UPTET 2021 Paper 2 (Social Science) (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Basic Instinct is an inherited or innate psychological disposition which determines its possessor to perceive or pays attention to, objects of a certain class, to experience an emotional excitement of a particular quantity upon perceiving such objects, and to act in regard to it in a particular manner, or at least, to experience an impulsive to such an action.

Characteristics of Basic Instinct

• The main characteristic of basic instinct is inborn and natural that is found in all living organisms.
• No one can develop in their later stages, it is an inborn talent or ability to feel the things that may be going to happen or not in near future.
• Instinct is a vibe, that can be negative and positive.
• The instincts are dominated by the pleasure principle (the chief characteristic of psychic energy) and are inherited.
• Basic instinct may undergo more or less serious failures to pass through certain stages of development called the fixation of the instinct.
• These instincts drive the satisfaction of which is the prime intention of mental activity are essentially somatic needs.
• These are basically connected with the preservation of self and of species, which may be considered as needs.
• The aim of basic instinct is the preservation of the individual and the species.
• The basic instinct cannot be localized to any region of the mind.

Hence, we can conclude that The main characteristic of basic instinct is that which is found in all organisms and it is inborn and natural.

Fundamental Rights and Education: Fundamental Rights of citizens given in our Constitution have established the spirit of equality and have helped to preserve individual liberty. The following articles in the category of Fundamental Rights have a special bearing on education in India.

• ARTICLE 21A - It grants the Right to Free and Compulsory Education to all the children the aged six to fourteen years in a manner as the State may, by law determine. Inserted by the 86th Amendment in December 2002, this Article has accorded education the status of right for ensuring quality in educational expansion at the elementary level.

Key Points

• Insertion of Article 21A, making elementary education a fundamental right of all children between the age group of 6-14 years, Article 45 has been amended so as to restrict its scope to pre-primary education up to 6 years of age.

Additional Information

Other Articles:

• ARTICLE 45: Directive Principles of the State Policy in Article 45 under Part IV of the Constitution states that “the State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”.
• ARTICLE l5 - This Article guarantees prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth by the State. It also ensures equality in educational opportunities in India.

 Hence, we conclude that Article 21 A  states that "the right to free and compulsory education for children between age group of 6 - 14.

Kretschmer was a German psychiatrist who on the basis of his observation of patients classified people into four types. He used the physical constitution and temperament for this purpose The four types he talked about included:

• Pyknic type
• Asthenic type
• Athletic type
• Dysplastic type

Let us briefly study each of these types:

Hence, we conclude that all are the main types through which Kretschmer has classified the persons.

Teacher Eligibility Test (TET): Teacher Eligibility Test known as TET is an Indian entrance examination for teachers. The test is mandatory for getting teaching jobs in government schools from Class I to Class VIII.

• The examination is divided into Paper-I (Primary) and Paper-II (Elementary).
• TET was introduced by the Govt of India to improve standards in teaching. It is conducted by the Central and State governments in India.
• The essential qualifications for a person to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in any of the schools referred to in clause (n) of section 2 of the RTE Act are that he/she should pass the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) which will be conducted by the appropriate government by the guidelines framed by the NCTE.
• A candidate has to score over 60% to clear the eligibility test.

Key Points

Purpose of TET

• The main purpose of the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) is to assess the candidate's aptitude for the profession.
• Recruiting teachers by evaluating the aspiring candidates’ academic brilliance.
• The main motto is to impart quality teaching.
• Assess the teachers who have adequate teaching competency and a positive attitude towards teaching or not.

Hence, we conclude that the purpose of TET is to measure the aptitude for the profession.

Consolidation Theory of Memory: Memories are solidified in long-term stores over days, weeks, months, and years. This process is referred to as consolidation.

• In this theory, an old concept that refers to how long term memory develops over time after initial acquisition.
• From a cognitive neuroscience perspective, consolidation is conceived of as biological changes that underlie the long-term retention of learned information, and we can ask what brain structures and systems support this process.
• One idea is that consolidation strengthens the associations between multiple stimulus inputs and activations of previously stored information.

Hence we conclude that the Consolidation theory explains the solidified long-term memory.

Sir Cyril Burt, the distinguished psychologist, and educationist can be regarded as the pioneer investigator of the 'Educational quotient of the Backward Child'. His work on the Backward Child' is of prime importance.

• In- his book 'The Backward Child,' Burt reported his study. In the beginning, before reporting his work, he thought it useful to clarify and distinguish the term 'backward' from some other related terms like 'dull' and 'retarded'.
• Burt was the first who given the term 'Educationally quotient for backward children'.
• Burt's view regarding the term 'backward' refers to the Educational Age in relation to the Chronological Age.
• Children having an Educational Quotient of 85 or less could be regarded as Educationally Backward, according to his criterion.
• He states: "Educationally backward in the technical sense all those who in the middle of their school career would be unable to do the work of the class next below that which is normal for their age".

Hence, we conclude that Cyril Burt has given the concept of educational quotient for backward children.

Tests are devices to gather information through some specified tasks presented to individuals. We come across various types of tests in education e.g. oral, written and practical; group or individual; performance, etc. Sometimes 'examination' is also used to mean a device or a test. 

Key Points

Characteristics of Good Test: A good test should enable us to the achievement or ability accurately and economically. Here we take a good test - validity, reliability, and usability.

• Validity: A test is said to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Cronbach defines validity as "the extent to which a test measures what it to measure".
• Reliability: A test is reliable if it gives consistent results of measurement on its administration on different occasions. Pupils should score similar scores if the test is repeated. Its administration maybe after some gap of time and the condition is that pupils do not receive any further training of related test content.
• Usability: Usability refers to practicability - ease, and economy in terms of energy, time, and money. Usability means a test should be: easy to construct; easy in administrating; easy in scoring; easy in interpreting; and economic in terms of money and time.
• Objectivity: When a student's score on a test is based only on the student's answers and not on the personal biases of the scorer (or teacher), then the scoring is considered to be objective. This depends on the procedure of the scoring (and the type of item to be scored).

Hence, we conclude that aptitude is not a characteristic of a good test, it is a part of the personality.

Key Points

There are several theories of intelligence:

• Unifactor Theory :
• It was given by French psychologist Alfred Binet.
• Binet is famous for developing first intelligence test and concept of mental age.
• The theory emphasizes that we all have general factor of intelligence to apply in all task.
• According to this theory, if a person is proficient in one area, he should be proficient in other areas as well.
• Two factor theory:
• Spearman proposed this theory in 1923.
• According to this theory, intelligence consists of two factor 'g' and 's', where 'g' stands for the generalized factor and 's' stands for the specific factor.
• As per him, the 'g' factor is responsible for different tasks which are common for all people while 's' factor is for abilities like musical, spatial, mechanical etc.
• Multifactor Theory:
• Multi-factor theory neglects the existence of 'g' factor and state that intelligence is not an expression of innumerable highly specific factor, nor is it the expression primarily of a general factor that pervades all mental activities.

Hence, we conclude that the Theory of regression is not the theory of intelligence. It is a part of statistical analysis.

The correct answer is Salivary Gland.

Key Points

Gland: A Gland is an organ which releases substances that perform a specific functions in the body. Gland are of two types:

• Exocrine Gland are the gland that secrete their product into a duct. Salivary gland secretes the saliva into the salivary duct.
• Endocrine Gland are the gland that  secrete their product directly into the blood. There are no duct in endocrine glands. Hyphothalamus gland, Pituitary gland, Adrenal Gland, Thyroid Gland etc.

Thus, Salivary Gland is not a ductless gland.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points

• According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is the 'pre-operations stage' which lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the concept of conservation and struggles with the idea of centration and irreversibility.

Characteristics of the Preoperational Period:

• Egocentrism takes place.
• Begin to think symbolically.
• Develops the skills of language acquisition.
• Begin to use words and pictures to represent objects.
• Learns to compare objects through external characteristics.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is the pre-operational stage.

 Additional Information

Refer to the image for conceptual understanding of the characteristics of other stages of Piaget's theory: 

Key Points Educational psychology extremely influences the principles of education. It applies to the psychological principles and techniques for human behavior in educational situations.

Main methods of Education Psychology:

• Introspection
• Observation
• Experimental Method
• Clinical Method
• Developmental Method
• Testing Method

​

Introspection Method:

• Introspection means observing one's own behavior through self-analysis. This method is the most subjective in nature. The data of introspection method may not be  reliable and valid since the investigator may become subjective and biased when looks in to his own feelings.
• It is most simple method which requires no laboratory and apparatus.
• It is the oldest method of psychology and helps to improve thinking and performance.

​

​Observation Method:

• It is very useful for the study of the behavior of person inside and outside the class.

Experimental Method

• This method is for observing mental behavior in laboratory according to the scientific rules. It is free from subjectivity.

Extrospection Method

• It is method of observation of things external to one's own mind, as opposed to introspection.

Hence, we can conclude that Introspection method is most subjective in nature.

'Albert Bandura', an American psychologist has propounded "Social Learning Theory". This theory is also called 'learning through imitation' as his theory emphasizes that:

• learning takes place through indirect sources, like watching or hearing others.
• cognitive and problem-solving skills can be learned by imitating and watching others.
• new behaviors and experiences are acquired by observing others in the immediate environment.

The social learning theory of 'Albert Bandura' emphasizes that the principles of social learning consist of four steps (respectively) including:

Hence, it could be concluded that Albert Bandura is associated with 'Social Learning Theory.

Additional Information

Learning Curve: The learning curve is a graphical representation that indicates the progress or lack of improvement in a given activity. There are several characteristics of the learning curve. Some of them are as follows: The learning progress at any stage is not always uniform. The last stage of the learning curve is called a plateau. The scope for learning is very low in the final stages of the curve. 

Important Points

The three stages of the learning curve are:

• Slow beginning
• Steep progress
• Plateau.

1. Slow beginning: In this phase, the learner gradually pacing to learn the concept. He/she has to start the learning of a given activity from scratch, his early progress will be slow. This is the beginning stage of learning, in which the learner is motivated to gain new information.
2. Steep progress: In this phase, the learner successfully learned the concept.  In this stage, the learner steps accelerating in learning the concepts. After some time the learner gains a total understanding of the concept and reaches the boom stage of learning. and his/her learning improves swiftly.
3. Plateau: The plateau effect is often seen in the pattern of development, indicating periods of no apparent improvement.

• In this stage, learning plateau occurs, after gaining the mastery on the concept, the learner feels bore and want to learn new thing.
• Once the curve hit a plateau when they are not willing to add new to their learning and the performance gets deteriorated. So the teacher should always introduce the same concept with innovative methods, this will overcome the boredom.
• An example of the plateau effect is when someone's exercise fails to be as effective as in the past, or due to feeling fatigued because of a repetitive or similar concept.

Hence, we conclude that Plateau in the learning curve is caused due to fatigue.

Bilateral transfer of learning occurs when there is the transfer of performance to one side of the body following training of the opposite side, eg. improved left-handed performance following right-handed training. You will verify the phenomenon by conducting a simple experiment as explained below.

Key Points

• Problem: To demonstrate the phenomenon of bilateral transfer of learning.
• Material Required: Mirror-drawing apparatus, stylus, stop watch, paper and pencil.

Procedure:

• The following instructions are to be given to the participant, “Look at this mirror, you will see a star image.
• The star image is a reflection of a pattern grooved on the wooden board and hidden by the screen. Take the stylus in your left hand (the experimenter will give the stylus to the participant and helps him/her to position it at the end of the nearest projection).
• Now you will have to look into the mirror image and trace the star pattern with the stylus. Be careful about the stylus not touching the edges of the groove.
• If you touch, it will be counted as an error. Try to do as speedily as possible.” After the participant traces the path once with the left hand, she/he is asked to trace the path again. Time taken and the number of errors committed are noted down.
• In the same way, now the participant is asked to trace the star pattern with the right hand for 10 trials. In each of these trials, the number of errors committed and the amount of time taken in seconds to complete the pattern are noted down. A
• gain the participant is asked to perform the same task in the same manner with the left hand, and the errors committed and time taken in seconds are noted down.
• Compare the time taken in seconds and errors committed in the first trial with left hand with that of the second trial with left hand (after training with right hand for ten trials). Find out whether there is any transfer of training in the second trial with left hand and also if it is positive, negative or zero transfer.

Hence, it is clear that Mirror drawing test is used to measure transfer of learning.

Cloud Picture Test is a psychometric test is used to measure the personality of an individual. This test is made by Williams Stern. It is design fantasy-stimuli which would avoid the disadvantages of the Rorschach Series. 

• It consists series of three pictures that resemble clouds rather than ink-blots. 
• Picture A offers the most distinct shades and forms.
• Picture C is the vaguest,
• Picture B occupies an intermediate position. There is no symmetry or other regularity in these pictures.
• In this test, the respondents are shown pictures of the cloud and asked what cloud resembles.
• The respondents observe the pictures of the cloud and respond to what kind of pictures he is seeing. This how the personality of an individual assesses.
• Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach replace these cloud with ten inkblot test.

​Hence, we conclude that the Cloud Picture Test is used to measure personality.

Physical development is regulated by a complex balance between the heredity/genetic constitution and the environmental factors, all interdependent. 

Key Points

Factors Influencing Physical Development

• Heredity Factors: Heredity refers to the genetic constitution of an individual which is established during conception. It is the property of organic beings by which offsprings have the nature and characteristics of parents or ancestors. The height of a child depends more on heredity, while the weight, though also influenced Physical and Motor Development by heredity.
• Environmental Factors: Though heredity and environment are closely inter-related and each human being at birth has a gene determined physical, mental, and biochemical potential. Environmental factors like nutrition, living standard, family surroundings, etc. This potential may not be reached because of environmental influences. Environment influences this potential only to a limited extent favorably or unfavorably.
• Health Factors: The children are highly vulnerable to the negative health consequences associated with many environmental exposures. Health factors like, physical exercise, sports, games, etc. These factors influencing the physical development of a child. These factors also influence the growth of an individual. So school should provide physical exercises and games for child physical development.

Hence, we conclude that all are the factors influencing Physical Development.

Intelligence Quotient is commonly known as IQ refers to the score of a standardized test that assesses and measures human intelligence.

• The first test to measure intelligence was developed by Binet and Simon in 1905.
• Terman in 1916 revised the test and devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient.
• An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula given below,

${\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100$

• Where, Mental Age is based on intellectual development.
• Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

Hence, it could be concluded that MA/CA × 100 is the correct formula to calculate IQ.

Additional Information

John Dewey: The work of Dewey (1933) is considered as the beginning of the study and application of reflection.

• For him, reflection is a kind of thinking, in the process of which one brings the subject to the forefront of the mind and gives serious thought to this.
• It is a process of manipulation of knowledge and its reprocessing towards the set goal, and so, it is goal-directed.
• One ‘thinks’ when in uncertainty or difficulty so as to solve the ‘perplexity’, and the process leads to testing through some action.
• Dewey believed that effective education through reflection should aim at ‘making sense of the world’, and therefore, this is related to experience.
• Learners are aware of and control their learning by active participation in reflective thinking.
• In the reflective experience in which the environment is used as the object of reflection.

Key Points

Dewey’s concept of reflective thought and action, depicted comprises five phases: 

• Disturbance and uncertainty
• Intellectualization
• Formation of Hypothesis
• Reasoning
• Hypothesis Testing.

Hence we conclude that John Dewey described 'reflective thinking'.

Inductive Reasoning is a way of proving a statement or generalizing a rule or principle by proving or showing that if a statement or a rule is true in one particular case, it will be true in cases, which appear in some serial order, and thus it may be applied generally to all such type of cases.

Important Points

The levels of inductive reasoning are below:

• Generalization: Inductive reasoning starts from particular facts or special examples and instances one can formulate generalized principles and conclusions in this type of reasoning.
• Observation: Inductive reasoning is called the 'Bottom-up' approach, moving from specific observations and measures to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that can explore and end up developing general conclusions or theories.
• Experimentation: Experimentation is an essential feature of inductive reasoning. Experiments are artificially created or contrived situations designed to make certain observations under strictly controlled conditions. The objective sometimes is to mimic nature. This allows the complexity of natural phenomena to be simplified for step by step study.

Hence, we conclude that 'Imagination' is not included in the level of Inductive reasoning.

Forgetting: Forgetting is a failure to retrieve and retain information from long-term memory stores. Much of the information is lost but enough remains so that we have a sketchy record of our lives. Sometimes what we think is forgotten in real sense is not forgotten because it was never encoded and stored in the first place. 

Key Points

Causes of Forgetting:  Many students complain that they do not remember the contents after attending the class or forget after reading .the text. This happens due to :

• Many times we forget as memory does not match events that had occurred. This happens due to the constructive processes i.e. during encoding, the to-be-remembered information, interference due to similar material.
• Under-learning, some information does not reach short term memory from the sensory register.
• Defective methods of remembering: Inadequate encoding and rehearsal, the information may not have been transferred from short term to long term memory.

Additional Information

• Memory is the knowledge of a former state of mind after it has already once dropped from consciousness, or rather it is the knowledge of an event, or fact of which meantime we are not been thinking with the additional consciousness that we have thought or experienced before.
• Retention is part of memory to retain the information for a longer period of life.
• Thinking is the process of cognition that is related to memory.

Hence, we conclude that failure in retention and recall of learned content is forgetting.

Intelligence Quotient is abbreviated as IQ. IQ is a measurement of a person’s intelligence and it is measured in number. The average IQ of a person is 100.

An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula:

${\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100$

where Mental Age is based on your intellectual development.

Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

Given: CA = 5 years∴80=MA10×100∴80=MA10×100

MA = 8 years

$\therefore IQ = \frac{{{\bf{8}}}}{{5}} \times 100$

IQ = 160

Hence, the IQ of a child will be 160 and the child IQ will lie in above 130 IQ Range and having the Very Superior Intelligence (Gifted).

Mental retardation, as a developmental disability, has attracted considerable public attention. Its general debilitating character has made it a distinct category of disability. Individuals with mental retardation, face considerable difficulty in their lives in adapting to the demands of day-to-day life.

Classification of Mental Retardation:

Based On IQ: There are mainly three methods of classification of mental retardation. They are medical, psychological, and educational. The psychological and educational classifications are more commonly and widely used than medical classifications. 

• Educational Classification: This system uses the term educable, trainable, and custodial depending on the educational needs of retarded children.
• The IQ ranges of educable mentally retarded (EMR), trainable mentally retarded (TMR), and the custodial mentally retarded (CMR) are given below:
• | Levels of MR | IQ Range of MR | Educators | | --- | --- | --- | | Mild Retardation | 50-70 | Educable Mentally Retarded | | Moderate Retardation | 35-50 | Trainable Mentally Retarded | | Severe Retardation | 20-35 | Custodial Mentally Retarded | | Profound Retardation | Below 20 | Custodial Mentally Retarded) |

Important Points

• Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR): The educable mentally retarded children are those who can be taught the basic academic subjects.
• Trainable Mentally Retarded (TMR): The trainable mentally retarded are those children who can be taught functional academics with an emphasis on self-help and vocational skills.
• Custodial Mentally Retarded (CMR): The custodial mentally retarded are those children who require constant and special care especially in a residential institution.

Hence, we conclude that the 35 – 50 IQ range is called a trainable IQ level of mentally retarded children. So the answer is 36-49.

Rorschach inkblot Test: Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychiatrist, devised the Rorschach Inkblot Personality test in 1921. This test is most frequently used for the projective test

• The test consists of a standard set of 10 cards with inkblots printed on them.
• The Rorschach test is a measure of both intellectual and non-intellectual personality traits.
• In the series of 10 cards five are achromatic, two cards are black and red, and the remaining three cards are polychromatic in combination of green, blue, orange and pink blots.
• Conducted by the examiner to determine important aspects of each response into a coding system under four categories; Location, Determinant, Content, and Popularity.
• It consists of the following categories of scoring the protocol:-
• Total number of responses (R)
• Human responses (H)
• Animal responses (A)
• Anatomical responses (At)
• Sex responses (Sex)
• Movement responses (M)
• Rejection of images (Rej.)
• Most typical responses (MT)
• Typical responses (T)
• Atypical responses (AT).
• In the test, the subjects are asked to simply state whatever each inkblot looks like to them.
• Responses are scored by the psychologists using predetermined categories, on key factors such as color and shape, movement.
• These blots are frequently used for personality description, diagnosis of mental disorders, and for behaviour predictions.
• The whole procedure of The Rorschach Test is a combined set of three components, viz., performance proper, inquiry, and scoring.

Hence, we conclude that Rorschach inkblot test is used to measured Personality traits.

Forgetting: Forgetting is a failure to retrieve information from long-term memory stores. Much of the information is lost but enough remains so that we have a sketchy record of our lives. Sometimes what we think is forgotten in real sense is not forgotten because it was never encoded and stored in the first place. 

Causes of Forgetting:  Many students complain that they do not remember the contents after attending the class or forget after reading .the text. This happens due to :

• Mental Conflict: Many times we forget as memory does not match events that had occurred. This happens due to the constructive processes i.e. during encoding, the to-be-remembered information, interference due to similar material.
• Under-learning, some information does not reach short term memory from the sensory register.
• Defective methods of remembering: Inadequate encoding and rehearsal, the information may not have been transferred from short term to long term memory.

NOTE: Desire to learn is helpful in remembering the information for the long term.

Hence, we conclude that the desire to remember is not the cause of forgetting.

Statistics: In the singular sense, Statistics refers to what is called statistical methods which means the science which deals with the techniques for collection, classifying, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of statistical/numerical data information. In simple language, it means the subject of Statistics like any other subject such as Mathematics or Economics. 

• This definition lays emphasis on five important aspects, which in fact, constitute the very scope of the subject called Statistics or Statistical Methods. These are:
• Collection of Data: In any statistical inquiry, the collection of data is the first basic step. They form the foundation of statistical analysis, and therefore utmost care should be taken in collecting data in Primary and Secondary form.
• Classification of Data: It follows editing. It involves arranging data according to some common characteristics.
• Presentation of Data: Presented the data in the form of diagrams and graphs to facilitate the understanding of various trends as well as the process of comparison of various situations.
• Analysis of Data: It is the most important step in any statistical inquiry. A major portion of this course in Statistics is devoted to the methods used for analyzing the collected data to derive some policy conclusions.
• Interpretation of Data: It is the last but very crucial stage of a statistical inquiry or investigation. It is a job in itself that requires a high degree of aptitude, skill, and experience.

Additional Information

Hence, we conclude that the science which deals with the methods of collecting, classifying, presenting, comparing, and interpreting numerical data is called Statistics.

Psychology test are used to measure the unique traits of an individual to know his ability, aptitude, contrast with their personality, intelligence, emotions etc. 

Key Points

Raven's Test:

• It was intelligence test developed by John C raven in 1983.
• It is non verbal test of inductive reasoning, designed to measure spearman  'g' factor or general intelligence.
• It consists of 60 multiple choice items and can be administered on children from 5 year old toolder adults.
• The test contains visual geometric designs with a missing piece.

16-PF

• This test developed by the British Psychologist Cattell is based on 16 source traits of personality.
• Cattell has used factor analysis to arrive at the 16 factors of personality.

TAT (Thematic Appreciation Test)

• This test is used to measure the personality traits , developed by Morgan and Murray.
• TAT consists of 30 black and white picture card depicting picture in ambiguous situations, plus one blank card.

Draw a man test

• It is to measure personality traits, and developed by GoodEnough .
• This test emphasizes on the child's ability to observe accurately and think conceptuallly.

​

​Thus, it can be concluded that Raven;s test is odd one out. It is used to measure the fluid intelligence.

The median of a set of numbers is the middle number in the set (after the numbers have been arranged from least to greatest) -- or, if there are an even number of data, the median is the average of the middle two numbers.

Example 1:

Find the median of the set : {3,10,36,255,79,24,5,8}

There are 8 numbers in the set, and they are arranged in ascending order. {3.5.8.10.24.36.79.255}

 find the average of the middle two numbers, 10 and 24.

= (10 + 24)/2 =17

Similarly, Example 2:

Find the median of the set: { 2,5,8,11,16,21,30 } 

There are 777 numbers in the set, and they are arranged in ascending order.  The middle number (the 44 th one in the list) is 11. The median is 11.

Key Points

In the given problem, arrange the observation in the ascending order. {7,8,9,10,11| and total number of observation is 6 , which is even.

3rd abd 4th observation are 9 and 10.

average of 9 and 10 is the median of the set.

(9+10)/2

=19/2

=9.510 + 242=342=111

The Gestalt theory of learning also named Learning by Insight is the contribution of German psychologists who were studying the nature of perception.

Key Points

• Gestalt Theory of Learning (Learning by Wholes) or Learning by Insight states that perceptual phenomena are only experienced as wholes or Gestalts.
• Translation of Gestalt is „configuration‟ or more simply „an organized whole in contrast to a collection of parts‟.
• Gestalt psychologists consider the process of learning as a Gestalt – an organized whole.
• A thing cannot be understood by the study of its constituent parts but only by the study of it as a totality, is a basic idea behind this theory.
• Learning, according to Gestalt Theory, is not by random steps, not by trial and error, not by conditioning but by insight, introspection, and understanding.
• The Gestaltians tend to place far more emphasis on the intrinsic organizing capacity in the brain of the individual and emphasis the dynamic interaction of the elements in the entire perceptual field.
• Gestalt theory of learning essentially consists of problem-solving by understanding the relative position of the elements in the entire perspective or situation.

Additional Information

Hence, we conclude that the theory of insight is propounded by Gestalt Psychologist.

Emotions expressed by humans can be divided into two broad categories and are called positive and negative emotions. Examples of emotions include the following: Interest, enthusiasm, boredom, laughter, empathy, action, curiosity, anger, rebellion, irritation, etc.

According to William McDougall’s concept of emotions instincts and emotions were both innate patterns.

• As per McDougall, the primary emotions were fear, disgust, wonder, anger, subjection, elation, tenderness. According to him, each instinctual tendency has a corresponding emotion.
• William McDougall(2003) analyses an instinctive behavior, in three aspects:
• Cognitive or (knowing or perceptive) aspect.
• Affective or (feeling or emotional) aspect.
• Conative or (doing or behavior) aspect.
• The occurrence of some form of arousal in the emotion gives rise to a cognitive search for an explanation of arousal.
• In the opinion of McDougall, feelings arise and are conditioned by the degrees of success and failure of one's own efforts, whereas emotions are aroused by some object or person deemed responsible for one’s success or failure in some particular situation.
• Emotion is not just a feeling gone violent but itself a singular experience.

Hence, we conclude that According to McDougall, every instinct is associated with emotion.

Perception is the process through which we interpret and organize the received information so as to produce our conscious experience of objects and their relationship.

• We feel something in sensation when the stimulus is present and when the meaning is added to them it becomes perception.
• In this process, physical energy; such as light, sound waves, heat; emanating from objects is transformed by the concerned sense organs into a code and transferred to and interpreted by the brain.
• The line between the two terms sensation and perception, therefore, is somewhat arbitrary.
• The sensation typically refers to the direct reception and transmission of messages, whereas perception refers to the active process of integrating and organizing these sensations.

Hence, we conclude that giving the meaning to sensation on the basis of past experience is called Perception.

• उपर्युक्त में से 'व्याख्या विधि' वाचन शिक्षण की विधि नहीं है बल्कि यह उच्च कक्षाओं के लिए शिक्षण की विधि है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'व्याख्या विधि' है। 

अन्य विकल्प

'ध्वनि साम्य विधि', 'अनुध्वनि विधि' और 'समवेत पाठ विधि' ध्वनि वाचन (जोर से बोलकर पढ़ने) की विधियां हैं।

• उपर्युक्त में से 'स्वानुभूत विचारो व भावों को अभिव्यक्त करना' अभिवृत्यात्मक उद्देश्य है।
• इसमें छात्रों को कहानी सुनाना, यात्रा का वर्णन करना, निबंध लिखना, संवाद लिखने आदि की क्रियाएं करवाई जाती हैं जिससे छात्रों के अभिवृत्तियों का पता चलता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'स्वानुभूत विचारो व भावों को अभिव्यक्त करना' है।

• 'मॉडर्न वरनाक्यूलर लिटरेचर ऑफ हिन्दोस्तान’ 'जॉर्ज अब्राहम ग्रियर्सन' ने लिखा है।
• यह किताब 1989 में लिखी गयी थी जिसमें पहली बार हिंदी साहित्य के काल विभाजन का प्रयास किया गया था।
• इसमें हिंदी साहित्य के काल को दस अध्यायों में बाँटा गया था।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'जॉर्ज अब्राहम ग्रियर्सन' हैं।

• उपर्युक्त पंक्तियाँ 'मीराबाई' द्वारा रचित हैं।
• इस पद में उन्होंने कृष्ण के प्रति अपनी विरह भावना को दर्शाया है।
• मीराबाई कृष्णभक्त कवयित्री थी।
• इनकी प्रसिद्ध रचनायें - 'गीतगोविन्द टीका, नरसी जी का मायरा, रागगोविन्द आदि हैं।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'मीराबाई' है।

• हिन्दी का पहला पत्र 'उदंत मार्तण्ड' है।
• इस पत्र का संपादन पंडित जुगल किशोर शुक्ल द्वारा 30 मई 1826 को कलकत्ता में हुआ था।
• इसे हिंदी का पहला समाचार पत्र माना जाता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'उदंत मार्तण्ड' है।

अन्य विकल्प

- इतिहास तिमिरनाशक के संपादक राजा शिवप्रसाद सितारेहिंद थे।

- बनारस अखबार के संपादक - सन 1845 में राजा शिव प्रसाद ने ‘बनारस अख़बार’ निकाला था।

- हरिश्चन्द्र मैगजीन - यह एक मासिक पत्रिका थी। यह पत्रिका 15 अक्टूबर, 1873 को काशी से भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र ने प्रारम्भ की थी।

धर्म पालन करने में बाधा डालने वाली प्रवृत्तियाँ 'कमजोर मन, उद्देश्य का निश्चित न होना तथा चंचल मनोवृत्ति का होना' है। यह गद्यांश की पंक्ति 'धर्म पालन करने के मार्ग में सबसे अधिक बाधा चित्त की चंचलता, उद्देश्य की अस्थिरता और मन की निर्बलता से पड़ती है।' से स्पष्ट होता है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'कमजोर मन, उद्देश्य का निश्चित न होना तथा चंचल मनोवृत्ति का होना' है।

• संसार के बड़े-बड़े लोगों ने सबसे श्रेष्ठ 'अपने कर्तव्य को' माना है।
• गद्यांश की पंक्ति 'इस संसार में जितने बड़े-बड़े लोग हुए हैं सभी ने अपने कर्तव्य को सबसे श्रेष्ठ माना है' से स्पष्ट होता है।
• अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अपने कर्तव्य को' है।

• ‘निर्बलता’ शब्द में उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय का सही विकल्प 'निर् + बल + ता' है।
• इसमें 'निर्' उपसर्ग है, 'बल' मूल शब्द है, 'ता' प्रत्यय है।
• शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'निर् + बल + ता' है।

विशेष

• ‘कायर’ की भाववाचक संज्ञा 'कायरता' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'कायरता' है।

 विशेष

• ‘अपना मतलब निकालने वाला’ के लिए उचित शब्द 'स्वार्थी' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'स्वार्थी' है।

अन्य विकल्प - 

'कुटिल' का अर्थ 'टेढ़ा या चालबाज' होता है।

'स्वार्थपरता' का अर्थ 'खुदगर्जी' होता है।

'स्वार्थपरक' का अर्थ 'स्वार्थपरायण' होता है।

‘पंकज’ में 'बहुव्रीहि समास' है क्योंकि इसका पहला और उत्तर पद प्रधान नहीं है जबकि इसका संयुक्त रूप या अन्य पद प्रधान है। शेष विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'बहुव्रीहि' है।

अन्य विकल्प

‘अयोगवाह’ 'अनुस्वार एवं विसर्ग को' कहा जाता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अनुस्वार एवं विसर्ग को' है। 

स्पष्टीकरण - 

 अन्य विकल्प

उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों में 'भयानक रस' है क्योंकि इसमें 'भय' का भाव युक्त है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'भयानक रस' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• उपर्युक्त दोहे में 'एक ओर अजगर और दूसरी ओर सिंह का देखकर व्याकुल होकर यात्री बीच में मूर्च्छित होकर गिर पड़ा।
• यहाँ यात्री आश्रय है। अजगर और सिंह आलंबन है। अजगर की फुँकार और सिंह की गर्जना तथा उनकी भयंकर चेष्टाएँ उद्दीपन हैं।
• यात्री का कांपना व मूर्छा अनुभाव हैं, व्याकुलता चिंता, डर आदि संचारी भाव हैं, इन सबसे पुष्ट होकर भय स्थायी भाव भयानक रस में परिणीत हुआ है।

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘से’ विभक्ति उपर्युक्त में से 'करण' कारक के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'करण' है।

विशेष

• ‘उसने नहाकर भोजन किया’ इस वाक्य में ‘नहाकर’ शब्द 'पूर्वकालिक क्रिया’ का उदाहरण है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'पूर्वकालिक क्रिया' है।

अन्य विकल्प

शुद्ध वाक्य है - 'गलियों को चौड़ा करना आवश्यक है'।

Key Points

• वाक्य में लिंग, वचन, पुरुष, काल, कारक आदि का क्रिया के साथ ठीक-ठीक मेल हो उसे शुद्ध वाक्य कहते है।
• किसी वाक्यांश या वाक्य में शब्दों का सही क्रम वाक्य विन्यास कहलाता है।

अन्य वाक्य

Additional Informationवचन, कारक, क्रिया विशेषण व विशेषण संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ - 

'विद्यार्थी' में 'दीर्घ संधि' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'दीर्घ संधि' है।

दीर्घ स्वर संधि के नियमानुसार इसका विच्छेद 'विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी' है, नियम 'आ + अ = आ' है। 

विशेष

अन्य विकल्प

सही उत्तर 'वन' है।

Key Points

• कानन का पर्यायवाची 'वन' है।
• 'कानन' के अन्य पर्यायवाची 'अरण्य, जंगल, कान्तार, विपिन' हैं।

अन्य विकल्प

• पुष्प के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं 'फूल, सुमन, कुसुम, मंजरी'।
• विहिप का कोई पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है (यह विश्व हिन्दू परिषद का संक्षेपण है)।

• ‘वाक्य विग्रह’ का अर्थ 'वाक्य खंडों को अलग-अलग करके उनका संबंध बताना' है।
• शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वाक्य खंडों को अलग-अलग करके उनका संबंध बताना' है।

विशेष - 

जहाँ कारण के न होते हुए भी कार्य सिद्ध हो वहां विभावना अलंकार होता है। यहाँ भगवान के बारे में कहा जा रहा है कि वह बिना पैर के चलता है और बिना कानों के सुनता है। यहाँ कारण के आभाव में कार्य हो रहा है अर्थात यहाँ विभावना अलंकार है। अर्थात सही विकल्प 'विभावना' है।

​अन्य विकल्प

सूफी संतों की शैली 'मसनवी' है। जिस रचना के प्रारंभ में ईश वंदना, पैगंबर की स्तुति एवं शाहेवक्त की प्रशंसा की जाती है वह मसनवी शैली कहलाती है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मसनवी' है।

• ‘गुड़िया भीतर गुड़िया’ के रचनाकार 'मैत्रेयी पुष्पा' हैं।
• यह उनकी आत्मकथा का दूसरा भाग है, इसका पहला भाग 'कस्तूरी कुण्डल बसै' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'मैत्रेयी पुष्पा' है।

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘सौ अजान एक सुजान’ के रचानाकार 'बालकृष्ण भट्ट' हैं।
• पं. बालकृष्ण भट्ट हिंदी साहित्य के सफल पत्रकार, उपन्यासकार, नाटककार और निबंधकार थे।
• इन्हे आज की गद्य प्रधान कविताओं का जनक माना जा सकता है।
• वे ‘सौ अजान एक सुजान’ को एक प्रबंध - कल्पना मानते थे।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'बालकृष्ण भट्ट' है।

अन्य विकल्प

• गोस्वामी तुलसीदास का निधन वाराणसी के 'अस्सी घाट' पर हुआ।
• संवत 1680 ( सन् 1623 ई) में असी घाट पर वे परमधाम को सिधारे।
• उनकी मृत्यु के सम्बन्ध में एक दोहा प्रचलित है -

"संवत सोलह सौ असी, असी गंग के तीर।

श्रावण शुक्ला सप्तमी, तुलसी तज्यो शरीर।।"

इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'अस्सी घाट' है।

"भक्तमाल" के रचनाकार "नाभादास" है। उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प (4) नाभादास सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points 

• भक्तमाल का रचना वर्ष 1585 ईस्वी है।
• 'भक्तमाल' की रचना व्रजभाषा में हुई है। इसकी भाषा शैली प्रौढ़ एवं परिमार्जित है
• भक्तमाल' में नाभादास ने छप्पय छंद में अपने पूर्ववर्ती अथवा समसामयिक लगभग दो सौ भक्तों का चरितगान किया है।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प:-

Important Points  नाभादास (1570-1650) स्वामी अग्रदास जी के शिष्य हैं। इनके प्रसिद्ध ग्रंथ 'भक्तमाल' की टीका प्रियादास जी ने संवत्‌ 1769 में, सौ वर्ष बाद, लिखी थी। नाभादास की तीन कृतियाँ उपलब्ध हैं - 

• भक्तमाल (1585)
• अष्टयाम (1585)
• रामभक्ति संबंधी स्फुट पद

'भक्तमाल' में लगभग दो सौ भक्तों का चरित्रगान है।  'अष्टयाम' ब्रजभाषा गद्य और पद्य दोनों में पृथक्‌-पृथक्‌ उपलब्ध है।

‘सुई’ का तत्सम रूप 'सूची' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

• अतः सही विकल्प 'सूची' है।

 Key Points

• सज्जा तत्सम शब्द है तथा इसका तद्भव है 'साज'।
• सलाई का तत्सम 'शलाका' है।
• सरसों का तत्सम 'ससर्प' है।

Additional Information

• ‘परिसीमन’ का विलोम 'निरसीमन' है।
• 'परिसीमन' का अर्थ 'सीमा निश्चित करना' है।
• शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'निरसीमन' है।

‘धूसर’ शब्द का पर्याय 'गर्दभ' है। 'घूसर' के अन्य पर्यायवाची 'खर, धूसर, शीतलावाहन, चक्रीवान, गधा' आदि हैं। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'गर्दभ' है।

अन्य विकल्प

विशेष

‘धूर्तो अर्थात् जीवों द्वारा होने वाला (दुख)’ – वाक्य के लिए एक शब्द 'आधिभौतिक' है। 

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘ऊँट की चोरी निहुरे निहुरे’ का अर्थ 'बड़े काम छिपकर नहीं किए जा सकते' हैं।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'बड़े काम छिपकर नहीं किए जा सकते' है।

अन्य विकल्प

The correct answer is "an apiary".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'A pantry' is a small room or cupboard in which food, crockery, and cutlery are kept.
• 'A nursery' is a place where young plants and trees are grown for sale or for planting elsewhere.
• 'An apiary' is a place where bees are kept; a collection of beehives.
• 'An aquarium' is a transparent tank of water in which live fish and other water creatures and plants are kept.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'A pantry' एक छोटा कमरा या अलमारी है जिसमें भोजन, क्रॉकरी और कटलरी रखी जाती है।
• 'A nursery' एक ऐसा स्थान है जहां युवा पौधे और पेड़ बिक्री के लिए या कहीं और लगाने के लिए उगाए जाते हैं।
• 'An apiary' वह स्थान है जहाँ मधुमक्खियाँ रखी जाती हैं; मधुमक्खियों का एक संग्रह।
• 'An aquarium' पानी का एक पारदर्शी टैंक है जिसमें जीवित मछलियां और अन्य जल जीव और पौधे रखे जाते हैं।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

The correct answer is "to be jealous".

Key Points  

• Given Idiom: Green-eyed monster means jealousy personified.
• Example: But let's push aside the green-eyed monster for a second, and take a pause.
• From the given options, the first option is the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
  

Mistake Points

• We may think from the phrase "green-eyed monster" that it is all about to be blind, to be sick or to be jealous but the correct answer is option 1. So be careful while dealing with such questions. (हम "ग्रीन-आइड मॉन्स्टर" वाक्यांश से सोच सकते हैं कि यह सब अंधा होने, बीमार होने या ईर्ष्या करने वाला है लेकिन सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है। इसलिए ऐसे प्रश्नों से निपटने में सावधानी बरतें।)

Hinglish

• दिया हुआ मुहावरा: Green-eyed monster का अर्थ है ईर्ष्या का अवतार।
• Example: But let's push aside the green-eyed monster for a second, and take a pause.
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से पहला विकल्प दिए गए मुहावरे का सबसे उपयुक्त अर्थ है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "He is a MA".

Key Points

• The definite article 'the' is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular.
• 'A' and 'an' are indefinite articles, which means that they refer to, or introduce, an unspecified noun. In other words, we use an indefinite article in front of a noun when we're not referring to a particular person, place, thing or idea, but we want to convey that we're talking about any person, place, thing or idea.
• We use 'a' before a consonant sound, and we use 'an' before a vowel sound (here MA).
• From the given options, in the first option, the article 'a' should be replaced by 'an' as we use 'an' before a vowel sound.
• Hence, the sentence in which the article has been wrongly used is option 1.
  

Additional Information

• There are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective.
  

Correct Sentence: He is an MA*.* 

Hinglish

• Definite article 'the'  का प्रयोग एकवचन और बहुवचन संज्ञाओं से पहले किया जाता है जब संज्ञा विशिष्ट या विशेष होती है।
• 'A' और 'An' indefinite articles हैं, जिसका अर्थ है कि वे एक अनिर्दिष्ट संज्ञा को संदर्भित करते हैं, या पेश करते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में, जब हम किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान, चीज़ या विचार का उल्लेख नहीं कर रहे होते हैं, तो हम संज्ञा के सामने एक अनिश्चित लेख का उपयोग करते हैं, लेकिन हम यह बताना चाहते हैं कि हम किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, चीज़ या विचार के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं।
• हम consonant sound से पहले 'A' का उपयोग करते हैं, और हम vowel sound से पहले 'An' का उपयोग करते हैं (यहां MA)।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से, पहले विकल्प में, article 'a' को 'an' से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए क्योंकि हम vowel sound से पहले 'an' का उपयोग करते हैं।
• अतः जिस वाक्य में article का गलत प्रयोग किया गया है वह विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "​should they?"

Key Points

• The given sentence is a negative sentence (shouldn't).
• In negative sentences, a positive question tag is needed and in positive ones a negative.
• The tense in the question tag cannot differ from the tense in the statement.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
  

Complete Sentence: People shouldn't drink and drive, should they?

Additional Information

• When it comes to the form of question tags, you need to pay attention that a personal pronoun (‘he, she, it, we’, etc.) instead of a noun is used in almost every case. It has to refer to the subject of the sentence which is often a noun or the same personal pronoun. (जब प्रश्न टैग के रूप की बात आती है, तो आपको ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है कि लगभग हर मामले में एक संज्ञा के बजाय एक व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम ('वह, वह, यह, हम', आदि) का उपयोग किया जाता है। इसे वाक्य के विषय को संदर्भित करना होता है जो अक्सर एक संज्ञा या एक ही व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम होता है।)
• Question tags always appear at the end of the sentence and refer to the verb used in the clause before as well as the subject (which is a noun or a personal pronoun in most cases) of the corresponding statement. (प्रश्न टैग हमेशा वाक्य के अंत में दिखाई देते हैं और संबंधित कथन के पहले खंड में प्रयुक्त क्रिया के साथ-साथ विषय (जो ज्यादातर मामलों में एक संज्ञा या व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम है) को संदर्भित करता है।)

Hinglish

• दिया गया वाक्य एक नकारात्मक वाक्य है (shouldn't)।
• नकारात्मक वाक्यों में, एक सकारात्मक question tag की आवश्यकता होती है और सकारात्मक में नकारात्मक।
• Question tag में काल कथन के काल से भिन्न नहीं हो सकता है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "A".

Key Points

• The first option is in the present continuous tense (are + ing form of the verb) which is incorrect.
• The present continuous tense should be replaced by the present perfect continuous tense as it shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time.
• The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing).
• Hence, the option which contains an error is option 1.

Correct Sentence: You have been learning English for the last one year but you show no improvement at all.

Additional Information

• The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. (present perfect continuous का उपयोग 'before now' और 'now' के बीच एक अनिर्दिष्ट समय को संदर्भित करने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. (वक्ता किसी ऐसी चीज़ के बारे में सोच रहा है जो उस अवधि में शुरू हुई लेकिन शायद समाप्त नहीं हुई।)
• He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished. (वह प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ परिणाम में भी रुचि रखता है, और यह प्रक्रिया अभी भी चल रही है, या अभी समाप्त हो सकती है।)

Hinglish

• पहला विकल्प present continuous tense में है (are + ing form of the verb) जो गलत है।
• Present continuous tense को present perfect continuous tense से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए क्योंकि यह दर्शाता है कि कुछ अतीत में शुरू हुआ और वर्तमान समय में जारी है।
• Present perfect continuous का गठन has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing) कंस्ट्रक्शन का उपयोग करके किया गया है।
• अतः जिस विकल्प में त्रुटि है वह विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "A full day".

Key Points

• The third sentence of the passage says "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece".
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the total time spent by the elderly lady in writing a postcard is a full day.
• Hence, the correct answer is **option 2.**​

Hinglish

• Passage का तीसरा वाक्य कहता है, "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece".
• Passage के इस वाक्य से, हम कह सकते हैं कि वृद्ध महिला द्वारा पोस्टकार्ड लिखने में बिताया गया कुल समय एक पूरा दिन है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

Important Points

• ​Given below are the points, we should keep in mind while solving questions of reading comprehension(नीचे दिए गए बिंदु हैं, हमें रीडिंग कॉम्प्रिहेंशन के प्रश्नों को हल करते समय ध्यान में रखना चाहिए-)-
• Identify the purpose of reading. Try to go through the question first then the passage so that you can just focus on the things you need to look in the passage.(पढ़ने के उद्देश्य को पहचानें। पहले प्रश्न को फिर गद्यांश को पढ़ने का प्रयास करें ताकि आप केवल उन चीजों पर ध्यान केंद्रित कर सकें जिनकी आपको गद्यांश में देखने की आवश्यकता है।)
• Anticipate what may lie ahead. Look out for specific information in the passage.(अनुमान लगाएं कि आगे क्या हो सकता है। पैसेज में विशिष्ट जानकारी के लिए देखें।)
• Read the passage quickly to get a general idea of meaning or to find specific information, e.g. figures or names.(अर्थ का सामान्य विचार प्राप्त करने या विशिष्ट जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए गद्यांश को शीघ्रता से पढ़ें, उदा। आंकड़े या नाम।)

The correct answer is "The work consumes all the time".

Key Points

• The first sentence of the passage says "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion".
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that when the time to be spent on some work increases, the work consumes all the time.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3​.

Hinglish

• गद्यांश का पहला वाक्य कहता है, "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion".
• गद्यांश के इस वाक्य से हम कह सकते हैं कि जब किसी काम में लगने वाला समय बढ़ता है तो काम में सारा समय लग जाता है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

The correct answer is "A pillar-type postbox".

Key Points

• The fourth sentence of the passage says "An hour will be spent in finding the postcard, another hunting for spectacles, half an hour to search for the address, an hour and a quarter in composition and twenty minutes in deciding whether or not to take an umbrella when going to the pillar-box in the street". (Passage का चौथा वाक्य कहता है  "An hour will be spent in finding the postcard, another hunting for spectacles, half an hour to search for the address, an hour and a quarter in composition and twenty minutes in deciding whether or not to take an umbrella when going to the pillar-box in the street"
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the expression 'pillar-box' stands for a pillar-type postbox.(परिच्छेद के इस वाक्य से, हम कह सकते हैं कि अभिव्यक्ति 'पिलर-बॉक्स' एक स्तंभ-प्रकार के पोस्टबॉक्स के लिए है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4​.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 है।)

The correct answer is "A man of leisure".

Key Points

• The last sentence of the passage says "The total effort that would occupy a busy man for three minutes, all told, may in this fashion leave another person completely exhausted after a day of doubt, anxiety and toil". Passage का अंतिम वाक्य कहता है, "The total effort that would occupy a busy man for three minutes, all told, may in this fashion leave another person completely exhausted after a day of doubt, anxiety and toil"
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the person likely to take more time to do work is a man of leisure.(passage के इस वाक्य से, हम कह सकते हैं कि जिस व्यक्ति को काम करने में अधिक समय लगने की संभावना है, वह फुरसत का आदमी है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3​.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

The correct answer is "Whatever time is available for a given amount of work, all of it will be used".

Key Points

• The second sentence of the passage says The general recognition of this fact is shown in the proverbial phrase, "It is the busiest man who has time to spare" and the third sentence of the passage says "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece". (Passage का दूसरा वाक्य कहता है कि*"It is the busiest man who has time to spare"* and the third sentence of the passage says "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece".)
• From these sentences of the passage, we can say that the most appropriate explanation of the sentence, "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion" is whatever time is available for a given amount of work, all of it will be used.(Passage के इन वाक्यों से, हम कह सकते हैं कि वाक्य की सबसे उपयुक्त व्याख्या, "कार्य का विस्तार होता है ताकि उसके पूरा होने के लिए उपलब्ध समय को पूरा किया जा सके" किसी दिए गए कार्य के लिए जो भी समय उपलब्ध है, वह सब होगा उपयोग किया गया।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2​. (अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।)

The correct answer is "The committee was one on this point.".

Key Points

• In all the given options the word 'committee" is a group noun. (दिए गए सभी विकल्पों में 'समिति' शब्द समूहवाचक संज्ञा है।)
• Group nouns (e.g. committee, jury, army, team, family etc.) are followed by singular verbs when the group is thought of as a single unit. But with individual members of the group, the plural verb is used. (Group nouns (जैसे समिति, जूरी, सेना, टीम, परिवार इत्यादि) के बाद एकवचन क्रिया होती है जब समूह को एक इकाई के रूप में माना जाता है। लेकिन समूह के अलग-अलग सदस्यों के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Therefore we can opt-out the first and Third options as they have used incorrect verb forms (were and was).(इसलिए हम पहले और तीसरे विकल्प को निकाल सकते हैं क्योंकि उन्होंने गलत क्रिया रूपों का उपयोग किया है (were और was)।
• Only option 2 is correct because there is no disagreement between the committee and the singular verb 'was' is used. (केवल विकल्प 2 सही है क्योंकि समिति के बीच कोई असहमति नहीं है और एकवचन क्रिया 'was' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।)
  

Correct Sentence: The committee was one on this point.

The correct answer is "​I wandered lonely as a cloud".

Key Points

• Simile means a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid.
• A simile uses the words "like" or "as" to draw a comparison.
• From the given options, only in the first option the comparison of "wandered lonely" has been done with "cloud".
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Hinglish

• Simile का अर्थ है भाषण की एक आकृति जिसमें एक चीज़ की तुलना दूसरी चीज़ से की जाती है, जिसका उपयोग किसी विवरण को अधिक सशक्त या विशद बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• एक Simile तुलना करने के लिए "like" या "as" शब्दों का उपयोग करती है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल पहले विकल्प में "wandered lonely" की तुलना "cloud" से की गई है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 हैI

The correct answer is "The woman showed the visitors the newborn".

• In Active Voice, a sentence emphasizes subject performing an action.(Active voice में, एक वाक्य एक क्रिया करने वाले विषय पर जोर देता है।)
• In Passive Voice, a sentence emphasizes the action or the object of the sentence.(Passive voice में, एक वाक्य वाक्य की क्रिया या वस्तु पर जोर देता है।)
• The given sentence is in the passive voice and we have to convert this sentence into active voice.(दिया गया वाक्य passive voice में है और हमें इस वाक्य को active voice में बदलना है।
• The passive format for simple past tense "were + V3 (shown)" is used in the given sentence.(दिए गए वाक्य में simple past tense के लिए passive format "were + V3 (shown)" का प्रयोग किया गया है।)
• The active format for simple past tense (showed) should be used.(simple past tense के लिए active format (showed) का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए।)
• This is the active and passive voice rule for the simple past tense.(यह simple past tense के लिए active और passive voice का नियम है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.(अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

Verbs of passive format have a different set of tenses (*V3 - Past participle or Third form of the Verb) as given below in the table:(निष्क्रिय प्रारूप की क्रियाओं में काल का एक अलग सेट होता है (*V3 - Past participle or Third form of the Verb) जैसा कि नीचे table में दिया गया है:)

The correct answer is "Friendly".

Key Points

• The word 'Adverse' means as opposed to one's interests.('Adverse' शब्द का अर्थ है किसी के हितों के विपरीत।)
• The antonyms of the word 'Adverse' are "friendly, favourable, positive, supportive". ('प्रतिकूल' शब्द के विलोम शब्द "दोस्ताना, अनुकूल, सकारात्मक, सहायक" हैं।)
• From the antonym of the given word, we can say that the word 'Friendly' is the opposite in meaning.(दिए गए शब्द के विलोम से हम कह सकते हैं कि 'Friendly' शब्द अर्थ में विपरीत है।)
• The word 'Friendly' means kind and pleasant.('Friendly' शब्द का अर्थ दयालु और सुखद होता है।)

Hence, we can say that 'Friendly' is the opposite in meaning to the given word.(हम कह सकते हैं कि 'Friendly' शब्द अर्थ में विपरीत है।)

Let's see the meaning of other given options-(आइए अन्य दिए गए विकल्पों के अर्थ देखें)

Additional Information

• The synonyms of the word 'Adverse' are "hostile, inimical, negative, prejudicial, unfriendly". ('प्रतिकूल' शब्द के पर्यायवाची हैं- "शत्रुतापूर्ण, शत्रुतापूर्ण, नकारात्मक, पक्षपाती, अमित्र"।)
• Example of 'Adverse' in a sentence:
• This OT treatment is expected to minimize adverse and toxic reactions associated with Ni ions.

The correct answer is "thicker".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Thinner' means (of a liquid substance) not containing much solid; flowing freely.('पतला' का अर्थ है (एक तरल पदार्थ का) जिसमें अधिक ठोस न हो; स्वतंत्र रूप से बह रहा है।)
• 'Thicker' means (of a liquid or a semi-liquid substance) relatively firm in 'consistency'; not flowing freely.('मोटा' का अर्थ है (एक तरल या अर्ध-तरल पदार्थ का) 'consistency' में अपेक्षाकृत दृढ़; स्वतंत्र रूप से नहीं बह रहा है।)
• 'Purer' means not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material.('शुद्ध' का अर्थ है किसी अन्य पदार्थ या सामग्री के साथ मिश्रित या मिलावटी नहीं।)
• 'Precious' means of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly.('कीमती' का अर्थ है महान मूल्य; बर्बाद या लापरवाही से इलाज नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।)

Complete Sentence: Blood is thicker than water.

Additional Information

• Thicker is a comparative adjective. Comparative adjectives are used to compare one noun to another noun. In these instances, only two items are being compared.(मोटा एक तुलनात्मक विशेषण है। एक संज्ञा की दूसरी संज्ञा से तुलना करने के लिए तुलनात्मक विशेषणों का प्रयोग किया जाता है। इन उदाहरणों में, केवल दो वस्तुओं की तुलना की जा रही है।)

The correct answer is "the place has no space".

Key Points

• The eighth sentence of the passage says "They are used in congested areas where there is no room for airplanes or in isolated areas, which do not have airports".(गद्यांश का आठवां वाक्य कहता है, "They are used in congested areas where there is no room for airplanes or in isolated areas, which do not have airports"।)
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the word 'congested' in the passage means the place has no space.(गद्यांश के इस वाक्य से हम कह सकते हैं कि गद्यांश में 'भीड़' शब्द का अर्थ है कि स्थान में कोई स्थान नहीं है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।)​

The correct answer is "stay at one place in the air".

Key Points

• The fifth sentence of the passage says "Third, helicopters can use their rotors to hover in the air, which is impossible for airplanes".(Passage का पाँचवाँ वाक्य कहता है, "तीसरा, हेलीकॉप्टर हवा में मंडराने के लिए अपने रोटार का उपयोग कर सकते हैं, जो हवाई जहाज के लिए असंभव है"।
• The word hover means to remain in one place in the air.(होवर शब्द का अर्थ है हवा में एक ही स्थान पर रहना।)
• Therefore, 'Hover' in the passage means to stay at one place in the air.(अतः गद्यांश में 'होवर' का अर्थ है हवा में एक स्थान पर रहना।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1​.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।)

The correct answer is "Verb".

Key Points

• The sixth sentence of the passage says "Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes cannot, they are used for different tasks".
• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Noun' is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things ( common noun ), or to name a particular one of these ( proper noun ).
• 'Verb' is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
• 'Adverb' is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
• "Helping verb" are verbs that help the main verb in a sentence by extending its meaning.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Hinglish

• Passage का छठा वाक्य कहता है "Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes cannot, they are used for different tasks".
• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• ​'Noun' एक शब्द (सर्वनाम के अलावा) है जो लोगों, स्थानों, या चीजों (सामान्य संज्ञा) के किसी भी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, या इनमें से किसी एक विशेष (उचित संज्ञा) का नाम देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• 'Verb' एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय के मुख्य भाग को बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• 'Adverb' एक शब्द या वाक्यांश है जो स्थान, समय, परिस्थिति, तरीके, कारण, डिग्री आदि के संबंध को व्यक्त करते हुए किसी विशेषण, क्रिया या अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या शब्द समूह को संशोधित या योग्य बनाता है।
• "Helping verb" वे क्रियाएं हैं जो मुख्य क्रिया को उसके अर्थ का विस्तार करके एक वाक्य में मदद करती हैं।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "It reaches the inaccessible places easily".

Key Points

• The third-last sentence of the passage says "Helicopters are used as air ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are difficult to reach by conventional ambulances". (Passage का तीसरा-अंतिम वाक्य कहता है, "Helicopters are used as air ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are difficult to reach by conventional ambulances")
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that a helicopter is used as an ambulance because it reaches the inaccessible places easily.(​गद्यांश के इस वाक्य से हम कह सकते हैं कि हेलीकॉप्टर का उपयोग एम्बुलेंस के रूप में किया जाता है क्योंकि यह दुर्गम स्थानों तक आसानी से पहुँच जाता है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3​. (अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

The correct answer is "adverb".

Key Points

• The first sentence of the passage says "Helicopters are very different from airplanes".
• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Adverb' is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
• 'Adjective' a word naming an attribute of a noun.
• 'Noun' is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things ( common noun ), or to name a particular one of these ( proper noun ).
• 'Verb' is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
• In the given sentence, the adverb 'very' is describing or modifying the adjective 'different'.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Hinglish

• Passage का पहला वाक्य कहता है "Helicopters are very different from airplanes".
• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• ​'Adverb' एक शब्द या वाक्यांश है जो स्थान, समय, परिस्थिति, तरीके, कारण, डिग्री आदि के संबंध को व्यक्त करते हुए किसी विशेषण, क्रिया या अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या शब्द समूह को संशोधित या योग्य बनाता है।
• 'Adjective' किसी संज्ञा के गुण का बोध कराने वाला शब्द है।
• 'Noun' एक शब्द (सर्वनाम के अलावा) है जो लोगों, स्थानों, या चीजों (सामान्य संज्ञा) के किसी भी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, या इनमें से किसी एक विशेष (उचित संज्ञा) का नाम देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• 'Verb' एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय के मुख्य भाग को बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• दिए गए वाक्य में, क्रिया विशेषण(adverb) 'very' विशेषण 'different' का वर्णन या संशोधन कर रहा है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "Entomology".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Criminology' is the scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment.
• 'Entomology' is a branch of zoology dealing with the scientific study of insects.
• 'Mycology' is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties.
• 'Meteorology' is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
  

Additional Information

• The Greek word 'entomon', meaning “notched,” refers to the segmented body plan of the insect. The zoological categories of genetics, taxonomy, morphology, physiology, behaviour, and ecology are included in this field of study.

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'Criminology' एक सामाजिक घटना के रूप में अपराध का, अपराधियों का, और दंडात्मक उपचार का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन है।
• 'Entomology' जंतु विज्ञान की एक शाखा है जो कीड़ों के वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन से संबंधित है।
• 'Mycology' जीव विज्ञान की वह शाखा है जो कवक के अध्ययन से संबंधित है, जिसमें उनके आनुवंशिक और जैव रासायनिक गुण शामिल हैं।
• 'Meteorology' वातावरण का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन है जो मौसम प्रक्रियाओं और पूर्वानुमान पर केंद्रित है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "Why are you looking through the keyhole?" I said.

Key Points

• The given sentence is an indirect speech.
• The basic rules for changing or converting indirect speech into direct speech:
• ​Include comma and inverted commas; question mark.
• The verb 'asked' should be changed into 'said'.
• The past continuous tense "Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object" of indirect speech should be converted into the present continuous tense "Subject + are + V1 + ing  Object" in direct speech.
• From the following rules, we get the correct sentence as option 3*.*
  

Additional Information

• The following table will enable us to know how tense changes into Indirect speech:
  

Hinglish

• दिया गया वाक्य एक indirect speech है।
• Indirect speech को direct speech में बदलने के लिए बुनियादी नियम:
• Comma और  inverted commas शामिल करें; प्रश्न चिह्न।
• क्रिया 'asked' को 'said' में बदल दिया जाना चाहिए।
• Indirect speech के past continuous tense "Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object" को direct speech में present continuous tense  "Subject + are + V1 + ing  Object" में परिवर्तित किया जाना चाहिए।
• निम्नलिखित नियमों से, हमें विकल्प 3 के रूप में सही वाक्य मिलता है।

The correct answer is "My daughter never writes to me so I never know what she is doing".

Key Points

• In all the given options, the subject 'daughter' is singular so it will take only a singular verb.
• Let us explore the given options:
• In the first sentence, the past form of the verb 'wrote' and 'knew' are incorrectly used.
• In the second sentence, the plural verb 'write' is incorrectly used and the past tense verb 'knew' is incorrect.
• In the third sentence, the verb 'writes' is singular, the simple present verb 'know' and the present participle form of the verb  (doing) in the sentence are correct as it is in the present continuous tense.
• In the fourth sentence, the verb tense (does) and the past tense form of the verb 'knew' in the sentence are incorrect.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
  

Correct Sentence: My daughter never writes to me so I never know what she is doing.

Additional Information

• Present tense talks about something that is going on now (currently) or that is true now and at any time. In other words, we use present tense to describe an event in real-time, i.e. happening at that very moment. (वर्तमान काल किसी ऐसी चीज़ के बारे में बात करता है जो अभी (वर्तमान में) चल रही है या जो अभी और किसी भी समय सत्य है। दूसरे शब्दों में, हम वास्तविक समय में किसी घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए वर्तमान काल का उपयोग करते हैं, अर्थात उसी क्षण में हो रहा है।)
• The present tense is of four types:
• Simple present tense
• Present continuous tense
• Present perfect tense
• Present perfect continuous tense

Hinglish

• दिए गए सभी विकल्पों में, विषय 'daughter'  एकवचन है इसलिए यह केवल एकवचन क्रिया लेगा।
• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहले वाक्य में, 'wrote' और 'knew'  क्रिया के past form का इस्तेमाल किया गया है जो गलत है।
• दूसरे वाक्य में, बहुवचन क्रिया 'write' का गलत उपयोग किया गया है और भूत काल की क्रिया 'knew' गलत है।
• तीसरे वाक्य में, क्रिया 'writes' एकवचन है, सरल वर्तमान क्रिया 'know' और वाक्य में क्रिया (doing) का present participle रूप सही है क्योंकि यह present continuous tense में है।
• चौथे वाक्य में, क्रिया काल (does) और वाक्य में क्रिया 'knew' का past tense form गलत है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

The correct answer is "Quarrelsome".

Key Points   

• The word 'Cantankerous​​' means bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative.
• The synonyms of the given word 'Cantankerous​​' are "quarrelsome, bad-tempered, irascible, irritable, grumpy".
• The synonym of the given word 'Cantankerous​​' is 'Quarrelsome' since both have a similar meaning.
• The word 'Quarrelsome' means given to or characterized by quarrelling.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'Quarrelsome'.
• ​​​Let's look at the meaning of the other given options-
  

Additional Information

• The antonyms of the given word 'Cantankerous​​​' are "amiable, good-humoured, good-natured, good-tempered".
• Example of 'Cantankerous​​​' in a sentence:
• He had abruptly dropped his leading man for cantankerous behaviour.

Hinglish

• 'Cantankerous​​' ​​शब्द का अर्थ है बुरे स्वभाव वाला, तर्क करने वाला और असहयोगी।
• दिए गए शब्द 'Cantankerous' के पर्यायवाची शब्द "quarrelsome, bad-tempered, irascible, irritable, grumpy" हैं।
• दिए गए शब्द 'Cantankerous​​' का पर्यायवाची  'Quarrelsome'  है क्योंकि दोनों का अर्थ समान है।
• 'Quarrelsome' शब्द का अर्थ है झगड़ा करने वाला।
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर 'Quarrelsome' है।
• दिए गए शब्द 'Cantankerous​​​' ​​के विलोम शब्द "amiable, good-humoured, good-natured, good-tempered" हैं।

The correct answer is "​This kind of question is often asked in examinations".

Key Points

• Demonstrative adjectives are special adjectives or determiners used to identify or express the relative position of a noun in time or space.
• The demonstrative adjective in a sentence will come just before a noun or pronoun and tell you which one it is specifically modifying.
• Some common demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those.
• From the given options, "This" in the second sentence is a demonstrative adjective.
• Hence, from the given options, the correct answer is option 2.

Hinglish

• Demonstrative adjectives विशेष विशेषण या निर्धारक होते हैं जिनका उपयोग समय या स्थान में किसी संज्ञा की सापेक्ष स्थिति को पहचानने या व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
• Demonstrative adjective एक वाक्य में संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के ठीक पहले आएगा और आपको बताएगा कि यह किसमें विशेष रूप से संशोधन कर रहा है।
• कुछ सामान्य demonstrative adjectives हैं this, that, these, and those.
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से दूसरे वाक्य में "This" एक demonstrative adjective है।
• अत: दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "to meditate".

Key Points

• The phrase "to chew the cud" means to ponder over; meditate.(मुहावरा "to chew the cud" का अर्थ है विचार करना; ध्यान)
• Example(उदाहरण): It is a place where shooting parties come for lunch, where farmers meet to chew the cud.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.(अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)
  

Additional Information

• The first term, first recorded in 1382, transfers the appearance of a patiently ruminating cow to a person deep in thought. The variant was first recorded in 1696. (पहला कार्यकाल, पहली बार 1382 में दर्ज किया गया था, एक गहरी सोच वाले व्यक्ति को एक धैर्यपूर्वक जुगाली करने वाली गाय की उपस्थिति को स्थानांतरित करता है। संस्करण पहली बार 1696 में दर्ज किया गया था।)

The correct answer is "of".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• The preposition 'for' is used to specify the use of something.
• The preposition 'of' is used to indicate relating to, belonging to.
• The preposition 'with' means accompanied by (another person or thing).
• The preposition 'over' means at a higher level or layer than.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
  

Complete Sentence: He was very much ashamed of his mischief.

Additional Information

• A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence.(Preposition एक शब्द है जिसका उपयोग संज्ञा, सर्वनाम या वाक्यांशों को एक वाक्य के भीतर दूसरे शब्दों से जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• They act to connect the people, objects, time, and locations of a sentence.(वे एक वाक्य के लोगों, वस्तुओं, समय और स्थानों को जोड़ने का कार्य करते हैं।)
• Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns.(Prepositions आमतौर पर छोटे शब्द होते हैं, और उन्हें आम तौर पर सीधे संज्ञा के सामने रखा जाता है।)

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं :
• कुछ के उपयोग को निर्दिष्ट करने के लिए 'for' का उपयोग किया जाता है।
• से संबंधित, इंगित करने के लिए ' of ' प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• पूर्वसर्ग 'with' का अर्थ है (किसी अन्य व्यक्ति या चीज) के साथ।
• ' over ' का अर्थ उच्च स्तर या परत से अधिक होता है।
• इसलिए , सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "Had".

Key Points

• The given sentence is a type 3 conditional sentence.(दिया गया वाक्य type 3 conditional वाक्य है।)
• In type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the "if" clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.(type 3 conditional वाक्य में, "if" clause past perfect है, और main clause में टेंस perfect conditional या perfect continuous conditional है।)
• To make the 'if' clause in the past perfect tense we have to use the verb 'had'. The structure for the past perfect tense is had + [past participle]. (past perfect tense में 'if' क्लॉज बनाने के लिए हमें 'had' क्रिया का प्रयोग करना होगा। past perfect tense की संरचना में + [past participle] है।)

Hence, the complete sentence is: Had he stood first, he would have gone to America.

Additional Information​

The correct answer is "latter".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Last one' means a person or thing that is last, in a group or set which consists more than two entities.('Last one' का अर्थ है एक व्यक्ति या चीज जो अंतिम है, एक समूह या सेट में जिसमें दो से अधिक इकाइयां होती हैं)
• 'Later' means at a time in the near future; soon or afterward.('Later' में' का अर्थ निकट भविष्य में एक समय पर है; जल्दी या बाद में।)
• 'Latter' means denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things.('Latter' का अर्थ है दो लोगों या चीजों का दूसरा या दूसरा उल्लेख करना।)
• 'Last' means coming after all others in time or order; final.('Last' का अर्थ है समय या क्रम में अन्य सभी के बाद आना; अंतिम।)
• We know the proverb "The Pen is Mightier than the Sword" and in the given sentence the latter noun is 'pen'.(हम कहावत जानते हैं "कलम तलवार से ताकतवर है" और दिए गए वाक्य में latter noun 'कलम' है।)
  

Hence the correct sentence is: Of the sword and pen, the latter is more powerful.

The correct answer is "mis".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• When we use the prefix 'in' with the word 'behave it becomes inbehave which doesn't have any existence or meaning.(जब हम 'behave' शब्द के साथ 'in' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग करते हैं तो यह inbehave हो जाता है जिसका कोई अस्तित्व या अर्थ नहीं होता है।)
• When we use the prefix 'dis' with the word 'behave it becomes disbehave which doesn't have any existence or meaning.(जब हम 'dis' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग 'behave' शब्द के साथ करते हैं तो यह disbehave हो जाता है जिसका कोई अस्तित्व या अर्थ नहीं होता है।)
• When we use the prefix 'mis' with the word 'behave it becomes misbehave which means behave badly.(जब हम 'behave' शब्द के साथ उपसर्ग 'mis' का प्रयोग करते हैं तो यह गलत व्यवहार हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है बुरा व्यवहार करना।)
• When we use the prefix 're' with the word 'behave it becomes rebehave which doesn't have any existence or meaning.(जब हम 're' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग 'behave' शब्द के साथ करते हैं तो यह rebehave हो जाता है जिसका कोई अस्तित्व या अर्थ नहीं होता है।)
• The other words when used with prefix 'mis', the word 'guide' becomes misguide means mislead and 'use' becomes misuse means use (something) in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose.(दूसरे शब्द जब उपसर्ग 'mis' के साथ प्रयोग किए जाते हैं, तो 'guide' शब्द गुमराह हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है गुमराह करना और 'उपयोग' का दुरुपयोग हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है गलत तरीके से या गलत उद्देश्य के लिए उपयोग (कुछ)।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.(अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

Additional Information

• 'in' means “in, on, or not".
• 'dis' means “not, opposite of".
• 'mis' means “wrong, wrongly".
• 're' means “again".

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• Bhilai Steel Plant
• It is a major government-operated steel plant, was built in collaboration with the Soviet Union.
• This plant was India's first and main producer of steel rails, also a major producer of wide steel plates and other steel products.
• This plant was built during India’s Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61).
• Bhilai plant is used for manufacturing rails and structural steel.
• The first blast furnace of the plant inaugurated by the president of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, on 4 February 1959.

The correct answer is shale.

Key Points

• Shale Rocks
• Shale is of a group of fine-grained, laminated sedimentary rocks consisting of silt- and clay-sized particles.
• Shale is the most abundant of the sedimentary rocks, accounting for roughly 70 per cent of this rock type in the crust of the Earth.
• Shales are often found with layers of sandstone or limestone.
• They typically form in environments where muds, silts, and other sediments were deposited by gentle transporting currents and became compacted.
• Most shales occur in extensive sheets several metres thick, though some develop in lenticular formations.

Additional Information

• Marble
• Marble is a granular limestone or dolomite that has been recrystallized under the influence of heat, pressure, and aqueous solutions.
• It is made of rock composed of calcium-magnesium carbonate.
• Commercially, it includes all decorative calcium-rich rocks that can be polished, as well as certain serpentines.
• Petrographically marbles are massive rather than thin-layered and consist of a mosaic of calcite grains that rarely show any traces of crystalline form under the microscope.
• They are traversed by minute cracks that accord with the rhombohedral cleavage of calcite.
• Slate Rocks
• A slate is a fine-grained, clayey metamorphic rock that cleaves, or splits, readily into thin slabs having great tensile strength and durability.
• Slate was formed under low-grade metamorphic conditions i.e, under relatively low temperature and pressure.
• True slates do not, as a rule, split along the bedding plane but along planes of cleavage, which may intersect the bedding plane at high angles.
• The original material was a fine clay, sometimes with sand or volcanic dust, usually in the form of sedimentary rock.
• Granite
• • Granite is a coarse- or medium-grained intrusive igneous rock that is rich in quartz and feldspar.
• It is the most common plutonic rock of the Earth’s crust, forming by the cooling of magma at depth.
• Granites, depending on their mineralogy, can be predominantly white, pink, or grey in colour.
• In reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock.
• The word “granite” comes from the Latin granum, a grain.
• Strictly speaking, granite is an igneous rock with a volume of between 20% and 60% and at least 35% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar.

The correct answer is Away from the Sun.

Important Points

• Comets
• Comets are frozen leftovers from the formation of the solar system composed of dust, rock and ices.
• These icy objects, occasionally pushed by gravity into orbits bringing them closer to the Sun, become the so-called short-period comets.
• The astronomer Gerard Kuiper gave a theory in 1951, a disc-like belt of icy bodies exists beyond Neptune, where a population of dark comets orbits the Sun in the realm of Pluto.
• They range from a few miles to tens of miles wide, but as they orbit closer to the sun, they heat up and spew gases and dust into a glowing head that can be larger than a planet.

Key Points

• The dust and gases form a tail that stretches always away from the Sun for millions of miles.
• The tail actually has two parts – the dust tail and the ion tail.
• These can extend for millions of miles.
• The tail of the comet always points away from the sun no matter what the direction the comet travels because the solar wind always blows out from the sun.
• There are likely billions of comets orbiting our Sun in the Kuiper Belt and even more distant Oort Cloud.

The correct answer is Graben.

Key Points

Graben:

• A graben is a piece of Earth’s crust that is shifted downward in comparison to adjacent crust known as “horsts,” which are shifted upward.
• Horst and graben, elongate fault blocks of the Earth’s crust that have been raised and lowered, respectively, relative to their surrounding areas as a direct effect of faulting.
• Horsts and grabens may range in size from blocks a few centimetres wide to tens of kilometres wide, the vertical movement may be up to several thousand feet.

Additional Information

• Anticlinorium
• ​An anticlinorium is a large anticline on which minor folds are superimposed.
• It is a fold that is convex upward.
• Anticlines appear wider on the unmigrated seismic sections beyond their true position and cross through the reflections point.
• It is an example of rocks, which were previously flat, but have been bent into an arch.
• Strike valley:
• Many longitudinal valleys follow the strike of the rock strata or significant geological fault lines.
• Strike and dip is a measurement convention used to describe the orientation, or attitude, of a planar geologic feature.
• A feature's strike is the azimuth of an imagined horizontal line across the plane, and its dip is the angle of inclination measured downward from the horizontal.
• A valley eroded along a belt of weak strata and therefore followed their trend or strike.
• Hogback Ridges
• Hogback is a term in geomorphology applied to a long narrow ridge or series of hills.
• Hogback Narrow, symmetric ridge, underlain and controlled by a resistant bed dipping at some 40° or more.
• They are also favoured by the sheet wash and pediment erosion or semiarid climates.

The correct answer is Gobi.

Key Points 

Gobi Desert

• The Gobi is a great desert and semidesert region of Central Asia.
• In Mongolian gobi, means a waterless place.
• This desert stretches across huge portions of both Mongolia and China.
• The Gobi occupies a vast arc of land 1,600 km long and 500 to 1,000 km wide, with an estimated area of 1,300,000 square km.

Additional Information

• Atacama Desert
• The Atacama Desert is situated in a cool, arid region.
• It is in northern Chile.
• The length of this desert is 1,000 to 1,100 km long from north to south.
• It lies mainly between the south end of the Loa River and the mountains separating the Salado-Copiapó drainage basins
• Along Chile’s northeastern frontier with Argentina and Bolivia extends the Atacama Plateau, which reaches elevations of 4,000 metres.
• Kalahari Desert
• The Kalahari Desert, a large basin-like plain of the interior plateau of Southern Africa.
• It occupies almost all of Botswana, the eastern third of Namibia, and the northernmost part of Northern Cape province in South Africa.
• Its area has been estimated at some 930,000 square kilometres.
• It is everywhere is 900 metres or more above sea level.
• Arabian Desert
• The Arabian Desert, great desert region of extreme southwestern Asia that occupies almost the entire Arabian Peninsula.
• It is the largest desert area on the continent covering an area of about 2,300,000 square km.
• It is the second-largest desert on Earth, surpassed in size only by the Sahara.

The correct answer is Part III.

Important Points

• Fundamental Rights- The Constitution offers all citizens, individually and collectively, some basic freedoms.
• Article 12 to 35 contained in Part III of the Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights.
• These are guaranteed in the Constitution in the form of six categories of Fundamental Rights.​

Key Points

Additional Information

• Part I-  Union and its Territory
• Part II-  Citizenship
• Part IV- Directive Principles of State Policy

The correct answer is the 73rd Amendment.

Important Points

• The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 has added a new part IX consisting of the 11^th Schedule to the Constitution.
• The 73rd Amendment envisages the Gram Sabha as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj System to perform functions and powers entrusted to it by the State Legislatures.
• The amendment provides for a three-tier Panchayat Raj System at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
• Empowerment of Gram Sabha means strengthening of the Panchayat Raj Institution.

Additional Information

• 42^nd Amendment (1976)- Added three new words (socialist, secular, and integrity) in the Preamble.
• It is known as ‘Mini-Constitution’.
• Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A).
• Made the president bound by the advice of the cabinet.
• Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.
• Raised the tenure of Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
• 44^th Amendment (1978)- Restored the original term of the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies (5years).
• Replaced the term ‘internal disturbance’ with ‘armed rebellion’ in respect of national emergency.
• Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right.
• 86^th Amendment (2002)- Made elementary education a fundamental right. 
• ​The newly-added Article 21-A declares that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the state may determine.

The correct answer is Hague.

Important Points

• International Court of Justice- It is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
• It was established in June 1945.
• Office- Hague, Netherlands.
• Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (USA).
• The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
• Its official languages are English and French.
• The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council.

Additional Information

The correct answer is The Concurrent List.

Key Points

• The Constitution of India has provided for a division of powers between the Central and state governments.
• Under the Seventh Schedule, there are three lists – the Union, State, and Concurrent.
• The Concurrent List includes subjects that give powers to both the Centre and state governments.
• Subjects like Education including technical education, medical education and universities, population control and family planning, criminal law, prevention of cruelty to animals, protection of wildlife and animals, forests, etc.

Additional Information

• The State List: The State List lists subjects under which the legislature of a State may make laws. Public order, police, public health, and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries, betting, and gambling are some of the subjects that come under the state.
• The Union List: The Union List has a range of subjects under which the Parliament may make laws. This includes defence, foreign affairs, railways, banking.

The correct answer is Article 51.

Key Points

• The subject of International Relations in the Constituent Assembly was addressed with deliberations on Article 51 under Directive Principles. This article provides that States shall endeavour to:
• Promote international peace and security
• Maintain just and honourable relations betw.een nations.
• Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another.
• Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Additional Information

• **Article 48:**The State shall endeavour to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle
• Article 49: It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, [declared by or under law made by Parliament]to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.
• Article 50: The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

The correct answer is increase of temperature with height.

Important Points

• Temperature Inversion- It is a reversal of the normal behaviour of temperature in the troposphere,
• ​In which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air.
• In the normal condition, air temperature decreases with height but under the Temperature inversion, temperature starts increasing with height rather than decreasing.

Additional Information

• The temperature usually decreases with an increase in height in the troposphere at a rate of 1 degree for every 165 metre.

The correct answer is Govind Ballabha Pant Sagar.

Important Points

• The reservoir of the Rihand Dam is called Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar.
• It is the largest dam in India by volume.
• The dam was constructed on the River Rihand (Tributary of the Son River)
• It is located near Pipari village in Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is Himachal Pradesh.

Important Points

• The Shipki La Pass is located in the Himalayan Range in the state of Himachal Pradesh (Kinnaur).
• It is a Second Border post-trade with Tibet (China) after Nathu La.
• Sutlej River enters India (from Tibet) near this pass.

Additional Information

• Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh: Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu
• Governor of Himachal Pradesh: Shri  Shiv Pratap Shukla
• Fruit: Apple.
• Tree: Deodar cedar.
• Motto: Satyameva Jayate.
• Bird: Western tragopan.

The correct answer is teaching methods.

Key Points

• Teacher performance is indeed the most important factor in the field of education.
• Teaching methods
• It is important that the teachers need to know different methods so that he/she can choose the one that makes teaching more comfortable and the learning process easier for the pupils.
• It should be noted that although educational objectives are necessary, yet, those objectives can't be executed unless teaching method is known to the teacher. Consider a scenario where a social science teacher applies those methods which are more useful at primary level. In that case, knowing educational objectives will be of no use.
• Important for ideal outcomes in the learning process.
• Pupils should be given room to contribute as well, as this aids/facilitates better learning.
• Every good teacher must be flexible and always seek new ways to communicate with the pupils irrespective of culture, religion, etc.

Additional Information

• Subject knowledge plays an important role because high-quality teaching depends on the teacher's understanding of the subject they are teaching. 
• It helps the teachers to sequence the concepts, develop factual knowledge necessary to each subject, and guiding their students into the different ways of knowing that subject.
• ​Educational objectives state what the student will learn and be able to accomplish by the end of instruction.
• It describes specific behavior that will lead to the desired goal. It is specific and measurable.
• Teaching technology involves the mechanism of the instructional process in the classroom situation, levels of teaching, theories of teaching, principal teaching operations, and establishing relations between theories and teaching operations.
• Teaching technology as a concept can be classified into four well-defined components and are manpower, methods, materials, and media.
• It implies making use of a few devices such as programmed learning, team teaching, micro-teaching, personalized system of instruction, etc as materials, it comprises instructional materials, comprising programmed textbooks, manuals, guides, text, and other written/printed materials, which expose the learner to the contents of these sources of materials.
• To conclude, the teacher of Social Studies should have knowledge of the subject matter as well as the teaching methods.

Geography concerns the study of people and places. It involves the study of humans and how they adjust to their environment. Thus, this subject deals with an in-depth study of the way human beings relate to their environment as well as how they make use of it. At the school level, therefore, students learn about the man and his environment of which encompasses a mass of information.

Teaching Materials:  

• These are the supplementary materials, which help the teacher to make his/her presentation concrete, effective, interesting, meaningful, and inspirational.
• plays a vital role as they provide sensory experiences to the learners.
• The primary aim of teaching materials is to provide the teachers with the layout of the course for teaching in the classroom.

It is difficult to make understand the geographical concepts with the help of mere verbal description but it is easier to understand than through the media of teaching materials. 

Some of the teaching materials are as follows:

• Maps:
• Maps are useful tools in the teaching and learning of Geography.
• They are required in the study of most topics including position, relief, climate, natural vegetation, minerals, population distribution, towns, industries, and communications.
• These maps give a realistic picture of the subject matter to the students as they also give a proper explanation of geographical facts and geographical factors.
• The educational value of maps in the Geography room is that it makes the subject interesting and attractive as well as it facilitates the teachers.
• Flashcards: These are often used as a learning drill to aid memorization. Moreover, it appeals to visual learners and can be used to stimulate kinaesthetic learners too. They are a great way to introduce learners to new vocabulary. Teachers can use them in the classroom to practice and revise vocabulary. These are a set of cards on which are items are written to be studied.
• Calendar: It shows the dates, days, and months of one year. This can be used for primary school learners. It is used to teach time.
• Barometer: It is an instrument used to measure air pressure. Hence, it can be used to teach the concept of air pressure.

Therefore, Maps are the most useful teaching material for Geography.

The correct answer is Panini.

• Ashtadhyayi was written by  Indian grammarian Panini during the 6th to 5th century BCE.

Key Points

• Ashtadhyayi sets the work standard for the Sanskrit language.
• It sums up in 4,000 sutras that had evolved in the Vedic religion.
• Panini divided his work into eight chapters, each of which is further divided into quarter chapters. Beyond defining the morphology and syntax of Sanskrit language, Ashtadhyayi distinguishes between usage in the spoken language and usage that is proper to the language of the sacred texts.

Additional Information

• Vedavyasa: He is the author of Mahabharata.
• Shukadeva: He is the main narrator of Bhagavata Purana.
• Valmiki: He is the author of the epic Ramayana.

The correct answer is Kalasoka.

Key Points

• Kalasoka convened the second Buddhist Council in Vaishali (383 BC).
• Results of Council- Schism into Sthavira-Vadins and Mahasanghikas.

The correct answer is Fatehpur Sikri.