBanabhatta:

• Banabhatta was the Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha Vardhana.
• Kadambri and Harshacharita were the great composition of Banabhatta.

Aryabhatta: 

• Aryabhatta was a great mathematician and astronomist.
• Aryabhatta wrote Aryabhatiya and Suryasiddhanta.
• In Aryabhatiya, he described the place value of the first nine numbers and the use of zero.
• He calculated the value of Pie and invented algebra.
• In Suryasiddhanta, he proved that the earth revolves around the Sun and rotates on its axis.
• In this way, he discovered the cause of the solar and lunar eclipses and the methods for calculating the timings of their occurrence.
• He said that the heavenly bodies, like the moon, were spherical and they are shown by reflecting the light.

Chandragupta II:

• Shri Gupta (240-290 AD) was the founder of Gupta dynasty.
• Son of Samudragupta and his queen Dattadevi.
• He was also known as ‘Vikramaditya’.
• He further annexed territories including Saurashtra which gave him the western coastline.
• He used matrimonial alliances to expand his kingdom.
• He established matrimonial alliances with the Nagas and the Vakatakas.
• He gave his daughter Prabhapavatigupta in marriage to Vakataka ruler of Maharashtra Rudrasena II.
• He also annexed three Satrapa kingdoms and assumed the title Sakari (destroyer of the Sakas).
• He had won over the 'territories of Sakas' from Malwa, Gujarat as well as Saurashtra. Due to this reason he was awarded the title of 'Sakari' which means conqueror of states or destroyer of the Sakas.

The Correct Answer is Bihar.

Key PointsChamparan Satyagraha:

• The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Mahatma Gandhi’s first Satyagraha.
• The peasants (bhumihars) of the Champaran and other areas of North Bihar were growing the Indigo under the tinakathia system.
• Under the tinakathia system, the peasants were bound to plant 3 out of 20 parts of their land with indigo for their landlord.
• One local peasant leader Rajkumar Shukla had invited Mahatma Gandhi to visit Champaran.
• The Champaran Satyagraha was the first to be started, but the word Satyagraha was used for the first time in Anti Rowlatt Act agitation.

The correct Answer is Chandra Kumar case.

L.Chandra Kumar case:

• In the Chandra Kumar case, the Supreme Court ruled that the writ jurisdiction of both the high court and the Supreme Court constitute a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.
• It cannot be ousted or excluded even by way of an amendment to the Constitution.

Additional Information

The Correct Answer is Chalcolithic age.

Malwa Culture:

• Time period: 1600-1300 BC.
• Important sites are: Regions of Narmada & its tributaries, Navadatoli, Eran, Nagada.
• It was one of the largest Chalcolithic settlements.
• Small round huts used for storing grain were in use.
• The special feature was thick buff surface ware with red or black design over it.

Key PointsChalcolithic age:

• The time period for Chalcolithic age in India was 2500 BC to 700 BC
• The Chalcolithic Age was the first period when metal was used. It is also called as the Copper-Stone Age.
• The settlements belonging to the Chalcolithic Phase are extended from the Chhotanagpur plateau to the Gangetic basin.
• Chalcolithic age can be stated mainly as the pre-Harappan phase.

Additional InformationPalaeolithic age:

• The earliest age in history is called Old Stone Age or Palaeolithic.
• This period is divided into-
• Lower Palaeolithic culture
• Middle Palaeolithic culture
• Upper Palaeolithic culture
• The period after the Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic) is called the Mesolithic Age.
• This is the age in which animal and plant domestication developed, leading to food production.

Neolithic age:

• The period that followed the Mesolithic is called the Neolithic Age.
• In the world context, the Neolithic age or the new stone age began in 9000 BC.
• The only known Neolithic settlement in the Indian subcontinent, attributed to 7000 BC, is in Mehrgarh, which is situated in Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan. The settlement lay on the edge of the Indus plains.
• It is called one of the largest Neolithic settlements between the Indus and the Mediterranean.
• Some Neolithic sites found on the northern spurs of the Vindhyas are considered as old as 5000 BC but generally Neolithic settlements found in south India are not older than 2500 BC; in some parts of southern and eastern India, they are as late as 1000 BC.
• They broke the ground with stone hoes and digging sticks at the end of which ring stones weighing one to half a kilogram were fixed.
• Besides polished tools of stone, they used microlith blades.
• The Neolithic people led a settled life and produced ragi and horse gram, and even rice.
• People no longer depended on hunting, fishing, and gathering, with cultivation and cattle husbandry providing them food.
• The Neolithic people of Mehrgarh were more advanced.

Bronze age:

• The Bronze Age is a prehistoric period that was characterized by the use of bronze in some areas proto-writing and other early features of urban civilization.
• Bronze age spanned from  3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.
• Indus Valley Civilization was at its zenith from 2500–1700 B.C
• Indus Valley Civilization belongs to the Bronze Age.
• Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations of the world along with Mesopotamia in Iraq on the banks of River Tigris & the Ancient Egypt civilization on the banks of river Nile.
• Indus Valley Civilization is also known by the name of Harappan civilization because Harappa was the 1st & important site.
• Indus Valley Civilization includes whole Pakistan and some parts of India, Afganistan & Iran.

The Correct Option is Number of females per thousand males.

Key Points

• Sex Ratio is calculated as the number of females per thousand males in a given population .
• Census is an official enumeration of the population from time to time.
• Census has been conducted every 10 years by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The 15th Indian census taken in 2011.
• India is the second most populated country in the world.
• The Sex Ratio was 943 females per thousand males of country, in 2011 census.
• India has 17.7% of the world's population.
• The population density in India is 382 per km2.

Important Points

• The first census in India conducted by the Viceroy - Lord Mayo (1872).
• The first official census in India conducted by the Viceroy - Lord Rippon (1881).
• Father of Indian Statistics - P. C. Mahalanobis.
• Indian Statistics day is observed on June 29 (birthday of  P. C. Mahalanobis).
• According to census 2011,
• The State with the highest sex ratio - Kerala(1084).
• The State with the lowest sex ratio - Haryana(877).
• The Union Territory with the highest sex ratio - Puducherry(1038).
• The Union Territory with the lowest sex ratio - Daman and Diu(618).

Given:

Principal = ₹10,000

Annual interest = 15%

time period = 2 years

Formula used:

Amount half yearly A = P  $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{200}\ )^{2t}$ 

Compound interest half yearly ⇒ I = P $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{200}\ )^{2t}$ - P

r = rate of interest

t = time period

P = Principal

Calculation:

Compound interest half yearly A = P  $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{200}\ )^{2t}$ 

= 10000 $( \ 1\ + \frac{15}{200}\ )^{4}$ - 10000

= 10000 $( \frac{43}{40} )^{4}$- 10000

= 10000 ×  $\frac{43}{40}$ ×  $\frac{43}{40}$  × $\frac{43}{40}$ ×  $\frac{43}{40}$ - 10000

= 13354.69 - 10000

= 3354.69

= 3354.70 (approximately)

Answer is ₹3354.70

Alternate MethodGiven:

Principal = ₹10,000

Annual interest = 15%

time period = 2 years

Concept used:

Ratio Method

Calculation:

Annual interest for half yearly = 15% / 2

Ratio of amount to principal in half year = 43:40

Ratio of amount to principal for 4 half years = 43⁴ :40⁴

= 3418801 : 2560000

CI = 3418801 - 2560000

= 858801 units

Principal = 10,000

2560000 units = 10000

then, 858801 units = 3354.69

Answer is ₹3354.70

Additional Information

Amount  yearly A = P  $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{100}\ )^{t}$ 

Compound interest half yearly A = P $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{100}\ )^{t}$ - P

Amount half yearly A = P  $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{200}\ )^{2t}$ 

Compound interest half yearly A = P $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{200}\ )^{2t}$ - P

Amount Quarterly  A = P  $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{400}\ )^{4t}$ 

Compound interest Quarterly  A = P $( \ 1\ + \frac{r}{400}\ )^{4t}$ - P

Given:

Dividend = 1625

Divisor = 24

Formula:

( Divisor × Quotient ) + Remainder = Dividend

Calculation:

( Divisor × Quotient ) + Remainder = Dividend

let quotient and remainder be Q and R respectively

( 24 × Q ) + R = 1625

Put values for Q

Put Q = 67

24 × 67 = 1608

1608 + R = 1625

R = 17

Answer is 17.

Given:

Three numbers 513, 1134, 1215

Calculation:

Factors of 513 =  3³  × 19

Factors of 1134 =  3⁴  × 7 × 2

Factors of 1215 = 3⁵ × 5

HCF( 513, 1134, 1215)

Common factor of the three numbers is 3³ = 27

Answer is 27.

Alternate Method

Step 1: Find the HCF of first two numbersStep 2*:* Find thee HCF of second and third numbersStep 3*:* Find the HCF of the two resultant HCFs

HCF (513, 1134, 1215)

 Step 1: HCF of 1134 and 513

The last divisor is the HCF of 2 numbers.

HCF of (513, 1134) is 27.

Step 2.  HCF of 1215 and 1134

HCF of  (1215, 1134) is 81.

HCF (513,1134, 1215)

= HCF (27, 81)

= HCF (27)

Answer is 27.

Given:

Sum of the squares of two numbers = 73 

Square root of one of them = $\sqrt 3$

Calculation:

Let A and B be the numbers,

Square root of one of them = $\sqrt 3$

One number is 3.

let B be 3

Sum of the squares of two numbers = 73 

A² + B² = 73

A2 + 32 = 73

A² + 9 = 73

A² = 64

A = 8

Cube of 8 is 512.

Answer is 512.

Given:

Diagonals of the rhombus are 2 cm and 4 cm.

Formula used:

4 × side² = (Diagonal A)² + (Diagonal B)2

Perimeter of a rhombus = 4 × side

Calculation:

let a be the side of rhombus

4 × a2 = (2)2 + (4)2

4 × a2 = 4 + 16

4 × a2 = 20

a = $\sqrt5$ cm

Perimeter of a rhombus = 4 × $\sqrt5$

Answer is 4$\sqrt5$ cm

Alternate MethodGiven:

Diagonals of the rhombus are 2 cm and 4 cm

Concept used:

4 right angled triangle is rhombus

hence, Pythagoras theorem will be applied.

Formula:

Side² = (Diagonal A / 2)² + ( Diagonal B / 2)²

Calculation:

let a be the side of rhombus

a2 = (1)2 + (2)²

a = $\sqrt5$ cm

Perimeter of a rhombus = 4 × $\sqrt5$

Answer is 4$\sqrt5$ cm

Shortcut Trick

Apply the BODMAS rule directly to the given expression.

⇒ 9.6 × 3.6 ÷ 7.2 + 10.8 of 1/18 − 1/10

⇒ 9.6 × (3.6 ÷ 7.2) + (10.8 ÷ 18) − 0.1

⇒ 9.6 × 0.5 + 0.6 − 0.1

⇒ 4.8 + 0.6 − 0.1 = 5.3

∴ The correct answer is 5.3.

Alternate Method

Given:

9.6 × 3.6 ÷ 7.2 + 10.8 of 1/18 − 1/10

Method Used:

BODMAS Rule: Brackets → Of → Division → Multiplication → Addition → Subtraction.

Calculations:

⇒ First, solve the 'of' part:

⇒ 10.8 of 1/18 = 10.8 × (1/18) = 0.6

⇒ The expression becomes: 9.6 × 3.6 ÷ 7.2 + 0.6 − 1/10

⇒ Next, solve the 'Division' part:

⇒ 3.6 ÷ 7.2 = 0.5

⇒ The expression becomes: 9.6 × 0.5 + 0.6 − 1/10

⇒ Next, solve the 'Multiplication' part:

⇒ 9.6 × 0.5 = 4.8

⇒ The expression becomes: 4.8 + 0.6 − 1/10

⇒ Convert 1/10 to a decimal (0.1), and perform Addition and Subtraction:

⇒ 4.8 + 0.6 − 0.1

⇒ 5.4 − 0.1 = 5.3

∴ The correct answer is 5.3.

Additional Information

BODMAS Rule

BODMAS stands for Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction. Operations must be executed strictly in this sequence to obtain the correct result.

Fraction to Decimal Conversion

In expressions containing both decimals and fractions, it is often faster to convert simple fractions (like 1/10 = 0.1) into decimals before performing addition or subtraction.

Given:

Cost price of an article is 75% of the marked price

Discount is 15%

Formula used:

Market Price (100 – Discount)% = Cost Price (100+ Gain)%

Calculation:

Cost price = 75% of Market Price

lets assume

Cost price = 75

Market Price = 100

100 (100 – Discount)% = 75 (100 + Gain)%

100 (100 – 15) = 75 (100 + Gain)

100 × 85 = 75 (100 + Gain)

8500 ÷ 75 = (100 + Gain)

113.333333 = (100 + Gain)

Gain = 13.3333

Answer is  $13\frac{1}{3}$ %

Additional Information

Selling Price = Market Price × $\frac{100\ -\ Discount\%}{100}$

Gain% = $\frac{Selling \ Price\ - \ Cost\ Price}{Cost \ Price}$ × 100

Given:

Principal = 25200

rate of interest is 10% per annum

Formula used:

let X be the yearly installment

P = X / (1 + r/100)ⁿ + X / (1 + r/100)^n-1 + ....X / (1 + r/100)² + X / (1 + r/100)

Calculation:

let x be the yearly installment

P = { X / (1 + r/100)n + X / (1 + r/100)n-1 + ....X / (1 + r/100)2 + X / (1 + r/100) }

P = { X / (1 + 10/100)² + X / (1 + 10/100)¹ }

P= X { 100 / 121  +  110 / 121  }

25200 = X  210 / 121

X = 14520

Answer is 14520

Alternate Method1st  year →  10 : 11 .....(1)

2nd year→ 10² : 11² 

               = 100 : 121 ...... (2)

• According to the question installments are same.

Hence, multiply (1) by 11.

(1) × 11

⇒ 210 → 25200

⇒ 1 → 120

⇒ 121 → 14250 (yearly installment)

Answer is 14520

Concept used:

Square root and Cube root

Calculation:

$\sqrt[3]{{3361 + \sqrt {184 + \sqrt {144} } }}$

=  $\sqrt[3]{{3361 + \sqrt {184 + \ 12 } }}$

= $\sqrt[3]{{3361 + \sqrt {196 } }}$

= $\sqrt[3]{{3361 + \ 14}}$

= $\sqrt[3]{{3375}}$

= 15 

Answer is 15

Given:

Sides of the cuboid 27cm, 8cm, and 1cm

Formula used:

The volume of the cuboid = length × breadth × height

The volume of the cube = side³

Total surface area of the cuboid = 2 × (lb + bh + hl)

The total surface area of the cube = 6 × side²

Concept used:

if a form or shape is melted into another then both volumes are the same

Calculation:

length × breadth × height = side³

27 × 8 × 1 = side³

side = 6cm

Difference between the surface areas of the two solids = {2 × (lb + bh + hl)} - {6 ×  side²}

= {2 × (216 + 8 + 27)} - {6 × 36}

= 502 - 216

= 286 cm²

∴ The answer is  286 cm2.

Given:

Total Students = 25

Average mark of 12 students = 80

Average mark of 13 students = 60

Formula used:

Average Score = $\frac{Total\ Sum}{No\ of\ Students}$

Calculation:

Average Score = $\frac{Total\ Sum}{No\ of\ Students}$

= $\frac{12 × 80 + 13 × 60}{25}$

= $\frac{960 + 780}{25}$

= $\frac{1740}{25}$

= 69.6 

Answer is 69.6

Alternate Method

 Formula  = $\dfrac {score 1 \times A + score 2 \times B} {A + B}$

⇒ $\dfrac {60 \times 13+ 80 \times 12} {13 + 12}$

⇒ $\dfrac {1740} {25}$  

= 69.6

Given:

Salary of A =  ₹4,000

Salary of B =  ₹5,000

Formula used:

By what percentage is B is more than that of A = $\frac{(B\ -\ A)}{A}$ × 100%

By what percentage is A is more than that of B = $\frac{(A\ -\ B)}{B}$ × 100%

Calculation:

By what percentage is B is more than that of A = $\frac{(B\ -\ A)}{A}$ × 100%

= $\frac{(5000-4000)}{4000}$ × 100%

= $\frac{1000}{4000}$ × 100%

= 25%

Answer is 0.25

Alternate Method

Ratio method:

Ratio of the Salaries of A and B = 4000:5000 = 4:5

B is 1 unit more than A

= $\frac{1}{4}$ × 100%

= 25%

Answer is 0.25

Given:

Average speed  from Haryana to Bangalore = 60km/h

Time of whole journey = 30 hours

Average speed  from Bangalore to Haryana = 40 km/h

Concept used:

The ratio of the speeds is inversely proportional to the ratio of the time periods

Formula used:

Distance = Speed × Time

Average speed = $\frac{Total\ Distance}{Total\ time}$

Calculation:

Ratio of the speeds = 60 : 40

then, Ratio of the time = 2 : 3

Time of  the whole journey = 30 hours

Ratio of the time = 2 : 3 

if 5 units is 30 hours 

then time periods are 12 hours and 18 hours

Distance = 60km/h × 12 hours

= 720 km

Whole journey = 1440 km

Average speed = $\frac{1440}{30}$

= 48 km/hr

Answer is 48 km/hr.

Alternate Method

Formula:

Average speed = $\frac{2\ ×\ Speed\ a ×\ Speed\ b } { Speed \ a\ + \ Speed\ b}$

Calculation:

= $\frac{2\ ×\ 60 ×\ 40} { 60\ + \ 40}$

= 48 km/hr

Shortcut Trick

Total multiplier for successive discounts = (1 − d₁) × (1 − d₂) × (1 − d₃)

Multiplier = 0.90 × 0.86 × 0.85 = 0.6579

Equivalent Discount% = (1 − Multiplier) × 100

Equivalent Discount% = (1 − 0.6579) × 100 = 34.21%

Approximate single discount = 34%

∴ The correct answer is 34%.

Alternate Method

Given: Three successive discounts are 10%, 14%, and 15%. Formulas: Successive Discount = a + b − (a × b) ÷ 100

⇒ Step 1: Combine 10% and 14% = 10 + 14 − (10 × 14) ÷ 100 = 24 − 1.4 = 22.6% ⇒ Step 2: Combine 22.6% and 15% = 22.6 + 15 − (22.6 × 15) ÷ 100 ⇒ Step 3: Result = 37.6 − (339 ÷ 100) = 37.6 − 3.39 = 34.21% ⇒ Approximate single discount ≈ 34%

∴ The correct answer is 34%.

Additional Information

Successive Discounts

When two or more discounts are applied one after another on the Marked Price of an article, they are called successive discounts. The second discount is calculated on the price after the first discount.

Effective Discount Rate

The order of applying successive discounts does not change the final Selling Price or the equivalent single discount percentage.

Shortcut Trick

Since the height (h) and the denominator of π (7) are equal, they cancel each other out in the volume formula.

r² = Volume ÷ 22 ⇒ r² = 198 ÷ 22 = 9

Radius (r) = √9 = 3 cm

Diameter = 2 × Radius = 2 × 3 = 6 cm

∴ The correct answer is 6 cm.

Alternate Method

Given:

Volume (V) of the cylinder = 198 cm³

Height (h) of the cylinder = 7 cm

Value of π = 22/7

Formula Used:

Volume of Cylinder = π × r² × h

Diameter (d) = 2 × r

Calculations:

⇒ 198 = (22/7) × r² × 7

⇒ 198 = 22 × r²

⇒ r² = 198 ÷ 22

⇒ r² = 9

⇒ r = √9 = 3 cm

⇒ Diameter (d) = 2 × 3

⇒ Diameter (d) = 6 cm

∴ The correct answer is 6 cm.

Additional Information

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of Cylinder

The area of the curved surface of a cylinder is given by the formula 2 × π × r × h.

Total Surface Area (TSA) of Cylinder

The sum of the areas of the curved surface and the two circular bases: 2 × π × r × (r + h).

Volume of a Cone

A cone with the same radius and height as a cylinder has (1/3) the volume: V = (1/3) × π × r² × h.

Given:

Natural numbers from 1 to 41

Formula used:

Sum of the squares of the n natural numbers = $\frac{(n) \ (n+1)\ (2n+1)}{6}$

To find the number of terms = $\frac{ Last\ number\ -\ First\ number}{Difference}$ + 1

Average = $\frac{Sum}{Number\ of\ terms}$

Calculation:

Number of terms =  $\frac{ Last\ number\ -\ First\ number}{Difference}$ + 1

= $\frac{41-1}{1}$ + 1

= 41 terms

Sum of the squares of the n natural numbers = $\frac{(n) \ (n+1)\ (2n+1)}{6}$

= $\frac{(41)×(42)×(83)}{6}$

= 23821

Average = $\frac{Sum}{Number\ of\ terms}$

= $\frac{23821}{41}$

= 581

Answer is 581