UPTET 2019 Paper 1 (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Problematic children are those children who are difficult to raise or educate. They have a tendency to disrupt class as they are not self-controlled. Also, they are infamous for their anti-social behaviour.

• Teacher have to tackle many problems associated with students as children with numerous problems of behaviour are found in every educational programme.

Key Points

In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should provide counselling to the child as it will help the teacher to:

• become more vigilant towards the child.
• recognize the root of the child's problem.
• better relate to child's unacceptable behaviour.
• assist the child with proper guidance in the right way.

Hence it could be concluded that if a teacher finds a problematic child in the class, he should provide counselling to the child. 

NOTE: Remaining options are inappropriate in the context as they could lead to low self-esteem and anxiety in learners.

Co-curricular activities refer to the activities that complement the classroom learning experiences of students, its organized inside or even outside of the school premises. The overall development of a child demands co-curricular activities to be included in the curriculum.

Key Points

Co-curricular activities are mostly related to the all-round development of students as co-curricular activities make learning meaningful by:

• ensuring the overall development of learners.
• providing a practical approach towards the topics.
• making learners apply theoretical concepts practically.
• stimulating interest in activities beyond routine classwork.

Additional Information

Co-curricular activities include:

• Social welfare activities
• Visiting parks and museums
• Excursion and sports activities
• Involvement in poster making and dramas
• Participation In Science Clubs And Associations, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that co-curricular activities are mostly related to all-round development of students.

There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

Some of the famous learning theories include:

Hint

B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory rather he has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. The six major categories of objectives which come under the cognitive domain are Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Hence, it could be concluded that B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory.

Stagnation stands for the retention of a child in a class for a period of more than one year. Gradually when a student takes more than one year to pass a class it is considered a case of stagnation.

Key Points

• Stagnation is one of the most acute problems of tribal education. Absenteeism leads to stagnation and both naturally lead to wastage.
• Formerly stagnation used to occur due to lower achievement in the examinations. It means those who fail to secure minimum marks in the class tests will not be sent for the terminal examination and such candidates will have to remain in the same standard for one more year.
• But this practice is now stopped, whether a student secures minimum marks in the class tests or not he/she is eligible to sit for terminal examinations. At present minimum attendance is prescribed for students for promotion.

Hence, it could be concluded that retention of a child in a same class for more than one year is the meaning of stagnation in education.

Microteaching is a teacher training technique used to measure the attainment of teaching skills by the teaching of a small unit of content to the small group of students in a small amount of time.

• Micro-teaching is one of the most influential innovations in teacher education. It emerged as a partial solution to some of the inadequacies of the traditional teacher-training program.
• The concept underlying micro-teaching assumes that teaching consists of various skills. Teaching practice becomes effective only on the acquisition of specific skills.

Key Points

• Testing of previous knowledge comes under the skill of introduction as in this skill:
• the teacher tests the previous knowledge of the students by asking them questions.
• the teacher connects the child with their own experiences by encouraging discovery learning.
• the teacher tries to connect them with the new chapter by activating their previous knowledge.

Hence, it could be concluded that testing of previous knowledge comes under the skill of introduction. 

Additional Information

Other Skills of Microteaching:

• Skill of writing instructional objectives
• Skill of introduction a lesson
• Skill of Blackboard writing
• Skill of fluency in questioning
• Skill of probing questioning
• Skill of explaining
• Skill of demonstration
• Skill of reinforcement
• Skill of Achieving closure

B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the "Theory of Operant Conditioning" which is also known as "Theory of Reinforcement" and "Instrumental Conditioning  Theory".

• This theory refers to the learning process where learning takes place through rewarding a certain behaviour or withholding reward for undesirable behaviour.
• Skinner emphasizes that a person or animal tends to ‘repeat’ behaviour which has been ‘rewarded’ (positively reinforced), or tends to ‘stop’ which has been ‘punished’ (negatively reinforced).

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT:         

• Skinner developed a special apparatus known as skinner’s box.
• This box has a grid floor, a system of light or sound produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of the lever.
• Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
• In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
• The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
• The rat repeated this process and ultimately learned to press the lever a desired by the experimenter.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Operant Conditioning Theory' is also known as 'Theory of Reinforcement'. 

Additional Information

Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist has made crucial contributions in the field of human cognitive psychology.

He has identified three stages of cognitive representation which includes:

Enactive stage: 

• It refers to the representation of knowledge through actions.
• Learning by doing is the main principle
• They learn by physical actions and storing things in memory

Iconic stage: 

• It refers to the visual summarization of images.
• The learner stores sensory images which are visual ones

Symbolic stage: 

• It refers to the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.
• The experience stored in memory in the form of symbols i.e. language

Let's Have a Look:

Hence, it could be concluded that the intuitive stage is not part of Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory.

Professor H. C. Morrison (1871- 1945), (the University of Chicago) has described five steps in his teaching model at the understanding level which include:

Key Points

Hence, it could be concluded that the correct sequence of five steps in Morrison's teaching model at the understanding level is Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organization, and Recitation.

B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, etc.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Important Points

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition power. 

The cognitive domains as per Bloom's taxonomy:

• Remember: Retrieving the relevant knowledge from long-term memory.
• Understand: Construct meaning from instructional messages, including oral, written, and graphic communication.
• Apply: Carry out or use a procedure in a given situation.
• Analyze: Break material into its constituent parts and determine how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose.
• Evaluate: Make judgments based on criteria or standards.
• Create: Put elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure.

Hint

NOTE: Valuing is related to affective domain and it refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it. One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment.

Hence, it could be concluded that valuing is not related with the cognitive domain.

A learning curve visualizes changes in pupil overall performance over time. The line graph displays opportunities across the x-axis, and a measure of student performance along the y-axis.

• A good learning curve which is also known as 'experience curve', reveals improvement in pupils' performance as opportunity count (i.e., exercise practice with a given knowledge component) increases.

Key Points

• LEARNING CURVE was first defined by Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885.
• By learning curve, learners can relate his/her development through the method visually presented in the graph.
• There are 3 varieties of the curve of learning i.e. concave curve, convex curve, and concave and convex curve/Combination type curve.

Let's Understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that longitudinal is not the curve of learning.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

• It is difficult to give a precise definition of learning so every psychologist has different beliefs about the derivation of the word 'learning' and they have defined it in different ways.

Key Points

Some well-known definitions of learning are as follows:

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned definition of learning is given by J.P. Guilford.

A model of teaching is a plan, an instructional design to provide authentic experiences to students to facilitate learning. It can be used for effective teaching, development of instructional material, and development of curriculum.

• There are different kinds of teaching models in fashion to facilitate effective learning such as 'Basic teaching model', 'Synectics teaching model', 'Advance organizer teaching model', etc.

Key Points

Let's Understand in Brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that a - IV, b - III, c - I, d - II is correct in the context.

There are different kinds of teaching-learning approach to facilitate effective learning and Problem-solving is one of them. It is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes learner's active involvement in the learning process.

• In this approach, teachers create a problematic situation for students and then assist them in perceiving, defining, and stating the problems in a fear-free classroom environment.

Key Points

Steps involved in the problem-solving method:

• Identification of problem
• Accumulation of data.
• Formulating a hypothesis.
• Testing the hypothesis.
• Making a generalization.

​Hence, it could be concluded that 'Identification of problem' is the first step of the problem-solving approach.

Aims of problem-solving method:

• To develop divergent thinking among students.
• To boost student's understanding of the concept.
• To promote the use of critical and imaginative thinking.
• To help students to gain the ability of scientific problem-solving.
• To make students able to utilize creativity in the decision-making process.

Learning refers to the modification of behavioral patterns. It is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skill as a result of practice and experience.

Key Points

• Learning of children will be most effective when development of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of children will take place.
• These domains are proposed by Benjamin Bloom in his taxonomy. It is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Important Points 

Let's Understand these domains in the context of child's learning:

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Affective domains: This domain comes into play when the child grows in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc.
• Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.

Hence, it could be concluded that the learning of children will be most effective when development of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of children will take place.

Teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. 

• Teachers must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

Important Points

Three identifiable levels of teaching-learning:

• Memory level: It is that where simple processes of recall and recognition are insisted.
• Understanding level: It is one where seeing of relationship or insight is stressed.
• Reflective level: It is that where critical thinking or problem solving is the chief concern.

Key Points

Presentation step is prominent in the syntax of the teaching model of memory level and understanding level. It is the most important step as it gives the major status to the subject matter.

In the Presentation Step:

• The teacher introduces new knowledge in an interactive manner before the learners.
• The teacher tries to connect the previous knowledge of the learners with a new set of knowledge.
• The teacher believes that when any topic is presented properly to the students they learn them in a coherent way.

Hence, it could be concluded that the presentation step is prominent in the syntax of the teaching model of memory level and understanding level.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process that starts from the pre-natal stage.

Key Points

In the pre-natal stage, baby develops inside the mother's womb and becomes a mature one by passing through three different stages of prenatal development.

The three stages of pre-natal development include:

• Germinal period: First 2 weeks after conception.
• Embryonic period: 8 weeks from conception.
• Fetal Period: 9 weeks until birth or 38 to 40 weeks.

Hence it could be concluded that development starts from the pre-natal stage.​ 

Additional Information

Key Points

Robert Mills Gange, an American educational psychologist. He had written a book named 'The Conditions of Learning'. 

• In this book, he has proposed a hierarchy of learning in which learning tasks are organized in a hierarchy based on their complexity level.

This learning hierarchy is divided into eight intellectual levels and nine events of instruction. It implies the idea that:

• there are different kinds of levels of learning which require different kinds of instruction.
• an individual has to first master a lower intellectual level in order to acquire higher intellectual level skills.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'The Conditions of Learning' book is written by R.M. Gagne.

Additional Information

Childhood refers to the period of the human lifespan, ranging from birth to puberty. It consists of many developmental stages and 'adolescence' is one of them.

'Adolescence' comes from the Latin word 'Adolescere' which means 'to grow to become mature'. It a stage which lies between the age of '12 to 19 years'.

The above-mentioned statement is stated by Stanley Hall, father of scientific research in adolescence. He introduced the terms 'storm and stress' in 1904 in the context of adolescence.

According to Stanley Hall:

• Adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.
• The time period of transition from childhood and adolescence is of great stress.
• Adolescence fails to think clearly and it creates great frustration and stress in their lives.

Hence, it could be concluded that "Adolescence is the period of great stress, strain, storm and strike" is the statement of Stanley Hall.

Micro-teaching is defined as teaching in miniature where it is scaled down in size of the class time and task with focus on a specific teaching skill.

Key Points

• The concept of micro-teaching is a training concept that can be applied at various pre-service and in-service stages in the professional development of teachers.
• Microteaching sessions involve one student teacher, the class instructor (or school supervisor who provides feedback to the student-teacher), and a small group of peers.
• These sessions allow student teachers to practice and polish their teaching techniques in a simulated environment before putting them into practice with students.
• In the Indian model of micro-teaching, developed by NCERT the duration of Micro Teaching is as under:
• Teach - 6 minutes
• Feedback  - 6 minutes
• Re-plan - 12 minutes
• Re-teach - 6 minutes
• Re-feedback - 6 minutes
• Total - 36 minutes

There are six steps of micro-teaching which are as follows -

Hence, it could be concluded that total time taken in the Indian Model of Micro Teaching is 36 minutes.

‘Plateaus’ are often seen in the pattern of development, indicating periods of no apparent improvement. Learning plateau is arrested growth in learning as it is a long flat and horizontal stretch in the learning curve which:

• represents a stationary stage, where apparently no progress in learning is recorded.
• represents a period in the learning process where no improvement occurs even with any number of practices.

Key Points

According to Lee Ross, "Plateaus of learning is a characteristic feature of the learning process indicating a period where no improvement in performance is made". Ross spoke about the learning capability of humans.

• He stated that after someone starts learning about something, the advantage of knowledge is sharp which is much like the edges of the plateau.
• Also after learning a tremendous amount, the quantity of learning becomes unchanged.
• Here the advantage of knowledge is insignificant just like the tabletop of the plateau.

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned statement was stated by Ross.

There are many theories in psychology which are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, gestalt, etc.

These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Here option (1) is correct in the context:

• Thorndike regarded adaptive changes in animal behavior as parallel to human learning. Animal Intelligence is a report of Thorndike's contribution to the comparative psychology of learning.
• A Schedule of Reinforcement is modeled by Skinner.It states which behavior will be reinforced. In some cases, the behavior might be reinforced every time it occurs. And in some cases, the behavior might not be reinforced at all.
• The Law of Pragnanz is one of the principles of Gestalt principles of perception. Pragnanz refers to that which is intuitively satisfying. More clearly this relates to fullness/completeness.
• Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development is primarily based on two biological tendencies: Organization & Adaptation. Adaptation is the technique by which humans connect the original experience with a new experience.

Hence, it could be concluded that all pairs are correctly matched in option (1).

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.

• It is a wide and continuous process, thus there are some principles that need to be followed for a better understanding of the concept.

Key Points

• The above-mentioned idea is associated with the "Principle of Continuity".
• This principle defines that development is a continuous process from the womb to the tomb and continues gradually until reaching its maximum growth.

Important Points

• Other principles of development include:
• Development is cumulative.
• Development is the process of interaction.
• Development follows uniformity of pattern.
• Development is predictable and sequential.
• Development rate varies from person to person.
• Development proceeds from general to specific.

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned process is related to the Principle of continuity.

The 86^th amendment to the Constitution of India in 2002 provided the right to education as a fundamental right.

• A new article 21A was added which made the right to education a fundamental right for children between 6-14 years.
• Changes in Article 45 of the Directive Principle of State Policies were made.
• It made education for all children below 6 years a Directive Principle of State Policies(DPSP).

Hence, it could be concluded that through 86^th Amendment of the Constitution education has become a fundamental right.

Additional Information

Instinct Theory of motivation was propounded by William McDougall. According to this theory, instinct drives all behaviors and McDougall saw instinct as purposive and goal-directed.

Key Points

In this theory, McDougall suggested that:

• All organisms are born with natural biological tendencies that assist them to survive.
• Every person has instincts in a greater or lesser degree that are prime determinants of behaviour.
• Eg: Infants have an inborn rooting reflex that helps them in seeking out a nipple and obtaining nourishment.

Hence, it could be concluded that the 'Instinct Theory of motivation' was propounded by McDougall.

Additional Information

• Development: It is a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes. These qualitative changes lead to the enhancement of various abilities and enable one to function effectively.
• Emotions: These are the feelings generated as an effect of experiences, or relationships of an individual with others. They are instinctive reactions that come naturally to all and contribute to the personal and social adjustments of an individual.

According to Cole and Bruce, childhood is a unique stage of emotional development.

• Emotional development relies solely on the process of socialization and proceeds in a stepwise manner.
• Basic emotions such as fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, and interest, are present since birth.
• During childhood, mood tantrums are pretty common.
• Toddlers have a tendency to have fast temper swings. While their emotions may be very intense, these emotions additionally have a tendency to be pretty short-lived.
• One might be stunned at how an infant can go from screaming hysterically about a toy at one second to sitting in the front of the TV quietly looking at a favorite show simply moments later.
• Children at this age are very possessive and have difficulty in sharing.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Childhood' is called 'A unique stage of emotional development' by Cole and Bruce.

Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.

• There are many theories related to intelligence. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human intelligence.
• The theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of eight different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'.

This theory emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds rather than dominated by a general factor.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain as each individual has his/her own abilities.
• how cultures shape the potential of the human using Intelligence as a multi-dimensional set of complex abilities.

Important Points

The following table will provide a complete idea of Howard Gardener's 8 types of Intelligence.

Hence, it ould be concluded that 'Howard Gardner' has given the concept of multiple intelligence.

Additional Information

Learning disability refers to the neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the example of learning disability.

Key Points

Dyslexia has difficulty in Reading/Spelling as dyslexia is the most common learning disability which makes learners:

• confuse with the same shapes and sounds of alphabet.
• unable to read, interpret, and understand letters and words.
• bewilder in identifying and relating speech sounds with letters and words.

Hence, it could be concluded that Dyslexia has difficulty in Reading/Spelling.

Additional Information

Other Disabilities in Brief:

Inclusive Education refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.

Key Points

Teachers are the implementers of education and are the most important resources in educational settings. They also play a vital role in an inclusive classroom by:

• encouraging children to learn.
• devoting extra time to teach the learning disabled.
• paying attention to differently abled children.
• fostering the potential of every child to grow and bloom.
• addressing the diverse learning needs of every student.
• making adequate seating arrangements according to the child's requirement.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'not paying attention to differently abled children' is not the role of the teacher in an inclusive classroom.​

Questioning refers to the most effective strategy to arise curiosity and inquisitiveness too. Asking questions makes the classroom's ambiance more interactive.

Key Points

In the class, questioning by students should be encouraged as it could enhance their cognitive competencies in the following ways:

• Questions inspire learners to look out for information that aligns with their pursuits and might consequently promote lifelong learning.
• Asking questions allows learners to link between various pieces of information which can assist them in structuring essays and debates.
• Questioning boosts their confidence-up, makes them able to put forth their views, and helps the children to make the best of their educational experiences.

Hence, it could be concluded that in the class, questioning by students should be encouraged.

The term growth and development are often used interchangeably with each other. Let's understand:

• Growth: It refers to a quantitative change which results in an increase in height, weight, and length of the child.
• Development: It refers to a qualitative change which results in an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.

Key Points​ Growth of a child is mainly related to 'Physical Development' which refers to physical changes that occur in humans throughout life.

• Growth talks about the quantitative changes, for instance, an increase in size and structure.
• The child not only becomes larger in stature, but the size and structure of the internal organs and the brain also increases.
• Physical growth goes on from birth onwards, in tissues, muscles, bones, height, weight, strength, brain, and in fact, in every physical aspect, function, or formation.

H ence, it could be concluded that the growth of a child is mainly related to  'Physical Development'.

Additional Information

‘घोसले में चिड़िया है’ वाक्य में 'अधिकरण' कारक है क्योंकि इसमें विभक्ति चिन्ह 'में' प्रयोग हुआ है। 'भीतर, ऊपर, अंदर, बीच' आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग इस कारक में किया जाता है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अधिकरण' है।

विकल्पों का स्पष्टीकरण

गद्यांश में गांधीवाद का आधार 'राजनीतिक और अध्यात्मिक तत्व को' बताया गया है। गद्यांश की पंक्ति 'गांधीवाद में राजनीतिक और आध्यात्मिक तत्वों का समन्वय मिलाता है' से स्पष्ट होता है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'राजनीतिक और आध्यात्मिक तत्व को' है।

संसार के सारे वाद सिमित हैं 'राजनीतिक क्षेत्र तक'। गद्यांश की पंक्ति 'आज संसार में जितने भी वाद प्रचलित है वह प्राय: राजनितिक क्षेत्र में सीमित हो चुके हैं' से स्पष्ट होता है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'राजनितिक क्षेत्र तक' है।

‘कनुप्रिया’ के रचनाकार 'धर्मवीर भारती' हैं। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'धर्मवीर भारती' हैं।

प्ल���त स्वर 'ओ३म्' है। अन्य विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'ओ३म्' है।

‘राम आम खाता है’ वाच्य में 'कर्तृवाच्य' है क्योंकि यहाँ राम खाने का कार्य कर रहा है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'कर्तृवाच्य' है।

अन्य विकल्प

उपर्युक्त दोहे में 'श्लेष' अलंकार है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'श्लेष' है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

उपर्युक्त शब्दों में से शुद्ध शब्द 'अंक' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अंक' है।

विकल्पों का स्पष्टीकरण

दिए गए विकल्पों में 'सन्निधि' की वर्तनी शुद्ध है जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है 'आमने सामने की स्थिति, सन्निधान, समीपता, निकटता, पड़ोस'। अन्य विकल्प निरर्थक व त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'सन्निधि' है।

अन्य शुद्ध-अशुद्ध शब्द

उपचारात्मक शिक्षण: एक बच्चा सीखने के दौरान जाने-अनजाने या कुछ वैकल्पिक अवधारणाओं के कारण गलतियाँ करता है। यह एक शिक्षक का काम है कि वह छात्रों की उन गलतियों का निदान करने तथा उपचार करने में मदद करें**।** इसी विधि को उपचारात्मक विधि कहते है।

उपचारात्मक शिक्षण से तात्पर्य बच्चों की शिक्षण संबंधी कमजोरियों/कठिनाइयों को दूर करते हुए शिक्षण करने से है। यह विद्यार्धियों की त्रुटियों का संसोधन करने से समबन्धित है। यह निदानात्मक शिक्षण से जुड़ा हुआ हैऔर विद्यार्थियों की शिक्षण संबंधी कमियों का सही अवलोकन करने में मदद करता है वहीं उपचारात्मक शिक्षण द्वारा उन कमियों और त्रुटियों को दूर करने का प्रयास किया जाता है।

Important Points

उपचारात्मक शिक्षण इसकी विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं:

• इसका उपयोग भाषा कौशल में सुधार के लिए किया जा सकता है।
• किसी विशेष समस्या क्षेत्र को ठीक करने के लिए, इसका उपयोग किया जा सकता है।
• यह छात्रों द्वारा सामना की जाने वाली समस्याओं और चुनौतियों की पहचान के बाद किया जाता है।
• एक शिक्षक को इस पद्धति को लागू करने के लिए छात्रों की गुण और कमजोरियों के बारे में अच्छी तरह से पता होना चाहिए।
• यह एक व्यवस्थित प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि शिक्षक पहले छात्रों की समस्या का निदान करता है और फिर उपयुक्त उपचारात्मक तरीके लागू करता है।

अतः हम कह सकते है कि उपचारात्मक शिक्षण की सफलता समस्याओं के कारणों की सही पहचान पर निर्भर करती है।

उपर्युक्त पद्य 'तुलसीदास' कवि का है। ये पद्य तुलसीदास जी द्वारा रचित 'कवितावली' से लिया गया है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'तुलसीदास' है।

उपर्युक्त पद्यांश में 'वात्सल्य रस' है। प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में श्री राम जी के बाल सौंदर्य का वर्णन किया गया है। ये पद्यांश ‘तुलसीदास जी’ द्वारा रचित 'कवितावली' से लिया गया है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'वात्सल्य रस' है।

Additional Information

उच्चारण स्थान की दृष्टी से 'स – दन्त्य' विकल्प शुद्ध है। अन्य विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'स – दन्त्य' है।

अन्य विकल्प -

तालव्य - च, छ, ज, झ, ञं, य, श

दन्त्य - त, थ, द, ध, न, ल, स

मूर्धन्य - ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, र, ष

कण्ठ्य - क, ख, ग, घ, ड़, अ, ाः

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'दो महाप्राण व्यंजनों का उच्चारण एक साथ हो सकता है।' कथन अशुद्ध है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

• अतः सही विकल्प है 'दो महाप्राण व्यंजनों का उच्चारण एक साथ हो सकता है।'

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प

‘मेरे लड़के ने मेरी आज्ञा का पालन नही किया वाक्य में’ वाक्य में ‘लड़के’ के विषय में 'बहुवचन' विकल्प अशुद्ध है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

Additional Information

अन्य शुद्ध-अशुद्ध वाक्य

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'खेत' एक तद्भव शब्द है। 'खेत' का तत्सम शब्द 'क्षेत्र' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'खेत' है।

त्रिकुटी - वह स्थान जो दोनोँ भृकुटिओँ के बीच होता है।

Key Points

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'धड़ाम' एक देशज शब्द है। अन्य विकल्पों के शब्द विदेशज हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'धड़ाम' है।

अन्य विकल्प

विशेष

छछूंदर के सर पर चमेली का तेल का अर्थ 'अयोग्य व्यक्ति को अच्छी चीज देना' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अयोग्य व्यक्ति को अच्छी चीज देना' है।

 अन्य महत्वपूर्ण लोकोक्ति

'ऋग्वेद’ का सन्धि-विच्छेद 'ऋक् + वेद' है, इसमें व्यंजन संधि है। अन्य विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'ऋक + वेद' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• व्यंजन संधि में यदि प्रथम वर्ण + घोष वर्ण (पंचम वर्ण को छोड़कर) आये तो प्रथम वर्ण अपने वर्ग के तृतीय वर्ण में रूपांतरित हो जाएगा। जैसे – वाक् + दान = वाग्दान, उत् + अय = उदय। व्यंजन संधि के नियम के अनुसार किसी भी वर्ग का पहला वर्ण (क, च, त आदि) + घोष वर्ण (तीसरा या चौथा वर्ण, स्वर तथा अन्तस्थ (य, र, ल, व) ) आये तो पहला वर्ण अपने वर्ग के तीसरे वर्ण में रूपांतरित हो जाता है।

विशेष

‘आपबीती’ शब्द में 'तत्पुरुष' समास है। 

• इसका विग्रह 'आप पर बीती' है, यहाँ समास होने पर विभक्ति 'पर' का लोप होता है अर्थात यहाँ 'तत्पुरुष समास' है।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'तत्पुरुष' समास है।

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘नियोजन’ शब्द ‘प्रयोजन’ का समानार्थी नहीं है। ‘नियोजन’ का अर्थ ‘नियुक्त करना’ होता है। अन्य विकल्प ‘प्रयोजन’ के समानार्थी हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ‘नियोजन’ है।

विशेष

• 'प्रयोजन' के अन्य समानार्थी शब्द हैं ‘ध्येय, मकसद, अभिप्राय’।

अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द

‘ऋजु’ का विलोम शब्द 'वक्र' है। 'ऋजु' का अर्थ है 'सीधा, ईमानदार, सच्चा' तथा 'वक्र' का अर्थ है 'टेढ़ा, तिरछा, झुका हुआ, नत, कुटिल'। अतः सही विकल्प 'वक्र' है।

अन्य विकल्प

• 'सीधा' का विलोम है 'उल्टा'।
• 'त्रिकोण' का विलोम है 'षट्कोण'।
• 'सरल' का विलोम है 'कठिन'। 

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में 'वह नौकर – कोई विशेषण नहीं है' में विशेषण का निर्देश अशुद्ध है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'वह नौकर – कोई विशेषण नहीं है' है।

Additional Information

 विशेष

'आप भला तो जग भला।' यहाँ प्रयुक्त 'आप' निजवाचक सर्वनाम है।

आप भला तो जग भला-

• यह एक लोकोक्ति है।
• अर्थ- सभी अपने जैसे दिखाई देना।
• उदाहरण-
• साधु पुरुष को सभी लोग अच्छे ही दिखते हैं। सच कहा है, आप भला तो जग भला।

Key Pointsनिजवाचक सर्वनाम-

• जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग वक्ता स्वयं के लिए करता है, वे निजवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।
• इसके अंतर्गत आप, स्वयं, खुद, स्वतः आदि।
• उदाहरण-
• आप कहाँ जा रहे है।

Important Pointsनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम-

• जिन सर्वनाम शब्दों से किसी वस्तु, व्यक्ति या स्थान की निश्चितता का बोध हो वे शब्द निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।
• उदाहरण-
• यह कार मेरी है।

अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम-

• जिन सर्वनाम शब्दों से वस्तु, व्यक्ति, स्थान आदि की निश्चितता का बोध नही होता वे अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।
• उदाहरण-
• मुझे कुछ खाना है।

संबंधवाचक सर्वनाम-

• जिन सर्वनाम शब्दों का प्रयोग किसी वस्तु या व्यक्ति का सम्बन्ध बताने के लिए किया जाए वे शब्द सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।
• उदाहरण-
• जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी।

Additional Informationसर्वनाम-

• संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्दों को सर्वनाम कहा जाता है।
• सर्वनाम के छः भेद हैं-
• पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम
• निजवाचक सर्वनाम
• निश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
• अनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
• प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
• सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से 'सरसों का खेत' शब्द पुल्लिंग है। अन्य विकल्प स्त्रीलिंग हैं। 

• पुल्लिंग-स्त्रीलिंग के कुछ विशेष वर्ग

Key Points

पुल्लिंग की पहचान

Additional Information

स्त्रीलिंग की पहचान

Additional Information

विशेष

प्रकाशन वर्ष की दृष्टी से डॉ. हरिवंश राय बच्चन की रचनाओं का सही अनुक्रम निम्नलिखित है -

1.      मधुशाला - 1935

2.      मधुबाला - 1936

3.      मधुकलश - 1937

4.      निशा निमंत्रण - 1938

इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'मधुशाला, मधुबाला, मधुकलश, निशा निमंत्रण' है।

सुमेल करने पर सही विकल्प 'I – C, II – A, III - B' है। सुमेल का विवरण निम्न प्रकार से है -

Important Points

विस्तृत विवरण

I.   हिन्दी साहित्य सम्मलेन           C 1910

II.  काशी नगरी प्रचारिणी सभा      A 1893

III.  राष्ट्रभाषा प्रचार समिति, वर्धा      B 1918

‘तुलसीदास’ के रचनाकार 'सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी ‘निराला हैं। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'सूर्यकान्त त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ है।

• ‘अन्या से अनन्या’ आत्मकथा 'प्रभा खेतान' की है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'प्रभा खेतान' है।
• इन्होने ‘सिमोन द बोउवा’ के विश्व प्रसिद्ध उपन्यास 'द सेकेंड सेक्स' का हिंदी में अनुवाद किया था।

Additional Information े

स्त्री विमर्श पर लिखने वाले प्रमुख रचनाकार- उषा प्रियवंदा, मन्नू भंडारी, प्रभा खेतान आदि।

स्त्री विमर्श पर महत्वपूर्ण रचनाएँ- 

• उपनिवेश में स्त्री – प्रभा खेतान
• हम सभ्य औरतें – मनीषा
• औरत के लिए औरत – नासिरा शर्मा
• खुली खिड़कियाँ – मैत्रेयी पुष्पा

‘प्रभु जी तुम चंदन हम पानी’ 'रैदास' का वाक्य है। यह संत रैदास (रविदास) द्वारा रचित 'पद' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'रैदास' है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प:

• दादू दयाल : दादूदयाल (1544-1603 ई.) हिन्दी के भक्तिकाल में ज्ञानाश्रयी शाखा के प्रमुख सन्त कवि थे। इनके 52 पट्टशिष्य थे, जिनमें गरीबदास, सुंदरदास, रज्जब और बखना मुख्य हैं।
• कबीर - संत कबीरदास हिंदी साहित्य के भक्ति काल के इकलौते ऐसे कवि हैं, जो आजीवन समाज और लोगों के बीच व्याप्त आडंबरों पर कुठाराघात करते रहे।
• नानक - सिखों के प्रथम (आदि )गुरु हैं। इनके अनुयायी इन्हें नानक, नानक देव जी, बाबा नानक और नानकशाह नामों से सम्बोधित करते हैं। नानक अपने व्यक्तित्व में दार्शनिक, योगी, गृहस्थ, धर्मसुधारक, समाजसुधारक, कवि, देशभक्त और विश्वबन्धु - सभी के गुण समेटे हुए थे।

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. All the female members have arrived.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• In the given options, the nouns are given in two forms: members and men.
• 'Men' comes under the category of masculine gender noun.
• In the 1st option, 'members' is preceded by 'female' denoting that it is a feminine gender noun.

Hinglish

• दिए गए विकल्पों में **संज्ञा(nouns)**दो रूपों में दी गई है: सदस्य (members) और पुरुष(men)।
• 'पुरुष' (Men) पुरुषवाचक संज्ञा की श्रेणी में आता है।
• पहले विकल्प में, 'members' के आगे 'female' है जो यह दर्शाता है कि यह एक **स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञा (**feminine gender noun) है।

The English language has achieved a prior place in the curriculum. The aim of teaching the English language is to help children to acquire practical commands of the English language. In the present era, English language teaching is facing several problems.

Methods of Teaching English:-

Direct Method: This method came into practice as a solution to the problems confronted by the teachers who used the Grammar-Translation Method in their classrooms. As the name suggests, this is a method of teaching English directly through English. It stresses the need for a direct association between experience and expression in the foreign language.

• The Direct Method implies, makes use of a direct link between the words and objects of the Target Language, thus refusing the native language or the mother tongue to act as a mediation.
• It enhances the conversations between the teachers and the learners to develop in the Target Language.
• By including well-controlled grammar-based activities and by making the approach more inductive in nature, the method can be modified so as to meet the functional needs of the learners.
• The learners have the opportunity to listen to complete meaningful dialogues in the correct accent and pronunciation.
• To be precise, in the Direct Method, the emphasis is on the actual use of the Target Language and not just on memorizing paradigms or practicing forms.
• The method necessitates a strict atmosphere, which means the conversation, discussion, or reading, whatever is used to teach the Target Language will be in the Target Language itself.
• Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes
• There should be no memorization of word lists, verb declensions, etc.

Hence, we conclude that The method of teaching in which the teacher tries to establish a link between the foreign language word and the object without the interference of the learner's mother tongue is called Direct Method.

• Grammar-Translation Method: It is a way of learning a language through a detailed study of its grammar. The learner then applied the rules of grammar in translating sentences and parts of text from the mother tongue into the target language and vice versa.
• Structural Method: The Structural Approach is not a method of teaching. It is an approach to language teaching. The modern trend of having a systematic and scientific attitude towards language teaching has evolved the Structural Approach to language teaching.
• Bilingual Method: Bilingual method is a modification of the Direct method and Grammar-translation method. Translation of the word or sentence is supplemented by the teacher explaining it in English in the Bilingual Method and explain things in English after using the mother tongue.

Comprehension for Testing Writing Skills: Writing comprehension has also been included in the writing test. The comprehension skills namely, recognition, inference, recreation, and reorganization have been tested through the comprehension test on writing.

• The comprehension framed for testing writing skill was mainly based on the testing of the items and aspects of writing such: 
• Vocabulary
• Spelling
• Grammar
• Expression
• Style
• Comprehensibility skills for writing include understanding that writing is communicating messages or information.
• Comprehension depends upon grasping word meanings, which involves grasping the relation between the words in sentences, between sentences in paragraphs, and between paragraphs in larger wholes.
• Comprehending a text involves actively creating meaning by building relationships among ideas in a text, and between the text and one’s knowledge, beliefs, and experiences.
• Writing about a text should enhance comprehension because it provides students with a tool for visibly and permanently recording, connecting, analyzing, personalizing, and manipulating key ideas in a text.

Hence, we conclude that If you are testing your students' comprehension of written English, you are testing their understanding of what they have just 'Written'.

The correct answer is Please listen to your teacher.

Key Points

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• The verb 'listen' is always followed by the preposition 'to'.
• The following structure has only been followed in the 1st option.

Hinglish

• क्रिया 'listen' के बाद हमेशा 'to' पूर्वसर्ग (preposition) होता है।
• निम्नलिखित संरचना का पालन केवल पहले विकल्प में किया गया है।

The correct answer is I don't believe him.

Key Points

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• The simple present tense is used when an action is happening right now or when it happens regularly or unceasingly.
• The structure: Subject + V₁ + Object.
• 'V₁ + s/es' is used for singular nouns/pronouns (3rd person).
• ​For example:
• ​He plays badminton daily.
• In the 1st option, we need a simple present verb as a general statement has been given here.
• Option 3 is not the desired structure for the given verb.
• Hence Option 1 is the correct answer.

Hinglish 

• Simple present tense का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया अभी हो रही हो या जब वह नियमित रूप से या निरंतर होती हो।
• Structure: विषय + V1 + वस्तु।
• 'V1 + s/es' एकवचन संज्ञा/सर्वनाम (3rd person) के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण के लिए:
• He plays badminton daily.
• ​पहले विकल्प में, हमें एक simple present verb की आवश्यकता है क्योंकि यहाँ एक सामान्य कथन दिया गया है।
• विकल्प 3 दी गई क्रिया के लिए desired structure नहीं है।
• अतः विकल्प 1 सही उत्तर है।

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. I had written my letter before he arrived.

Key Points

​If two actions take place in the past in succession, the structure is given below:

• ​1st action- Past perfect tense i.e. Sub + had + V3 + Obj.
• 2nd action- Simple past tense i.e. Sub+ V2 + Obj.​
• For example:
• The patient passed away before the surgeon arrived*.*

• The patient had passed away before the surgeon arrived.

• Of the given options, the 3rd option is the most appropriate choice as the 1st half of the sentence follows the desired structure.

Hinglish

यदि past में लगातार दो कार्य होते हैं, तो संरचना नीचे दी गई है:

• पहली क्रिया- Past perfect tense यानी Sub + had+ V3 + Obj था।
• दूसरी क्रिया- Simple past tense यानी Sub+ V2 + Obj.​
• उदाहरण के लिए:
• The patient passed away before the surgeon arrived*.*

• The patient had passed away before the surgeon arrived.

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से तीसरा विकल्प सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प है क्योंकि वाक्य का 1st half वांछित संरचना का अनुसरण करता है।

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. the, the.

Key Points 

• ​Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.
• Indefinite articles- a, an.
• Definite articles- the.
• The definite article 'the' is used with the name of things that are unique or already mentioned before.
• Whereas the article 'a' is used with the name of things that are not specific.
• The article 'an' is used with the words having 1st letter as a vowel and having the sound of a vowel.
• For example:​
• ​I met a person on my way to the office. The person turned out to be an old friend.
• In the given 1st blank part of the sentence, the article 'the' will be used as 'first' is an ordinal number.
• In the given 2nd blank part of the sentence, the article 'the' will be used as the 'moon' is a celestial body.

Correct Sentence: *"*Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon."

Hinglish

• Indefinite articles- a, an.
• Definite articles- the.
• निश्चित लेख 'the' का प्रयोग उन चीजों के नाम के साथ किया जाता है जो unique हैं या पहले ही उल्लेख की जा चुकी हैं।
• जबकि लेख 'a' का प्रयोग उन चीजों के नाम के साथ किया जाता है जो specific नहीं हैं।
• लेख 'an' का प्रयोग उन शब्दों के साथ किया जाता है जिनमें vowel के रूप में पहला अक्षर होता है और स्वर की ध्वनि होती है।
• उदाहरण के लिए:
• ​I met a person on my way to the office. The person turned out to be an old friend.
• 1st blank में 'the' का प्रयोग 'प्रथम' के रूप में किया जाएगा, यह एक ordinal number है।
• 2nd blank में, 'the' का प्रयोग किया जाएगा क्योंकि 'moon' एक celestial body है।

Correct Sentence: *"*Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon."

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. an.

Key Points

• ​Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. (ऐसे शब्द जो किसी संज्ञा को विशिष्ट या अविशिष्ट के रूप में परिभाषित करते हैं।)
• Indefinite articles- a, an.
• Definite articles- the.
• The definite article 'the' is used with the name of things that are unique or already mentioned before.
• Whereas the article 'a' is used with the name of things that are not specific.
• The article 'an' is used with the words having 1st letter as a vowel and having the sound of a vowel.
• For example:​
• ​I met a person on my way to the office. The person turned out to be an old friend.
• Since the given noun 'hour' has the sound of a vowel, the article 'an' will be used here.

Correct Sentence: *"*The teacher has been teaching for an hour."

Hinglish

• Indefinite articles- a, an.
• Definite articles- the.
• निश्चित लेख 'the' का प्रयोग उन चीजों के नाम के साथ किया जाता है जो unique हैं या पहले ही उल्लेख की जा चुकी हैं।
• जबकि लेख 'a' का प्रयोग उन चीजों के नाम के साथ किया जाता है जो specific नहीं हैं।
• लेख 'an' का प्रयोग उन शब्दों के साथ किया जाता है जिनमें vowel के रूप में पहला अक्षर होता है और स्वर की ध्वनि होती है।
• उदाहरण के लिए:
• ​I met a person on my way to the office. The person turned out to be an old friend.
• चूंकि दी गई संज्ञा 'hour' में स्वर की ध्वनि है, इसलिए यहां 'an' पद का प्रयोग किया जाएगा।

Correct Sentence: *"*The teacher has been teaching for an hour."

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. -en.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• We change the number of a noun by adding various suffixes with the singular noun.
• The noun 'Ox' is made plural by adding the suffix 'en'.
• Hence the final word will be- Oxen.

Hinglish

• हम singular noun के साथ विभिन्न प्रत्यय(suffixes) जोड़कर संज्ञा की संख्या बदलते हैं।
• प्रत्यय 'en' जोड़ने से संज्ञा 'ox' बहुवचन**(plural)** बन जाती है।
• अत: अंतिम शब्द होगा- Oxen.

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. -th.

Key Points 

• ​Let's look at the explanation given below:
• We convert a word into a noun by adding various suffixes with the main word.
• The verb 'grow' is converted into a noun by adding the suffix 'th'.
• Hence the final word will be- Growth.
• Rest of the options denote various forms of the verb.

Hinglish

• हम main word के साथ विभिन्न प्रत्यय(suffixes) जोड़कर किसी शब्द को noun में बदलते हैं।
• क्रिया 'grow' प्रत्यय 'th' जोड़कर संज्ञा में परिवर्तित हो जाती है।
• अत: अंतिम शब्द होगा- Growth.
• शेष विकल्प क्रिया के विभिन्न रूपों को दर्शाते हैं।

The correct answer is Abstract noun.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• Abstract nouns are nouns that express a quality or an idea/feeling/emotion such as integrity and honesty.
• Hence 'strength' is an abstract noun.

The other definitions are given below:

• common noun- generic name for a person, place, or thing in a class or group. (किसी वर्ग या समूह में किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु का सामान्य नाम)
• material noun- a material or substance from which things are made such as silver, gold, iron, cotton, diamond and plastic. (एक सामग्री या पदार्थ जिससे चीजें बनाई जाती हैं जैसे चांदी, सोना, लोहा, कपास, हीरा और प्लास्टिक)
• collective noun- names for a collection or a number of people or things. (एक संग्रह या कई लोगों या चीजों के नाम)

Hinglish

• Abstract noun वे संज्ञा हैं जो किसी गुण या विचार/भावना/भावना जैसे सत्यनिष्ठा और ईमानदारी **(**integrity and honesty) को व्यक्त करती हैं।
• इसलिए 'strength' एक Abstract noun है।

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. a strong man.

​Let's look at the 1st line from the 1st paragraph given below:

• "To forgive an injury is often considered to be a sign of weakness; it is really a sign of strength."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that One who does not take revenge is a strong man. (दिए गए उद्धरण के अवलोकन से यह स्पष्ट है कि जो बदला नहीं लेता वह एक strong man है)

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. 'Unexplored'

Explanation:

Let's see the meaning of the given words:

'Untrodden' means 'not having been walked on' (चलने में सक्षम नहीं)

'Unexplored' means 'not explored or investigated.' (अन्वेषण या जांच नहीं की गई)

'Hidden' means 'keep secret.' (गुप्त रखना)

Explored means 'investigate or discuss in detail ' (विस्तार से जांच करना या चर्चा करना)

'Explicit' means 'stated clearly or precisely.' (स्पष्ट रूप से या सटीक रूप से कहा गया)

Hence, according to the meaning of the given words Option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. 'Simile'

Explanation: 

Let's see the meaning of the given words in the options:

1. Metaphor: means 'a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable.' (भाषण की एक आकृति जिसमें कोई शब्द या वाक्यांश किसी ऐसी चीज़ पर लागू होता है, जिस पर वह शाब्दिक रूप से लागू नहीं होता है)
   
2. Alliteration: means 'The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.' (आसन्न या निकट से जुड़े शब्दों की शुरुआत में एक ही अक्षर या ध्वनि का होना।)
   
3. Pun: means 'a joke exploiting the different meanings of a word or the fact that there are words of the same sound and different meanings.' (किसी शब्द के विभिन्न अर्थों का शोषण करने वाला मजाक या यह तथ्य कि एक ही ध्वनि और विभिन्न अर्थों के शब्द हैं)
   
4. Simile means 'a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind.' (भाषण की एक आकृति जिसमें एक चीज की तुलना दूसरे प्रकार की दूसरी चीज से की जाती है।)

The second stanza is: (दूसरा श्लोक है)

A violet by a mossy stone

Half-hidden from the eye!

Fair as a star when only one

is shining in the sky

If you read it carefully you will get to know that stanza is simile based.(अगर आप इसे ध्यान से पढ़ेंगे तो आपको पता चलेगा कि श्लोक simile पर आधारित है।)

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Only (C).

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• Both the adjectives 'few' and 'little' mean small in size, amount, or degree.
• But the adjective 'few' is used for plural countable nouns whereas 'little' is used with uncountable nouns.
• Example:
• He has a few books left.
• There is little milk left in the jar.
• In the 1st two sentences, the adjective 'few' has been used inappropriately.
• In the 3rd sentence, the adjective 'little' fits aptly to qualify the abstract noun 'mercy'.
• Hence the 3rd option will be the most appropriate choice.

Hinglish

• दोनों विशेषण 'few' और 'little' का अर्थ आकार, मात्रा या डिग्री में छोटा है।
• लेकिन plural countable nouns के लिए विशेषण 'few' का प्रयोग किया जाता है जबकि 'little' का प्रयोग uncountable nouns के साथ किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण:
• He has a few books left.
• There is little milk left in the jar.
• पहले दो वाक्यों में, विशेषण 'few' का प्रयोग अनुचित रूप से किया गया है।
• तीसरे वाक्य में, विशेषण 'little' abstract noun 'mercy' को योग्य बनाने के लिए उपयुक्त है।
• अतः तीसरा विकल्प सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प होगा।

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. if.

​A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two elements of equal grammatical rank and syntactic importance. (एक समन्वय संयोजन एक ऐसा शब्द है जो समान व्याकरणिक रैंक और वाक्यात्मक महत्व के दो तत्वों को जोड़ता है।)

• They can join two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases, or two independent clauses. (वे दो क्रियाओं, दो संज्ञाओं, दो विशेषणों, दो वाक्यांशों या दो स्वतंत्र उपवाक्यों को जोड़ सकते हैं।)
• The seven(सात) coordinating conjunctions are:
• for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
• Example: The children ran and jumped all over the playground.
• Whereas 'if' is a subordinating conjunction that is used to join a subordinating clause to another clause or sentence. ('If' एक अधीनस्थ संयोजन है जिसका उपयोग किसी अधीनस्थ खंड को किसी अन्य खंड या वाक्य में जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• Example: If you work hard, you shall pass.

The correct answer is Option 4) i.e. for, for.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• by- identifying the agent performing an action. (कार्रवाई करने वाले एजेंट की पहचान करना)
• on- physically in contact with and supported by (a surface). (शारीरिक रूप से संपर्क में और (एक सतह) द्वारा समर्थित)
• at- expressing location or arrival in a particular place or position. (किसी विशेष स्थान या स्थिति में स्थान या आगमन व्यक्त करना)
• for- used to indicate the place someone or something is going to or toward (उस स्थान को इंगित करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है जहां कोई या कुछ जा रहा है या जा रहा है)
• In the 1st blank part of the given question, 'for' will be used as it acts as an agent. ('for' का प्रयोग किया जाएगा क्योंकि यह एक एजेंट के रूप में कार्य करता है।)
• Only the 4th option has 'for' as the preposition for the 1st blank.

Correct Sentence: "His thirst for knowledge left him no leisure for anything else."

The correct answer is 'Adjective.'

Key Points

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• An adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical. (एक विशेषण एक शब्द है जो किसी संज्ञा की विशेषता का नामकरण करता है, जैसे मीठा, लाल, या तकनीकी)
• The noun 'writer' is qualified by the word 'fast'. (संज्ञा 'writer' 'fast' शब्द से योग्य है)
• Hence the word 'fast' is an adjective. (इसलिए 'fast' शब्द एक विशेषण है।)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. She reads what she likes.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• A simple sentence contains one independent clause.(एक साधारण वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य)
• A compound sentence contains more than one independent clause. (संयुक्त वाक्य में एक से अधिक स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य होते हैं)
• For example:
• He plays football. (Simple)
• He dances and sings as well. (Compound)
• The 2nd option is a combination (संयोजन) of two sentences i.e. She reads and She likes.
• Hence it isn't an example of a simple sentence.(साधारण वाक्य)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. Future Imperfect Tense.

​Let's look at the structure of future imperfect tense given below: (आइए नीचे दिए गए future imperfect tense की संरचना को देखें)

• Subject + shall/will + be + present participle + Object.
• Example:
• I will be watching a movie tomorrow.
• The following structure has only been followed in the given question. (दिए गए प्रश्न में केवल निम्नलिखित संरचना का पालन किया गया है।
• Hence 2nd option is the most appropriate choice. (अतः दूसरा विकल्प सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प है।)

The correct answer is All these men are gentle.

Key Points

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• At the beginning, the determiner 'all' suggests that the noun, i.e., men, must be plural.
• 'All' must be followed by the plural pronoun, i.e., these.
• The plural noun must be followed by a plural auxiliary verb, i.e., are.
• Now line up the rest part.
• The following structure has only been followed in the 1st option.

Hinglish

• निर्धारक 'all' का सुझाव है कि संज्ञा, यानी, पुरुष, बहुवचन होना चाहिए।
• 'All' के बाद बहुवचन सर्वनाम होना चाहिए, यानी ये।
• Plural noun के बाद बहुवचन सहायक क्रिया**(**plural auxiliary verb) होनी चाहिए, अर्थात 'are'
• अब बाकी हिस्से को लाइन अप करें।
• निम्नलिखित संरचना का पालन केवल पहले विकल्प में किया गया है।

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. at.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• in- expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be enclosed or surrounded by something else. (किसी चीज की स्थिति को व्यक्त करना जो किसी चीज से घिरी हुई या घिरी हुई प्रतीत होती है)
• on- physically in contact with and supported by (a surface). (शारीरिक रूप से संपर्क में और (एक सतह) द्वारा समर्थित)
• at- expressing location or arrival in a particular place, position or time. (किसी विशेष स्थान, स्थिति या समय में स्थान या आगमन व्यक्त करना)
• upon- more formal term for on, especially in abstract senses. (on के लिए अधिक औपचारिक शब्द, विशेष रूप से अमूर्त अर्थों में)
• Since the term 'midnight' denotes 12:00 a.m, the preposition 'at' will be used. (चूंकि 'midnight' शब्द 12:00 पूर्वाह्न को दर्शाता है, इसलिए पूर्वसर्ग(preposition) 'at' का उपयोग किया जाएगा।)

Correct Sentence: "He came to me at midnight."

The correct answer is '2' i.e. I met him where he lived.

Key Points

• An adjective clause is a dependent clause that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun in the sentence.
• In option 1, "who is truthful" is an adjective clause modifying "The man."
• In option 3, "who is truthful" is an adjective clause modifying "The man."
• In option 4, "which is a holy city" is an adjective clause modifying "Prayagraj."
• Option 2, "I met him where he lived," does not contain an adjective clause. Instead, "where he lived" is an adverb clause, explaining the location of the action.

Correct sentence explanation: Option 2 does not have an adjective clause because it contains an adverb clause instead.

Additional Information

• Adjective Clauses:
• Definition: A clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.
• Examples:
• "The man who is kind helped me."
• "The book that I bought is interesting."
• Adverb Clauses:
• Definition: A clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
• Examples:
• "I will call you when I arrive."
• "She sang as if she were a professional."

The correct answer is Option 4) i.e. to.

Key Points

• The following adjectives are always followed by 'to' and not 'than': (निम्नलिखित विशेषण हमेशा 'to' के बाद आते हैं और 'than' नहीं)
• E.g.-Junior, senior, superior, inferior, prior, anterior, posterior.
• For example:
• My sister is junior than me in studies*.*

• My sister is junior to me in studies.

• Of the given options, the 4th option i.e. 'to' is the most appropriate choice. (दिए गए विकल्पों में से चौथा विकल्प अर्थात 'to' सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प है।)

Correct sentence- "He is junior to me."

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. or

Explanation:

• 'Either..or' is the correct pair of correlative conjunction. ("Either..or" correlative conjunction का सही युग्म है)
• Either...or is used when there is an unavoidable choice between alternatives. (Either...or का प्रयोग किया जाता है जब विकल्पों के बीच एक अपरिहार्य विकल्प होता है)
• Example: It’s either black or grey. I can’t remember.

Some conjunctions always occur in pair:

• Either..or, both...and, Neither...nor, are the correlative conjunctions that occur in pair. (जोड़ी में होने वाले correlative conjunctions) Example: He was both determined to beat the record and to win over the crowd.
• So is a subordinating conjunction. It is to introduce clauses of result or decision.(यह परिणाम या निर्णय के खंड पेश करना है) Example: The acoustics are good, so every note is clear.

The correct answer is Option 4)

Explanation:

• If the subject is simply receiving the action, then the sentence is in passive voice. (यदि विषय केवल क्रिया प्राप्त कर रहा है, तो वाक्य passive voice में है।)
  

Since the 'watch' is receiving the action, therefore the sentence is in passive voice. (चूँकि 'watch' क्रिया प्राप्त कर रही है, इसलिए वाक्य passive voice में है।)

• 'was/were + past participle' is used in passive voice.

Additional Information

If the subject is performing the action, then the sentence is in active voice. (यदि विषय क्रिया कर रहा है, तो वाक्य passive voice में है।)

Passive form of all the other sentences will be: (अन्य सभी वाक्यों का passive form होगा)

• Someone may steal the bicycle. (active)
  

The bicycle may be stolen by someone. (passive)

• Some boys were helping the wounded man. (active)
  

The wounded man was being helped by some boys. (passive)

• The teacher scolded him for being late. (active)
  

He was scolded by the teacher for being late. (passive)

The correct answer is Option 4

Explanation

While converting a sentence to passive voice:

• Use the following syntax while changing the voice of an imperative sentence of given structure – (दिए गए ढांचे के एक अनिवार्य वाक्य की आवाज बदलते समय निम्नलिखित वाक्य रचना का प्रयोग करें)
• An imperative sentence does not normally have a subject. It is used to express a command or request. (एक imperative sentence में आमतौर पर कोई विषय नहीं होता है। इसका उपयोग किसी आदेश या अनुरोध को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• The imperative sentence in the passive voice takes the following form: (passive voice में अनिवार्य वाक्य निम्नलिखित रूप लेता है)
  

   Let + object + be + past participle​

• When the active voice is in the negative, the passive voice takes the following form: (जब active voice नकारात्मक में होती है, तो passive voice निम्नलिखित रूप लेती है)
  

Let not + object + be + past participle

• Example: Help him. (Active Voice)

                           Let him be helped. (Passive Voice)

Additional Information:

• Sometimes we want to begin the sentence with you so that the emphasis is on the person addressed. (कभी-कभी हम आपके साथ वाक्य की शुरुआत करना चाहते हैं ताकि संबोधित व्यक्ति पर जोर दिया जा सके)
  

Example: Help him. (Active Voice)

                 You are requested to help him. (Passive Voice)

• The passive form has to begin with you when the object of the verb in the active voice is not given. (जब active voice में क्रिया का उद्देश्य नहीं दिया जाता है तो passive voice आपके साथ शुरू होना चाहिए)
  

Example: Work hard. (No object) (Active Voice)

                 You are advised to work hard. (Passive Voice)​

Hence, the correct passive form is: Let it be done

The correct answer is Option 4)

Explanation:

• 'Criteria' is a plural(बहुवचन) form of 'criterion'
• Criterion means a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based (एक standard जिस पर कोई निर्णय या निर्णय आधारित हो सकता है)
  

Example: Sound quality was the most important criterion in our testing.

                  The university's criteria for admission.

• ​'Analysis' is a singular (एकवचन) noun, its plural form is 'analyses'
• ​Analysis means a detailed examination of anything complex in order to understand its nature or to determine its essential features (किसी भी जटिल वस्तु की प्रकृति को समझने या उसके आवश्यक लक्षणों को निर्धारित करने के लिए उसकी विस्तृत परीक्षा)
  

Example: Doing a careful analysis of the problem.

• ​'Crisis' is a singular (एकवचन) noun, its plural form is 'crises'
• ​Crisis means a time of intense difficulty or danger. (तीव्र कठिनाई या खतरे का समय)
  

Example: She was dealing with a family crisis at the time.

• ​'Index' is a singular(एकवचन) noun, its plural(बहुवचन) form is 'indices/ indexes'
• ​Index means a list of items (such as topics or names) treated in a printed work that gives for each item the page number where it may be found.(एक सूची (जैसे विषय या नाम) एक मुद्रित कार्य में माना जाता है जो प्रत्येक आइटम के लिए पृष्ठ संख्या देता है जहां यह पाया जा सकता है।)
  

Example: Look up the recipe for potato soup in the index.

The correct answer is option 3) i.e. mice

Explanation:

• Out of the given options, only 'mice' is the plural(बहुवचन) form of the noun 'mouse'.
• Although other options look like plural forms, actually they are not used as plural nouns. (हालांकि अन्य विकल्प बहुवचन रूपों की तरह दिखते हैं, वास्तव में उनका उपयोग बहुवचन संज्ञा के रूप में नहीं किया जाता है)

​

• Options other than option (3) i.e. mice, look like they are in plural form as in most of the cases, the plural form of a noun is made by adding 's' or 'es' in the noun. (विकल्प (3) यानि चूहों के अलावा अन्य विकल्प, ऐसा लगता है कि वे बहुवचन रूप में हैं क्योंकि अधिकांश मामलों में संज्ञा का बहुवचन रूप संज्ञा में 's' या 'es' जोड़कर बनता है।)
• ​Examples: Chair-chairs; bench-benches, pen-pens, etc.
• Let's look at all other options one by one-
• Option 1) i.e. News: It is singular in nature and for its plurality, we use some determiners like a piece of news, two pieces of news, an article of news, two articles of news, etc. (यह प्रकृति में एकवचन है और इसकी बहुलता के लिए, हम कुछ निर्धारकों का उपयोग करते हैं जैसे समाचार का एक टुकड़ा, समाचार के दो टुकड़े, समाचार का एक लेख, समाचार के दो लेख आदि।)
• Option 2) i.e. Electronics: It is subject and is always written as it is. (यह subject है और हमेशा जैसा है वैसा ही लिखा जाता है)
• Option 4) i.e. Billiards: It is a game and it is always written as it is.​ (यह एक खेल है और इसे हमेशा जैसा है वैसा ही लिखा जाता है)

The correct answer is Option 2)

Explanation:

• 'Orphan' is a common gender. ('अनाथ' एक सामान्य लिंग है।)
• Orphan means a child whose parents are dead. (एक बच्चा जिसके माता-पिता मर चुके हैं)
  

Example: He was left an orphan as a small boy

​

Additional Information

• Masculine gender: Masculine nouns are words for men and boys and male animals. Masculine nouns belong to the masculine gender. (पुल्लिंग संज्ञा पुरुषों और लड़कों और नर जानवरों के लिए शब्द हैं। पुल्लिंग संज्ञा पुल्लिंग लिंग से संबंधित है।)
  

Examples: actor, boy, wizard, emperor, etc.

• Common gender: Many nouns are used for both males and females. We call these nouns common-gender nouns. (males और females दोनों के लिए कई संज्ञाओं का उपयोग किया जाता है। इन संज्ञाओं को हम सामान्य लिंगवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं।)
  

Examples: pupils, accountants, etc.

• Femining gender: Feminine nouns are words for women and girls and female animals. Feminine nouns belong to the feminine gender.(स्त्रैण संज्ञा महिलाओं और लड़कियों और मादा जानवरों के लिए शब्द हैं। स्त्रैण संज्ञा स्त्रीलिंग लिंग से संबंधित हैं।)
  

Examples: stewardness, headmistress, etc.

• Neuter gender: Words for things that are neither male nor female are called neuter nouns. (नपुंसक संज्ञा कहलाते हैं जो शब्द न तो पुरुष हैं और न ही स्त्री हैं।)
  

Examples: mirror, fire, waterfall, etc.

Given:

length of a rectangle is increased by 60%

Formula used:

The area of the rectangle = Length × breadth

Calculation:

Let the length and breadth of the rectangle be x and y

The original area of the rectangle = xy

New length after increase = x + 60% of x = 1.6x

Let the new breadth after decrease to maintain the same area be p

New area = 1.6x × new breadth = 1.6xp

A/Q, Both areas should be the same, 

xy = 1.6xp

⇒ p = y/1.6

The difference in breadth = y - p = y - y/1.6 = 3y/8

Percentage decrease in breadth = (Decrease/Original breadth) × 100 

⇒ ([3y/8]/y) × 100 = 37.5%

Alternate Method

Let the length and width of the rectangle be 10 units each.

⇒ Initial area = 10 × 10 = 100 sq. units

now new length = 10 × 1.6 = 16 units

also area remains same in both cases

so, new width = 100/16 = 6.25 units

% decrease in width = [(10 - 6.25)/10] × 100 = 37.5%

Given:

The volume of a cube is numerically equal to the sum of the length of its edges

Formula Used:

The volume of cube = a³ and 

The total surface area of cube = 6a²;

where a is the edge of the cube

Concept used:

The total number of equal edges of the cube = 12

Calculation: 

Let the length of the edge of the cube be 'a' unit

Sum of the length of its edges = 12a

Now, A/Q

Sum of the length of its edges = Volume of the cube 

⇒ 12a = a³

⇒ a³ - 12a = 0

⇒ a(a² - 12) = 0

⇒ a = 0, which is not possible, so a² = 12

The total surface area of cube = 6a² = 6 × 12 = 72 square units

Given: 

Amit's salary in 2018 is Rs. 1,26,500. His salary for 2016 has risen annually by 10% and 15% respectively to reach 2018 salary figures

Concept used:

Increase in salary = Original salary × (100 + increase%)/100 

Calculation:

Let the salary of Amit in 2016 was Rs. 'x'

⇒ x × {(100 + 10)/100} × {(100 + 15)/100} = 126500

⇒ x × 1.1 × 1.15 = 126500

⇒ x = 1,00,000

∴ The salary of Amit in 2016 was Rs. 1,00,000

In 2016, there is increase of 10% and then 15%

10% increase, Ratio = (10 : 11) × 20

15% increase, Ratio = (20 : 23) × 11

Now, New ratio when 10% increase = 200 : 220

New ratio when 15% increase = 220 : 253 

We made 220 same in both the ratios as increase was 10% and 15% respectively.

Given, in 2018, 253 unit = 1,26,500

∴ In 2016, 200 unit = (1,26,500/253) × 200 

∴ The salary of Amit in 2016 was Rs. 1,00,000

Given: 

The HCF of two numbers is 6 and their LCM is 432.

Formula Used:

product of the numbers = LCM × HCF

Calculation:

Let the other number be 'x'

⇒ 6 × 432 = 48 × x

⇒ x = 54

∴ The other number is 54.

Concept used:

Same day repeat after 7 days

Calculation:

3rd Friday is on 16th of the month

2nd Friday is on (16 - 7) = 9th of the month

1st Friday is on (9 - 7) = 2nd of the month

It means the month started from Thursday

Then, First Tuesday is on 6th of the month

4th Tuesday is on (6 + 21) = 27th of the month

∴ 4th Tuesday is on 27th of the month

Calculation:

The triangular prism has 2 triangular faces and 3 rectangular faces and has 6 corners.

Given: 

bananas purchased 6 for Rs. 10 and sold 4 for Rs. 6

Formula Used:

Loss% = (C.P - S.P)/C.P × 100

Calculation:

Bananas purchased 6 for Rs. 10

Cost price of 1 banana = 10/6

And,  sold 4 for Rs. 6

⇒ Selling price of 1 banana = 6/4

⇒ loss% = [(10/6 - 6/4)/(10/6)] × 100

⇒ loss% = 10%

Concept used:

1 kg = 1000 grams

Calculation:

Checking options one by one

A. 10^-2 kg = 10^-2 × 1000 gram = 10 gram

B. 10-3 kg = 10-3 × 1000 gram = 1 gram

C. 0.0001 kg = 0.0001 × 1000 = 0.1 gram

D. 1000 kg = 1000000 gram

So option B is correct and B is option 4

Hence, option 4 is correct

Calculation:

(0.01)²  = 0.0001

Checking option one by one

A. 0.01% = 0.01/100 = 0.0001

B. 1/100 = 0.01

C. 10% = 10/100 = 0.1

D. 1/100 % = (1/100)/100 = 0.0001

⇒ Percentage form = 0.01% and 1/100 % are equal to (0.01)²

Hence, A and D both are correct.

Given:

The difference and product of the two numbers are 5 and 36 respectively

Concept used:

The reciprocal of a given number when multiplied by that number gives one as a product. For a real number n, reciprocal is 1/n

Formula Used:

1/a - 1/b = (b - a)/ab

Calculation:

Let the numbers be 'a' and 'b' respectively,

The reciprocal of a and b is 1/a and 1/b respectively

(b - a) = 5 and ab = 36      ----(Given)

Now, 1/a - 1/b = (b - a)/ab

⇒ 5/36

Confusion PointsDifference means, we have to subtract from a greater value to a smaller value.

The difference between the two numbers can not be negative.

Given:

The length of a room is decreased by 10% and breadth is decreased by 20%, while height is increased by 5%

Formula used:

The volume of the Cuboidal room = Length × breadth × height

Concept used:

Increase in percentage = Original value(100 + Increase%)/100

Decrease in percentage = Original value(100 - Decrease%)/100

Calculation:

Let the length, breadth, and height be 10 units each.

Initial volume = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 cubic units

New length = 10 × 0.9 = 9 units

New breadth = 10 × 0.8 = 8 units

New height = 10 × 1.05 = 10.5 units

New volume = 9 × 8 × 10.5 = 756 cubic units

Percentage changed in the volume of the room = (Initial volume - New volume) × 100/Initial volume

⇒ % changed in the volume of the room = (1000 - 756) × 100/1000 = 24.4%

∴ The percentage change in the volume of the room is 24.4%

Given:

length and breadth of a room is 15 m 17 cm and 9 m 2 cm respectively

Formula used:

Area of the square = Side²

Number of square tiles = (Area of the room)/Area of square tiles

Concept used:

1 m = 100 cm

Calculation:

Length = 15 m 17 cm = (15 × 100 + 17) cm = 1517 cm

Breadth = 9 m 2 cm = (9 × 100 + 2) cm = 902 cm

So, the size of the square tiles will be the HCF of 1517 and 902

⇒ 1517 = 37 × 41 and 902 = 2 × 11 × 41

So, size of square tiles = 41 cm 

Area of square tiles = (41 × 41) sq. cm

Also area of the room = (1517 × 902) sq. cm

Number of square tiles = (Area of the room)/Area of square tiles

⇒ number of square tiles = (1517 × 902)/(41 × 41) = 814

∴ The Minimum number of square tiles is 814

Given:

(2153)167

Concept Used: 

after multiplication by 3, the value of unit digit repeats after a periodicity of 4 , as it can be seen below

3¹ = 3

3² = 9

3³ = 7

3⁴ = 1

3⁵ = 3

Calculation:

(2153)¹⁶⁷ = ((2153)⁴)⁴¹ ×  (2153)³

Unit digit of the multiplication of (2153)¹⁶⁷ = 1 × 7 = 7

∴ Required unit digit is 7

Concept used:

Fraction = Numerator/Denominator

Calculation:

Let the numerator and denominator of the fraction be x and y respectively

Original fraction = x/y

Numerator after 20% increase = x + 20% of x = 1.2x

Denominator after 25% increase = y + 25% of y = 1.25y

Now, According to Question.

1.2x/1.25y = 3/5

⇒ x/y = (3/5) × (1.25/1.2)

⇒ x/y = 5/8

∴ The original fraction is 5/8

Concept Used:  

A number is always divisible by 8 when its last three digits is divisible by 8

Calculation:

i. 5240

240/8 = 30 

∴ 5240 is divisible by 8

ii. 5220

220/8 ≈  2.7

∴ 5220 is not divisible by 8

iii. 97128

128/8 = 16

∴ 97128 is divisible by 8

iv. 97124

124/8 = 15.5

∴ 97124 is not divisible by 8

Hence, 5240 and 97128 i.e. i and iii are divisible by 8

Concept Used:

A Pythagorean triplet consists of three positive integers a, b, and c, such that a² + b² = c²

Calculation:

In option 1:

6 is the smallest number hence this can never be true as 8 should be the smallest

In option 2:

8² + 9² ≠ 10²

In option 3: 

⇒ 8² + 15² = 17² is a Pythagorean triplet in which the smallest number is 8.

∴ 8, 15, 17 is the required Pythagorean triplet.

Concept Used:

A number is divisible by 9 when the sum of its digits is also a multiple of 9

Calculation:

Given number is 417Z8

⇒ the sum of digits of given number = 20 + z; to be a multiple of 9, z should be 7

⇒ So, the number is 41778

∴ the value of Z = 7

Calculation:

2160 = 2⁴ × 3³ × 5

2160 = 24 × 33 × 5 =  2a × 3b × 5^c

By comparing the power of 2, 3 and 5 we get

⇒ a = 4, b = 3, c = 1

So, the value of 3^a × 2^-b × 5^-c

⇒ 3⁴ × 2^-(3) × 5^-(1)

⇒ 81/40

The value opposite is cube of their opposite number

so, value of x = 1³ = 1

Concept used:

The mode of a frequency distribution can be determined graphically from Histogram.

HISTOGRAM: Histogram is the graphical representation of a grouped frequency distribution in the exclusive form with continuous classes in the form of rectangles with class intervals as bases and the corresponding frequencies as heights

Solution:

From the above concept used the correct answer is Histogram

∴ The mode of a frequency distribution can be determined graphically from Histogram.

Calculation:

⇒ a + b = ck    ....(i)

⇒ b + c = ak    ....(ii)

⇒ c + a = bk    ....(iii)

Adding all the equation above, we get

⇒ 2(a + b + c) = k(a + b + c)

⇒ k = 2

Concept Used: 

A triangle is only possible when the sum of its two sides is greater than its third sides. 

Possible combination with 4 lengths = ⁴C₃ = 4 ways (3 is the number of sides of a triangle)

Calculation:

Let 1st three sides be 1.2 cm, 4.2 cm, 5.9 cm 

1.2 + 4.5 = 5.7 <  5.9

∴ Triangle is not possible with sides as 1.2 cm, 4.2 cm, 5.9 cm

Let 2nd three sides be 1.2 cm, 4.2 cm, 8.1 cm

 1.2 + 4.5 = 5.7 < 8.1

∴ Triangle is not possible with sides as 1.2 cm, 4.2 cm, 8.1 cm 

Let 3rd three sides be 1.2 cm, 5.9 cm, 8.1 cm

1.2 + 5.9 = 7.1 < 8.1

∴ Triangle is not possible with sides as 1.2 cm, 5.9 cm, 8.1 cm 

Let 4th three sides be 4.2 cm, 5.9 cm, 8.1 cm

4.2 + 5.9 = 10.1 > 8.1

Triangle is only possible with sides as 4.2 cm, 5.9 cm, 8.1 cm 

∴ Only 1 triangle is possible

Given:

The denominator of a fraction is 1 more than double the numerator. On adding 2 to the numerator and subtracting 3 from the denominator, we obtain 1.

Calculation:

Let the original fraction be a/b

also, b = 2a + 1    ....(i)

⇒ (a + 2)/(b - 3) = 1 

⇒ a + 2 = b - 3

⇒ b = a + 5    ....(ii)

equating both the above equation, we get

⇒ a = 4 and b = 9

∴ required original fraction = 4/9

Concept used:

Calculation:

Given expression is {(9) - (-8) + (24 ÷ 13 - 7)}

⇒ {9 + 8 + (24 ÷ 13 - 7)}

⇒ {17 + (24/13 - 7)}

⇒ {17 + (-67/13)}

⇒ {17 - 67/13}

⇒ 154/13

Given: 

HCF (a, 8) = 4 and LCM (a, 8) = 24

Formula Used:

Product of numbers = LCM × HCF

Calculation:

Let the other number be 'a'

⇒ 4 × 24 = 8 × a

⇒ a = 12

∴ The other number is 12.

Given:

The diagonal of a rectangular field is 17 meter and the perimeter is 46 meter

Formula Used:

Diagonal of a rectangular field = (l² + b²)^1/2

Perimeter = 2 × (l + b)

l = length of the rectangular field and b = breadth of the rectangular field

Calculation:

Let the length and breadth of the rectangular field be 'l' m and 'b' m respectively

⇒ 2 × (l + b) = 46

⇒ (l + b) = 23

Also, (l² + b²) = 289

⇒ (l + b)² - 2 × l × b = 289

⇒ (23)² - 2 × l × b = 289

⇒ 2 × l × b = 240

⇒ Area of the field = l × b = 120 m²

Confusion Points</sup>Diagonal of the rectangular field is the extra data. There is no use of the diagonal of the rectangular field

Sometimes extra data is provided to confuse the students

On simplification {(2^-1)}^-1

⇒ 2

∴ 2 is Prime number, Even number, and a Multiple of 2

But 2 is not an odd number.

Hence, Option A, B and C is correct

To solve such type of questions, we should check each option with an example and if even 1 example proves the statement as wrong then the statement is considered wrong

Option 1:

Let the two prime numbers be 3 and 5

Now, 3 + 5 = 8 which is not prime number

Hence, option 1 is wrong 

Option 2 :

A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Equivalently, it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself for example 9, 15..etc being odd and composite

Hence, option 2 is correct

Additional Information

A prime number is a whole number greater than 1 

∴ The least prime number is not 1 

2 is an even prime number hence, an Even prime number does exist.

Given:

The difference between the interior and exterior angles of a regular polygon is 60°

Formula Used:

the sum of interior and exterior angle = 180°

Calculation:

Let the interior and exterior angle of the given polygon be 'x' and 'y' respectively

we know that x + y = 180°    ....(i)

also x -  y = 60°    ....(ii)

solving above equation we get

⇒ x = 120° , y = 60°

also, number of sides of polygon = 360°/y

⇒ number of sides of polygon = 360°/exterior angle = 360°/60° = 6

∴ The number of sides in the polygon is 6