UPTET 2021 Paper 1 (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc.

• These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.
• Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, is associated with the 'Theory of Learning', which he called the ‘Theory of Insightful learning’.
• In his theory, he has proposed the term ‘Insight’ that doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.

As per ‘Theory of Insightful learning’:

• The solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling.
• Insight enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
• Insight doesn't rely on behavior or observation, it is the sudden realization of a problem's solution using intuition.

Kohler demonstrated the following experiment based on insight:

• He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
• The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
• They would ‘suddenly’ stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
• It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.

Hence, it could be concluded that Kohler is associated with the 'Theory of learning'.

Instinct Theory of motivation was propounded by William McDougall. According to this theory, instinct drives all behaviors and McDougall saw instinct as purposive and goal-directed.

In this theory, McDougall suggested that:

• All organisms are born with natural biological tendencies that assist them to survive.
• Every person has instincts in a greater or lesser degree that are prime determinants of behavior.
• Eg: Infants have an inborn rooting reflex that helps them in seeking out a nipple and obtaining nourishment.

Key Points

There are fourteen major types of instincts seen in individuals. The instincts are:

1. Escape
2. Combat
3. Repulsion
4. Parental Instinct
5. Appeal
6. Sex
7. Curiosity
8. Submission
9. Self-Assertion
10. Gregariousness or Herd Instinct
11. Food Seeking
12. Acquisition
13. Constructiveness
14. Laughter.

Important Points 

• The Instinct Theory of Motivation views biological or genetic programming as the cause of motivation. This theory says that the root of all motivations is the motivation to survive.
• As we act or behave with this kind of motivation, all our actions are therefore considered as instincts.
• Learning or Conditioning does not affect the motivation to behave in a certain way.
• A common example used to explain the Instinct Theory is that a human mother will attempt to provide comfort to a baby who has been crying all night and will not sleep until she sees that the baby is calm and asleep. According to Instinct theory, human mothers behave in this way because they were biologically programmed to do so; it is a mother’s instinct to provide comfort to her child.
• The motivation in instinctive theory is intrinsic motivation as a person is motivated by internal needs such as hunger, thirst, etc.

Hence, we can conclude that according to McDougal, the number of basic tendencies is fourteen.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently.

Key Points 

The brainstorming method is developed by Alex F. Osborn. It is the oldest and best-known technique for stimulating creative thinking. It is the most fruitful exercise to solve complex and critical problems.

• In Brainstorming, many creative minds work together and apply their diverse thinking patterns to achieve the same learning goals. Ideas are generated spontaneously by the learners.
• It is a teaching-learning process in which the student is the active role player. The teacher gives one problem or topic to the entire class and allots time.
• Within the given time, the student must create ideas. The role of the teacher in this method is just to consider all the ideas and arise conclusions based on the healthy discussion.

Important Points  Characteristics of Brainstorming Process:

• Quantity is more important than quality as in each time span, how many questions are prepared by the child based on the topic is considered.
• Associating different ideas to come up with a new one as in this process thought arising in the mind of the learner is noted down for further discussion and use.
• Generation of unusual ideas as it just demands the active participation of the child in the learning process by making them think and note the ideas in his own style.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Brainstorming model of teaching is used to improve creativity.

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.

Key Points 

• Dog was involved in Pavlov’s experiment of classical conditioning. During his experiment, Pavlov noticed that dog started secreting saliva as soon as the dog saw the empty plate in which food was served. Saliva secretion is a reflexive response to food or something in the mouth.

Let's have a look at Pavlov’s experiment:

• Pavlov was studying the gastric secretion of the dogs by placing meat powder in their mouth and measuring the saliva.
• A bell was sounded and immediately thereafter food (meat powder) was served to the dog. The dog was allowed to eat it.
• For the next few days, every time the meat powder was presented, it was preceded by the sound of a bell
• After a number of such trials, a test trial was introduced in which everything was the same as the previous trials except that no food followed the sounding of the bell.
• The dog still salivated to the sound of the bell, expecting the presentation of the meat powder as the sound of the bell had come to be connected with it.
• This association between the bell and food resulted in the acquisition of a new response by the dog, i.e. salivation to the sound of the bell. This has been termed as conditioning.
• All dogs salivate when they are presented with food. Food is thus an Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and salivation, which follows it, is an Unconditioned Response (UR).
• After conditioning, salivation started to occur in the presence of the sound of the bell. The bell becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and saliva secretion a Conditioned Response (CR). This kind of conditioning is called classical conditioning.

Hence, it could be concluded that in learning, Pavlov’s conditioning theory, he experimented on Dog.

Hint

• Cat was involved in Thorndike’s experiment of Trial & Error.
• Rat was involved in Skinner’s experiment of operant conditioning.
• Monkey/Chimpanzee was involved in Kohler’s experiment of Insightful Learning.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality.

• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.
• It is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach.

Key Points

Components of Creativity: 

Guilford (1986) considered creative thinking as involving divergent thinking, which consists of four elements such as fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. 

Let's Understand in Brief:

 

Hence, we conclude that "Originality, Flexibility, and Flow are the components of creativity".

Hint

• Personality is the totality of one’s behavior towards one’s own self as well as others. It spreads over the subconscious and unconscious behavior of the person.
• Motivation refers to the process that guides an individual to achieve a goal. There are two main types of motivation which include extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
• Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.

Behaviorism or the behaviorist approach lays stress on the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. Learning, i.e., changes in behavior because of experiences (excluding changes due to fatigue, injury, or drug effects) is at the center of this approach.

Key Points

• McDougall described Instincts as goal-directed natural behavioral patterns that usually occur in response to certain stimuli. These behaviors are inborn and don’t require learning.
• He states that "An instinct determines it's possessor to perceive and to pay attention to objects of a certain class, to experience emotional excitement of a particular quality upon perceiving such an object and to act in regard to it in a particular manner or at least to experience an impulse to action".
• He described fourteen types of instincts and combat is one of them. Combat is the tendency to fight. This is developed in children at the age of eight or nine, but it is common to all living and conscious creatures.
• This instinct comes into operation as the natural result of a creature’s perception of some threat or harm to itself from any external agency.

Additional Information

All fourteen types of instincts proposed by McDougall:

1. Escape
2. Combat
3. Repulsion
4. Parental Instinct
5. Appeal
6. Sex
7. Curiosity
8. Submission
9. Self-Assertion
10. Gregariousness or Herd Instinct
11. Food Seeking
12. Acquisition
13. Constructiveness
14. Laughter

Thus, it is concluded that Combat is Instinct.

Hint

• Emotion is defined as a strong mental or instinctive feeling such as love or fear involving many bodily processes, and mental states.
• Thinking is a behavior that is often implicit and hidden and in which symbols (images, ideas, and concepts) are ordinarily employed.
• Imagination is the ability of the mind to be creative or resourceful.

Social development refers to the development of an individual in such a way as s/he becomes a useful member of society. Social development is the process of learning to conform to group standards.

Key Points

Factors Affecting Social development:

Some of the factors which have a bearing on the level of social development are the social-environmental elements:

1. The social development of a child is regulated by the culture and society in which he/she lives. That is why children coming from different cultures, have different styles of social responses.
2. Family: The family is the most important primary agency for the socialization of the child. Consciously or unconsciously, the child imitates the behavior of the parents and other members in the family and thus picks up many good or bad social characteristics.
3. The parent-child relationships, the language used by the parents, the educational level of the parents, and the socio-economic status of the parents, and availability of leisure to spent with the parents, number of members in the family are the other factors influence the social development of the child.
4. Peer Group: The peer group satisfies many needs of child-like acceptance, achievement, affection, approval, belongingness, fame, recognition, etc. A good company of peers especially in the pre-primary classes is of great help in learning good qualities. Through peer group interaction, the child understands how to cooperate, how to lead and follow, to think for a common cause, and adjust to challenging social situations.
5. The school: A lot of school-related factors influence the socialization of the child. The interpersonal relationship in the school, its tradition, values, and ideals maintained by the institution, the curricular and co-curricular activities, the social qualities and behavior of the teachers and school mates, etc. have a great role in the socialization of the child.

Thus it becomes clear that the factors affecting the social development of children are social-environmental elements.

Development refers to the process by which an individual's potentialities unfold and appear as new abilities, qualities, and characteristics. 

Physical development is the process that starts in human infancy and continues into late adolescence concentrating on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty. 

• It means growing control over muscles and physical coordination.

Law of Rapid growth:

• Physical growth includes the attainment of full height and appropriate weight and an increase in the size of all organs (except lymphatic tissue, which decreases in size). Growth from birth to adolescence happens in two definite phases:
• Phase 1 i.e. from birth to 1-2 years: In this phase, rapid growth takes place, even if the rate of growth diminishes over that period.
• Phase 2 i.e. from about 2 years-puberty): In this phase, growth happens in relatively constant annual increments.
• Puberty is the process of attaining physical maturation from child to adult.

Additional Information

1. Law of difference from mental development: Mental development is an important aspect of growth, embracing various mental abilities. It starts from birth, and as the child develops with time his/her mental reactions also change.
2. ​Law of irregular development: When development occurs unexpectedly and exhibits an unusual pattern of behavior, emotion, or thought, it's called irregular development.
3. Law of relation to imagination and emotional development:

• Imagination: Imagination is an essential component of childhood, helping children learn many important lifelong skills. 
• Fine motor skills come into play with pretend money and coins, play food, dressing dolls with clothes, and playing with small cars or figurines
• Emotional- As the child grows, the emotional responses become less diffuse, less random, and more differentiated, and can be aroused by a wide variety of stimuli. 
• The commonly found emotional patterns in babyhood are anger, fear, curiosity, joy, and affection.

Hence, we can conclude that the Law of rapid growth is primary law of Physical development.

Development is a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes.

• These qualitative changes lead to the enhancement of various abilities and enable one to function effectively.
• The changes rely on the quantitative changes brought about by growth.

THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT:

• Theory of continuous growth-
• Development is a continuous process that begins at conception and ends with life.
• The rate of developmental changes and the pace of the process may become slow or might gain momentum at certain times but it never ceases completely provided the environment is conducive for development.
• ​Theory of Interrelation-
• ‘All the domains of development and learning—physical, social and emotional, and cognitive—are important, and they are closely interrelated’.
• Development in one domain is accompanied and greatly influenced by that which occurs in the other domains.
• For example, day-to-day activities of children such as playing, studying, or socializing with peers involve activity in multiple areas or domains.
• Theory of Uniform pattern-
• ​The changes brought about by the process of development follow a sequential order.
• This sequence or order is generally the same for all. In the words of Anita Woolfolk, infants sit before they walk, babble before they talk, and see the world through their own eyes before they can begin to imagine how others see it’.
• A sequence is also observed in the stage-wise progression of development.
• A child undergoing a normal course of growth and development would pass through infancy, middle and late childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and finally to old age.

Additional Information

THEORY OF CONDITIONED REFLEX:

• The term conditioned reflex was coined by, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. It is used to denote the criterion measure of a behavioral element of learning, that is, a new association between the signal and the consequential event referred to as the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, respectively.

From the above, we can conclude that the Theory of conditioned reflex is not a Theory of development.

DEVELOPMENT:

• It can be defined as a progressive series of orderly, coherent changes leading towards the goal of maturity
• According to Hurlock, 1964 “Development is not limited to the growing layer. Instead, it consists of a progressive series of changes towards the goal of maturity. Development results in new characteristics and new abilities on the part of the individual”.
• It means qualitative changes that are directed towards maturation.
• Development is considered as a function of or a product of maturation and learning.
• The development follows an observable pattern that can be predicted.

Additional Information

• Arnold Gesell develops the Gesell developmental Schedules to assesses behavior in the areas of adaptive, gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social development.
• Douglas and Holland stated that the term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences, and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behavior, and the growth, development, and maturity of living organisms.

Hence, we can conclude that "Development results in new characteristics and new abilities.” This statement is given by Hurlock.

Perception is the process through which we interpret and organize the received information so as to produce our conscious experience of objects and their relationship.

Key Points

• We feel something in sensation when the stimulus is present and when the meaning is added to them it becomes perception.
• In this process, physical energy; such as light, sound waves, heat; emanating from objects is transformed by the concerned sense organs into a code and transferred to and interpreted by the brain.
• The line between the two terms sensation and perception, therefore, is somewhat arbitrary.
• The sensation typically refers to the direct reception and transmission of messages, whereas perception refers to the active process of integrating and organizing these sensations.

Additional Information

• Imagination is a primary creative act, a willed activity of spirit, a self-consciousness, a "self-realizing intuition.
• Thinking is the base of all cognitive activities or processes and is unique to human beings. It involves the manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment.
• Memory refers to the ability or power of the brain that helps an individual in obtaining, transforming, storing,  retrieving, and using information when needed.

Hence, we conclude that giving meaning to sensation on the basis of past experience is called Perception.

Learning By Trial And Error**:** The connections between stimuli and responses are formed through random trial and error.

Key Points

• The law of trial and error was formulated after Thorndike’s experiment on a hungry cat imprisoned in a cage.
• When the cat could press the lever of the cage through several trials, it would get food as the reward.
• Thorndike also emphasized the significance of other factors like the readiness of learners, and goal-oriented learning endeavors, for learning.
• Thorndike also propounded "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws of learning that leads to development.

These primary laws are:

 

Hence, Thorndike propounded the law of trial and error of learning.

Additional Information

• The Theory of Classical Conditioning was propounded by ‘Ivan Pavlov’.
• 'Wolfgang Kohler', a German psychologist, has proposed the ‘Theory of Insight’. This theory advocates a sudden solution to the problem as insight doesn't rely on behaviour or observation.

Intelligence refers to a set of different cognitive abilities to think rationally, act purposefully, resolve problems, and deal with the demands of the environment.

• In 1912, William Stern suggested the concept called Intelligent Quotient (IQ). It refers to the score of a standardized test that assesses and measures human intelligence.

Key Points

An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula given below,

${\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100$

Where,

• Mental Age is based on intellectual development.
• Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.
• When a person’s mental age is equal to his actual age, he is said to have an average IQ.
• If an individual's IQ lies in the 90-109 range, it means his/her IQ is average.

Important Points

Refer to the IQ table for further information:

 

Hence, it could be concluded that I.Q. The level of average intelligence in children will be between 90 - 109.

Intelligence is the ability to undertake activities that are characterized by difficulty, complexity, abstractness, economy, adaptiveness to a goal, social value, and the emergence of originals, and to maintain such activities under conditions that demand a concentration of energy and resistance to emotional forces.

Fluid Mosaic Model of Intelligence: The fluid mosaic model of intelligence was proposed by Raymond B. Cattell.

• Cattell defined fluid intelligence as the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships.
• "Fluid intelligence is the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies.
• Fluid intelligence is the capacity to reason and solve new problems. There is no influence from any knowledge from past experiences, rather the person innovates new logical methods to resolve the problem.
• Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.

Hence it is clear that Fluid mosaic model of intelligence was proposed by Cattel.

Educational psychology is the systematic study of the development of the individual within the educational setting. It helps the teacher to foster the harmonious overall development of the student.

Theories of Educational Psychology:

 

Hence, we can conclude that Operant conditioning theory is Propounded by Skinner.

Examinations have always been an important part of the total educational process. Examinations are designed and administered at different stages of education and their results are used for various purposes like improvement in learning, grading and classification of students, selection for admission to higher classes or for scholarship, certification and for providing guidance for future, etc.

Key Points

• Once the teacher or the test constructor is aware of the characteristics that a good test must possess, she/he then proceeds to construct a test, which may be either a unit test or a full-fledged question paper covering all the aspects of the syllabus.
• After deciding on the design of the test, the blueprint is prepared as It is an important component of test construction.
• The blueprint is a three-dimensional chart that shows the placement of each question in respect of the objective and the content area that it tests. It also indicates the marks carried by each question.
• It is useful to prepare a blueprint so that the test maker knows which question will test which objective, which content unit, and how many marks it would carry.
• Without a blueprint, only the weightage is decided for objectives, content areas, and types of questions. The blueprint concretizes the design in operational terms and all the dimensions of a question (i.e. its objective, its form, the content area it would cover, and the marks allotted to it) become clear to the test maker.

Thus, it is concluded that Blueprint is an important component of test construction.

Additional InformationComponents of test construction:

• Prepare a Design
• Preparing a Blue Print
• Prepare questions based on the blueprint
• Assembling the Question Paper
• Preparing the Scoring Key and the Marking Scheme
• Preparing Question-wise Analysis

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points

• Piaget’s Pre-operational stage is from 2 - 7 years. In this stage, the child faces problems with the concept of conservation and struggles with the idea of centration and irreversibility.

 

The Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

 

Hence, it could be concluded that Pre-operational stage is the stage of development proposed by Piaget.

Additional Information

• Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, is associated with the ‘Theory of Insightful learning’. In his theory, he has proposed the term ‘Insight’ that doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.
• Operant conditioning was first investigated by B.F. Skinner. Skinner studied the occurrence of voluntary responses when an organism operates in the environment. He called them operants.
• Bruner has proposed Theory of instruction. The theory implies the idea that anything can be taught to any child when they reach the appropriate stage of cognitive maturity.

Testing is becoming more and more important with each growing area of psychology. Personality testing is an essential prerequisite for identifying the various constituents of personality. Testing in personality provides measures of emotional and motivational traits of personality.

• Personality inventory is a printed form that consists of a set of statements or questions applying to human behavior. The list of questions is a standard one and requires specific answers such as “yes”, “no” and “cannot decide”. As the questions demand close-ended answers, these assessments are quite objective in nature.

Key Points

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test is the most common personality inventory. It tests specifically, the abnormal behavior patterns in personality MMPI consists of 567 statements such as “I believe I am being plotted against”.
• The answers to the statements must be in “true”, “false”, or “cannot say”. It has 10 clinical scales and eight validity scales besides various subscales. Each scale tests a particular kind of behavior.
• Ranging from mild to more serious disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, are assessed using this inventory. Validity scales ascertain whether the person taking the inventory is responding honestly or not.
• For example, if one of the statements is “I am contented with whatever I have” and a person responds “true” to that statement, gets into suspicion that the person is lying. If several of validity scale questions are answered in this manner, it clearly depicts that the person is not being honest.

Thus, it is concluded that M.M.P.I is a test used to measure personality.

The correct answer is Motivation.

Key Points

• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, or skills resulting from experience and practice.
• Motivation is the most essential factor for learning because it energizes, directs, and sustains an individual's efforts toward achieving learning goals.
• A motivated learner shows greater attention, persistence, participation, and willingness to overcome difficulties, leading to more effective learning.
• Without motivation, learners are less likely to engage meaningfully in the learning process, even if other conditions are favourable.
• Hence, the correct answer is Motivation.

Additional Information

• Guidance:
• Helps learners understand concepts and solve problems but is not the primary prerequisite for learning.
• Maturation:
• Refers to the natural physical and mental growth of an individual, which provides readiness for learning but does not by itself ensure learning.
• Interest:
• Interest enhances learning by increasing engagement, but it is generally considered a component or outcome of motivation rather than the most fundamental requirement.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.

• The development of human beings is divided into different stages such as Infancy, Childhood (Early & Late Childhood), Adolescence, and Adulthood.

Key Points

• Infancy refers to the first two years of a child's development in which the child grows rapidly after birth.
• It is a crucial period of development in which the child learns to sit, crawl, stand, etc.

Important Points 

Development in Infancy:

• Language Development: Infants start without language. Yet by four months of age, babies can read lips and discriminate speech sounds. The language that infants speak is called babbling.
• Emotional Development: Infants start without emotions. yet by 2 to 3 months of age, they begin to show smiles and later express their feelings such as anger, fear, etc.
• Social Development: Infants are born social learners. They form healthy attachments with their caregivers and enjoy being around other children of their age.
• Physical Development: The first year of an infant is characterized by rapid physical growth. A normal baby doubles its birth weight in six months and triples it in a year.
• Cognitive Development: In infancy, children develop many elements of abilities to think and to understand the world around them. Infants have remarkably competent organisms, even on the first day of life.

Hence, it could be concluded that the period of infancyhood is from birth to 2 years.

Most of the learning in human beings takes place not only through observation or imitation but also by solving problems that they come across in their day-to-day life. While solving a problem if an individual reaches the solution all of a sudden, we say that he has learned by insight. 

• In fact, the person reaches the solution by understanding the relationship between different aspects of the problematic situation. In our daily life, we describe the mode of learning by using phrases like seeing the point or getting the idea.

Important Points 

• Wolfgang Kohler, insight learning refers to the sudden realization of a problem’s solution. Kohler proposed that not all kinds of learning depend on trial-error or conditioning, we use our cognitive processes also to learn.
• Gestalt Psychology used the term ‘insight’ to describe the perception of the whole situation by the learner and of his intelligence in responding to the proper relationships.
• Even though this learning takes place implicitly, the change in the behavior is long-lasting. To prove his point, he conducted a series of an experiment on chimpanzees, with which we humans share 99 percent of DNA.

Key PointsOn the basis of his experiments, he described the process of learning in insight as follows:

• The learning perceives the situation in its totality.
• The child analyses the various aspects of the situation and tries to establish a meaningful relationship among them. On the basis of this new perception, the child redefines the situation.
• The process goes on till the child solves the problematic situation all of a sudden. That is what we mean when we say that the child suddenly gets an insight into the solution.

Thus, it is concluded that through his experiment Kohler wanted to prove that learning is the perception of a whole situation.

The five stepped system of lesson planning was started by J. Friedrich Herbert, a German psychologist**.** His five-stage system of lesson planning involves five discrete steps including preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application.

• This is also known as Herbartian five steps, these steps are used for the students for receiving new knowledge in educational fields.
• J. Friedrich Herbert strongly believed that when a topic properly presented to the students they associate that topic with their existing ideas and learn in a coherent way.

Important Points

Let's understand the five stages advocated by him for lesson planning:

• Preparation: It refers to the process of activating previous knowledge of the learners to receive the new one.
• Presentation: It refers to present the concept using concrete objects for a quality experience
• Association: It refers to the process of comparing new knowledge with the previous knowledge to be familiar with the differences in order to assimilate the new one.
• Generalization: it refers to arrive at general ideas or necessary conclusion by comparing learning materials presented by the teacher.
• Application: It refers to use of acquired knowledge by the learners in real-life for a better understanding and meaningful learning.

According to Herbert, these steps would make the students able to acquire, assimilate, and apply knowledge efficiently.

Hence, it could be concluded that the five stepped system of lesson planning was started by J. Friedrich Herbert.

Psychologically speaking personality is all that a person is. It includes everything about the person, his physical, emotional, social, mental, and spiritual makeup. The term personality signifies something deeper than more appearance or outward behavior. 

Factors Influencing Personality: The following factors influence the development of the personality of an individual. There are various glands in our body. These glands are cell structures. They are important for the individual’s physical and mental health and development. They secrete different substances which are responsible for this development.

Key Points

Cannon described different types of personality based on glands.

There are two types of glands:

1. The Duct Glands
2. The Ductless Glands.

The Duct Glands :

• The duct glands secrete their fluids through ducts and channels.
• These glands help in the digestive process.
• If the digestion is proper, then the individual becomes healthy.

The Ductless Glands:

• The ductless or endocrine glands exercise a great influence on the development of the various parts of the body and their activities' emotional stability and temperament.
• The hormones secreted by these glands play a vital role in the making of personality.
• The three important ductless glands are:

 

Hence, from the above, we can conclude that Cannon described different types of personalities based on glands.

Confusion Points 

• Kretschmer described personality on the basis of different body types.
• Kretschmer was a German psychiatrist who on the basis of his observation of patients classified people into four types. He used the physical constitution and temperament for this purpose The four types he talked about included: (i) Pyknik type (ii)Asthenic type (iii)Athletic type (iv) Dysplastic type.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality. It relates to divergent thinking that refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach.

The above-mentioned statement is given by 'Crow and Crow' as:

• It is the ability possesses by the people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.
• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.
• It is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach.
• It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful and includes brainstorming and out of the box thinking in it

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned statement is given by 'Crow and Crow'.

 

Additional Information

Characteristics of Creative Children:

• Perceive relation between impossible things.
• Think quickly and solve problems in a novel way.
• Convert imaginative and original ideas into reality.
• Try new things and risk failure in executing innovative ideas.
• Use divergent and out of the box thinking in different situations.

Important Points

Language, which is considered as the most awesome of universal human achievements, develops with extraordinary speed in early childhood**.​ Language development** refers to the words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them for the understanding of the others. Language development concerns itself with the length and the patterns of sentence structure, grammatical construction, and syntax.

Key Points

• B.F Skinner believed that children learn language through operant conditioning. Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement.
• Reinforcement is something that enhances the strength of the response and prompts repetitions of the behavior that preceded reinforcement.
• Children receive “rewards” for using language in a functional manner. Skinner also tells that children learn language through imitation of others and prompting.
• According to Skinner, the child learns language by imitating their parents or the persons around them. Children strengthen their responses by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide, thus language is practice-based.

Thus, it is concluded that according to B.F. Skinner's language development in children takes place as an outcome of imitation and reinforcement.

Instincts are goal-directed and innate behavior that is not due to learning or experience.

McDougall tried to explain behavior in terms of a few distinct inherited tendencies which he called instincts.

• For him, instinct and emotion are always unified.
• Emotion is the conscious aspect of an instinctive activity.
• An instinct is an innate disposition that makes the organism sensitive to objects and disposes it to appropriate action.
• He states that "An instinct determines it's possessor to perceive and to pay attention to objects of a certain class, to experience emotional excitement of a particular quality upon perceiving such an object and to act in regard to it in a particular manner or at least to experience an impulse to action”.
• Further, he feels that an instinctive action is an outcome of, "A distinctly mental process, one which is incapable of being described in purely mechanical terms because it is a psychophysical process involving psychical as well as physical changes and like every other mental process.
• It stated three aspects, the cognitive, the affective, and the conative aspects; every instance of instinctive behavior involves knowing of something or object, a feeling in regard to it, and a striving toward or away from the object”

Additional Information

• Thorndike divided intelligent activity into three types :
• Social Intelligence or the ability to understand and deal with persons;
• Concrete intelligence or ability to understand and deal with things, as in skilled trades and scientific appliances and
• Abstracts intelligence, or the ability to understand and deal with verbal and mathematical symbols
• According to Woodworth, Both behavior and consciousness were the subject matter of psychology. His 'Dynamic Psychology' (1918) tried to explain behavior by merging theories of motivation, perception, learning, and thinking, also his book 'Psychology' (1921) became a standard textbook.
• Drever emphasized the element of satisfyingness in interest. To him, interest is a feeling of worthwhileness passing into satisfyingness.

Hence, it's clear that McDougall classified instincts into fourteen types

Attention refers to the active processing of specific information present in the environment by an individual.

• ‘Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one subject rather than upon another’ Dumville (1938)
• It allows us to 'tune out' information, sensations, and perceptions that are not relevant at the moment and instead focus energy on the information that is important.
• Attention is the most consequential of all the tasks the human brain performs.
• Perceiving, thinking, learning, deciding, and acting deliberately, all depend on attention.
• Attention is the means by which one actively processes a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through one‟s senses, stored memories, and other cognitive processes.

Additional Information

• Attention refers to the processing or selection of some information at the expense of other information (Pashler, 1998).
• Ross (1951): Attention is the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the mind.
• Morgan & Gilliland (1942): Attention is being keenly alive to some specific factor in our environment.
• McDougall states that emotions are the conscious concomitants of instinctive impulses at work.
• Norman L. Munn (1972) defined personality as the most characteristics, integration of an individual’s, structure, attitudes, capacities, abilities, and aptitudes

From the above, it's clear that the statement “Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one object rather than upon another" is given by Dumville.

The term 'Eugenes' in Greek means good in stock; hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. 'Eugenics' is the study of the agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally.

• The word 'eugenics' was initially proposed and defined by a Victorian scientist, Sir Francis Galton (1822—1911). He is the 'Father of the Eugenics'.
• A cousin of Charles Darwin, he was greatly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.
• He defined eugenics to mean 'the science of improving the inherited stock of a population, not only by judicious matings but by all other means' the word eugenics come fi-om the Greek word EU -good, genesis creation or birth.
• It is a polar opposite to the word 'euthanasia' EU - good than those - dead.
• Eugenics might be formulated as 'science applied to the qualitative improvement of the set of human genes to be transmitted to the next generation.
• This definition could be extended to cover methods for regulating population numbers as well as trying to improve the genetic composition of the next generation.

Hence, we can conclude that Francis Galton is the 'father of eugenics'.

Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason. From various meanings of intelligence, it could be concluded that intelligence means the ability of an individual to solve the problems that have been received from general learning, experience, schools, and the environment. 

Verbal Intelligence Test

• Verbal tests use written language for their items and therefore, require the examinees to be literate.
• Most of the widely used mental ability tests, to some degree, depend on language and include tasks presented in verbal terms. S-B test, General Mental Ability Test (GMAT), and Army Alpha Test include the tasks testing the vocabulary by identifying the meaning synonym, antonym, completion of the sentences, etc. The tests in which this type of items is included are called the verbal tests

General Mental Ability Test (GMAT) :

• It is defined as the ability to understand and interpret verbal information, the ability to recognize and process numbers and information stated in tabular/ graphical format, ability to think broadside, and construct logical connections between unassociated concepts.
• Dr. S.S. Jalota propounded this test in Hindi to measure intelligence.
• By this test, we can measure the intelligence of a group and classify intelligent, average, and dull categories.

Additional Information

Army Alpha Test:

• First administered to nearly two million new recruits in World War I, and the Otis Group Intelligence Scale were forerunners of many other group tests that are administered economically and quickly to large numbers and were thus effective for use in schools and industry.
• Standardized group tests are administered for college and graduate school entrance, and for a number of civil service positions.

Non-verbal Intelligence Test:

• Tests, which require no reading and writing activity on the part of the subjects, are described as non-verbal tests such as Progressive Matrices, Pinter General Ability Test, Picture drawing test.
• The children's mental ability can be tested by means of pictures.
• This type of test consists of all the items in pictorial form.
• They are valuable for better diagnosis of cases that scoreless on verbal tests.
• It is better to use terms as 'pictorial' or 'no reading rather than Non-verbal.

Picture drawing test:

• ​Through this, we can analyze different areas of a person's subconscious, for instance, fears, dreams, and main personality traits in general.
• However, Projective personality tests, specifically, evaluate how a person responds to particular situations through a drawing.

Hence, it's clear that GMAT was propounded by Dr. S.S Jalota in Hindi.

Intelligence has been defined as the total of everything you know, as the ability to learn or profit from experience, as the ability to solve problems, or as the ability to cope with the demands of the environment.

Key Points The two-factor theory of intelligence: Charles Spearman proposed his theory in the year 1923.

• According to his theory, intelligence consists of two factors: ‘g’ and ‘s’, where ‘g’ stands for generalized factor and ‘s’ stands for the specific factor.
• As per him, the ‘g’ factor is responsible for different tasks which are common for all people while the ‘s’ factor is for abilities like musical, spatial, mechanical, etc.
• S-factor is applicable in specific fields and changeable in nature while G-factor is a universal innate ability to perform all cognitive tasks effectively.

 

Hence, we can conclude that Charles Spearman proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence.

‘घुमक्कड़’ शब्द में 'अक्क��' प्रत्यय है।

'अक्कड़' प्रत्यय से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द - भुलक्कड़, पियक्कड़, कुदककड़ आदि हैं।

शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अक्कड़' है।

• महावीर स्वामी का जन्म 'वैशाली' में हुआ था।
• भगवान महावीर स्वामी जैन धर्म के चौंबीसवें तीर्थंकर हैं व इनका जन्म कुंडलग्राम, वैशाली के निकट हुआ था।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वैशाली' है।

‘स्वछन्द’ में व्यंजन संधि है तथा इसका संधि विच्छेद 'स्व + छंद' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। व्यंजन संधि अर्थात एक व्यंजन से दूसरे व्यंजन या स्वर के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है, जैसे - अहम् + कार = अहंकार, उत् + लास = उल्ल��स। अतः सही विकल्प 'व्यंजन' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

स्वर के बाद यदि छ् वर्ण आ जाए तो छ् से पहले च् वर्ण बढ़ा दिया जाता है । जैसे - (अ + छ = अच्छ) स्व + छंद = स्वच्छंद, (आ + छ = आच्छ) आ + छादन = आच्छादन आदि।

अन्य विकल्प

• महात्मा बुद्ध ने जब बुद्धत्व प्राप्त किया तब उनकी अवस्था '35 वर्ष' थी।
• गद्यांश की पंक्ति '35 वर्ष की आयु में उन्होंने बुद्धत्व प्राप्त किया' से स्पष्ट है।
• अन्य विकल्प गलत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प '35 वर्ष' है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार ‘श्रुति धर्म’ का अर्थ 'वैदिक धर्म' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वैदिक धर्म' है।

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विशेष -

• वैदिक संस्कृति में लिखे चार वेद सनातन धर्म की धार्मिक किताबें हैं।
• हिन्दू मान्यता के अनुसार ऋग्वेद और अन्य वेदों के मंत्र ईश्वर द्वारा ऋषियों को दिए गए थे।
• इसलिए वेदों को 'श्रुति' (यानि, 'जो सुना गया है') कहा जाता है।

• ‘ड्.’ का उच्चारण स्थान 'नासिक्य' है। अतः सही विकल्प 'नासिक्य' है।

Important Points

• 'नासिक्य' से 'ड, ञं, ण, न, म' का उच्चारण होता है क्योंकि इनके उच्चारण में श्वासवायु नाक से होकर निकलती है।
• यह अंतिम व्यंजन वर्ण होते है।

Additional Information 

‘चार गज मलमल’ में 'परिमाणबोधक' विशेषण है। इसमें गज की निश्चित संख्या 'चार' बताई गयी है इस प्रकार निश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'परिमाणबोधक' है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

Additional Information

विशेष

'समास' का विलोम है-"व्यास"। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अत: "व्यास" सही उत्तर है। 

Key Points 

स्पष्टीकरण: 

 

 

 

समस्या का विलोम  - समाधान 

साहसिक - साहस + इक = साहसिक 

सामासिक - समास + इक = सामासिक 

Additional Information

विशेष:

इसका सही उत्तर 'शून्य' है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

• 'शून्य' शब्द तत्सम है।
• इसका तद्भव शब्द- 'सुन्न' है।
• ऐसे शब्द जो संस्कृत से ज्यों के त्यों लिए गए, तत्सम होते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प:

 

 

 

 

Additional Information 

‘आँख की किरकिरी होना’ का अर्थ 'अप्रिय लगना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अप्रिय लगना' है।

वह इंसान मेरी आँखो का किरकिरी हो गया है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प 

Additional Information

• मुहावरा - मुहावरा अरबी भाषा का शब्द है ,जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है -'अभ्यास' । हिंदी में ऐसे वाक्यांश को मुहावरा कहा जाता है, जो अपने साधारण अर्थ को छोड़ कर विशेष अर्थ को व्यक्त करते है।
• साधारण शब्दों में वाक्य में जिस शब्द समूह का साधारण अर्थ न होकर विशेष अर्थ होता है उसे मुहावरा कहते है।

'अनुगृहीत' शब्द की वर्तनी शुद्ध है।

• शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।
• 'अनुगृहीत' का अर्थ 'उपकृत, कृतज्ञ' एहसानमंद' होता है।
• अनुगृहीत का अर्थ - उपकृत, एहसानमंद, कृतज्ञ।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अनुगृहीत' है।

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर ‘पैतृक’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

Key Points

• उपरोक्त विकल्पों में 'पैतृक' शब्द वर्तनीगत शुद्ध है।
• जिसका अर्थ होता है- पिता संबंधी।

अन्य उदाहरण 

Additional Information

• लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं।
• ‘वर्तनी’ शब्द का अर्थ ‘पीछे चलना’ है।
• अर्थात उच्चारित होने वाले शब्द के लेखन में प्रयोग होने वाले लिपि चिह्नों के व्यवस्थित रूप को वर्तनी कहा जाता है।

• ‘श’ ध्वनि का उच्चारण स्थान 'तालु' है।
• इसके आलावा तालु 'च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य' का भी उच्चारण स्थान है।
• मूर्द्धा से 'ट, ठ, ड, ढ ण, ड़, एवं ढ़' का उच्चारण होता है।
• दंत से 'त, थ,द, ध, न,स' का उच्चारण होता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'तालु' है।

• ‘अत्यंत’ शब्द में प्रयुक्त उपसर्ग 'अति' है।
• इसमें 'अंत' मूल शब्द है।
• अति उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द 'अत्यधिक , अतिशय , अतिरिक्त , अत्यल्प , अतिक्रमण , अतिवृष्टि , अतिशीघ्र , अत्याचार , अत्युक्ति , अत्युत्तम , अत्यावश्यक, अतिकाल , अतिरेक' आदि हैं।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अति' है।

‘उपत्यका’ का अर्थ 'पर्वत के पास की भूमि' है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'पर्वत के पास की भूमि' है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्प

मौखिक कौशल- मनुष्य जब अपने विचारो को दुसरो के समक्ष रखने के लिए भाषा का बोलकर प्रयोग करता है तो उसे मौखिक अभिव्यक्त कहा जाता है

आशु भाषण- इसमें भाषणकर्ता को भाषण के ठीक पहले ही भाषण का विषय दिया जाता है और भाषणकर्ता को तुरंत ही सोच - विचार करके बोलना पड़ता है। इसकी विशेषता निम्न है-

• मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का रूप 'आशु भाषण' है।
• इसके लिए धैर्य, विविध विषयो का ज्ञान, तुरंत सोचने की क्षमता की आवश्यक है।
• यह भाषा में पारंगत होने के किया जाता है।

अतः 'आशु भाषण' मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का रूप है।

हिन्दी भाषा में 18 बोलियाँ है। सही विकल्प '18' है।

 Key Points

Confusion Points

1. संविधान कि आठवीं अनुसूची में कुल 22 भाषाएँ सम्मिलित हैं।
2. हिन्दी साहित्य में जिन 22 बोलियों की आप कर रहे हैं वो 22 बोलियों नही 22 भाषाएँ हैं।
3. उन 22 भाषाओँ में :- हिन्दी, गुजराती जैसी भाषाएँ आती है।
4. परन्तु यहाँ सिर्फ हिन्दी भाषा की बात हो रही है, जिसमे  हिन्दी की पाँच उपभाषाएँ, 18 बोलियाँ हैं।

सामाजिक शब्द में समाज मूल शब्द और  इक प्रत्यय है: 'समाज + इक'।

सामाजिक का अर्थ - समाज से सम्बंधित 

Key Points 

इक प्रत्यय के उदाहरण :-

1. शारीरिक (शरीर + इक)
   

2)  नैतिक (नीति + इक)

3) पारिवारिक (परिवार + इक)

4. धार्मिक (धर्म + इक)
   

 5) दैनिक (दिन + इक)

Additional Information

‘तद्भव’ पत्रिका के संपादक का नाम 'अखिलेश' है। यह मासिक पत्रिका थी जो लखनऊ में प्रकाशित हुई थी। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अखिलेश' है।

Key Points

• लीलाधर जगूड़ी की रचनाएं:- 
• कविता संग्रह:- 
• शंखमुखी शिखरों पर, नाटक जारी है, इस यात्रा में, रात अब भी मौजूद है, बची हुई पृथ्वी, घबराए हुए शब्द, भय भी शक्ति देता है, अनुभव के आकाश में चाँद, महाकाव्य के बिना, ईश्वर की अध्यक्षता में, खबर का मुँह विज्ञापन से ढँका है
• नाटक:- पाँच बेटे
• गद्य:-  मेरे साक्षात्कार

‘बारह बरस लौ कुकर जीवे, अरु तेरह लौ जिए सियार।” यह पंक्ति 'जगनिक' की है। यह कि 'परमाल रासो' से ली गयी है। यह आल्हा छंद में रचित वीरों में उत्साह जगाने वाला है। अतः सही विकल्प 'जगनिक' है।

अन्य विकल्प

दुर्भिक्ष' अकाल का पर्यायवाची शब्द है। अन्य  सभी विकल्प असंगत है। 

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्प: 

Additional Information

'अध्यापक देखते हैं कि छात्र पढ़ते हैं।' एक मिश्र वाक्य है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। 

Key Points

• ' अध्यापक देखते हैं कि छात्र पढ़ते हैं।' एक मिश्र वाक्य है क्योंकि इसमें 'अध्यापक देखते हैं ' प्रधान उपवाक्य और 'छात्र पढ़ते हैं।' आश्रित उपवाक्य है।
• मिश्र वाक्य में एक प्रधान और एक आश्रित उपवाक्य वाक्य योजक चिह्न द्वारा जोड़े जाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प - 

Additional Information 

जिसकी पूर्व से कोई आशा न हो के लिए एक शब्द 'अप्रत्याशित' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अप्रत्याशित' है।

अन्य विकल्प

 

• ‘मुझसे उठा नहीं गया’ वाक्य में 'भाववाच्य' है क्योंकि यहाँ भाव की प्रधानता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'भाववाच्य' है।

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘निष्कपट’ शब्द का संधि विच्छेद ‘निः + कपट’ है तथा यहाँ विसर्ग संधि है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘निः + कपट’ है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• विसर्ग संधि में यदि विसर्ग से पहले इ, उ और बाद में क, ख, ट, ठ, प, फ में से कोई वर्ण हो तो विसर्ग का ष हो जाता है। जैसे- निः + कलंक = निष्कलंक, चतुः + पाद = चतुष्पाद।

विशेष

'मॉरीशस'

में हिन्दी भाषा का प्रयोग लिखने एवं बोलने में किया जाता है।

 

अतः मॉरीशस  में हिन्दी भाषा का प्रयोग लिखने एवं बोलने में किया जाता है।

Key Points

• ‘सूरसागर’ 'ब्रज' भाषा की रचना है।
• यह 'सूरदास' द्वारा रचित कृष्ण भक्ति से युक्त पदों का संग्रह है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'ब्रज' है।

विशेष

कृष्णकाव्य की मुख्य भाषा ब्रज है और रामकाव्य की मुख्य भाषा अवधी है।

सही उत्तर है - सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान 

• ‘वीरो का कैसा हो वसंत’ कविता 'सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान' ने लिखी है।
• सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान वीर रस की एकमात्र कवयित्री हैं।

Key Points

• सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान वीर रास कि कवियित्री हैं।
• स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में कई बार वे जेल भी गयी हैं।
• इनकी सबसे प्रसिद्द रचना है झाँसी की रानी।

Additional Information

लेखिका परिचय:

 

• जन्म: 26  अगस्त 1904
• मृत्यु: 15  फरवरी 1948
• कहानी संग्रह: बिखरे मोती, उन्मादिनी, सीधे सादे चित्र।
• कविता संग्रह: मुकुल, त्रिधारा।
• बाल साहित्य: झाँसी की रानी, कदम्ब का पेड़, सभा का खेल।

सही उत्तर 'गुणवाचक' है। 

जैसे - राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत संस्थान का क्षेत्रीय कार्यालय भोपाल शहर में है।  

Key Points

जिन शब्दों द्वारा संज्ञा के गुण अथवा दोष का बोध होता है, उन्हें गुणवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं। जैसे -  सुन्दर पुष्प आदि 

Additional Information 

विशेष

‘चौराहा’ शब्द में 'द्विगु' समास है क्योंकि इसका पहला पद संख्यावाचक है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'द्विगु' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

The correct answer is Quality. 

Key Points

• Two adjectives of quality are used in this sentence:
• live: having life; not dead (सजीव, सप्राण; मृत नहीं, जीवित)
• dead: no longer alive (मृत, निर्जीव)
• Adjectives of Quality states the kind or qualities of a person or thing being talked about and they answer the question ‘What kind of?’.
• Such adjectives include, black, bad, small, beautiful, super, kind, short, etc.

<br>

Hence, the correct choice is option 2.

The misspelt word is governence.

Key Points

• The correct spelling of the word is 'governance'.
• Governance means the action or manner of governing.

Additional Information

• Deciduous: It is correctly spelt.
• Meaning: (of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually
• Entrance: It is correctly spelt.
• Meaning: the act of entering
• Ambiguous: It is correctly spelt.
• ​Meaning: (of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning

The correct answer is Make thin.

Key Points

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Attenuate: reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness.(बल, प्रभाव, या भौतिक मोटाई में कमी)
• Example: ​​​The doctrines of Christianity became very attenuate and distorted.

Additional Information Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• Repent- feel or express sincere regret or remorse about one's wrongdoing or sin.(किसी के गलत काम या पाप के बारे में गंभीर खेद या पछतावा महसूस करना या व्यक्त करना)
• Force- strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement.(शारीरिक क्रिया या गति के गुण के रूप में शक्ति या ऊर्जा)
• Divide- separate or be separated into parts.(अलग या भागों में विभाजित होना)

The correct answer is No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.

Key PointsStructure for 'no sooner...than'

• Subject+ had+ no sooner+ V3+ than
• Example: I had no sooner closed the door than someone knocked.
• NOTE: When 'no sooner' is used at the beginning of the sentence, the sentence is inverted, i.e. auxiliary verb will come before the subject.
• Example: No sooner had she read the letter than she started screaming.
  

Therefore, the correct answer is: No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.

Additional Information

• The same idea can be expressed using 'hardly.....when'.
• ​Ex: Hardly had I entered the class when the teacher came.

The correct answer is silly.

Key PointsLet's see the meanings of all the given words:

• Judicious: having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense (अच्छे निर्णय या समझ के साथ होना, दिखाना या किया जाना)
• Example: We should make judicious use of the resources available to us.
• Silly: having or showing a lack of common sense or judgment; absurd and foolish (सामान्य ज्ञान या निर्णय की कमी होना या दिखाना; बेतुका और मूर्ख)
• Example: It was silly of you to go out in the sun without a hat.

<br>

Thus, it can be concluded that silly is the antonym of judicious.

Additional Information

• Prudent: showing care for the consequences of an action; rash (किसी कार्रवाई के परिणामों की परवाह करना)
• Example: The banks have been prudent in their lending.
• Careful: making sure of avoiding potential danger, mishap, or harm; cautious (संभावित खतरे, दुर्घटना या नुकसान से बचने के लिए सुनिश्चित करना; सतर्क)
• Example: Be careful to look both ways when you cross the road.
• Sagacious: having or showing keen mental discernment and good judgment (गहरी मानसिक समझ और अच्छा निर्णय होना या दिखाना)
• Example: They were sagacious enough to avoid any outright confrontation.

The correct answer is To extinguish.

Key Points

• To put something out means to extinguish something on fire.
• ​He used flour to put the grease fire out. He put out the fire with flour.
• Thus, among the given options, to extinguish is the correct option.

Additional Information

• The most commonly known meaning of the idiom is to distress or inconvenience someone.

The correct answer is a complex sentence.

Key Points​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• A simple sentence contains one independent clause. (एक simple वाक्य में एक independent clause होता है।)
• A complex Sentence has one independent and at least one dependent Clause. (एक complex वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र और कम से कम एक dependent clause होता है।)
• A compound sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and no dependent clauses. (एक compound वाक्य एक वाक्य है जिसमें कम से कम दो independent clause होते हैं और कोई dependent clause नहीं होता है।)
• For example:
• He plays football. (Simple)
• You will lose the game if you don't try harder. (Complex)
• He dances and sings as well. (Compound)
• The sentence given has two clauses(one independent and one dependent Clause) - "This is the house" and "I was born" which are joined by a relative pronoun "which". (दिए गए वाक्य में दो clauses हैं (one independent and one dependent Clause) - "This is the house" और "I was born" जो एक relative pronoun "which" से जुड़ते हैं।)
• Hence it is an example of a complex sentence.

The correct answer is by.

Key Points

• By is a preposition which means 'as a means of’ something or someone.' This preposition often comes in a passive sentence.
• He was undone by me.
• The given sentence conveys that the decision was passed by the lawyer.
• Thus, the correct preposition for the blank is by.

<br>

Correct sentence: The objection was met out by the lawyer. 

Additional Information

• Use of with: With means ‘accompanied by’ something or someone.
• Example: I will always be with you.
• Use of from: 
• ​‘From’ is used to refer to origins. Example: She is from England.
• It is also used with the prepositions 'to' and 'until' to mark the beginning and ending point of an action in time. Example: I work from 9 to 5 every day.
• Use of to: The preposition 'to' is also used as a preposition of movement or direction. 'To' is sometimes confused with 'at' or 'in'. Both 'at' and 'in' show the place, but 'to' shows movement to this place.
• Example: We thought we should walk to the bakery for breakfast because it is such a beautiful day.

The correct answer is Being tired.

Key Points

• The correct word that fits the blank is Being tired.
• As the blank is folllwed by an verb clause hence, we can'i use "having" here.
• Here, the phrase Being tired is used with the sense of to exist; to be present (होना; उपस्थित रहना, विद्यमान होना).
• It shows the state of children after playing before they went home.

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Hence, the complete sentence is: Being tired of playing, the children went home.

Important Points

• The difference between being and having as a noun is that 
• Being expresses a state or experience.
• Having expresses the idea that you posses something and it is always followed by a noun clause.

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. The coffee isn't too strong to keep us awake.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• The 1st sentence tells us about the nature of the coffee. (पहला वाक्य हमें कॉफी की प्रकृति के बारे में बताता है।)
• The 2nd sentence represents a conclusion based on the 1st sentence.(दूसरा वाक्य पहले वाक्य के आधार पर निष्कर्ष का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।)
• In the given scenario, the conjunction 'too...to' is the correct choice.(दिए गए scenario में, conjunction 'to...to' सही विकल्प है)
• Hence the 1st option(पहला विकल्प) is the correct choice here.

Mistake Points

• The 3rd option isn't a correct choice here because of the 'too...to' formation in the 1st option. (पहले विकल्प में 'to...to' बनने के कारण तीसरा विकल्प यहां सही विकल्प नहीं है।)

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. As.

Key Points

 ​Let's have a look at the meanings of the conjunctions*:*

• but- used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has already been mentioned. (जो पहले ही उल्लेख किया गया है उसके विपरीत एक वाक्यांश या खंड का परिचय देने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है)
• either- used before the first of two given alternatives (the other being introduced by ‘or’).(दिए गए दो विकल्पों में से पहले के पहले प्रयोग किया जाता है)
• unless- except if. (सिवाय अगर)
• as- used to indicate that something happens during the time when something else is taking place.(उस दौरान कुछ होता है जब कुछ और हो रहा होता है)
• As the sentence conveys that the electricity was cut off because of not paying the bill, 'as' is the correct choice here.

Correct Sentence: "As he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off."

 'Unless/until' are never followed by 'not'. ('unless/until' के बाद 'not' का पालन न किया जाए।)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. Personification​.

Key Points

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Personification: the act of giving a human quality or characteristic to something which is not human. (किसी ऐसी चीज को मानवीय गुण या विशेषता देने की क्रिया जो मानव नहीं है)
• Example: ​
• ​​Lightning danced across the sky.
• In the given sentence, death has been treated as an apathetic human being, hence personification​ has been used here. (मृत्यु को एक उदासीन मनुष्य के रूप में माना गया है, इसलिए यहाँ व्यक्तित्व का उपयोग किया गया है)

Additional Information

Let's look at the meanings of the other figures of speech:

• metaphor- an expression that describes a person or object by referring to something that is considered to possess similar characteristics.(एक अभिव्यक्ति जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु का वर्णन किसी ऐसी चीज के संदर्भ में करती है जिसे समान विशेषताओं वाला माना जाता है)
• E.g: a heart of stone, a shining star, etc.
• apostrophe- when a character in a literary work speaks to an object, an idea, or someone who doesn't exist as if it is a living person.(जब किसी साहित्यिक कृति में कोई पात्र किसी वस्तु, विचार, या किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति से बात करता है जो अस्तित्व में नहीं है जैसे कि वह एक जीवित व्यक्ति है)
• E.g: Feet, don't fail me now.
• simile- an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words "as" or "like".(एक चीज़ की दूसरे के साथ तुलना करने वाली अभिव्यक्ति, जिसमें हमेशा "as" या "like" शब्द शामिल होते हैं)
• E.g: as sly as a fox, as busy as a bee, etc.

The correct answer is PRQS.

Key Points 

• Part 1 has already been given. (The guide said that)
• Among the given parts, P will be the next part of the sequence because it fits contextually and further continues what the guide said.
• R will come next because it connects to the previous part by further mentioning what the guide is saying of being nowhere in the world.- you will find
• Q will come next because it further talks about what will be found- a fairer building
• P further answers the question- Fairer than what?. than the Taj Mahal.

<br>

Correct Sentence: The guide said that nowhere in the world you will find a fairer building than the Taj Mahal.

Important Points

• Important Rules to Solve the Sentence Jumbles:
• Read the sentences attentively and try to comprehend the idea or theme of the sentences.
• Try to identify the opening and closing sentences.
• Try to identify the mandatory pairs. Two sentences can be connected through various connectors and other determinants.

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. It is better to be satisfied with what you have than to try to get what is not yours.

Let's look at the meaning of the highlighted word:

• A bird in hand is worth two in a bush: the things we already have are more valuable than the things we only hope to get. (जो चीजें हमारे पास पहले से हैं, वे उन चीजों से अधिक मूल्यवान हैं जिन्हें हम केवल पाने की आशा करते हैं)
• ​Example: ​He may not jump to the temptation of getting two apples from you, as he knows that a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

The correct answer is haven't seen.

Key Points

• The correct phrase to fit the blank is haven't seen.
• ​We normally use since with the present perfect to describe an action or situation that began in the past and continues in the present.
• From the above point, we can easily negate the other options.
  

Hence, the complete sentence is: I haven't seen him since we met a year ago.

Additional Information

• Let's learn the structure of the Present Perfect Tense:
• ​Subject(I/You/We/They) + have + Past participle Form of the Verb(V3)
  

Subject(He/She/It) + has + Past participle form of the verb(V3)

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Dinosaurs.

Key Points

​Let's look at the last line from the given paragraph:

• "During the time of the dinosaurs, Antarctica was more temperate and hosed dinosaurs and many other life-forms. Now there is very little indigenous life."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that Dinosaurs are the earliest known inhabitants of Antarctica.

Hinglish

आइए दिए गए पैराग्राफ की अंतिम पंक्ति को देखें:

• During the time of the dinosaurs, Antarctica was more temperate and hosed dinosaurs and many other life-forms. Now there is very little indigenous life."
• दिए गए extract के अवलोकन पर, यह स्पष्ट है कि डायनासोर अंटार्कटिका के सबसे पहले ज्ञात निवासी हैं।

The correct answer is 'Apace'.

Key Points

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Apace: swiftly; quickly.(तेजी से; जल्दी जल्दी)
• Example: ​
• ​The project is coming on apace.
• The word 'apace' acts primarily as an adverb. (वह शब्द 'apace' मुख्य रूप से एक adverb के रूप में कार्य करता है।)

​

Additional Information

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• Face- confront and deal with or accept. (verb)(सामना करना और व्यवहार करना या स्वीकार करना)
• Meek- quiet, gentle, and easily imposed on; submissive. (adjective)(शांत, सौम्य, और आसानी से थोपा गया; विनम्र)
• Fury- extreme strength or violence in an action or a natural phenomenon. (noun)(किसी क्रिया या प्राकृतिक घटना में अत्यधिक शक्ति या हिंसा)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. each other.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• Since two people are being talked about in the sentence, 1st and the 4th option aren't correct.
• The pronoun 'each other' is used for two people whereas 'themselves' is used for more than two people.
• Hence the 2nd option is the correct choice here.

Correct Sentence: *"*My son and my daughter are very fond of each other."

Hinglish

• चूँकि वाक्य में दो लोगों के बारे में बात की जा रही है, पहला और चौथा विकल्प सही नहीं है।
• Pronoun 'each other' का प्रयोग दो लोगों के लिए किया जाता है जबकि 'themselves' दो से अधिक लोगों के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• अतः यहाँ दूसरा विकल्प सही विकल्प है।

सही वाक्य: *"*My son and my daughter are very fond of each other."

The correct answer is He is a big donkey.

Key Points

• Metaphor is a word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show or suggest that they are similar.
• Here, a person, as denoted by 'he', is a human being who is said to be a donkey.
• Thus, the sentence is an example of Metaphor.

Additional Information

• My heat leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky.- This is an example of personification.
• Personification is ​the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
• The bitter-sweet memories of childhood are a source of great pleasure.- This is an example of oxymoron.
• ​Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful kept him falsely true)
• The face of the child is as soft as the petals of a rose.- This is an example of simile.
• ​Simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox)

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Demography.

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Demography: the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area.(किसी विशेष क्षेत्र में जन्म, विवाह, मृत्यु आदि की संख्या में परिवर्तन का अध्ययन)
• Example: ​
• ​​The increase in the number of young people leaving to work in the cities has had a dramatic impact on the demography of the villages.

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• ecology- the relationships between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc., usually of a particular area, or the scientific study of this.(आमतौर पर किसी विशेष क्षेत्र की हवा, जमीन, पानी, जानवरों, पौधों आदि के बीच संबंध, या इसका वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन)
• astronomy- the scientific study of the universe and of objects that exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets, and stars.(ब्रह्मांड और अंतरिक्ष में प्राकृतिक रूप से मौजूद वस्तुओं का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन, जैसे कि चंद्रमा, सूर्य, ग्रह और तारे)
• genealogy- the study of the history of the past and present members of a family or families(किसी परिवार या परिवार के अतीत और वर्तमान के सदस्यों के इतिहास का अध्ययन)

The correct answer is I said to Sheela, "May I know your father?"

 Let's look at the steps to change the sentence from indirect to direct speech:

• When the indirect speech is in the interrogative form, we follow the steps given below:
• The reporting verb 'asked' is replaced by 'said to'.
• The connector 'if' is replaced by the comma and inverted commas.
• The modal verb 'might' is replaced by 'may' followed by the 1st form of the verb, i.e., know.
• The pronoun 'her' is replaced by 'your'.
• At last, line up the remaining part.

Following these steps, we finally get - "I said to Sheela, "May I know your father?"

Hinglish

• जब indirect speech, interrogative के रूप में होता है, तो हम नीचे दिए गए चरणों का पालन करते हैं:
• रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया 'asked' को 'said to' से बदल दिया गया है।
• कनेक्टर 'if' को कॉमा और inverted कॉमा से बदल दिया जाता है।
• modal verb 'might' को 'may' से बदल दिया जाता है और उसके बाद क्रिया का पहला रूप होता है, यानी, know
• सर्वनाम 'her' को 'your' से बदल दिया जाता है।
• अंत में, शेष भाग को पंक्तिबद्ध करें।

इन चरणों का पालन करते हुए, हमें अंत में मिलता है - "I said to Sheela, "May I know your father?"

The correct answer is to indulge in self praise.

Key Points

• To ring one's own bell: announce one’s own successes; praise oneself (स्वयं की सफलताओं की घोषणा करना; स्वयं की प्रशंसा करें)
• As he won, the winner rang his bell on and on, till he stopped panting and could laugh and talk properly.

<br>

Thus, it can be concluded that the idiom 'To ring one's own bell' means to indulge in self praise.

The correct answer is Once more.

Key Points

Let's see the meanings of the given and the marked option: 

• Encore: a repeated or additional performance of an item at the end of a concert, as called for by an audience(एक संगीत कार्यक्रम के अंत में किसी आइटम का दोहराया या अतिरिक्त प्रदर्शन, जैसा कि दर्शकों द्वारा कहा जाता है)
• Example: Everybody got up on stage for the final encore.
• Once more: one more time; again(एक और बार)
• Example: He went over the plan once more, stressing the importance of getting the details exactly right.

<br>

Thus, it can be concluded that encore means once more.

Additional Information

Let's see the meanings of the other words: 

• Never: at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever(अतीत या भविष्य में कभी नहीं; किसी अवसर पर नहीं; कभी नहीं)
• Example: They had never been camping in their lives.
• Now: at the present time or moment(वर्तमान समय या क्षण में)
• Example: Where are you living now?
• Try: make an attempt or effort to do something(कुछ करने का प्रयास या प्रयास करना)
• Example: He tried to regain his breath.

The correct answer is Smiled and disappeared.

Key Points

• Refer to the lines: But Kim gave them a bright smile and vanished from the scene. The children were left searching here and there for him. 
• Upon the perusal of the above line, it can be concluded that Kim smiled brightly and disappear suddenly and completely.
• Thus, option 4 is the correct answer choice.

The correct answer is A period of hundred years.

Key Points

• Century means a period of one hundred years.
• Thus, option 2 is the correct answer choice.

The correct answer is Kim Rathod.

Key Points

• Refer to the line: They were captivated by the speed, agility and showmanship of magician, Kim Rathod.
• Thus, it can be concluded that the magician's name is Kim Rathod.
• Hence, option 3 is the correct answer choice.

The correct answer is Astonished.

Key PointsLet's see the meanings of the given and the marked option: 

• Captivated: having one's interest or attention held or captured by something or someone charming, beautiful, entertaining(किसी की रुचि या ध्यान आकर्षित करना)
• Example: He was captivated by her beauty.
• Astonished: greatly surprised or impressed; amazed
• Example: He was astonished at the change in him.

Thus, it can be concluded that astonished is the meaning of captivated.

Additional InformationLet's see the meanings of the other words: 

• Angered: a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility(झुंझलाहट, नाराजगी या शत्रुता की एक मजबूत भावना)
• Example: She was angered by his terse answer.
• Arrested: seize (someone) by legal authority and take into custody(कानूनी अधिकार द्वारा (किसी को) जब्त करना और हिरासत में लेना)
• Example: The police arrested him for possession of marijuana.
• Honoured: regarded with great respect(बहुत सम्मान के साथ माना जाता है)
• Example: He was honoured for his bravery.

The correct answer is Happening suddenly.

Key Points

• Spontaneous: performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus.

<br>

Thus, spontaneous means happening suddenly.

Additional Information

• Continuous: without a pause or interruption
• Never: at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever
• Always: at all times; on all occasions

The correct answer is Stick.

Key Points

• Wand means a long, thin stick or rod.
• Also refer to the line: Out of his magic wand came flowers, ribbons and garlands of every possible colour and seemingly unending length.
• Thus, we can conclude that wand refers to a stick and here in the passage, out of that magic stick came flowers, ribbons and garlands.

<br>

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer choice.

The correct answer is Jumping.

Key Points

• Hopping means bouncing lightly or jumping from place to place.
• Example: She's always hopping from one project to the next.
• Jumping means push oneself off a surface and into the air by using the muscles in one's legs and feet.
• Example: The cat jumped off his lap.
• Thus, it can be concluded that hopping means jumping, making option 4 the correct answer choice.

Calculation:

Suppose a/3 = b/4 = c/7 = k

⇒ a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k

$\Rightarrow{\rm{;}}\frac{{a; + ;b; + ;c}}{c} = ;\frac{{3k; + ;4k; + ;7k}}{{7k}} = ;\frac{{14k}}{{7k}} = 2$

Given: January 5, 1991 = Saturday.

As, 1991 is a ordinary year, so it has 1 odd days.

then, January 5, 1992 = Saturday + 1 = Sunday.

Now,

From, January 5, 1992 to March 3, 1992

= 26(January) + 29(February) + 3(March) = 58 days.

And, 58 days = 58/7 = 8 week and 2 odd days.

So, March 3, 1992 = Sunday + 2 = Tuesday.

Hence, the correct answer is "Tuesday".

Alternate Method

Given:

January 5, 1991, was a Saturday

Calculation:

As 1991 is an ordinary year

So, the total number of odd days in 1991 = 1

5 January 1992 was one day after Saturday, i.e., Sunday

Now, in January 1992, there are 26 days remaining (31 - 5), i.e., 5 odd days (26 ÷ 7 = 3 weeks and 5 days)

In February 1992, there are 29 days, i.e., 1 odd day (29 ÷ 7 = 4 weeks and 1 day)

In March 1992, there are 3 odd days (Up to 3 march)

The total number of odd days after 5 January 1992 till 3 March 1992 is 5 + 1 + 3 = 9 odd days which is equal to 2 odd days.

3 March 1992 was 2 days after Sunday, i.e., Tuesday. 

∴ Tuesday was the day on March 3, 1992.

Formula used:

a^-n = 1/aⁿ

a^m × aⁿ = a^{m + n}

am ÷ an = am - n

(aⁿ)^m = a^{m × n}

Calculation:

$\left[\lbrace \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^{-3}-\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^{-2} \rbrace ÷ \left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^{-3} \right]$

⇒ [{(3^-1)^-3 - (4^-1)^-2} ÷ (4-1)-3]

⇒ [{33 - 42} ÷ 43]

⇒ [{27 - 16} ÷ 64]

⇒ [11 ÷ 64]

⇒ 11/64

Concept used:

The sum of the two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

1 cm = 10 mm

Calculation:

(1) No. It is not possible to construct a triangle with lengths of its sides 6 cm, 3 cm and 3 cm because the sum of two sides is not greater than the third side i.e. 3 + 3 is not greater than 6.

(2) Yes. It is possible to construct a triangle with lengths of its sides 6.3 cm, 5.9 cm and 4.6 cm because the sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side. ie 5.9 + 4.6 > 6.3

For option 3

The side of the triangle is 6.5 cm, 105 mm = 10.5 cm and 39 mm = 3.9 cm

(3) No. It is not possible to construct a triangle with lengths of its sides 6.5 cm, 10.5 cm and 3.9 cm because the sum of the two sides is not greater than the third side i.e. 3.9 + 6.5 is not greater than 10.5.

(4) No. It is not possible to construct a triangle with lengths of its sides 3.5 cm, 9.2 cm and 5.3 cm because the sum of the two sides is not greater than the third side i.e. 3.5 + 5.3 is not greater than 9.2.

∴ To construct a triangle the possible sides are 6.3 cm, 5.9 cm, 4.6 cm

Calculation:

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{3} = {3^{\frac{1}{{2}}}} = {3^{\frac{6}{{12}}}} = \left( {729} \right){^{\frac{1}{{12}}}}$

$\Rightarrow \sqrt[3]{4} = {4^{\frac{1}{3}}} = {4^{\frac{4}{{12}}}} = {\left( {256} \right)^{\frac{1}{{12}}}}$

$\Rightarrow \sqrt[4]{5} = {5^{\frac{1}{4}}} = {5^{\frac{3}{{12}}}} = {\left( {125} \right)^{\frac{1}{{12}}}}$

$\therefore \sqrt[4]{5} < \sqrt[3]{4} < \sqrt{3}$

Mean = {(Sum of all the observations)/(Number of observations)}

If we remove the extreme values that sum of observations and the total number of observations will change. Hence, the mean will also change.

A mode is that observation of any dataset which occurs the most. So, if the extreme value of those values which occurs mostly than mode can affect it, they are removed.

Median is the mid-value of any dataset of observations. So, if the extreme values are removed then the mid-value remains the same. Hence the median will not change.

Smaller Cubes with 3 face painted (smaller cubes on the corner of the bigger cube) = 4

Smaller Cubes with 2 face painted (smaller cubes on edge of bigger cube) = 12

Smaller Cubes with 1 exactly face painted (smaller cubes on the face of the bigger cube) = 9

Since a cube has 6 faces, the total number of Smaller Cubes with 1 exactly face painted

 = 9 × 6 = 54

We know that,

Sum of all the interior angles of a polygon = (n – 2) × 180°, where n is the number of side in the polygon.

In pentagon, n = 5

⇒ Sum of all the interior angles of a pentagon = (5 – 2) × 180°= 3 × 180°

 = 540°

Let the length of the pole be L.

Initially part of the length of the pole in mud = 4/7 × L = 4L/7

When 1/3 of 4L/7 is pulled out of the mud then the length of the pole pulled out of the mud

= {(1/3) × (4L/7)} = 4L/21

Part of the length of the pole remaining in the mud = (4L/7) – (4L/21) = 8L/21

According to the question,

8L/21 = 8

L = 21 m

One day work of A and B = 1/12

One day work of B and C = 1/15

One day work of C and A = 1/20

One day work of (A + B), (B + C) and (C + A) = 1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20

= 12/60 = 1/5

One day work of (A + B + C) = (1/2) × (1/5) = 1/10

One day work of A = One day work of (A + B + C) - One day work of (B + C)

= 1/10 – 1/15 = 2/60 = 1/30

∴ A takes 30 days alone to do the same work.

Alternate Method:

Efficiency of (A + B) = 5

Efficiency of (B + C) = 4

Efficiency of (C + A) = 3

Efficiency of (A + B + C) = {(1/2){Efficiency of (A + B) + Efficiency of (B + C) + Efficiency of (C + A)}]

= {(1/2)(5 + 4 + 3)} = 12/2 = 6

Efficiency of A = Efficiency of (A + B + C) - Efficiency of (B + C) = 6 – 4 = 2

Number of days taken by A alone to complete the work = 60/2 = 30 days.

Shortcut Trick

For fractions, H.C.F. = H.C.F. of Numerators ÷ L.C.M. of Denominators.

Numerators: 14, 42, 21 ⇒ H.C.F. = 7 (Common factor).

Denominators: 33, 55, 22 ⇒ L.C.M. = 11 × 3 × 5 × 2 = 330.

Result = 7/330.

∴ The correct answer is 7/330.

Alternate Method

Given: Fractions are 14/33, 42/55, and 21/22.

Formula Used: H.C.F. of Fractions = H.C.F.(Numerators) / L.C.M.(Denominators)

Step 1: Find H.C.F. of Numerators (14, 42, 21)

⇒ 14 = 2 × 7

⇒ 42 = 2 × 3 × 7

⇒ 21 = 3 × 7

⇒ H.C.F. = 7

Step 2: Find L.C.M. of Denominators (33, 55, 22)

⇒ 33 = 3 × 11

⇒ 55 = 5 × 11

⇒ 22 = 2 × 11

⇒ L.C.M. = 11 × 3 × 5 × 2 = 330

Step 3: Calculate final H.C.F.

⇒ H.C.F. = 7/330

∴ The correct answer is 7/330.

Additional Information

L.C.M. of Fractions

L.C.M. of fractions = L.C.M. of Numerators ÷ H.C.F. of Denominators.

H.C.F. and L.C.M. Relation

For two numbers a and b, H.C.F.(a, b) × L.C.M.(a, b) = a × b.

Co-prime Numbers

The H.C.F. of two co-prime numbers is always 1 and their L.C.M. is their product.

Formula: (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

7 + 2√10 = 2 + 5 + 2√(2 × 5) = (√2)² + (√5)² + 2√(2 × 5) = (√2 + √5)²

Square root of 7 + 2√10 = Square root of (√2 + √5)² = (√2 + √5)

Given:

The side of the equilateral triangle = 4/3 cm

Formula used:

The perimeter of the square = 4 × Side

The perimeter of the equilateral triangle = 3 × Side

Calculation:

<br>

The perimeter of the figure obtained = 5 × sides of the triangle

⇒ 5 × (4/3)

⇒ 20/3 

⇒ $6\frac{2}{3}$ cm

∴ The perimeter of the figure obtained is $6\frac{2}{3}$ cm

Concept used 

Divisibility rule of 99 : Number should be divisible by 9 and 11 

Divisibility of 9 = sum of digit should be divisible by 9 

Divisibility of 11 = Difference in sum of even place digit and sum of odd place digit is 0 or multiple of 11

Calculation 

From option 

Now option (1) 114345

⇒ 114345 = 1 + 1 + 4 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 18

18 is divisible by 9 

Now check for 11 

⇒ (1 + 4 + 4) - (1 + 3 + 5) = 0

'0' is multiple of 11

So number is divisible by 99

Now option (2) 3572406

⇒ 3572406 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 2 + 4 + 0 + 6 = 27

27 is divisible by 9 

Now check for 11 

⇒ (3 + 7 + 4 + 6) - (5 + 2 + 0) = 13

It is not multiple of 11

So number is not divisible by 99  

Now Option (3) 913462

⇒ 913462 = 9 + 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 2 = 25

25 is not divisible by 9 

So number is not divisible by 99 

Now option (4) 135792

⇒ 135792 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 2 = 27 

27 is divisible by 9 

Now check for divisibility of 11 

⇒ (1 + 5 + 9) - (3 + 7 + 2) = 3

It is not multiple of 11

So number is not divisible by 99  

∴ 114345 is divisible by 99

π = (3.14159265359...) is an irrational number as it can not be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0

Additional Information

Rational Number: A rational number is a number that can be expressed in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.

Example:

6 = 6/1 =12/2

0.5 = 5/10 = ½

-0.675 = -675/1000 = 27/40

10/3 = 3.333…

Irrational Number: A irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0

Example:

π = (3.14159265359...)

√2, √3

Prime Number∶ A prime number is a positive integer greater than one, that can only be exactly divided by the positive integer 1 and itself without leaving a remainder.

Example: 2, 3, 5, 7

Integer∶ An integer is a number that has no fractional part and it can be positive, negative or zero.

Example: -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Formula used: 

a^m = b then, a = b^1/m

(a^m)ⁿ = a^{m × n}

a^-1 = 1/a

Concept used:

103x = 125

⇒ 10^3x = 5³ 

⇒ 10^x = 5^3/3 

⇒ 10^x = 5

Now, 

10-2x = (10^x)^-2 = 5^-2 = 1/25

∴ The value of 10-2x is 1/25

Given:

Quotient = 167

Dividend = 16075

Remainder = 43

Concept used:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Calculations:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

⇒ 16075 = Divisor × 167 + 43

⇒ 16075 - 43 = Divisor × 167 

⇒ 16032 = Divisor × 167 

⇒ Divisor = 16032/167

∴ The Divisor is 96

Concept used:

Prime number:- The number which is divisible by only one and itself.

Ex:- 2, 3, 5, 7 etc

2 is the only even prime number

1 is neither prime nor composite

3 is the smallest odd prime number

7 is the largest one-digit prime number

Calculation:

Prime number less than 50 = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47

∴ The total prime number less than 50 is 15

Calculation:

Let the larger number be a and the smaller number be b.

2a = 5b + 3

2a – 5b = 3        ----(1)

4a + 3b = 71        ----(2)

Multiply the equation (1) by 2 and then subtract the equation (1) from equation (2),

4a – 10b = 6

4a – 4a + 3b – (-10b) = 71 – 6

3b + 10b = 65

13b = 65

b = 5

Using equation (1),

2a – 5 × 5 = 3

2a = 25 + 3 = 28

a = 14

∴ The numbers are 14 and 5.

Given:

The side of square = 8 cm

The length of rectangle = 16 cm

Formula used:

The area of the square = Side² 

The area of the rectangle = Length × Breadth

Calculation:

The area of the square = 8² = 64 cm² 

The area of the rectangle = Length × Breadth

⇒ 64 = 16 × Breadth

⇒ Breadth = 4 cm

∴ The breadth of the rectangle is 4 cm