UPTET 2019 Paper 2 (Social Science) (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Lecture Method: It is a method of teaching whereby the teacher attempts to explain facts, principles, or relationships to help students to understand. It is an autocratic method where;

• The teacher is an active participant, the students are passive listeners.
• The teacher talks more or less continuously to the class.
• The class listens, writes, and notes facts and the ideas for remembering and to think them over later.
• Usually, the students do not converse with the teacher during a lecture by the teacher.
• It is a one-way method.
• A few questions may be asked by the students to clarify a point but no discussion is usually held.

The Democratic Method is called the student center method because in this type of method students actively participate in the teaching-learning process. These methods are:

• The discussion method is a method of considering various facts about the topic under consideration; understanding of these facts by studying their relationships and drawing out conclusions of the facts and their relationship studied. A discussion method of teaching is a democratic method.
• Project Method: The project method of teaching is one of the modern methods of teaching in which the curriculum content is considered from the child's point of view and is related to his needs and interest in the context of real-life situations.
• Participatory Method: In this learning is focused on increased student participation, so it is basically student-centered.

Hence, we conclude that the Lecture method is not the democratic method of teaching-learning.

Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives. In the taxonomy, Bloom identified three domains of learning which include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

These three domains have been divided in a way that proceeds from the simplest process to the complex.

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.
• Affective domains: This domain comes into play when we grow in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc. It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.

Key Points

Let's Understand the Levels of Affective Domain in Brief:

• Receiving: When a learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli.
• Responding:  It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or stimuli.
• Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it. One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment.
• Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained when one develops one’s code of conduct or standard of public life.
• Characterizing: It deals with behavior as per values or attitudes a child has imbibed; children show teamwork.

Hence, it could be concluded that the is knowledge is not related to the affective domain of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives.

NOTE: Knowledge is related to the cognitive domain of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives.

There are three different levels of teaching and teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. Teachers must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

Key Points

There are three levels of teaching effectively:

1. Memory level:

• ​It involves memorizing factual information.
• It is the least thoughtful method since it encourages rote memorization.
• The teacher focuses on the recall, recognition, and retention of learning.
• It is mostly employed by the teachers at the primary classes to teach basic skills such as rules of grammar, arithmetic, spelling, etc.

2. Understanding level: ​This level focuses on comprehension and understanding of the meaning of the topic being studied. It involves breaking down complex topics into a logical sequence of steps.
3. Reflective level: It implies the highest level of thoughtfulness on the part of the learners. It involves the method of the scientific method of understanding a problem. It makes use of the ‘problem-solving approach to find a solution to a difficult problem. This level of teaching is usually employed at the college/university level.

Hence, it becomes clear that the Motivation level is not the level of teaching.

Learning: Learning is the total of an individual’s life experience acquitted through the socialization process.

Key Points

• Learning is the modification of behavior through experience and training.
• It is an association between stimulus-response  (S-R) is based on the Law of contiguity (things occurring closer in time and space get associated).
• It is an association between stimulus and response (S-R) is based on the law of effect (effect of reward and punishing)
• It exceeds a mere acquisition of factual information or mastering of skills, as it also includes the total of an individual’s life experiences which are relatively permanent in nature and have survived values for him.

Hence, we can conclude that learning is an association between stimulus and response.

Progressive Theory of Education: It is defined as change or movement in the direction of the end; and, conversely, movement in any other direction toward any other end is regressive.

Key Points

• This theory stated education through experience or experiment or solving problems.
• It emphasized the value and importance of experience, experiment, purposeful learning, freedom, etc.
• The problem-solving method is based upon the progressive theory. This theory stresses that students should test ideas through active experimentation.
• Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world.

Additional Information

Hence, we conclude that the Problem-solving teaching method is based on progressive theory.

Creativity is defined as something different from intelligence and as a parallel construct to intelligence, but it differs from intelligence in that it is not restricted to cognitive or intellectual functioning or behaviour. 

Key Points

Elements of Creativity

Creative thinking as involving divergent thinking, which emphasizes fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. These elements of creativity are:

Hence, we conclude that the correct sequence of elements of creativity is Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, Elaboration.

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development: 

Freud proposed a five-stage model of development of personality. According to him, the core aspects of one’s personality developed by the age of five and remain unchanged throughout. Further, he stated that to move from one stage to another, a child needs to resolve conflicts of each stage successfully.

Key Points

Hence, we conclude from the above information that At the age of 4 - 5 years, a male child develops a more profound attachment towards his mother as compared to his father is known as the Oedipus complex.

E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, is known as the founder of modern educational psychology.

• He propounded 'Trial and Error Theory' which represents that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses.
• "Mistakes teaches individual" statement is based on 'Trial and Error Theory'.

Based on the Trial and Error Learning Theory, Thorndike gave certain secondary laws of Learning.

Key Points

The all eight secondary laws of learning are:

Hence, we conclude that the Law of action-reaction is not included in Thorndike's secondary laws of learning.

Transfer of learning: It refers to the influence of learning one task on the learning of another. Transfer of learning is considered to be the basis of curriculum development as it provides a foundation for the arrangement of the sequence of skills to be learned. This transfer could either be positive, negative, or neutral. 

Key Points

Types of Transfer of Learning:

Additional Information 

Other Types of Transfer of Learning:

Hence, we can conclude from the above information that if a person is getting help from his previous experiences of driving a scooter during the learning of car driving, then it shows Positive Transfer of Learning.

Learning disabilities refer to certain kinds of disorders in the basic psychological processes of an individual. These disorders are mainly caused by nervous system dysfunction (brain or neurological damage impending one's motor or learning abilities) and also by genetic factors.

Key Points

Dysphasia

• A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.
• It can occur suddenly after a stroke or head injury or develop slowly from a growing brain tumor or disease.
• Aphasia affects a person's ability to express and understand written and spoken language.
• Once the underlying cause is treated, the main treatment for aphasia is speech therapy.

Additional Information

Types of Learning Disabilities:

• Dyslexia: Dyslexia is a disability in reading, difficulty in understanding words and letters recognition.
• Dyscalculia: It is a disability to solve mathematic problems such as addition, subtraction and so on.
• Dysgraphia: It is the difficulty in writing such as forming words and letters.
• Dyspraxia: It is the difficulty in coordination between mind and motor skills.

Hence, we conclude that disability-related with communication is ​Dysphasia.

Mental Retardation is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of himself or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child.

Key Points 

Approaches for the education of 'Mentally Retarded' children:

• Individualized Instruction: Instructions of teaching materials should be based on the principle of self placing. It should be the educational ability of the child and then match the learning materials with that ability. They can learn better if teaching is adapted to the needs of these children.
• Systematic Instruction: Educable mentally retarded children lack a high level of generalization and usually unable to learn material incidentally without instruction as the average children do. Thus learning materials should be presented to the educable mentally retarded in sequential order following systematic and hierarchical procedure.
• Special Learning Principle: (a) Principle of simple, complex, (b) Principle of known to unknown, (c) Principle of use to disuse, (d) Principle of repetition, (e) Principle of reinforcement and reward.
• Assessment: The mentally retarded children must have a special diagnosis including medical, social-psychological, and educational evaluations before starting the remedial teaching. It should be made on a periodic basis.

Hence, we conclude that Individualize instruction is the best suitable approach for the education of 'Mentally Retarded' children.

Growth refers to an increase in physical dimensions of an individual, e.g., an increase in height, weight, etc. or various parts and organs of the body.

• It implies an increase in size or general bodily growth.
• It is a biological process like an individual’s physical attributes, inherited diseases, temperament level.
• The increase is limited by biological factors and is influenced by environmental factors, such as ethnicity, climate, diet, and many other factors.

Development refers to enhancement in the functioning of the human body. It entails changes in structure, form, or shape.

• "Development implies qualitative change”. This means that development is just not adding inches to one's height or refining one’s ability but it is a complex process that involves the integration of many structures and functions.
• Development is evaluated by improvement in the performance of the human body.
• Development is always gradual, progressive, and diversified in form according to different periods of growth.

Learning: Learning is the total of an individual’s life experience acquitted through the socialization process.

• Learning is the modification of behavior through experience and training.
• It exceeds a mere acquisition of factual information or mastering of skills, as it also includes the total of an individual’s life experience which are relatively permanent in nature and have survived values for him.

Education is a goal-oriented process. There may be the individual goals of learner, the institutional goals or the social goals. Depending upon the nature of goals, the goal-oriented education can be defined as:

• Excellence in Education
• Value addition in Education
• Fitness of Educational outcomes
• Conformances of Educational out-put to planned goals

Hence, we can conclude that Development is not a quantitative process, it is a Qualitative process.

Psychological assessment is the appropriate understanding of the psychological attributes or characteristics of an individual or group of individuals using objective techniques of measurement. 

Key Points

• Aptitude is a child's relative fitness of which one essential aspect is his readiness to acquire proficiency, his potential ability, and another in his readiness to develop an interest in exercising that ability. Ability means, the power to perform responsive acts.
• Aptitude is symptomatic or indicative of one’s potentialities. z Aptitude is the result of the interaction of heredity and environment.
• An individual is born with certain potentialities. After that, the environment helps or hinders the expression of these potentialities.

Additional Information

• Interest: Interest is an aspect of behavior, not an entity itself. Experimentally an interest is a response of liking, an aversion is a response of disliking.
• Value: Value is the characteristic of a thing or activity which helps in the conservation and furtherance of our life.
• Motivation: Motivation is the way in which urges, desires, aspirations, and strivings or needs direct, control, or explain the behavior of human beings.

Hence, we conclude that the Child's specific ability and specific potentiality in a particular field is known as Aptitude.

Compare and Contrast the Piaget and Bruner's theory of Cognitive Development

• Piaget and Bruner were two influential theorists of cognitive development and both agreed that cognitive development took place in stages but the proposition of their theories is different.
• Piaget and Bruner both said that ‘a child should be introduced to the “knowledge getting process” as a move towards acquiring active knowledge.

Key Points

The above information given in the table shows that the Piagets Pre-operation stage of cognitive development is similar to Bruner's Iconic stage of cognitive development because at this stage, the child thinks symbolically and imaging things but he/she does not use the symbols for conversation.

Personality refers to the different aspects of a person's character such as his/her interest, behaviour, cognition, etc. It is a system that has both psychological and physical aspects, which interact between themselves.

• The interacting factors include at the physiological level are the endocrine system and the various glands in the system.
• As for the interacting factors in the psychological aspects include traits, emotions, intellect, temperament, character, and motives.
• According to trait theory, personality is made up of different traits. Traits are the building blocks and human behaviour can be described in terms of these traits.
• A trait generally is a description of behaviour, for example, friendliness, social, assertive, etc.

Trait approach got maximum impetus from the work of Cattell, Eysenck, and Allport. 

Key Points

Let's Understand in Brief:

Important Points

Sigmund Freud had proposed the 'Psycho-analytical Theory of Personality Development' which was not related to the trait.

According to his theory:

• Human behavior is determined largely by unconscious motives.
• Our actions are determined by thoughts and feelings contained in the unconscious mind.

Hence, it could be concluded that Freud is not related to the trait theory of personality.

Problem-solving is a process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with the attainment of a goal. 

• It is a mental process and is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.
• Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem-solving has been defined as a higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills.
• It is the framework or pattern within which creative thinking and reasoning take place. It is a basic skill needed by today's learners.
• There are several elements that work as an obstacle in the development and process of problem-solving such as anxiety, negative mental set, frustration, low self-efficacy, etc.

Key Points

Insight is not an obstacle in problem-solving as insight :

• is the solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling.
• enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
• doesn't rely on behavior or observation, it is the sudden realization of a problem's solution using intuition.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Insight' is not an obstacle in problem-solving.

Emotion is a mental state or a feeling such as amusement, hatred, happiness, anger, surprise, love, and fear which can be caused by the situation an individual is going through.

Key Points

• Amusement is an emotion as it is the state or feeling of experiencing something funny and entertaining.
• Emotions are experienced as positive feelings, negative feelings, and undesired reactions to any stressful situation, these often impact decision-making.
• Emotions activate and direct behaviour in the same way biological and psychological motives do. Human beings are often more aware of our emotions than our underlying motives.
• Emotions can sometimes interfere with motivated behaviour. For example, an irritated child will not be able to focus on completing his homework.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that 'Amusement' is an emotion.

Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories System (FIACS)

• This (FIACS) technique was developed by Dr. Ned A. Flander.
• It is an observation technique that records classroom interaction in ten categories.
• This system measures only the verbal behavior of teachers.
• Interaction analysis is primarily concerned with analyzing the influence patterns of the teacher and distinguishes those acts of the teacher which increases pupils' freedom of action from those acts that decrease it.

Description of Categories:

In the Flanders ten category system, all the events that occur in the classroom are classified into three major sections:

1. Teacher-talk,
2. Student-talk,
3. Silence or confusion.

These sections are subdivided in order to make the total pattern of teacher-pupil interaction more meaningful.

1. Teacher talk is divided into two sub-heads viz., indirect influence, and direct influence.

1. Indirect influence consists of four observation categories:
2. accepting feeling
3. praising or encouraging
4. accepting ideas
5. asking questions
6. Direct influence is divided into three categories:
7. lecturing
8. giving directions,
9. criticizing or justifying authority.

2) Student talk consists of only two categories:

1. responding to the teacher
2. initiating talk

3. the last category which is silence or confusion used to handle anything else that is not the teacher or student talk.

Hence, it could be concluded that Flander is basically linked with 'FIACS'.

Teaching Skills are defined as a group of teaching acts or behaviors intended to facilitate students learning directly or indirectly. It is employed extensively in daily teaching.

• A few of the essential skills employed by a teacher are communication, creativity, questioning, explaining, reinforcing, classroom management, etc.

Key Points

Benefits of Questioning:

• Questioning skill works at it best when it:  
• develops sensitivity towards listening.
• is used through encouraging methods.
• encourages questioning among students.
• arises curiosity and inquisitiveness in children.
• develops divergent and critical thinking in learners.
• The purpose of questioning is to get a clear idea about how much the students have learned and understood the lesson.
• It helps the teacher in assessing the understanding level of students.
• Asking quality questions from time to time can monitor student’s progress of learning and instil confidence in them
• Questions can be rephrased in many different ways to encourage them to answer.
• It helps the teacher in knowing which student is facing difficulty and in which specific lesson so that he/she can provide more clarity.​

Important Points

Increasing the number of questions with yes or no is not correct regarding 'Questioning skill' as it refers to a close-ended question which:

• allows a learner to choose one answer from a limited list of possible answers.
• requires one-word answer thus minimize the subjective inference and judgment.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'increasing the number of questions with yes or no' is not correct regarding 'Questioning skill'.

Projective techniques of personality measurement are the tests which are designed to:

• reveal those central aspects of personality that lie in the unconscious mind of an individual.
• evaluate a person's interests, attitudes, pattern of thought, etc while giving responses to ambiguous test materials.

Key Points

There are different kinds of Projective techniques of personality measurement and 'Thematic Apperception Test' is one of them.

• Henry Murray, an American psychologist, created history by constructing the 'Thematic Appreciation Test'.
• In this test, ambiguous pictures or test materials are given to participants.
• This test can uncover a person’s true personality, and their capacity for emotional control.
• It is designed to reveal and evaluate a person's interests, attitudes, observation power, pattern of thought, etc while giving responses to ambiguous test materials.

Hence, it could be concluded that the 'Thematic Apperception Test' is a projective technique of personality measurement.

Additional Information

• Rating scale: In it, either the psychologist or the client assigns a numeric rating on some specific behaviour. On the other hand, in a frequency count, the frequency of certain behaviours in a specified time limit is counted.
• Observation: It requires the psychologist to observe the client while engaged in ordinary, daily-routine behaviour, at home, school, workplace or any other natural setting.
• Interview: A method of personality assessment in which the interviewer asks questions to the clients and the client is allowed to answer either in a structured or an unstructured fashion

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality.

• It is the ability possesses by people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.
• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.

Key Points

Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

1. Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences, and investigating in all possible directions.
2. Incubation: It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem. In this stage, individuals forget irrelevant information or unsuccessful attempts and engage with the task effectively.
3. Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
4. Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.

Hence, it could be concluded that the stage of creative problem solving in which an individual does not give attention to irrelevant information is known as incubation.

A  language is a symbolic system used to convey a message. It is composed of symbols that are shared by a group of people. 

Language is a rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. Language is expressed through gestures, speech, and writing.

Important Points

According to Psycholinguists, a Language Consists of the Following Components:

Hence, it could be concluded that the smallest unit of 'Spoken language' is Phoneme.

Creative Thinking: This type of thinking is associated with one’s ability to create or construct something new or unusual. 

Key Points

The individual himself usually formulates the problem and is also free to collect the evidence and to fashion the tools for its solution. 

• It involves divergent thinking and is not restricted by any pre-established rules.
• The mind must have complete freedom to wander around to create a new idea.  For example, When the teacher gives chances to students to solve a problem in different ways he/she started to think in a divergent way because we didn’t set any kind of pre-established rules.
• Creative thinking involves the production of novel and original ideas or solutions to problems.
• Sometimes, creative thinking is understood just as a new way of thinking or thinking differently.
• However, it is important to know that, besides novelty, originality is also an important characteristic of creative thinking.
• Creative thinking thus refers to the originality and uniqueness of ideas or solutions that did not previously exist.

Hence, we conclude that "What can be different ways to solve it?" is the best question when it comes to creative thinking.

Microteaching:

• Microteaching has been considered an effective technique for the development of teaching skills in teachers.
• Microteaching is like the simulation technique for developing teaching skills.
• This approach is used to shape the teacher's behavior based on an effective feedback mechanism.

Key PointsAs the term itself indicates, microteaching is scaled-down teaching in which the teacher teaches a short lesson to a small group of students for a short period. One teaching skill is practiced at a time. Thus microteaching is a miniature form of teaching in which teaching is scaled down in terms of class size, time, complexity, and activities with a focus on developing a specific teaching skill.

 Confusion PointsAssumptions in microteaching: The following are the essential assumptions in microteaching:

• microteaching is real teaching but it aims at developing teaching skills in teachers and not developing students' abilities.
• Microteaching is carried out under a non-complex environment (in contrast with a complex classroom environment),
• Microteaching ensures mastery learning. The teacher practices the skill till he/she achieves perfection in his/her behavior.
• Microteaching brings a high degree of control in practicing teachers
• Microteaching is a highly individualized approach to training, and
• Microteaching depends highly on an effective feedback mechanism.

Hence, we can conclude that Micro-teaching is scaled-down teaching. 

Hint"Microteaching is a real teaching" this is an assumption in microteaching because it has nothing to do with students' learning. It totally focuses on teachers' teaching skills.

Additional Information 

• In this technique, the student-teacher is required to teach a small group of students for up to 15-20 minutes, focusing on a particular aspect of teaching. E.g. Skill of set induction, Skill of Questioning, Skill of Blackboard Writing, etc.

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

Let's Understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that in option number (4 - a-IV, b-II, c-III, d-I), the name of theories and propounders are correctly matched.

Programmed Learning is an innovative step whose goal is the individualization of instruction. It consists of a planned sequence of learning activities for achieving mastery. 

• Programmed learning is a research-based system that helps learners work successfully. The learning material is in a kind of textbook or teaching machine or computer.

Key Points

Principles of Programmed Learning:

• Principle of small steps: In Programmed Learning, the medium presents the text in small steps to make it easily accessible to the learners.
• Principle of active responding: After each step, learners are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct answer is shown. This means the learner at all stages makes responses and is given immediate knowledge of results.
• Principle of reinforcement: It involves giving reinforcement to the learners to make them know that their responses are right or wrong.
• Principles of Immediate feedback: It emphasizes to make learners know whether their answer is right or wrong immediately. It helps learners to proceed to the further learning activity.
• Principle of learner verification: It emphasizes to not verify the quality of the program based on a specialist's opinion rather on the actual establishment of learning.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Principle of practice is not included in Programmed Learning.

Thorndike's Stimulus-Response theory (S-R Theory) is the principle of conditioning. Thorndike’s theory of trial and error explains the process of learning among animals and human beings on the basis of actual experiments. He stressed the importance of mental readiness (motive), meaningful practice (drive) and incentive (stimulus) in the learning process.

Key Points

Thorndike's theory falls under 'Behaviouristic theory' as:

• The approach which describes learning as a connection between stimulus and response is the behaviouristic approach.
• Stimulus-Response is a concept that implies that behaviour manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response.
• The main idea behind the behaviouristic theory of learning is that learning is a change in, overt behaviour of the learner occurring as a result of reinforced practice.

Thus, Operant behaviour is not important in the learning process of Thorndike’s Stimulus-Response Theory (SR Theory).

HintOperant Conditioning is for conditioning the behaviour obtained which means most of our behaviours are not so simply generated by the environment. You are not forced by the environment to look at this book, to talk, to sing, and to eat. These behaviours are emitted by you, the individual. Through such behaviours, you operate upon the environment. These are called operant behaviours.

• It is based on reinforcement and punishment.  For example, parents reinforce their kid to study well, and if he does not, he is punished or else he is offered a reward.

Robert Gagne put forward the conditions or events of learning theory. According to Gagne, learning is supposed to result in the enhancement of a person’s performance and capabilities by acquiring new ways of behaving. His theory emphasized that different internal and external conditions or events are necessary for each type or level of learning.

Key Points

Types of Gagne’s Hierarchical Structure of Learning:

• Signal Learning – Signal learning is the simplest form of learning. It consist essentially of Pavlov’s Classical conditioning. Learner learns to make a generalized response to a signal or stimulus (known as conditioned stimulus).
• Stimulus-Response Learning (S-R Learning): This is a sophisticated form of learning, which is also known as Operant conditioning originally developed by Skinner. It involves developing desired stimulus-response bonds. Here, a stimulus is properly discriminated for a response.
• Chaining: This is a more advance form of learning in which two or more than two Stimulus-Response (S-R) connections are joined together into a linked sequence.
• Verbal Association: During this type of learning, the learner is formed to emit chained responses of S-R type by making verbal association. It’s one among the key processes within the development of language skills.
• Multiple Discrimination: This is a stage of good discrimination to learn making different responses to different stimuli. This process is made more complex by the phenomenon of interference.
• Concept Learning: In this type of learning, one learns to provide a common response to a class of stimuli. It forms the idea of the power to generalize, classify etc.
• Rule Learning: Rule learning also known as learning of Principles. Principles are generated through the chaining of two or more concepts. This is a very high-level cognitive process, forms the basis of the learning of general rules, procedures etc.
• Problem Solving: This is the highest form of cognitive process which involves higher mental or cognitive abilities for making use of the concept and rules for solving one or the other problem.

Hence, it could be concluded that signal learning is placed on the lowest level in Gagne's Hierarchy of Learning.

Voice modulation (changing the pitch, tone, pace, and volume of the voice) is a core component of the Skill of Stimulus Variation.

Key Points

• The Skill of Stimulus Variation refers to the intentional change in the teacher's behavior and teaching strategies within the classroom to keep students attentive and engaged.

The main components of the Skill of Stimulus Variation include:

• Teacher Movement: Moving around the classroom.
• Teacher Gestures: Using hand and body movements.
• Focusing: Directing student attention to a key point.
• Shifting Sensory Channels: Moving from verbal to visual, or vice-versa.
• Pausing: Using silence effectively.
• Voice Modulation (Change in Speech Pattern): Varying the voice to emphasize key points, create drama, or signal a shift in topic. This directly matches the action described in the question.

Hence, the correct answer is skill of stimulus variation.

Hint

• Skill of Reinforcement: Involves using positive or negative verbal and non-verbal cues to encourage desired student behavior.
• Skill of Closure: Involves wrapping up the lesson at the end by summarizing key points and testing comprehension.
• Skill of Introduction: Involves preparing students for the lesson, linking new material to prior knowledge, and stating the objectives.

Communication: Communication is the act of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another person. It is a two-way process.

Key Points

Elements of Communication Process:

• Communicator/Sender: Sender is a person who speaks out or sends or transmits or communicates message. It is the first starter of the communication process.
• Communicatee/Receiver: The receiver is directed audience of the message. He gets the message interprets and tries to the total meaning of the message as transmitted by the sender.
• Message: Message is information. It may be spoken or written. It is to be sent from one person to another. The information, orders, observations, report that communicated.
• Medium of Communication/Channel: Channel is the vehicle or medium of conveying message to the receiver. It may be written, oral, audiovisual or live projections. The written medium can be in forms of letters, memos, reports, manuals, etc.
• Reaction/Interaction: The receiver has to extract the meaning from the symbols sent by the sender and understand completely what he/she needs.
• Feedback: It is the process in which the receiver and the sender are ensuring that they understood each other correctly and they are proceeding to find a solution.

HintReinforcement is simply defined as an effect that increases the probability of a response. It is, therefore, discussed in terms of observable or measurable events. We reward people, we reinforce the behavior.

Hence, Reinforcement is not an element of the communication process.

उपर्युक्त शब्द युग्मों में विलोम की दृष्टि से 'सुबुद्धि – असुबुद्धि' ठीक नहीं है। 'सुबुद्धि' शब्द का विलोम 'दुर्बुद्धि' होगा। अन्य विकल्प विलोम की दृष्टि से सही हैं। इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'सुबुद्धि – असुबुद्धि' है।

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प

Important Pointsविशेष

सही विकल्प 'I – D, II – C, III – A, IV - B' है। उपर्युक्त पर्यायवाची शब्दों का सुमेल निम्न प्रकार है।

विकल्पों के अन्य पर्यायवाची -

'मैंने सुना है कि आपके देश में अच्छा राजप्रबंध है।' एक मिश्र वाक्य है।

• 'यज्ञदत्त देवदत्त को व्याकरण पढ़ाता है।' यह सरल वाक्य है।
• 'वह उड़ती हुई चिड़िया पहचानता है।' यह सरल वाक्य है।
• 'उसमें न पत्ते थे, न फूल थे।' यह संयुक्त वाक्य है।
• इस प्रकार सही विकल्प है 'मैंने सुना है कि आपके देश में अच्छा राजप्रबंध है।'

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण -

Additional Information

वाक्य - 

‘वह द्वार-द्वार भीख माँगता चलता है’ वाक्य में 'अधिकरण' कारक है क्योंकि इसमें 'द्वार-द्वार' के बाद 'पर' का लोप हो रहा है। इसीलिए यहाँ अधिकरण कारक है। अधिकरण कारक का विभक्ति चिन्ह या परसर्ग 'में, पर' होता है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः यही विकल्प 'अधिकरण' है। 

स्पष्टीकरण

कारक चिह्न

‘आयुष्मान’ का स्त्रीलिंग शब्द 'आयुष्मती' है। अन्य विकल्प वर्तनी की दृष्टि से अशुद्ध हैं। इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'आयुष्मती' है।

शब्दार्थ

'आयुष्मान' का अर्थ चिरंजीवी, दीर्घायु है। 'आयुष्मती' का अर्थ 'चिरंजीवी या अधिक आयु पाने वाली' है।

विशेष

'जो जीवनोपयोगी हो।' कला श्रेष्ठ मानी गई है। गद्यांश में प्रस्तुत पंक्ति 'कलावाद अर्थात कला, कला के लिए सम्बन्धी विचारो में जीवन के लिए उपयोगी कला ही श्रेयस्कर मानी गयी है।' से स्पष्ट होता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ' जो जीवनोपयोगी हो।' है।

अन्य जानकारी -

'जीवनोपयोगी' में गुण स्वर संधि है - 'जीवन + उपयोगी = जीवनोपयोगी' 

नियम - अ + उ = ओ

कला और जीवन अन्योंन्याश्रित है का तात्पर्य है 'एक दूसरे पर आश्रित है।' शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'एक दूसरे पर आश्रित है।'

यह पद्यांश 'तुलसीदास' कवि द्वारा रचित 'रामचरितमानस' के बालकाण्ड से लिया गया है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'तुलसीदास' है।

पद्यांश का अर्थ है "दो राजकुमार बाग देखने आए हैं। किशोर अवस्था के हैं और सब प्रकार से सुंदर हैं।"

उपर्युक्त पद्य में 'मधुर भाव' है क्योंकि इसमें सीता जी की सखियों द्वारा राम और लक्ष्मण के सौंदर्य का वर्णन हो रहा है, ऐसा सुनकर सीता जी के मन में मधुरता का भाव जाग रहा है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मधुर भाव' है।

'चाँदनी चौक' में 'व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा' है। जहाँ किसी ख़ास व्यक्ति, स्थान अथवा वस्तु के नाम का बोध हो वहां व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा होती है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा' है।

विशेष

निदानात्मक शिक्षण विधि का अर्थ है बालक की अधिगम संबंधी कठिनाईयों को पहचानना। कठिनाईयों को पहचानने के बाद इन कठिनाईयों को दूर करने के लिए उपचारात्मक शिक्षण किया जाता है।

Important Points

• निदान में जहॉ बच्चों की कठिनाइयों का पता लगाया जाता है वहीं उपचारात्मक शिक्षण में इन कठिनाइयों को दूर करते हुय शिक्षण किया जाता है।
• रोग के निदान के उपरान्त उसका उपचार आवश्यक होता है।
• शिक्षा क्षेत्र में उपचारात्मक शिक्षण एक नवीन प्रयोग है।
• यह सामान्य शिक्षण से अधिक प्रभावकारी, सरल एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक है।
• यह शिक्षण व सीखने के दूषित एवं अशुद्ध ढ़ग को मिटाने के लिये तथा उन्हें सुधारात्मक रूप व दिशा प्रदान करता है।
• यह प्रत्येक प्रकार के सीखने की अशुद्धियों में सुधार करके विकासात्मक एवं उपचारात्मक शिक्षण दोनों एक दूसरे के सहयोगी है।
• निदान के बिना उपचार नहीं हो सकता है। उसी प्रकार निदानात्मक शिक्षण के बिना उपचारात्मक शिक्षण नहीं दिया जा सकता।
• निदानात्मक एवं उपचारात्मक शिक्षण एक ही सिक्‍के के दो पहलू के समान है।
• बिना एक दूसरे के दोनों अधूरे है।

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि उपचारात्मक शिक्षण का आधार निदानात्मक परीक्षण है।

‘अयोगवाह’ 'विसर्ग को' कहा जाता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'विसर्ग को' है।

रचनाकारों की रचनाओं के अनुसार सही विकल्प 'I – C, II – D, III – B, IV - A' है। सुमेल निम्न प्रकार है।

विशेष -

उपर्युक्त में भाव वाच्य का उदहारण 'I. उससे बैठा नहीं जाता। II. राम से खाया नहीं जाता।' है। अन्य विकल्प उचित नहीं हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'I एवं II' है।

उपर्युक्त में से तीनों कथन :

• 'I. अनुस्वार पूर्ण अनुनासिक ध्वनि है |
• II. वर्ग का पंचमाक्षर अनुस्वार होता है |
• III. अनुनासिक के उच्चारण के दौरान नाक से बहुत कम सांस निकलती है और मुँह से अधिक |' सही हैं।
• अतः सही विकल्प 'I, II ए���ं  III' है।​

Key Points

• अनुस्वार और अनुनासिक के उच्चारण में भिन्नता है।
• अनुस्वार के उच्चारण में वायु नाक से निकलती है, जबकि अनुनासिक  के उच्चारण के समय वायु नाक और मुँह दोनों से निकलती है।
• जैसे – हंस और हँसना।

Additional Information

जिन वर्णों पर अनुस्वार और विसर्ग लगे होते है, उन्हें अयोगवाह वर्ण कहते है।

• अयोगवाह स्वर तथा व्यंजन के साथ लगते हैं।
• अयोगवाह के भेद- 
  

1. अनुस्वार
   
2. विसर्ग
   
3. अनुनासिक

उपर्युक्त मुहावरा 'मिट्टी का माधो' का अर्थ 'बहुत ही मुर्ख' है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'बहुत ही मुर्ख' है।

वाक्य प्रयोग - सोहन को कुछ भी समझाना व्यर्थ है वह तो 'मिटटी का माधो' है।

अन्य महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरे

‘तद्धित’ का सन्धि-विच्छेद 'तत् + हित' है। यहाँ व्यंजन संधि है। इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'तत् + हित' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• व्यंजन संधि में वर्गों क��� अंतिम वर्णों को छोड़, शेष वर्णों के बाद 'ह' आये, तो 'ह' पूर्व वर्ण के वर्ग का चतुर्थ वर्ण में बदल जाता है और 'ह' के पूर्व वर्ण अपने वर्ग का तृतीय वर्ण हो जाता है। जैसे – उत् + हरण = उद्धरण, पद् + हती = पद्धति।

विशेष

‘उद्विग्न’ का सन्धि-विच्छेद 'उत् + विग्न' है। यहाँ में व्यंजन संधि है। अतः सही विकल्प 'उत् + विग्न' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

- व्यंजन संधि के नियम के अनुसार किसी भी वर्ग का पहला वर्ण (क, च, त आदि) + घोष वर्ण (तीसरा या चौथा वर्ण, स्वर तथा अन्तस्थ (य, र, ल, व) ) आये तो पहला वर्ण अपने वर्ग के तीसरे वर्ण में रूपांतरित हो जाता है।

विशेष

• उपर्युक्त पद्य में 'रूपक' अलंकार है क्योंकि इसमें 'अम्बर' (उपमेय) पर 'पनघट' (उपमान) का 'तारा' (उपमेय) पर 'घट' (उपमान) का तथा 'उषा' (उपमेय) पर 'नागरी' (उपमान) का अभेद आरोप है।
• इस प्रकार इसमें 'रूपक अलंकार' प्रयुक्त है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'रूपक' है।

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प

उपर्युक्त पद्य में 'श्लेष' अलंकार है। इसमें 'घनश्याम' शब्द के एक से अधिक अर्थ हैं। एक अर्थ 'श्रीकृष्ण' दूसरा अर्थ 'बादल' है इसीलिए यहाँ 'श्लेष अलंकार' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'श्लेष' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

'मुनि' शब्द एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों में प्रयोग हो सकता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मुनि' है।

निम्नलिखित उदाहरण से स्पष्ट है -

1. एकवचन - मुनि ने बालक को आशीर्वाद दिया। 2. बहुवचन - मुनि भोजन कर रहे हैं। 

अन्य विकल्प -

विशेष - 

तत्सम और तद्भव का 'कुक्षि - कोख' सही युग्म है। अतः सही विकल्प 'कुक्षि - कोख' है।

Key Points

Additional Information

'निम् + अज्जित = निमज्जित' उपसर्ग के निर्देशानुसार अशुद्ध है।

• इसका शुद्ध रूप 'नि + मज्जित = निमज्जित' है।
• 'निमज्जित' का अर्थ 'नहाया हुआ' होता है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।
• अतः सही विकल्प 'निम् + अज्जित = निमज्जित' है।

Additional Information

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'मधुमक्खी' में तत्पुरुष समास है। इसका समास विग्रह 'मधु की मक्खी' होगा तथा इसमें 'की' का लोप होने से ये 'सबंध तत्पुरुष समास' है। अतः सही विकल्प 'मधुमक्खी' है।

अन्य विकल्पों का समास विग्रह निम्न प्रकार है:

विशेष

‘सर पर सवार रहना’ मुहावरे का अर्थ 'पीछे पड़ना' है। जैसे - परीक्षा के वक़्त शिक्षकगण सर पर सवार रहते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'पीछे पड़ना' है। 

अन्य विकल्प

‘वह बहुत अच्छा लड़का है’ वाक्य में ‘वह’ 'निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम' है।

Key Points

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में 'बहुत' 'प्रविशेषण' है, 'अच्छा' 'गुणवाचक विशेषण' है, 'लड़का' 'जातिवाचक संज्ञा, विशेष्य' है, 'है' 'सहायक क्रिया' है। 'वह' 'निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम' है। 

‘मनोहर जीवनभर पूरा सुख भोगता रहा’ इस वाक्य में 'परिमाणवाचक विशेषण' है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'परिमाणवाचक विशेषण' है।

Key Points

• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में 'पूरा' शब्द मात्रा या परिमाण के बारे में बता रहा है।
• परिमाणवाचक विशेषण - ऐसे शब्द जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की मात्रा का बोध कराते हैं। जैसे - चार किलो, एक मीटर, दो लीटर, थोड़ा, बहुत आदि।

अन्य विकल्प

Important Points

विशेषण - जो शब्द संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दों की विशेषता बताते हैं।

विशेष्य - जिसकी विशेषता बताई जाती है उसे विशेष्य कहते हैं। जैसे - खीरा (विशेष्य) कड़वा (विशेषण) है।

प्रविशेषण - जिन शब्दों से विशेषण की विशेषता का पता चलता है। जैसे - यह आम बहुत मीठा है।

उद्देश्य विशेषण - विशेष्य से पहले जो विशेषण लगते हैं। जैसे - सुंदर लडकी

विधेय विशेषण - जो विशेष्य संज्ञा और सर्वनाम आदि के बाद प्रयुक्त होते हैं। जैसे - ये फल मीठे हैं।

दांत और जीभ के स्पर्श से बोले जाने वाले वर्ण को 'दन्त्य' वर्ण कहते है, त, थ, द, ध, न दन्त्य वर्ण हैं। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'दन्त्य' है।

दन्तोष्ठ्य - व

कंठोष्ठ्य - ओ, औ

मूर्द्धन्य - ऋ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, र, ष

उपर्युक्त ध्वनियो की निर्दिष्ट विशेषताओं में 'च – तालव्य, महाप्राण' अशुद्ध है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

• अतः सही विकल्प 'च – तालव्य, महाप्राण' है, क्योंकि यह अशुद्ध युग्म है।

Additional Information

विशेष - 

Important Points 

• अल्पप्राण जिन व्यंजनों के उच्चारण में सांस की मात्रा कम लगानी पड़ती है, उन्हें अल्पप्राण कहते है।
• वर्गो का पहला,तीसरा, और पांचवां वर्ण(क ग ड़ च ज ञ ट ड ण त द न प ब म)
• तथा य र ल व
• और सभी स्वर अल्प प्राण है।

Additional Information 

‘बाण’ का पर्यायवाची 'सारंग' नहीं है। शेष विकल्प 'आशुग, शिलीमुख, विशिख' बाण के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं।

Key Points

• ‘बाण’ के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द-  ‘सर, इषु, सायक, तीर, नाराच’ आदि हैं।
• ‘सारंग’ शब्द के अन्य पर्यायवाची - ‘हिरण, सुरभी, मृग, हिरन, कुरग’ आदि हैं।
• अतः सही विकल्प 'सारंग' है।

Additional Information

Important Points

The correct answer is option 3), i.e. cut out.

Explanation:

• 'cut cup' is not a meaningful phrase. Hence, option 1) should not be used.
• 'cut through' means 'to make a path or way'. This cannot be used here as it is not making the sentence meaningful. Hence, option 2) is not the answer.
• 'cut in' means 'to interrupt'. 
• Example: Do not cut in as I have to discuss some important issues.
• It cannot be used because the phrase is not relevant.
• 'cut out' means 'to take the place of someone or something' and according to the sentence 'Priya cannot take the place of someone else'. Hence, option 3) is the best fit for the sentence.

So the correct sentence is: Priya is not cut out for this kind of a job.

Hinglish

• 'cut cup' कोई अर्थपूर्ण मुहावरा नहीं है। इसलिए, विकल्प 1) का उपयोग नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।
• 'cut through' का अर्थ है 'रास्ता या रास्ता बनाना'। इसका उपयोग यहाँ नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि यह वाक्य को अर्थपूर्ण नहीं बना रहा है। अत: विकल्प 2) उत्तर नहीं है।
• 'cut in' का अर्थ है 'बाधित करना'।
• उदाहरण: Do not cut in as I have to discuss some important issues.
• इसका उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि वाक्यांश प्रासंगिक नहीं है।
• 'cut out' का अर्थ है 'किसी की या किसी चीज की जगह लेना' और वाक्य के अनुसार 'Priya किसी और की जगह नहीं ले सकती'। इसलिए, विकल्प 3) वाक्य के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त है।

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. Iron.

Explanation: 

• The word 'Irony' means 'satire' or 'mockery' and it is an abstract noun.('विडंबना'(abstract noun) का अर्थ है 'व्यंग्य' या 'मजाक')
• The word 'class' means 'a group' or 'category' and it is a collective noun.('वर्ग'(collective noun) का अर्थ है 'एक समूह' या 'श्रेणी')
• The word 'Kalidas' is the name of a person and it is a proper noun.('कालिदास'(proper noun) एक व्यक्ति का नाम है)
• The word 'Iron' is the name of the metal and it is a material noun.('लोहा'(material noun) धातु का नाम है)
• Hence, option 4) is the answer.

Important Points

• The nouns which express qualities, ideas, emotions are called abstract noun.(संज्ञाएं जो गुणों, विचारों, भावनाओं को व्यक्त करती हैं)
• Example: sadness, honesty, etc.
• The nouns which refer to a group or class of things or objects or people are called collective noun.(संज्ञाएं जो किसी समूह या चीजों या वस्तुओं या लोगों के वर्ग को संदर्भित करती हैं)
• Example: team, class, etc.
• The noun which refers to a particular person or object or a place is called a proper noun.(संज्ञा जो किसी विशेष व्यक्ति या वस्तु या स्थान का बोध कराती है)
• Example: Ram, Delhi, etc.
• The noun which refers to a certain or specific matter is called a material noun.(संज्ञा जो किसी निश्चित या विशिष्ट पदार्थ को संदर्भित करती है)
• Example: gold, iron, etc.

The correct answer is Give me four-five rupee notes.

Key Points 

• 'Four' is a cardinal adjective, and this adjective is used to qualify the noun 'notes' and not the word 'five rupees'.('Four' एक कार्डिनल विशेषण है, और इस विशेषण का प्रयोग संज्ञा 'notes' को योग्य बनाने के लिए किया जाता है, न कि 'five rupees' शब्द को।)
• Therefore, the word 'rupee' should be used in the singular number, and the word 'note' should be used in the plural numbers.(इसलिए एकवचन संख्या में 'rupee' शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए और बहुवचन में 'note' शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।)
• Only option 1) is a grammatically acceptable sentence.
• Hence, option 1) is the answer.

• With cardinal adjectives like two, three, the, etc. plural noun is used.(दो, तीन, आदि जैसे कार्डिनल विशेषणों के साथ बहुवचन संज्ञा का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: Three books.

The correct answer is option 1), i.e. Every boy along with his parents.

Explanation: 

• In the sentence, it is mentioned that every boy is waiting and they are accompanied by their parents.(वाक्य में यह उल्लेख किया गया है कि हर लड़का इंतजार कर रहा है और उनके साथ उनके माता-पिता भी हैं।)
• Therefore, it is 'every boy' and not the 'parents' which is the subject of the verb 'waiting'.(इसलिए, यह 'every boy' है न कि 'parents' जो क्रिया 'waiting' का विषय है।)
• Hence, option 1) is the answer.

Important Points

• A subject in a sentence is the person or thing or object that does something or is described as something.(एक वाक्य में subject वह व्यक्ति या वस्तु या वस्तु है जो कुछ करता है या कुछ के रूप में वर्णित है।)
• Example: The flower is beautiful.

                                     The boy is reading a novel.

The correct answer is '4' i.e. I bought a chain which was beautiful .

Key Points

• An adjective clause is a dependent clause that describes a noun or pronoun in a sentence.
• In the sentence "I bought a chain which was beautiful," the clause "which was beautiful" is an adjective clause that modifies the noun "chain."
• This type of clause begins with a relative pronoun such as "which," "who," or "that," and provides additional information about the noun it modifies.

Correct sentence: I bought a chain which was beautiful.

Additional Information

• Types of Clauses:
• Noun Clause: Acts as a noun in the sentence. Example: "What he said is true."
• Adjective Clause: Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. Example: "The book that you gave me is interesting."
• Adverb Clause: Acts as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Example: "She sings better than I do."
• How to Identify an Adjective Clause:
• Usually begins with a relative pronoun (e.g., which, who, that).
• Provides additional details about a noun or pronoun.

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. Pessimistic.

Explanation: From the given lines of the poem it is clear that the poet is expressing sadness.(कविता की दी गई पंक्तियों से स्पष्ट है कि कवि दुख व्यक्त कर रहा है।)

• So, the mood of the poet is not optimistic or positive or cheerful.(अतः कवि की मनोदशा आशावादी या सकारात्मक या प्रफुल्लित करने वाली नहीं है।)
• He is certainly in a negative mood as he is only anticipating negative outcome. So the mood of the poet is pessimistic.(वह निश्चित रूप से एक नकारात्मक मूड में है क्योंकि वह केवल नकारात्मक परिणाम की आशंका कर रहा है। अतः कवि की मनोदशा निराशावादी है।)
• Hence, option 2) is the answer.

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. Speak.

Explanation: The meaning of the word 'utter' is 'to speak or put into words'.('utter' शब्द का अर्थ है 'बोलना या शब्दों में डालना'।)

• The meaning of the given words:
• Stifle: to suffocate or make unable to breathe(दम घुटना या सांस लेने में असमर्थ होना)
• Speak: to say something(कुछ कहना)
• Suppress: to put an end to something forcibly(किसी बात को जबरन समाप्त करना)
• Silence: quietness(शांति)
• So, the meaning of the word 'utter' is 'speak'.
• Hence, option 2) is the answer.

The correct answer is option 1), i.e. 'Powerful'.

Explanation: The meaning of the word 'drastic' is 'extreme' or 'forceful'.('drastic' शब्द का अर्थ 'चरम' या 'बलवान' है।)

• The meaning of the given words:
• Powerful: forceful(सशक्त)
• Consistent: steady or stable(स्थिर)
• Determined: firm about something(किसी बात को लेकर दृढ़)
• Orderly: neat or in order(साफ या क्रम में)
• Clearly, the word 'drastic' in the passage means 'powerful'.
• So, option 1) is the answer.

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. Promoter.

Explanation: The meaning of the word 'frustrater' is 'the one that upsets someone'.('frustrater' शब्द का अर्थ है 'वह जो किसी को परेशान करे'।)

• The meaning of the given words:
• Applauder: the one who expresses approval by clapping(वह जो ताली बजाकर स्वीकृति व्यक्त करता है)
• Approve: to agree to(सहमत होने के लिए)
• Executor: the one who put something into effect(वह जो किसी चीज को प्रभाव में डालता हो)
• Promoter: a person who supports a cause(एक व्यक्ति जो एक अभियोग का समर्थन करता है)
• Clearly, option 4) is the word that has opposite meaning to the word 'frustrater'.
• Hence, option 4) is the answer.

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. for, in.

Explanation: In the given sentence, the word 'genius' is used as a noun at first and as an 'adjective' before the second blank space.(दिए गए वाक्य में, 'genius' शब्द का प्रयोग पहले संज्ञा के रूप में और दूसरे रिक्त स्थान से पहले 'विशेषण' के रूप में किया जाता है।)

• The preposition 'in' can be used with the word 'genius' when this is used as an adjective.( preposition 'in' का प्रयोग  'genius'  शब्द के साथ किया जा सकता है जब इसे विशेषण के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: Rita is a genius in Physics.
• Hence, the preposition 'in' should be chosen for the second blank space.(इसलिए, दूसरे रिक्त स्थान के लिए preposition 'in' को चुना जाना चाहिए।)
• The preposition 'at' is used before a place or to express the position of something.(preposition 'at' का प्रयोग किसी स्थान से पहले या किसी वस्तु की स्थिति को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• Example: She will stay at my house.
• Hence, option 2) should be eliminated.(इसलिए, विकल्प 2) को हटा दिया जाना चाहिए।)
• 'Someone may have a genius for something'. So, the preposition 'for' can be chosen for the first blank space because the word is used here as a 'noun'. Hence, option 4) is the best fit.('किसी के पास किसी काम के लिए प्रतिभा हो सकती है'। तो, पहले रिक्त स्थान के लिए preposition 'for' चुना जा सकता है क्योंकि शब्द का प्रयोग यहां 'संज्ञा' के रूप में किया गया है। इसलिए, विकल्प 4) सबसे उपयुक्त है।)

Important Points

• A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word.(पूर्वसर्ग संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का दूसरे शब्द से संबंध दर्शाता है।)  
• Example: He is sitting on the chair.
  

                I was standing before the judge.

The correct answer is option 1), i.e. Adjective.

Explanation: The word 'ingenious' means 'a person who is clever and creative'.(वह शब्द 'सरल' का अर्थ है 'एक व्यक्ति जो चतुर और रचनात्मक है'।)

• The given word is an adjective as it can be used to qualify a noun.(दिया गया शब्द एक adjective है क्योंकि इसका उपयोग संज्ञा को योग्य बनाने के लिए किया जा सकता है।)
• Hence, option 1) is the answer.

Important Points

The function and example of the given parts of speech:

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. Spinster.

Explanation: The meaning of the word 'Bachelor' is 'an unmarried man' and it is a masculine noun.('Bachelor' शब्द का अर्थ 'एक अविवाहित आदमी' है और यह एक पुल्लिंग संज्ञा है।)

• The meaning of the given words:
• Steward: a cabin attendant(एक केबिन अटेंडेंट)
• Spinster: an unmarried woman(एक अविवाहित महिला)
• Wizard: a person who has magical power(एक व्यक्ति जिसके पास जादुई शक्ति है)
• Woman: an adult female(एक वयस्क महिला)

So, option 2) is the feminine gender of the word 'Bachelor'.

The correct answer is option 3), i.e. This boy does not play football.

Explanation: The given is a positive statement.(दिया गया एक सकारात्मक कथन है।)

• There is no auxiliary verb in this sentence.(इस वाक्य में कोई auxiliary verb नहीं है।)
• In order to change the sentence from positive to negative, the auxiliary verb 'do' should be used.(वाक्य को positive to negative में बदलने के लिए सहायक क्रिया 'do' का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।)
• The subject of the verb is a third-person singular number.(क्रिया का विषय एक  third-person singular number है।)
• So, 'does not' should be used before the main verb, i.e. 'play'.(तो, मुख्य क्रिया, यानी 'play' से पहले 'does not' का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।)
• Hence, option 3) is the answer.(अत: विकल्प 3) उत्तर है।)

The correct sentence: This boy does not play football.

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. Does Madhusudan know how to cheat?

Explanation: The given is an assertive sentence and there is no auxiliary verb in this sentence.(दिया गया एक assertive वाक्य है और इस वाक्य में कोई सहायक क्रिया नहीं है।)

• In order to change this sentence into a question or an interrogative sentence, an auxiliary verb should be used in the beginning.(इस वाक्य को प्रश्न या प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में बदलने के लिए शुरुआत में सहायक क्रिया का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।)
• The auxiliary verb 'does' should be used in this sentence as the subject is a third-person singular number.(इस वाक्य में सहायक क्रिया 'does' का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए क्योंकि विषय एक तीसरे व्यक्ति एकवचन संख्या है।)
• The auxiliary verb should be followed by the subject(Madhusudan) and the main verb(know).(सहायक क्रिया के बाद विषय (Madhusudan) और मुख्य क्रिया (know) आना चाहिए।)

• Both option 1) and option 2) begin with the word 'does'. In option 1) the main verb, i.e. 'knows' is incorrect.(दोनों विकल्प 1) और विकल्प 2) 'करता है' शब्द से शुरू होते हैं।विकल्प 1 में) मुख्य क्रिया, यानी 'knows' गलत है।)
• Hence, option 1) should be eliminated and option 2) is the answer.(इसलिए, विकल्प 1) को हटा दिया जाना चाहिए और विकल्प 2) उत्तर है।)

• A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence.(प्रश्न पूछने वाले वाक्य को प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।)
• Example: What is your sister's name?
• An informative or fact-based sentence is called an assertive sentence.(एक सूचनात्मक या तथ्य-आधारित वाक्य को मुखर वाक्य कहा जाता है।)
• Example: Mira is my classmate.

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. '- s'.

Explanation: The root word is 'taxi' which is a 'motor vehicle'.(मूल शब्द 'टैक्सी' है जो एक 'मोटर वाहन' है।)

• The given options are suffixes.(दिए गए विकल्प प्रत्यय हैं।)
• Only the suffix '-s' can be added to the root word to pluralize the word 'taxi'.('टैक्सी' शब्द का बहुवचन करने के लिए मूल शब्द में केवल प्रत्यय '-s' जोड़ा जा सकता है।)
• Hence, option 4) is the answer.

The correct word: taxis.

Important Points

• A root word is a word that can form the basis of a new word with the help of prefixes and suffixes. (एक मूल शब्द एक ऐसा शब्द है जो उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय की सहायता से एक नए शब्द का आधार बना सकता है।)

The correct answer is option 3), i.e. led.

Explanation: The given sentence is about a past event.

• The meaning of the given words:
• lead: to guide or be at the front of(मार्गदर्शन करना या सामने होना)
• led: the past form of the word 'lead'(lead शब्द का भूतकाल)
• lad: a boy(एक लड़का)
• Option 2) 'leed' is not a meaningful word. So, option 2) should not be chosen.(विकल्प 2) 'leed' एक अर्थपूर्ण शब्द नहीं है।)
• Option 4) 'lad' is not a suitable word for this sentence.(विकल्प 4) 'lad' इस वाक्य के लिए उपयुक्त शब्द नहीं है।)
• Instead of the word 'lead', option 3) 'led' should be chosen as Sardar Patel guided the farmers to fight against the government.(विकल्प 3) 'led' को चुना जाना चाहिए क्योंकि सरदार पटेल ने किसानों को सरकार के खिलाफ लड़ने के लिए निर्देशित किया था।)
• Hence, option 3) is the answer.

The correct answer is option 3), i.e. 'Drake'.

Explanation:

• The meaning of the given words:
• Countess: the wife of a count(count की पत्नी)
• Peahen: a female peacock(मोरनी)
• Drake: a male duck(एक नर बतख)
• Roe: fish eggs(मछली के अंडे)
• Clearly, The word 'drake' is a masculine noun.('drake' एक पुल्लिंग संज्ञा है।)
• Hence, option 3) is the answer.

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. "Could I borrow some money from you, please?"

Explanation: 

• The first sentence is expressing a wish. Therefore, it is an optative sentence. Hence, option 1) is not the answer.
• The second sentence is expressing a sudden excitement. Therefore, it is an exclamatory sentence. Hence, option 2) is not the answer.
• In the third sentence, someone is being admired. So, it is an exclamatory sentence. Hence, option 3) is not the answer.
• The word 'please' is used to make a 'request'. So, the fourth sentence has a request. Hence, option 4) is the answer.

• The sentence which is used to give advice or order or to make a request is called an imperative sentence.(जिस वाक्य का प्रयोग सलाह या आदेश देने या अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है, imperative sentence कहलाता है।)
• Example: You should go back now.

Hinglish

• पहला वाक्य एक इच्छा व्यक्त कर रहा है। अतः यह एक optative sentence है। अत: विकल्प 1) उत्तर नहीं है।
• दूसरा वाक्य उत्तेजना व्यक्त कर रहा है। अतः यह exclamatory sentence है। अत: विकल्प 2) उत्तर नहीं है।
• तीसरे वाक्य में किसी की प्रशंसा की जा रही है। अत: यह exclamatory sentence है। अत: विकल्प 3) उत्तर नहीं है।
• 'please' शब्द का प्रयोग 'request' करने के लिए किया जाता है। तो, चौथे वाक्य में एक request है। अत: विकल्प 4) उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. Cattle.

Explanation: 

• In the word 'Knowledge', 'K' is the silent letter because it is not pronounced.
• In the word 'Psychology', 'P' is the silent letter.
• In the word 'Doubt', 'b' is the silent letter.
• In the word 'Cattle', there is no silent letter as all the words are pronounced.
• Hence, option 2) is the answer.

Hinglish

• 'Knowledge' शब्द में 'K' मूक अक्षर है क्योंकि इसका उच्चारण नहीं किया जाता है।
• 'Psychology' शब्द में 'P' मौन अक्षर है।
• 'Doubt' शब्द में 'b' मौन अक्षर है।
• 'Cattle' शब्द में कोई मूक अक्षर नहीं है क्योंकि सभी शब्दों का उच्चारण किया जाता है।
• अत: विकल्प 2) उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 1, i.e. 'unless'.

Key Points

 Two different sentences are given which should be added by conjunction.(दो अलग-अलग वाक्य दिए गए हैं जिन्हें संयोजन द्वारा जोड़ा जाना चाहिए।)

• 'than' is a conjunction that is used to introduce another object or person to compare with the previously mentioned object or person.('than' एक conjunction है जिसका उपयोग किसी अन्य वस्तु या व्यक्ति को पहले उल्लिखित वस्तु या व्यक्ति के साथ तुलना करने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• Example: She is taller than her brother.
• Option 2) cannot be chosen to join these two sentences.(विकल्प 2) इन दो वाक्यों को जोड़ने के लिए नहीं चुना जा सकता है।)
• 'until' is a conjunction which means 'up to the time of'.('until' एक संयोजन है जिसका अर्थ है 'के समय तक'।)
• Example: They cannot complete the project until you share the information.
• Clearly, option 4) should not be used here.(स्पष्ट रूप से, विकल्प 4) का उपयोग यहां नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।)
• 'unless' is used to express 'except'('unless'  का प्रयोग 'except' को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है)
• Example: She will not be able to complete the task unless you help her.
• The given sentence can be joined with the conjunction 'unless'.(दिए गए वाक्य को 'unless' संयोजन के साथ जोड़ा जा सकता है।)
• The correct sentence: You will not succeed unless you work harder.
• Hence, option 1) is the answer.(इसलिए, विकल्प 1) उत्तर है।)

Important Points

• A conjunction is a word that joins two words, phrases, or sentences.(conjunction एक शब्द है जो दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है।)
• ​Example: Vijay is poor but he is honest.
  

                Sam and Mark are joining us for lunch.

The correct answer is option 3), i.e. Renu said, "Give me a pen, a pencil, and a book."

Explanation: The given sentences are written in direct speech.(दिए गए वाक्य direct speech में लिखे गए हैं।)

• The first sentence is not correctly punctuated as no 'quotation mark' is used while introducing the reported speech.(पहला वाक्य सही ढंग से punctuated नहीं है क्योंकि reported speech को पेश करते समय 'quotation mark' का उपयोग नहीं किया जाता है।)
• The correct sentence: Renu said, "Give me a pencil and a book."
• Hence, option 1) is not the correctly punctuated sentence.(इसलिए, विकल्प 1) सही punctuation वाला वाक्य नहीं है।)
• In the second sentence, 'comma' should be used after the reporting verb 'said' and the word 'pen'.(दूसरे वाक्य में, reporting verb 'said' और 'pen' शब्द के बाद 'comma' का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।)
• The correct sentence: Renu said, "Give me a pen, a pencil, and a book."
• Hence, option 2) is not the correctly punctuated sentence.(इसलिए, विकल्प 2) सही punctuation वाला वाक्य नहीं है।)
• In the fourth sentence, the 'quotation mark' should be used to write the reported speech and a comma should be used after the reporting verb 'said'.
• The correct sentence: Renu said, "Give me a pen, a pencil, and a book."
• Hence, option 4) is not the correctly punctuated sentence.(इसलिए, विकल्प 4) सही punctuation वाला वाक्य नहीं है।)
• Only the third sentence is appropriately punctuated. Hence, option 3) is the answer.(विकल्प 3) सही punctuation वाला वाक्य है।)

Important Points

• The quotation mark(" ") is used to introduce a direct speech.(प्रत्यक्ष भाषण को पेश करने के लिए उद्धरण चिह्न ("") का उपयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: She said, “I love cats.”
• The comma (,) is used when someone is directly addressed or to separate two clauses or to separate ideas, objects, names in a sentence.(अल्पविराम (,) का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब किसी को सीधे संबोधित किया जाता है या दो खंडों को अलग करने के लिए या वाक्य में विचारों, वस्तुओं, नामों को अलग करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: I will go to Goa, Mumbai, and Pune.

The correct answer is option 1), i.e. 'Anybody'.

Explanation: An indefinite pronoun should be chosen for the blank space.(रिक्त स्थान के लिए indefinite pronoun का चयन करना चाहिए।)

• The given is a negative statement. Therefore, the pronouns 'none' or 'nobody' cannot be used here. These pronouns are used in positive statements.(दिया गया एक negative statement है। इसलिए, यहाँ ''none' या 'nobody' सर्वनामों का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। इन सर्वनामों का उपयोग positive statementsमें किया जाता है।)
• Example: None of them helped us.

Nobody was there to help us.

• The pronoun 'any' means 'some'.(सर्वनाम 'any' का अर्थ है 'some') Example: I don't have any books.
• The pronoun 'anybody' means 'anyone'.(सर्वनाम 'anybody' का अर्थ है  'anyone'।)Example: I didn't give your book to anybody.
• Instead of 'any', the pronoun 'anybody' should be used.('any' के स्थान पर 'anybody' सर्वनाम का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।)
• Hence, option 1) is the correct answer.

• An indefinite pronoun is used to denote indefinite persons or objects.(indefinite pronoun का प्रयोग अनिश्चित व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के बोध के लिए किया जाता है।)
• Example: Somebody has taken my watch.

The correct answer is option 1), i.e. 'Injustice'.

• The meaning of the word 'Justice' is 'being fair and reasonable'.
• The words 'disjustice', 'illjustice' and 'unjustice' are not meaningful.
• Only the word 'Injustice' is correct. It means 'lack of justice'.
• Hence, option 1) is the antonym of the word 'justice'.

Hinglish

• 'Justice' शब्द का अर्थ 'निष्पक्ष और उचित होना' है।
• 'अन्याय', 'अन्याय' और 'अन्याय' शब्द अर्थपूर्ण नहीं हैं।
• केवल 'injustice' शब्द ही सही है। इसका अर्थ है 'न्याय की कमी'।
• इसलिए, विकल्प 1) 'justice' शब्द का विलोम है।

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. skilled.

Explanation: The meaning of the word 'Adroit' is 'skilful'.(कुशल)

• The meaning of the given words:
• clever: intelligent or smart(बुद्धिमान)
• powerful: strong(शक्तिशाली)
• potent: powerful or strong(शक्तिशाली या मजबूत)
• skilled: proficient or skilful(कुशल)

Clearly, option 4) is the synonym of the word 'Adroit'.

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. He asked me when I would go back.

Explanation: The given is an interrogative sentence and it is written in the simple future tense.(दिया गया एक interrogative sentence है और यह simple future tense में लिखा गया है।)

• The Reporting verb is in the simple past tense. So, in indirect speech, the tense of the reported speech would also change.(reporting verb simple past tense में है। तो, indirect speech में, reported speech का tense भी बदल जाएगा।)

The construction of the given sentence:

• In the indirect speech the verb 'asked' should be used as the reporting verb and in the reported speech the modal verb 'would' is used as the past form of 'will'.(indirect speech में क्रिया 'asked' का प्रयोग reporting verb के रूप में किया जाना चाहिए और reported speech में modal verb 'would' का प्रयोग 'will' के past form के रूप में किया जाता है।)

The given sentence will get converted to:

Mistake Points

• Both option 2) and option 4) have a similar sentence. In option 2) the pronoun 'I' is written in a small letter which is incorrect.(विकल्प 2) और विकल्प 4) दोनों का वाक्य एक समान है। विकल्प 2 में सर्वनाम 'I' एक छोटे अक्षर में लिखा गया है जो गलत है।)
• Hence, option 4) is the best fit.(इसलिए, विकल्प 4) सबसे उपयुक्त है।)

Important Points

When a sentence is converted from Direct speech into Indirect speech:(जब एक वाक्य को प्रत्यक्ष भाषण से अप्रत्यक्ष भाषण में परिवर्तित किया जाता है:)

• If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the 'Reported speech' would undergo a backshift of tense.(यदि reporting verb, past tense में है, तो 'reported speech' tense के बैकशिफ्ट से गुजरेगा।)
• Modal verbs(Will, may, can) would take their past forms (would, might, could).(Modal verbs(Will, may, can) अपने past forms ले लेंगे (would, might, could)
• Pronouns would change according to the subject of the reporting verb.(reporting verb के विषय के अनुसार सर्वनाम बदल जाएगा।)
• "said to" will get converted to "told", "asked", "commanded", "requested" etc. depending on the tone of the narrator.("said to" को "told", "asked", "command", "requested" आदि में बदल दिया जाएगा। कथाकार के tone के आधार पर।)
• Example:
• Direct speech: Nayan said, "I like to eat ice cream."
• Indirect speech: Nayan said that she liked to eat ice cream.

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. A cruel boy killed the bird.

Explanation: The given sentence is written in passive voice and 'simple past tense' is used here.(दिया गया एक sentence, passive voice है और यह simple past tense में लिखा गया है।)

The construction of the given sentence:

• In the active voice the agent will become the subject(subject¹). The subject of the passive voice will become the object of the active voice.(active voice में agent subject (subject 1) बन जाएगा। passive voice का subject active voice का विषय बन जाएगा।)

The construction of the active voice:

Hence, option 2) is the answer.

Important Points

The rules of conversion of voice:

• Identify the subject, the verb and the object: S+V+O. (विषय, क्रिया और वस्तु को पहचानें: S+V+O)
• The subject of the active voice becomes the object of the passive voice and the object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice.(active voice का विषय passive voice का subject बन जाता है और active voice का विषय passive voice का subject बन जाता है।)
• Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb.(उपयुक्त helping verb या auxiliary verb डालें।)
• Change the verb into past participle of the verb.(क्रिया को क्रिया के past participle में बदलें।)
• Add the preposition by before the agent.(agent से पहले preposition जोड़ें।)
• The manner of the tense remains unchanged when we convert the sentence.(जब हम sentence को convert करते हैं तो tense का manner अपरिवर्तित रहता है।)
• Example:
• Active voice: Lila wrote a story. (Subject)+(verb)+(object)
• Passive voice: A story was written by Lila.(Object)+(auxiliary verb)+(past participle)+(by subject).

The correct answer is option 3), i.e. I was kept waiting by him.

Explanation: The given sentence is written in an active voice and it is in 'simple past tense'.(दिया गया एक sentence, active voice है और यह simple past tense में लिखा गया है।)

The construction of the given sentence:

• The object of the active voice will become the subject(subject¹) of the passive voice and the subject of the active voice will become the 'agent' of the passive voice.(active voice में object passive voice का subject (subject 1) बन जाएगा। active voice का subject passive voice का 'agent' बन जाएगा।)

The construction of the sentence in the passive voice:

Hence, option 3) is the answer.

Important Points

 The rules of conversion of voice:

• Identify the subject, the verb, and the object: S+V+O(विषय, क्रिया और वस्तु को पहचानें: S+V+O)
• The subject of the active voice becomes the object of the passive voice and the object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice.(active voice का विषय passive voice का subject बन जाता है और active voice का विषय passive voice का subject बन जाता है।)
• Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb.(उपयुक्त helping verb या auxiliary verb डालें।)
• Change the verb into the past participle of the verb.(क्रिया को क्रिया के past participle में बदलें।)
• Add the preposition by before the agent.(agent से पहले preposition जोड़ें।)
• The manner of the tense remains unchanged when we convert the sentence. (जब हम sentence को convert करते हैं तो tense का manner अपरिवर्तित रहता है।)
• Example:
• Active voice: Lila wrote a story. (Subject)+(verb)+(object)
• Passive voice: A story was written by Lila. (Object)+(auxiliary verb)+(past participle)+(by subject).

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. You must improve your spelling.

Explanation: 

• In the first sentence, 'seeing' and 'is' are used which are verbs. The word 'seeing' is a gerund and the word 'is' is an auxiliary verb. So, in option 1) no modal verb is used.(पहले वाक्य में 'seeing' और 'is' का प्रयोग किया गया है जो क्रिया हैं। 'seeing' शब्द gerund है और 'is' auxiliary verb है। तो, विकल्प 1 में) किसी प्रकार की क्रिया का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है।)
• The verb 'known' is the verb³ form of the word 'know'. So, no modal verb is used in option 2).(क्रिया 'known' 'know' शब्द का verb3 रूप है। तो, विकल्प 2 में किसी भी प्रकार की क्रिया का उपयोग नहीं किया गया है)
• The word 'comes' is the main verb of the sentence. So, option 3) also does not have any modal verb.('comes' इस वाक्य की मुख्य क्रिया है। तो, विकल्प 3) में भी कोई क्रियात्मक क्रिया नहीं है।)
• The word 'must' is a modal verb that is used to express 'compulsion'. Hence, option 4) is the answer.('must' शब्द एक क्रियात्मक क्रिया है जिसका प्रयोग 'compulsion' को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है। अत: विकल्प 4) उत्तर है।)

Important Points

• Words like 'may', 'must', 'can', 'shall', 'should' are called modal verbs which are used with other verbs or main verbs to express 'possibilities', 'obligation', 'abilities' etc.('may', 'must', 'can', 'shall', 'should' जैसे शब्द modal verbs कहलाते हैं जो अन्य क्रियाओं या मुख्य क्रियाओं के साथ 'possibilities', 'obligation', 'abilities' आदि को व्यक्त करने के लिए उपयोग किए जाते हैं।)
• Example: You should help the child.

The correct answer is option 4), i.e. 'ease'.

Explanation: In the blank space we need to mention how did he solve the questions.(रिक्त स्थान में हमें यह उल्लेख करना होगा कि उन्होंने प्रश्नों को कैसे हल किया।)

• Therefore, a noun should be chosen as the answer.(एक संज्ञा को उत्तर के रूप में चुना जाना चाहिए।)
• The word 'easy', which means 'not difficult', is an adjective.('easy' जिसका अर्थ है 'मुश्किल नहीं', एक विशेषण है।) Therefore, option 1) cannot be chosen.
• The word 'easily', which means 'effortlessly', is an adverb.('easily' शब्द, जिसका अर्थ है 'आसानी से', एक क्रिया विशेषण है।) Therefore, option 2) cannot be chosen.
• The word 'easier' is the superlative degree of the adjective 'easy'.('easier' शब्द विशेषण 'easy' का superlative degree है।) Therefore, option 3) cannot be the answer.
• The word 'ease' which means 'effortlessness', is a noun. Therefore, option 4) is the best fit.('ease' शब्द का अर्थ है 'सरलता', एक संज्ञा है।)

• A noun is a word that is used for naming people, places, things, and ideas.(संज्ञा एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग लोगों, स्थानों, चीजों और विचारों के नामकरण के लिए किया जाता है।)
• Example: Mike has bought a new car.
  

Love is the most beautiful feeling.

The correct answer is option 2), i.e. 'I'.

Explanation: In the given sentence a noun, i.e. 'Rama' and a 'pronoun' are joined by the 'conjunction', i.e. 'and'.

• The noun and the pronoun are the subjects of this sentence.
• The pronoun should be used here in the nominative case.
• Option 3) 'Me' cannot be used because it is an objective case pronoun.
• Therefore, 'I' is the correct pronoun. So, option 2) is the answer.

Important Points

• A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition.(सर्वनाम एक ऐसा शब्द है जो किसी संज्ञा की repetition से बचने के लिए उसकी जगह लेता है)
• ​Example: Emma is very kind.

                                    She never hurts anyone.

• The nominative case is used when the pronoun acts as the subject of the sentence.(nominative case का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब सर्वनाम वाक्य के subject के रूप में कार्य करता है।)
• Example: I have bought a new car.
• The pronoun 'I' is the subject, so it is a nominative case pronoun.(सर्वनाम 'I' subject है, इसलिए यह एक nominative case सर्वनाम है।)
• The objective case is used when the pronoun acts as an object of the sentence.(objective case का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब सर्वनाम वाक्य के object के रूप में कार्य करता है।)
• Example: Give him your phone number.
• The pronoun 'him' is the object, so it is an objective case pronoun.(सर्वनाम 'him' object है, इसलिए यह एक objective case सर्वनाम है।)

The correct answer is Chandragupta.

• Sudarshan Lake is situated in Saurashtra in the middle of a hill called Girnaar.
• This lake was constructed by the order of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya dynasty by the Governor ‘Pushyagupta Vaishya’ appointed in his Girnaar.

Additional Information Following are the rulers who reconstruct Sudarshan lake-

• By the order of Emperor Ashoka, his great master Tushasp had rebuilt this lake and strengthened it.
• In the post-Mauryan period, Suvishakh the Governor of Saurashtra rebuilt the lake on the orders of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman.
• In the Gupta period by the order of Skandagupta, Chakrapalit rebuilt the lake. Skandagupta spent money with great generosity and got a dam built on this lake.

The correct answer is Naravardhana.

Key Points

• The Genealogy of the Pushyabhuti dynasty begins with the name King Naravardhana.
• After the decline of the Gupta Empire (3rd-century CE-6th century CE) in the 6th century CE in northern India, the Pushyabhuti Dynasty (c. 500 CE-647 CE) grew.
• Also known as the Vardhana or Pushpabhuti Dynasty, the core area of their kingdom was situated in what is now the state of Haryana in India with the capital at Sthanishvara or Thaneshvara (present-day Thanesar), and later at Kanyakubja (modern-day Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh state).
• Its last king, Emperor Harshavardhana or Harsha (r. 606-647 CE), was the most notable king of this dynasty.

Important Points

• The Pushyabhutis built a strong kingdom vying for political dominance in India with other regional powers and gained imperial status under Harsha.
• It was short-lived, however, and Kannauj eventually came to be regarded as the base kingdom for future empires.
• Bana describes Prabhakaravardhana (r. 580-605 CE, also known as Pratapashila) as "a proud man, vexed by his proud aspirations".

The correct answer is Ahar Culture.

Key Points

• The Ahar culture is an archaeological Chalcolithic culture on the banks of the Ahar River in the southeastern state of Rajasthan in India, lasting from c. 3000 to 1500 BCE, modern and adjacent to the Civilization of the Indus Valley.
• The Ahar-Banas individuals were exploiting the copper ores of the Aravalli Range to make axes and other artefacts along the Banas and Berach Rivers, as well as the Ahar River.
• In the river valleys of Banas and its tributaries, the main distribution appears to be concentrated.
• From Jawad, Mandsaur, Kayatha and Dangwada in Madhya Pradesh state, a number of sites with Ahar culture level are also found.

Important Points

• The Jorwe culture was an archaeological Chalcolithic culture that existed in large areas of what is now Western India's Maharashtra state and reached Madhya Pradesh's Malwa region to the north as well.
• The culture of Malwa was an archaeological Chalcolithic culture that existed on the Deccan Peninsula in the Malwa region of Central India and parts of Maharashtra.
• The Kayatha Culture is located in Chambal and its tributaries are the main feature of solid red slipped ware with chocolate designs.

The correct answer is Sixteen Mahajanpadas and Republics.

• Northern India was divided into Sixteen Mahajanpadas and Republics before rising of Maurya's Empire.
• The Mahajanapadas were the 16 kingdoms or oligarchic republics that flourished in northern ancient India from the 16th to 14th century BC during the second phase of urbanisation.
• The 6th–5th century BCE is often seen as an important turning point in early Indian history; during this period, the first major cities of India arose after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• It was also the time of the emergence of the Sramana movements (including Buddhism and Jainism) that questioned the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic period.
• Archaeologically, this period was described as referring in part to the community of the Northern Black Polished Ware.

Important Points

• The Maurya Empire was a geographically massive historical entity of the Magadha Iron Age.
• It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, which ruled the Indian subcontinent between 322 and 185 BCE.
• The Kingdom of Maurya was centralised by the conquest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and its capital city was situated in Pataliputra (modern Patna).

The correct answer is Babur.

Key Points

• Aaram Bagh was originally built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1528.
• The Aaram Bagh is the oldest Mughal Garden in India, located in Agra, five kilometres northeast of the Taj Mahal.
• Before being interred in Kabul, Babur was temporarily buried there.
• The garden is a Persian garden, where the garden is divided by paths and canals to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, a plentiful garden through which rivers flow.
• Two viewing pavilions face the Jamuna river and include an underground 'tahkhana' that was used to provide visitors with relief during the hot summers. There are numerous watercourses and fountains in the garden.

Important Points

• Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent and the first emperor of the Mughal dynasty (r. 1526–1530).
• In Agra, Babur died in 1530 and was succeeded by Humayun.
• He wrote the Baburnama in Chaghatai Turkic; it was translated into Persian during the reign (1556-1605) of his grandson, Emperor Akbar,

Additional Information 

Mughals:

• The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers.
• From their mother’s side, they were descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227), the Mongol ruler who ruled over parts of China and Central Asia.
• From their father’s side, they were the successors of Timur (died 1404), the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.
• However, the Mughals did not like to be called Mughal or Mongol. This was because Genghis Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people.
• It was also linked with the Uzbeks, their Mongol competitors.
• On the other hand, the Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry, not least of all because their great ancestor had captured Delhi in 1398.

The correct answer is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Key Points

• The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India along the lines of the Irish Home Rule movement and other home rule movements.
• Between 1916-1918, the movement lasted around two years and the educated English-speaking upper-class Indians are believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
• In 1921, its name was changed to Swarajya Sabha by the All India Home Rule League.
• In the context of World War I, India's home rule movement began in India. The Government of India Act (1909) failed to meet the national leaders' demands.
• The division in the Congress, however, and the absence of leaders such as Tilak, who was imprisoned in Mandalay, meant that the nationalist reaction was tense.

Important Points

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one-third of the triumvirate at Lal Bal Pal.
• The first leader of the Indian Independence Movement was Tilak.
• He was one of Swaraj's ("self-rule") first and strongest advocates and a strong radical in the consciousness of India.

The correct answer is A-III, B - I, C - IV, D - II.

Key Points

• The Ramakrishna Mission is a religious and philosophical Hindu organisation that forms the centre of a spiritual movement known worldwide as the Ramakrishna Movement or the Vedanta Movement.
• The mission was named after and inspired by the Indian saint Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and was established by Ramakrishna's chief disciple, Swami Vivekananda, on 1 May 1897.
• The organisation propagates primarily the Hindu philosophy of Vedanta-Advaita Vedanta and four yogic ideals-jnana, bhakti, karma, and Raja Yoga.
• Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious and social reform focused in Bombay.
• In 1867, when Keshub Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra, Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dadoba Pandurang and his brother Atmaram Pandurang, with the intention of making people believe in one God and worship only one God.
• Arya Samaj is a monotheistic Hindu reform movement that advocates principles and practises founded on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas.
• The Samaj was founded on 10 April 1875 by the Sannyasi (ascetic) Dayanand Saraswati.
• Arya Samaj members believe in one God and oppose idol worship.
• Brahmo Samaj is the social aspect of Brahmoism, which originated as the Hindu religion's monotheistic reformist movement that emerged during the Bengal Renaissance.
• On 20 August 1828 in Calcutta, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Debendranath Tagore began the reformation of the prevalent Brahmanism of the time (specifically Kulin practises) and began the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century, pioneering all the religious, social and educational advances of the Hindu community in the 19th century.

The correct answer is Madam Bhikaji Cama.

Key Points

• Madam Cama is known as the Mother of the Revolutionaries of India.
• Bhikaji Cama is also known as Madam Cama and, because of her contributions to the Indian freedom movement, is recognised as the mother of the Indian revolution.
• She holds a significant position in the struggle for Indian independence. Her name symbolises bravery, loyalty and perseverance.
• The Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department issued a commemorative stamp on 26 January 1962**, India's 11th Republic Day, in her name.**

Important Points

• Kalpana Datta was an activist for the Indian independence movement and a member of the Surya Sen-led armed independence movement that carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930.
• Annie Besant was a British socialist and women's rights activist. In India, she also became involved in politics, entering the National Indian Congress.
• She helped establish the Home Rule League to fight for independence in India, and dominion status within the British Empire, when World War I broke out in 1914.
• Pritilata Waddedar from the Indian subcontinent was a Bengali revolutionary nationalist who was active in the Indian independence movement.
• She joined a revolutionary party led by Surya Sen.
• In the 1932 armed assault on the Pahartali European Club, she was known for leading fifteen revolutionaries,

The correct answer is Kalhana.

Key Points

• Kalhana furnishes the details of the history of the Kashmir during twelfth century A.D.
• Historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings"), which is rightfully regarded as the best and most authentic work of its kind.
• It covers the entire period of history from the earliest times until the date of its composition in the Kashmir region.
• Eight books are divided into Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 chapters.
• The book I attempt to weave fictional storeys of Kashmir kings into epic legends.
• Gonanda was the first king, a contemporary and an opponent of Krishna, the Hindu deity.

Important Points

• Kavi Bilhana was a Kashmiri poet from the 11th century.
• He is famous for the Caurapancasika, his love poem.
• Suktimuktavali is an anthology of verses in the Sanskrit language composed in the kingdom of present-day India, Seuna (Yadava).
• It was either written or commissioned by General Yadava Jalhana.
• Kalidasa was a Classical Sanskrit author.
• The Vedas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas are mainly the basis of his plays and poems.

The correct answer is Alauddin Khilji.

Key Points.

• The title Sikandar-i-Sani (Alexander the Second) was adopted by Alauddin, whose original name was Ali Gurshap, and Delhi was declared as Dar-ul-Khilafa (Caliphate's Seat).
• Using the title Sikander Sani, Khalji minted coins.
• Though Sani is 'Second' in Arabic. In appreciation of his military achievement, the coin legend (Sikander - e - Sani) translates to 'The Second Alexander'.

Important Points

• Alauddin Khilji was the most powerful emperor of the Khilji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate on the subcontinent of India.
• The ninth sultan of Delhi's Mamluk dynasty was Ghiyas ud din Balban. Ghiyas ud Din was the Wazir of Nasiruddin Mahmud, the last Shamsi sultan.
• Between 1489 and 1517**, Sikandar Lodi** was the Sultan of Delhi. After the death of his father, Bahlul Lodi, in July 1489, he became the next ruler of the Lodi dynasty.
• Shams ud-Din Iltutmish was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was Delhi's first Muslim sovereign to rule, and is thus considered the powerful founder of the Sultanate of Delhi.

The correct answer is Nasik.

Key Points

• Godavari river originates from Nasik.
• It rises at an elevation of 1,067 m from Trimbakeshwar (Nasik district of Maharashtra), 80 km from the Arabian Sea.
• Godavari's total length from its origin to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal is 1,465 km.
• It is joined from the beginning by Dharna on its right bank and the Kadana joins it from the left a short distance downstream.

​

• The Godavari basin stretches over states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha in addition to smaller sections in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Union territories of Puducherry.
• The river is having a total area of 3,12,812 Sq.km with a maximum length and width of around 995 km and 583 km respectively.

The correct answer is the Mediterranean Sea - Red Sea.

Key Points

• The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway that connects the Mediterranean Sea through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean.
• It makes for a more direct shipping path between Europe and Asia, essentially facilitating the passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to circumnavigate the continent of Africa.
• The waterway is crucial for international trade and, since it began in 1869, has been at the centre of controversy as a result.

Important Points

• The Suez Canal extends 120 miles southward from Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt to the town of Suez (located on the northern shores of the Suez Gulf).
• The canal divides the majority of Egypt from the Peninsula of the Sinai.
• It took 10 years to build, and on November 17, 1869, it was officially opened.

The correct answer is B only.

Key Points

• The Ideal conditions for temperature inversion are:
• Long hours, so that it is greater than the incoming radiation than the outgoing radiation.
• Clear skies that allow radiation to escape unhindered.
• Calm and stable air, such that, at lower speeds, there is no vertical mixing.
• A temperature inversion is the reversal of the natural temperature activity in the troposphere, where a layer of cool air on the surface is replaced by a layer of warmer air. (The temperature normally decreases with height under normal conditions).

Additional Information

• An inversion serves as a limit on the airflow from the layers below upwards. As a consequence, the convection produced by air heating from below is limited to levels below the inversion stage.
• Likewise, the diffusion of dust, smoke, and other air contaminants is reduced.
• Convective clouds do not rise high enough to create showers in regions where a pronounced low-level inversion is present.
• Owing to the accumulation of dust and smoke particles, visibility can be significantly diminished under the inversion. Since the air at the base of inversion appears to be cold, there is sometimes fog.

The correct answer is Peninsular Plateau.

Key Points

• Meghalaya Plateau is an extension of Indian Peninsular Plateau.
• Traditionally, the Meghalaya plateau is divided into Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills.
• The region east of the Dhansiri River and west of the Singimari River is approximately 400 km long with an average width of 40 km, covering an area of 35,291 km².
• From the South-West monsoon, this region receives maximum rainfall.

Important Points

• The Karbi Anglong Plateau and Meghalaya Plateau are an extension of the main Indian peninsular plateau and are originally two distinct plateaus.
• The Karbi Plateau is pear-shaped and has an area of 7000 square kilometres and via a patch of highly denuded and subdued senile land, its relation with the Meghalaya plateau proper is towards the south.
• At the time of the Himalayan origin, a huge fault was formed between the Rajmahal hills and the Karbi-Meghalaya plateau by the force exerted by the northeastward movement of the Indian plate.
• The plateau of Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong remains isolated from the main Peninsular block.

The correct answer is Wind.

Key Points 

• The wind is an agent for erosion which is responsible for the formation of sand dunes.
• Wind erosion (named after Aeolus, the Greek god of winds) is known as aeolian (or eolian) erosion and occurs almost always in deserts.
• The creation of sand dunes is partly responsible for the Aeolian erosion of sand in the desert. The wind's strength erodes rock and sand.
• Erosion is the removal of solids from the natural environment (sediment, dirt, rock, and other particles). It typically occurs due to wind, water, or ice transport; to the down-slope creep of soil and other material under the force of gravity; or, in the case of bioerosion, to living species, such as burrowing animals.

Important Points

• Erosion is distinct from weathering, which is the chemical or physical breakdown process of the minerals in the rocks, although both processes may occur simultaneously. Water, wind, ice, and waves are the main agents of erosion.
• The most effective erosion agent is water, which most generally erodes in streams as flowing water.
• In fact, the erosive power of moving ice is a bit greater than the power of water, but because water is far more prevalent, it is responsible for more erosion on the surface of the earth.
• Coastal erosion is generated by waves in the oceans and other large bodies of water.

The correct answer is Troposphere.

• The Troposphere is the lower-most layer of the earth's atmosphere.

• Most of our weather is there - clouds, rain, snow.

• The temperature gets cooler in this part of the atmosphere as the distance above the ground increases by around 6.5° C per kilometer.

• There is about 75 percent of all the air of the atmosphere in the troposphere, and almost all the water vapour (which forms clouds and rain).

• The decrease in height and temperature is due to the decrease in pressure.

Important Points

• The Stratosphere stretches from the tropopause upwards to approximately 50 km. Most of the ozone in the atmosphere is contained in it. Owing to the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone, the temperature rises with height.
• The area is called the mesosphere, above the stratosphere. The temperature here decreases again with height and at the mesopause, it reaches a minimum of about -90°C.
• The thermosphere is situated above the mesopause, which is an area where temperatures rise with height again. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption from the sun of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation.

The correct answer is Kuroshio current.

Key Points

• Kuroshio current is a warm current.
• A north-flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean is the Kuroshio current, also known as the Japan current. It transports the warm water north to the area of Polar.
• The warm waters of the Kuroshio Current sustain the coral reefs of Japan, the northernmost coral reefs in the world.
• It is the western boundary current of the subtropical North Pacific gyre.
• It originates from the Pacific North Equatorial Current, which divides into two on the east coast of Luzon, Philippines, to form the southward-flowing Mindanao Current and the more important northward-flowing Kuroshio Current.

Important Points

• The Canary Current is a surface current powered by wind that is part of the Gyre of the North Atlantic. This eastern boundary current branches south from the North Atlantic Current and flows southwest about as far as Senegal where it turns west and later joins the Atlantic North Equatorial Current. The current is named after the Canary Islands.
• Labrador Current is a cold current that runs south from the Arctic Ocean around the Labrador coast and travels through Newfoundland, heading south down the eastern coast of Canada near Nova Scotia.
• The Oyashio current in the western North Pacific Ocean is a cold subarctic ocean current that runs south and circulates counterclockwise.