UPTET 2018 Paper 1 (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Backward exploration and means-end analysis are examples of heuristics which is a mental shortcut that makes the process of problem-solving and decision making quick and efficient. These are the actual mental rules that allow people to function without frequently stopping to think about their next course of action.

 Let's understand backward exploration and means-end analysis further:

• Backward explorations: It is a process in which we analyze the previous solutions of a problem, apply them to the problem and check which is the relevant one.
• Means-end analysis: It is a problem-solving strategy that refers to envisioning the end or ultimate goal to determine the best strategy to achieve a goal by solving a problem.

Note: Other options have been explained here:

 

Hence both these are examples of heuristics, a set of mental rules to solve problems.

A German psychologist, Herman Ebbinghaus, who is best known for his work of "learning and forgetting curve".

Key Points

He said ''Curves of learning give graphic representation of the amount, rate and limit of improvement brought about by practice.”

Let's know both types of the curve in brief:

• Learning curve: It depicts how an increase in learning comes from the frequency of repetition and rehearsal at regular intervals.
• Forgetting curve: It depicts how quickly we forget information over time when there is no attempt to retain it.

It can be understood from the following diagram:

Additional Information

 

Hence, we can conclude that the above statement is said by Ebbinghaus.

E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, the propounder of "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws and eight supplementary laws of learning that leads to development.

These primary laws are:

Important Points

Thorndike's Supplementary law (also known as minor laws to education):

• Law of Multiple Responding: It refers to different types of responses often occurs initially to a stimulus, then reaching to the correct response.
• Law of Attitude, Disposition or States: It refers to the condition of a learner that influences learning.
• Law of Partial or Piecemeal Activity of a situation: It refers to the tendency to respond to particular elements or features of a stimulus situation rather than on the whole to improve the result.
• Law of Assimilation of response by Analogy: It is the tendency to respond automatically as responded in the past.
• Law of Associative Shifting: Successfully applying the same response until a new situation comes (For example to apply the same formula in similar questions).
• Law of Primacy: It refers to the idea that the first step matters the most.
• The law of recency: It is the tendency which refers to the idea that the most recent task matters the most
• Law of Intensity of Stimulus: The more strong the stimulus, the better the response.

Hence, we can conclude that the Law of associative shifting is not included in Thorndike’s primary laws of learning.

Conditioned Response Theory: It is known as 'Classical Conditioning Theory' propounded by Ivan Pavlov.

• A conditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral.
• This theory emphasizes the conditioning of behavior by a repetitive association between the response and the stimulus.
• Classical conditioning is one basic model of learning which was a landmark in the history of understanding behavior.
• The term classical conditioning is defined as learning by association, whereby a neutral stimulus, under its occurrence in close time and space with a natural stimulus that gives rise to a natural response, becomes capable of eliciting that natural response, even in absence of the natural stimulus.
• Classical conditioning is applicable only for reflexive and spontaneous responses, and not for voluntary responses.

Note: Other options have been explained here:

 

Hence, we can conclude that the Conditioned response theory emphasizes the conditioning of Behaviour.

B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the "Theory of Operant Conditioning" which is also known as "Instrumental Conditioning Theory". This theory refers to the learning process where learning takes place through rewarding a certain behavior or withholding reward for undesirable behavior.

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT         

• Skinner developed a special apparatus known as a skinner’s box.
• This box has a grid floor, a system of light, or sound produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of the lever.
• Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
• In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
• The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
• The rat repeated this process and ultimately learned to press the lever desired by the experimenter.

Note: Other conditioning theories have been explained here:

 

Hence, we can conclude that the other name of operant conditioning is Instrumental conditioning.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

• Learning refers to the modification of behavioral patterns as it modifies the behavior and personality of an individual.
• Learning is an internal activity that leads to a change in behavior. It can't be directly observed.

Key Points

Characteristics of learning:

• Learning is maturation.
• Learning is an adjustment.
• Learning is development.
• Learning requires interaction.
• Learning involves problems solving.
• Learning leads to a change in behavior.
• Learning is the growth of organisms.
• Learning is purposeful and goal-oriented.
• Learning starts with birth and proceeds up to death.
• Learning is a relatively permanent behavior change.
• Learning is the relationship between stimulus and response.

Hence, from the above-mentioned characteristics of learning it could be concluded that the statement 'Learning is directly observed' is not a characteristic of learning.

Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, proposed the "Theory of Insight learning". He wants to prove that learning is a perception of different parts of the situation.

Key PointsKohler's theory of insight learning:

• His theory explains thinking and differing mental processes and how they are influenced by internal and external factors to produce learning in individuals.
• Insight learning is the abrupt realization of a problem's solution.
• Insight learning is not the result of trial and error, responding to an environmental stimulus, or the result of observing someone else attempting the problem.
• It is a completely cognitive experience that requires the ability to visualize the problem and the solution internally - in the mind's eye, so to speak - before initiating a behavioral response.
• He stated that our perception is meaningful when we perceive them as wholes rather than the mere accumulation of sensations, images, or ideas.
• He considered learning as a reorganization of the learner's perceptual or psychological world.
• Kohler proposed that not all kinds of learning depend on trial-error or conditioning, we use our cognitive processes also to learn.

Thus, from the above-given explanation, we can conclude that Kohler wanted to prove that the perception of different parts of the situation 

Additional Information

Learning by Insight Kohler’s Experiment

• In one experiment Kohler put the chimpanzee, sultan, inside a cage & a banana was hung from the roof of the cage. A box was placed inside the cage. The chimpanzee tried to reach the banana by jumping but could not succeed… Suddenly, he got an idea & used the box as a jumping platform by placing it just below the hanging banana.

Language learning is a result of deliberate and conscious effort for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning. It refers to have a basic knowledge of grammatical rules and their use in communication.

• To start a new language, one should learn the association between letters and words first.
• When we learn a language by associating words with its letter, it becomes easy to learn the language efficiently and to keep in mind for a long period.
• It helps children to link the unfamiliar word to their spoken knowledge.

A few steps to learn a new language:

• Association between letters and words.
• Set goals and deadlines.
• Choose the appropriate method and content.
• Use the language in daily life communication.
• Listen to native speakers and work on pronunciation, etc.

By following these steps, one could learn a new language efficiently.

Hence, we can conclude that to learn any new language, one should start to make an association between letters and words.

Learning disability is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of specific kinds of learning problems. It is a neurological disorder that affects the way one receives and processes information.

Important Points

Dyscalculia is a mathematics-related learning disability. It affects the ability to perform mathematical calculations and understanding of numbers.

• Dyscalculic students cannot understand mathematical concepts like a number and its relations, operations, symbols, place value, etc.
• hinders the learner's basic understanding of numbers.
• affects learners' ability to perform mathematical calculations.
• makes learners unable in identifying mathematical symbols like +, ×,>, etc.

Additional Information

Other disabilities in brief:

 

Hence, we can conclude that Dyscalculia is a mathematics-related learning disability.

Inclusive class is a part of 'inclusive education' that refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points

• It is about making school a place where both general and specific children can participate and learn.
• Its Inclusive curriculum develops values to deal with diversity each child brings to the classroom and facilitate all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• An inclusive classroom improves the quality and making provisions of education for all.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.
• It is a process where diversity in a group concerning any aspect is appreciated and in which everyone is recognized and respected for his/her worth.

Hence, we can conclude that both General and specific students are included in the Inclusive classrooms.

Inclusion is an umbrella term that refers to include every category of children, regardless of their differences and disabilities. Each child comes with their own characteristics, strengths, and limitations, so sensitization regarding their individual needs is needed to make inclusion successful.

Key Points

These are the key ingredients needed for successful inclusion:

• Sensitization:  All teachers should be sensitized to issues related to students with special needs. Open and flexible school systems that understand disability sensitively is also a welcome initiative in this direction.
• Teacher collaboration: A school can be a place where cooperation is valued rather than competition, among children and also among teachers. This creates a healthy learning environment.
• Effective parental involvement: Parent involvement is to be increased in creating an inclusive learning environment.
• Collaborative teaching models: Use of teaching methods that suit all children-  change in curriculum, teaching methods, and materials.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource: Multilingual resources can be used to cater to the diverse needs of inclusive children.
• Well constructed plan to achieve the goal of each student, etc.

Hence, we can conclude that Successful inclusion needs sensitization.

Emotion is a mental state associated with fear, anger, love, etc. The emotional states of an individual are the combination of cognitive experience, physiological change, and behavioral changes. Together, these are known as the elements of emotion.

Key Points

Three elements of emotion are as follow:

• Cognitive experience:  Emotions also involve cognitive processes such as memorials, perceptions, expectations, and interpretations. Our appraisal of an event plays an especially significant role in the meaning it has for us. Thinking of life events can produce emotions.
• Physiological changes: Emotions involve the brain, nervous system, and hormones so that when you’re emotionally aroused the hormone secretion is more to give us instant energy.

Each emotion has a specific characteristic of physiological aspects. Fear may cause blood pressure to rise, pupils to dilate, etc.

• Behavioral changes: Emotions also involve behavioral reactions, both expressive and instrumental. Facial expressions such as smiles and frowns, as well as gestures and Lories of voice, all serve to communicate our feelings that may enhance our chances for survival. Overt expressions such as smiles, or frowns to reveal emotions.

Hence, we can conclude that Sensory is not an element of emotion, rather it refers to the use of senses to understand the physical world.

Cognitive development is an intellectual development that includes processes that people use to gain knowledge.

The correct sequence for cognitive development is

This sequence is given by B. S. Bloom.

Hence, we can conclude that the correct sequence of cognitive domain is Knowledge-Comprehension-Application-Analysis-Synthesis-Evaluation.

An effective teacher is one who is more than just an expert in the academic field. Effective teaching happens when a teacher is successful in keeping the students actively involved in learning by providing a variety of learning experiences.

• He/she must fulfill the following characteristics to produce the highest learning outcome.
• In effective teaching, a teacher should never be an autocrat because autocracy leads to indiscipline in the class. Which is not an effective quality of teaching.

Important Points

Qualities of an effective Teacher:  An effective teacher possesses the following qualities. An effective teacher:  

• Has mastery of the subject matter,
• Is skillful and artistic in teaching methods and in guiding learning,
• Treats each individual as unique and recognizes individual differences, (Democratic)
• Encourages self-learning,
• Keeps the students active and disciplined,
• Is kind and sympathetic,
• Provide desirable information to learners.
• Plans her/his teaching carefully in advance but is not very rigid with the plan,
• Is approachable and seeks the cooperation of the learners.

Additional Information

 

Hence, we can conclude that autocracy is not a quality of an effective teacher.

Expectancy theory of motivation is developed by Victor Vroom. It explains how a person selects behavior based on the outcome of previous efforts, What will be the change from resulting in those behaviors, etc.

The basic expectancy theory model emerged from the work of Edward Tolman and Kurt Lewin. However, Victor Vroom is generally credited with first applying the theory to motivation in the workplace. 

The Expectancy Theory of Motivation states that motivation depends on the desirability of the outcome as the theory explains that:

• the concept of expectancy was originally developed around valency–instrumentality–expectancy.
• valency stands for value, instrumentality is the belief that if we do one thing it will lead to another, and expectancy is the probability that action or effort will lead to an outcome.

 

Hence, we can conclude that the Expectancy theory of motivation has been given by Victor Vroom.

Model of teaching refers to a way of teaching students to learn facts, concepts, skills, analysis of values, and also to enable them to use the strategies suggested by each model and develop particular ways of thinking. 

The organizer model is one among the teaching models that fall under the information processing model which explains the transformation of information verbally or visually in a structured framework.

• This model is aimed at helping teachers organize and convey large amounts of information as meaningfully and as efficiently as possible.
• According to this model, the teacher organizes the subject content and presents information through lectures, readings, and designing tasks for the learners to integrate what they have learned.
• The learner's primary role is to master ideas and information.

Diagram:

Hence, we can conclude that the advance organizer model is related to information processing.

The term 'programmed learning' refers to a procedure of self-instruction which uses an instructional sequence in which the content to be learned is presented in a series of small steps, arranged in a logical sequence.

• To facilitate self-learning, programmed instruction materials are designed so as to give various kinds of intellectual, emotional, and psycho-motor experiences to the learner in a controlled situation through a variety of devices like booklets, machines, teachers, etc.

Key Points

• B. F. Skinner, professor of psychology at Harvard University developed the programmed learning technique and introduced linear programmed learning.
• Later on, in about 1955, Norman Crowder of the University of Chicago developed a branching program.
• There are two types of programmed learning, one is linear and the other is branching.
• Skinner is the originator of linear programming and Norman Crowder is the originator of branching programming.
• Linear programming: In linear programming, all the learners read and respond to the same frames.
• The sequence is linear in that there is a single path for all the learners to follow.
• The learner is bound to proceed from one frame to the other sequentially and to complete the program.
• It is useful in the transformation of skills as the learners learn new skills through this.
• Branching programming: As the term itself indicates, a branching program provides more than one path to follow.
• Like linear programming, if the learner responds to all the questions correctly, he/she proceeds from one step to another without any interruption.
• On the other hand, if the learner makes an error or answers wrongly, he/she is directed to follow another path known as the supplementary path which gives him/her remedial instruction.
• It is useful in achieving mastery in one skill as the frames will be kept on repeating until the learner learns them well.

Thus, it is clear that a linear program is useful in the transformation of skills.

Maxims of Teaching:

Maxims are nothing but simple guidelines or principles which help the teachers to make decisions and act accordingly during the teaching process. 

• Simple to complex:
• ​It is the psychology of a child that he wants the content in simplified form.
• Therefore the teacher must move from simple facts and then take learners towards a little more difficult state.
• Indefinite to definite:
• The content to be taught in the class may be definite for teachers but may not be so for the learners.
• Therefore the teaching style should be such that the learners are able to get direct knowledge which is possible only when they are familiarized with it.
• From seen to unseen:
• The students ranging from 6-14 years are at a perpetual level only. The child learns things easily which can be seen. So teaching should proceed from seen to unseen.
• This maxim is usually used in teaching grammatical concepts like the meaning of sentences, Tenses, Direct and Indirect Speech, etc.

​

Additional Information

Others Main Maxims of Teaching: 

• Known to Unknown
• Concrete to Abstract
• Direct to indirect
• Particular to general
• Analysis to Synthesis
• Empirical to Rational
• Psychological to Logical
• Whole to Part

Hint

• There is no maxim that supports deduction to induction because induction is related to drawing conclusions and Deductions is it's opposite. So, Deduction to induction cannot be a maxim for teaching.

Hence, we conclude that deduction and induction are the two methods of teaching not maxims of teaching.

Microteaching is defined as microteaching in miniature where it is scaled down in size of the class time and task with focus on a specific teaching skill. The concept of microteaching is a training concept that can be applied at various pre-service and in-service stages in the professional development of teachers. There are six steps of micro-teaching which are as follows -

 

Diagram

 

Hence, we conclude that the first step of microteaching cycle is planning.

The activities of teaching and learning may be organized at various levels of abstraction ranging from the use and application of simple mental powers to the most complex ones.

Such organizations are distinguished and labeled as 'forms and levels of teaching. There are three identifiable levels of teaching and learning activities: Memory level, understanding level, and Reflective level. ​

Key Points

The activities of teaching and learning may be organized at various levels of abstraction, ranging from the use and application of simple mental powers (thoughtless) to the most complex ones (thoughtful).

 

Hence, we can conclude that the exploration is included in the teaching of the understanding level.

Educational reform is a phenomenon whereby several plans and movements are executed in order to bring major improvements in the existing education system.

• The main parties contributing to the success of educational reforms are first of all the local communities, including parents, school head,s, and teachers.

Decentralization of education reforms is possible by:-

• Involvement of cluster and block resources for developing the infrastructure and basic needs.
• Local resource person helps in generating the funds.
• Resource and reference material are useful for teachers for creating an effective lesson plan and teach in the best possible way.

Hence, it becomes clear that for educational reforms, effective decentralization is possible by all the given points.

Sensation: It refers to the process that enables the brain to perceive information through the five senses as senses are the organism's physiological capacity to perceive, recognize, feel, and understand something.

• Calling someone by his name is an auditory sensation. Because he is hearing something, so it is a sensation of sound. Main sensations of the human body are as follows

Hence, if a student is reading, someone called him by name, ​Auditory sensation will be responsible.

Key Points

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:

• Jean Piaget observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.
• According to him, cognitive structures are the basic mental pattern people use to process any information.

Piaget explained that children progress through four stages. The Four Stages of Cognitive Development are as follows:-

Hence, from the above diagram, it becomes clear that the age of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory is two to seven years.

Development is a process by which an individual grows and changes throughout the life cycle. The term development applies to the changes that have a direction and hold a definite relationship with what precedes it.

Later childhood is the time period from the age of 'seven to twelve years'. The signs of puberty usually begin to appear in this stage. It is also known as troublesome age, gang age, play age, etc.

Characteristics of the intellectual development of later childhood:

• Use of analogies in explanation.
• High Interest in science fiction.
• End of imaginary fears.
• Increased logical power.
• Development of problem-solving skills.
• Powers of perception and observation become keen.
• Ability to exercise their own power of memory and imagination.
• Ability to perform a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts.

Hint

• Operational planning of career is a characteristic of adolescence, in which career choices and interests become broader as teens think about the future more rationally and comprehensively.

Hence, the operational planning of a career is not the characteristic of the intellectual development of later childhood.

Additional Information

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics.

Key Points

Let's understand the Chomsky's view about language in brief:

• Innate ability: He strongly believes that children born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition.
• Generative grammar: According to Chomsky it refers to a finite set of rules to generate sentences and can be used to produce more sentences in that language.
• Universal grammar: Chomsky's universal grammar suggests that all children have innate ability to acquire, understand and develop grammar.
• Language Acquisition Device: Chomsky proposed that humans are equipped with a language acquisition device which enables a child to acquire and produce language.

Additional Information

A brief description of other psychologists:

 

Hence, Noam Chomsky is associated with ‘language development'.

E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, is known as the founder of modern educational psychology.

Key Points

• He propounded 'Trial and Error Theory' which represents that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses.
• "Mistakes teach individual" statement is based on 'Trial and Error Theory'.

Important Points

Based on Trial and Error Learning Theory, Thorndike gave certain laws of Learning:

• Law of Readiness: It implies that if one is not ready to learn something, then one cannot learn effectively. Readiness comes from interest, maturity, need previous experiences, etc.
• Law of Exercise: Repeated learning leads to effective learning however, the knowledge of results is an essential condition for it.
• Law of Effect: It is one’s natural tendency to learn things that give happiness and satisfaction and avoid others.

Experiment:

• Thorndike formulated his theory, based on his experiments conducted on his cat in the puzzle box.
• The door of the box could be opened by pulling the strings inside the box. A fish was kept outside.
• The cat was tried to come out of the box by squeezing, jumping, biting, etc.
• As the experiment was repeated several times the wrong movements decreased and in the end, the cat was able to open the door in a single trail.

Hence, it becomes clear that Thorndike proved his theory titled trial and error learning.

The development process passes through different stages.

Each stage of development has certain distinct and specific characteristics.

The Stages of Development:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

​

 

 

 

Key Points

Gang age:-

• Gang age is the period of '8 to 10 years' termed as later childhood.
• At this age, Children feel good to be around their friends and live an organized group life.
• They develop a strong sense of loyalty to the gang. Childhood gangs help children to be socialized by making them learn to behave in a way that is socially acceptable with age peers.
• At this age, children learn appropriate social attitudes such as how to like and enjoy social life and group activities.

Some ways in which Gang belonging leads to Improve Socialization:

• Learn to play games and sports
• Learn to accept and carry out responsibilities
• Learn to compete with others
• Learn to be loyal in the group

Hence, Gang age is associated to 8-10 year age group and delayed development is associated to socialization.

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:

• Jean Piaget observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.
• According to him, cognitive structures are the basic mental pattern people use to process any information.

Piaget explained that children progress through four stages. The Four Stages of Cognitive Development are as follows:-

Hence, the third stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is the Concrete operational stage.

Psychological factors are the elements of one's personality that limit or enhance the ways that one learns and thinks.

Key Points

Some Psychological actors that Contribute to Learning:

• Readiness and willingness
• Positive Atmospheric conditions
• Motivation and Interest
• Learning desire
• Physical health
• Ability and Maturation

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

 

Note: The nature of content also influences learning but it is not among the psychological factors that contribute to learning. 

Hence, it becomes clear that the nature of the content is not included in psychological factors that contribute to learning.

Social values are an important part of the culture of the society for the stability of social order and provide the general guidelines for social conduct.

Key Points

Some social values are written below:

• Altruism
• Patriotism
• Sacrifice
• Honesty
• Discipline
• Rationality
• Cooperation
• Decency
• Civilization
• Respect for human dignity, etc.

These social values guide our behavior and make us socially acceptable.

NOTE: Primary goal, instinct, and aggression need do not come under social values.

Hence, it becomes clear that Altruism is a social value.

सम्प्रेषण-कला 'अलंकरण' नहीं है।

गद्यांश की प्रथम पंक्ति "स्पष्टता, आत्म-विश्वास, विषय की अच्छी पकड़ और प्रभावशाली भाषा में अपने विचारों और भावनाओं को व्यक्त करना ही सम्प्रेषण-कला है", से स्पष्ट होता है।

अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अलंकरण' है।

सम्प्रेषण-कला का विकास 'अभ्यास' से होता है।

गद्यांश की पंक्ति "जो निरंतर अभ्यास से निखारी जा सकती है।" से स्पष्ट है।

अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अभ्यास' है।

उपर्युक्त में से 'य' संयुक्त व्यंजन नहीं है।

जबकि 'य' एक अंतःस्थ व्यंजन है। अतः सही विकल्प 'य' है।

अन्य विकल्प संयुक्त व्यंजन हैं

• क् + ष = क्ष
• त् + र् = त्र
• ज् + ञ = ज्ञ

‘मृत्युंजय’ पद में 'बहुव्रीहि' समास है। 'मृत्युंजय' का समास विग्रह 'मृत्यु को जीतने वाला' अर्थात शिव है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'बहुव्रीहि' है।

विशेष

‘अलंकार‘ में 'अलम्' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग किया गया है।

• 'अलम्' का अर्थ 'पर्याप्त' होता है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अलम्' है।

 Key Points

यह पुस्तक किसकी है? रेखांकित शब्द में 'सार्वनामिक विशेषण (पुस्तक विशेष्य), एकवचन, स्त्रीलिंग' है।

अन्य विकल्प गलत हैं। 

अतः सही विकल्प 'सार्वनामिक विशेषण (पुस्तक विशेष्य), एकवचन, स्त्रीलिंग' है।

स्पष्टीकरण - 

‘विश्लेषण’ शब्द का विलोम 'संश्लेषण' होगा। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः यही विकल्प 'संश्लेषण' है।

अन्य विकल्प - 

विशेष - 

जिनका उच्चारण ऊपर के दाँतों पर जीभ लगाने से होता है, उसे 'दन्त्य' कहते है। दन्त्य के अंतर्गत त वर्ग - त, थ, द, न और ल तथा स आते हैं। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'दन्त्य' है।

अन्य विकल्प

 

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से ‘ऊष्म व्यंजन’ 'श-ष-स' हैं।

ऊष्म व्यंजन के उच्चारण से मुखंगों के घर्षण से ऊष्मा उत्पन्न होती है। ये महाप्राण व्यंजन भी कहलाते हैं।

अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'श-ष-स' है।

Key Points 

‘अत्यधिक’ का विलोम 'अत्यल्प' है। 'अत्यधिक' का अर्थ 'बहुत अधिक' तथा 'अत्यल्प' का अर्थ 'बहुत कम' होता है। अतः सही विकल्प 'अत्यल्प' है।

Key Points 

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प

‘ऋत’ का विलोम 'अनृत' है। 'ऋत’ का अर्थ 'सत्य' होता है और 'अनृत' का अर्थ 'झूठ' होता है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अनृत' है।

 

अन्य विकल्प

‘संकल्प’ शब्द में 'सम्' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग हुआ है। 'सम्' उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द हैं - संस्कृत, संस्कार, संगीत, संहार आदि हैं। अन्य विकल्प गलत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'सम्' है।

 Key Points

"मुझसे खड़ा भी हुआ नहीं जाता" वाक्य में 'भाववाच्य' है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'भाववाच्य' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• क्रिया के जिस रूप में न तो कर्ता की प्रधानता हो न कर्म की, बल्कि क्रिया का भाव ही प्रधान हो, वहाँ भाववाच्य होता है।
• उपर्युक्त वाक्य में 'खड़ा भी नहीं हुआ जाता' में क्रिया के भाव का बोध होता है इसीलिए यह भाववाच्य है।

विशेष

तद्भव और उसके तत्सम का 'आंत-अंत्र' मेल गलत है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'आंत-अंत्र' है।

 Key Points

'आंत-अंत्र' का सही रूप आंत (तद्भव) - आंत्र  (तत्सम) है। अन्य सभी विकल्पों में तत्सम - तद्भव का सही युग्म है।

 Additional Information

'स्कन्दगुप्त – लक्ष्मीनारायण मिश्र' का जोड़ा गलत है क्योंकि 'स्कंदगुप्त' 'जयशंकर प्रसाद' का प्रसिद्द नाटक है।

अन्य विकल्पों के जोड़ों का मेल सही है।

अतः सही विकल्प 'स्कन्दगुप्त – लक्ष्मीनारायण मिश्र' है।

“उद्धव शतक – भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र” का जोड़ा सही नहीं है। ‘उद्धव शतक’ के रचनाकार जगन्नाथदास ‘रत्नाकर’ हैं। 'उद्धव-शतक' दूतकाव्य की भ्रमरगीत परम्परा में रचित है। इसका प्रकाशन 1931 ई. में हुआ। अन्य विकल्पों के जोड़े सही हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ‘उद्धव शतक – भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र’ है।

विशेष

भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र की काव्य कृतियाँ ‘प्रेम-माधुरी, उत्‍तरार्द्ध-भक्‍तमाल, वर्षा-विनोद’ आदि हैं।

अ���्य विकल्प

·        शिवराज भूषण - ‘शिवराज भूषण’ ‘भूषण’ द्वारा रचित एक विशालकाय ग्रन्थ है जिसमें 385 पद्य हैं। इसमें शिवाजी के शौर्य, पराक्रम आदि का ओजपूर्ण वर्णन है।

·        ‘शब्द रसायन’ देवदत्त शास्त्री जी द्वारा रचित है।

·        ‘परिमल’ ‘सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ जीद्वारा रचित है।

‘दर्शन दिग्दर्शन – रामचंद्र शुक्ल’ युग्म सही नहीं है, इसकी रचना राहुल सांकृत्यायन ने की थी। अतः सही विकल्प ‘दर्शन दिग्दर्शन – रामचंद्र शुक्ल’ है।

विशेष

रामचंद्र शुक्ल की काव्य कृतियाँ ‘हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास, रस मीमांसा, चिंतामणि’ आदि हैं।

अन्य विकल्प

वोल्गा से गंगा  - हिंदी साहित्य के महापण्डित राहुल सांकृत्यायन की रचना है जिसमें 6000 ई. पू. से 1942 तक मानव समाज के ऐतिहासिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक आधारों का 20 कहानियों के रूप में पूर्ण चित्रण किया गया है।

सूरज का सातवाँ घोड़ा – यह धर्मवीर भारती का प्रसिद्ध उपन्यास है। धर्मवीर भारती की इस लघु औपन्यासिक रचना में हितोपदेश और पंचतंत्रवाली शैली में 7 दोपहरी में कही गई कहानियों के रूप में एक उपन्यास निर्मित किया गया है।

आर्यों का आदि देश  - डॉ सम्पूर्णानन्द की रचना है।

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘हाँ मेरा यही विचार है’ विराम चिह्न की दृष्टि से अशुद्ध है।

• यहाँ ‘हाँ’ के बाद ‘,’ अल्प विराम चिह्न का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।
• अर्थात ‘हाँ, मेरा यही विचार है’ विराम चिह्न की दृष्टि से शुद्ध है।

Key Points

• विराम चिह्न  – भाषा के लिखित रूप में विशेष स्थानों पर रुकने का संकेत करने वाले चिह्नों को विराम चिह्न कहते हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘अधुनातन’ शब्द भिन्न अर्थ और प्रकृति का है। अधुनातन शब्द का अर्थ ‘आजकल का’ या 'आधुनिक' है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘अधुनातन’ है।

विस्तृत विवरण

• चिरंतन अर्थात ‘बहुत दिनों से चला आता रहनेवाला, पुरातन’।
• शाश्वत अर्थात ‘सदा रहनेवाला’।
• सनातन अर्थात 'हमेशा बना रहने वाला, जिसका आदि है ना अंत है’।
• अधुनातन अर्थात ‘आजकल का, आधुनिक, अब का, हाल का’।

‘अर्वाचीन’ अर्थात ‘आधुनिक, नया’ अतः इसका विलोम ‘प्राचीन (पुराना, पूर्व काल से सम्बंधित)’ होगा। अतः सही विकल्प ‘प्राचीन’ है।

अन्य विकल्प

• अद्यतन अर्थात ‘आज का, आज से सबंधित, चालू, ताज़ा’।
• सनातन अर्थात 'हमेशा बना रहने वाला, जिसका आदि है ना अंत है’।
• अधुनातन अर्थात ‘आजकल का, आधुनिक, अब का, हाल का’।

 

 

विशेष - 

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘वरिहणी’ की वर्तनी अशुद्ध है। वरिहणी की शुद्ध वर्तनी ‘विरहिणी’ है अर्थात ‘प्रिय या पति से बिछुड़ी हुई नायिका, वियोगिनी’। अन्य विकल्पों की वर्तनी शुद्ध है। अतः सही विकल्प वरिहणी है।

अन्य विकल्प

• गृहिणी अर्थात ‘घर पर रहने वाली  विवाहित स्त्री, पत्नी’।
• विभीषण अर्थात ‘अत्यंत भीषण, देशद्रोही, रावण का भाई’।
• जगद्गुरु अर्थात ‘व्यक्ति जो संसार में गुरु या श्रेष्ठ माना जाए’।

सही विकल्प ‘सब्ज बाग दिखलाना - हरा-भरा करना’ है।

Key Points

दिए गए विकल्पों में अशुद्ध युग्म ‘सब्ज बाग दिखलाना - हरा-भरा करना’ है।

‘सब्ज बाग दिखलाना’ मुहावरे का सही अर्थ है ‘झूठी आशा देना’।

अन्य विकल्प युग्म की दृष्टि से सही हैं।

वाक्य प्रयोग- मनीष ने लोगो को विदेश भेजने का सब्ज बाग दिखाया और उनसे पैसे लेकर फरार हो गया।

उपर्युक्त दोहे में श्लेष अलंकार का प्रयोग हुआ है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘श्लेष अलंकार’ है।

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण - 

• श्लेष अलंकार अर्थात जब एक ही शब्द के विभिन्न अर्थ निकलते हों।
• ​जैसे – ‘रहिमन पानी राखिए बिन पानी सब सून ‘पानी’ गए न ऊबरे मोती मानस चून’ यहाँ ‘पानी’ मोती के सन्दर्भ में ‘चमक’, मनुष्य के सन्दर्भ में ‘विनम्रता’ तथा ‘चून (आटा)’ के सन्दर्भ में ‘जल अर्थात पानी’ है।
• उपर्युक्त पद्य में राधा जी के पीले शरीर की छाया नीले कृष्ण पर पड़ने से वे हरे लगने लगते है।
• दूसरा अर्थ है कि राधा की छाया पड़ने से कृष्ण हरित (प्रसन्न) हो उठते हैं।

Important Points

अन्य विकल्प

‘गौशाला’ शब्द का विग्रह करने पर ‘गाय की शाला’ होता है जहाँ उत्तरपद प्रधान है तथा समास विग्रह के बाद ‘की’ विभक्ति का लोप होता है अर्थात यहाँ तत्पुरुष समास है। ​तत्पुरुष समास अर्थात जिस समास में उत्तरपद प्रधान हो तथा समास करने के उपरांत विभक्ति (कारक चिन्ह) का लोप हो। जैसे – धर्म का ग्रन्थ = धर्मग्रन्थ, तुलसीदास द्वारा कृत = तुलसीदासकृत। अतः सही विकल्प ‘तत्पुरुष’ है।

अन्य विकल्प

'देशभक्ति' में 'तत्पुरुष' समास है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'तत्पुरुष' है। 

Key Points 

स्पष्टीकरण - 

'देशभक्ति' का समास विग्रह 'देश के लिए भक्ति' होगा। 'देशभक्ति' में सम्प्रदान कारक छिपा हुआ है। 

इसमें कारक की चतुर्थी विभक्ति 'के लिए' है। इसीलिए 'देशभक्ति' में 'सम्प्रदान तत्पुरुष समास' है। 

Additional Information 

विशेष

‘प्रागैतिहासिक’ का संधि विच्छेद ‘प्राक् + ऐतिहासिक’ है तथा यहाँ व्यंजन संधि है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ‘प्राक्’ है।

• कुछ अव्यय भी उपसर्ग का काम करते हैं, यहाँ प्राक् उपसर्ग ही है।

 Key Points

• व्यंजन संधि में यदि प्रथम वर्ण + घोष वर्ण पंचम वर्ण को छोड़कर आये तो प्रथम वर्ण अपने वर्ग के तृतीय वर्ण में रूपांतरित हो जाएगा। जैसे – वाक् + दान = वाग्दान, उत् + अय = उदय। ​व्यंजन संधि के नियम के अनुसार किसी भी वर्ग का पहला वर्ण (क, च, त आदि) + घोष वर्ण (तीसरा या चौथा वर्ण, स्वर तथा अन्तस्थ (य, र, ल, व) ) आये तो पहला वर्ण अपने वर्ग के तीसरे वर्ण में रूपांतरित हो जाता है।
• व्यंजन संधि के अनुसार ‘प्राक्’ उपसर्ग प्रयुक्त हुआ है जिसका अर्थ पहले या सामने होता है।

 Additional Information

Additional Information

‘तुलसीदास’ कविता सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ द्वारा रचित है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ है। 

विशेष

• सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ जी की अन्य रचनायें 'अनामिका, गीत कुञ्ज, अप्सरा, सखी, चयन, महाभारत' आदि हैं। 

अन्य विकल्प

• मुक्तिबोध की रचनाएँ ‘साहित्य की डायरी, भारत : इतिहास और संस्कृति’ आदि हैं।
• अज्ञेय की रचनाएँ ‘नदी की द्वीप, शेखर: एक जीवनी’ आदि हैं।
• हरिवंशराय बच्चन की रचनाएँ ‘मधुशाला, सतरंगिनी’ आदि हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘निस्तेज’ शब्द का संधि विच्छेद ‘निः + तेज’ है तथा यहाँ विसर्ग संधि है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘निः + तेज’ है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• विसर्ग संधि में यदि विसर्ग के बाद ‘त, श या स’ हो तो विसर्ग के बदले ‘श या स्’ हो जाता है। जैसे – निः + संतान = निस्संतान, निः + तेज़ = निस्तेज।

विशेष

‘वैदेही वनवास’ कविता कोश के रचयिता अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ हैं। ‘वैदेही वनवास’ कविता कोश भारतीय काव्य का विशालतम और अव्यवसायिक संकलन है जिसमें हिन्दी उर्दू, भोजपुरी, अवधी, राजस्थानी आदि पचास से अधिक भाषाओं का काव्य है। अतः सही विकल्प अयोध्या सिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’ है।

अन्य विकल्प

• रामधारी सिंह ‘दिनकर’ की रचनाएँ ‘रश्मिरथी, उर्वशी’ आदि हैं।
• मैथिलीशण गुप्त की रचनाएँ ‘पंचवटी, यशोधरा’ आदि हैं।
• श्रीधर पाठक की रचनाएँ ‘जगत सचाई-सार, 'मनोविनोद’ आदि हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘पहिया’ शब्द पुल्लिंग है जिसका अर्थ है ‘चक्का’। 'पहिया' शब्द का प्रयोग पुल्लिंग में किया जाता है, जैसे - 'गाड़ी का पहिया घिस गया है। ('पहिया घिस गयी है' अनुपयुक्त होगा)। अन्य विकल्प स्त्रीलिंग हैं। अतः सही विकल्प ‘पहिया’ है।

अन्य विकल्प

• लिखावट अर्थात ‘लिखने का ढंग’।
• पखावज अर्थात ‘मृदंग के आकार का छोटा बाजा’।
• मझधार अर्थात ‘नदी आदि की बीच की धारा’।

The correct answer is 'Mice'.

• Look at the following points-
• 'Mice' is the plural form of 'Mouse.
• Example-  Mice has nibbled all the cheese away.

                                    Mice have nibbled all the cheese away.

Note- [Since the subject i.e. 'mice' is plural hence the verb will be placed in plural form]

• Dog, Fox, and Goat are in the singular form.
• Hence, the correct option is 4 and therefore the answer.

Hinglish

• 'Mice' 'Mouse' का बहुवचन रूप है।
• ​Example-  Mice has nibbled all the cheese away.

                 Mice have nibbled all the cheese away.

Note- [चूंकि subject यानि 'mice' plural है इसलिए क्रिया को plural form में रखा जाएगा]

• Dog, Fox, and Goat singular form में हैं।
• अत: सही विकल्प 4 है और इसलिए उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 2

Key Points

• Let's look at the following points- 
• There are certain Noun which looks like Plural but there are actually in the Singular form and followed by Singular form of Verb
• List of such Nouns are- Statics, Ethics, News, Politics, Economics, Measles, Mumps, Innings, Billiards, Darts, etc.
• Example- The news delivered by this channel are not correct.

​

                                     The news delivered by this channel is not correct.

• Other given options are in Plural form; thus the correct option is 2 and therefore the answer.'

Hinglish

• आइए निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं पर नजर डालते हैं-
• कुछ संज्ञाएं हैं जो बहुवचन की तरह दिखती हैं लेकिन वास्तव में एकवचन रूप में होती हैं और इसके बाद क्रिया का एकवचन रूप होता है।
• ऐसी संज्ञाओं की सूची हैं- Statics, Ethics, News, Politics, Economics, Measles, Mumps, Innings, Billiards, Darts, etc.
• ​Example- The news delivered by this channel are not correct.

​

                                                 The news delivered by this channel is not correct.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb; it follows the given structure-

• 'Subject + Verb + Object'.

• The given sentence "I requested him to come in time" represents that there is a subject i.e. 'I' which acts upon its verb i.e. 'requested'. It follows the above structure.

• From the above explanation it can be concluded that the correct answer is "Option 3".

• ​Passive voice means that a subject is a recipient of a verb's action; The structure of the Passive voice-

• ​Subject (Object of Active voice)+ Helping Verb+ Main Verb + By + Object (Subject of Active voice)

• Now, look at the following points-

• ​​Among all the given options, the only 3^rd denotes the correct format of active voice; Subject (I) + Verb (Requested) + Object (him)

• All other options are given with the Helping verb and Third form of Main Verb

• Thus, the correct option is 3^rd and therefore the answer.​

Hinglish

• Active voice का अर्थ है कि एक वाक्य में एक विषय होता है जो उसकी क्रिया पर कार्य करता है; यह दी गई संरचना का अनुसरण करता है-
• 'विषय + क्रिया + वस्तु'।**('**Subject + Verb + Object')

​

• Passive voice का अर्थ है कि एक subject verb के action का प्राप्तकर्ता है; Passive voice की संरचना-

• विषय (सक्रिय आवाज का उद्देश्य)+ सहायक क्रिया + मुख्य क्रिया + द्वारा + वस्तु (सक्रिय आवाज का विषय) (​Subject (Object of Active voice)+ Helping Verb+ Main Verb + By + Object (Subject of Active voice)

• अब, निम्नलिखित कारणों को देखें-

• दिए गए सभी विकल्पों में से केवल तीसरा विकल्प active voice के सही प्रारूप को दर्शाता है; विषय (I) + क्रिया (Requested) + वस्तु (him)

• अन्य सभी विकल्प सहायक क्रिया और मुख्य क्रिया के तीसरे रूप के साथ दिए गए हैंI

• इस प्रकार, सही विकल्प तीसरा है और इसलिए उत्तर है।​

The correct answer is option 3

• Whenever we change a sentence from active to the passive form we use the order -
• Subject (Object of Active voice)+ Helping Verb + Past Participle + by + Object (Subject of Active Voice)
• The verb in the Passive form is changed to its past participle.
• In option 3^rd, the verb used is 'assisted' which is a past participle of 'assist'; 'He' is an object while 'group of students' is the subject.
• Thus, option 3 is the correct option and therefore the answer.

Hinglish

• जब भी हम किसी वाक्य को active से passive form में बदलते हैं तो हम क्रम का उपयोग करते हैं -
• Subject (Active voice का object)+ Helping Verb+ Past Participle + by + Object (Subject of Active Voice)
• Passive voice में क्रिया को past participle में बदल दिया जाता है।
• विकल्प 3 में, प्रयुक्त क्रिया 'assisted' है जो 'assist' का past participle है; 'He' एक object है जबकि 'group of students' subject है।
• इस प्रकार, विकल्प 3 सही विकल्प है और इसलिए उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Definite article

Key Points

• 'A' and 'An' both are indefinite articles used for a singular person/thing, while 'The' is a definite article.
• 'The' is used in front of a noun when we believe the listener/reader knows exactly what we are referring to or Use to refer to something which has already been mentioned.
• E.g., There's a position available in my team. Job will involve some international travel. 

                                    There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international travel.

• Here, in the given context, 'man' and 'police' are the two subject/ Nouns for which definite article 'the' has been used.
• Thus, option 4 is correct and, therefore, the answer.

Hinglish

• 'A' and 'An' दोनों indefinite articles हैं जिनका उपयोग किसी एक व्यक्ति/वस्तु के लिए किया जाता है, जबकि 'The' एक definite article है।
• संज्ञा के सामने 'The' का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब हम मानते हैं कि श्रोता/पाठक ठीक-ठीक जानता है कि हम क्या कह रहे हैं या किसी ऐसी चीज का उल्लेख करने के लिए उपयोग करें जिसका पहले ही उल्लेख किया जा चुका है।
• E.g., There's a position available in my team. Job will involve some international travel. 

                                    There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international travel.

• यहाँ दिए गए सन्दर्भ में 'पुरुष' और 'पुलिस' दो विषय/ संज्ञा हैं जिनके लिए निश्चित लेख 'द' का प्रयोग किया गया है।
• इस प्रकार, विकल्प 4 सही है।

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Common gender

Key Points

• Let's look at the following points-

• Nouns that stand for both Males and Females, they are called common gender. (जिन संज्ञाओं से नर और मादा दोनों का बोध होता है)

• List of Common Noun- teacher, student, cousin, parent, etc.

• Hence, in the given sentence 'Students' is a Common Gender.

• Now, look at the following points-

• Feminine gender- A noun that shows female subtype, is known as feminine gender.(जिस संज्ञा से स्त्री के उपप्रकार का पता चलता है, उसे feminine gender कहते हैं।)

• For example: queen, woman, girl, mother, vixen, etc.

• Masculine gender- A noun that shows male subtype is known as masculine gender. (एक संज्ञा जो पुरुष उपप्रकार को दर्शाती है उसे masculine gender के रूप में जाना जाता है)

• For example: man, boy, father, cock, bull, fox, etc.

• Neuter gender- Some nouns are neither male nor female; they fall under the neuter gender.(कुछ संज्ञाएं न तो नर हैं और न ही स्त्री; वे neuter gender के अंतर्गत आते हैं।)

• For example: table, hair, city, etc

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Past continuous

Key Points

• The correct tense used here is past continuous because 'was going' is the verb.
• The past continuous (also called past progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show that an ongoing past action
• The past continuous is formed using was/were + present participle.
• For e.g.- He was constantly talking.
• Hence, the given sentence denotes the 'Past Continuous Tense'.

Hinglish

• यहाँ प्रयुक्त सही tense  past continuous है क्योंकि 'जा रहा था' क्रिया है।
• The past continuous  (जिसे past progressive भी कहा जाता है) एक क्रिया काल है जिसका उपयोग चल रही पिछली क्रिया को दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• Past continuous का गठन was/were + present participle  का उपयोग करके किया गया है।
• For e.g.- He was constantly talking.
• अत: दिया गया वाक्य 'Past Continuous Tense' का द्योतक है।

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. listening

Key Points

• Language learning is the process of learning to speak and understand a foreign language. It helps children to acquire practical commands of language.
• Language learning is a result of deliberate and conscious effort for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning. It starts with 'listening' as:
• listening is one of the most important skills to promote active communication.
• listening is the ability to accurately identify the sounds of speech to interpret messages.
• first, we listen in order to assimilate information or to access messages through the spoken word.
• Hence, it could be concluded that language learning starts from 'listening'

NOTE: 'Writing', 'reading', and 'speaking' are also useful for learning a language but not more than listening.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e To enjoy and appreciate the poem. 

Key Points

• The main purpose of poetry recitation in a language classroom is to enjoy and appreciate the poem by reciting it loud.
• The key step in learning any language is to read, understand and appreciate the beauty of the language through its literary works.
• Poetry is one of the most important literary works in any language and it is always a must to read enjoy and appreciate it to learn the language.
• Thus the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. a, an

Key Points

• 'A' and 'An' both are indefinite articles used for a singular person/thing while 'The' is a definite article.
• 'A' is used before words which make a consonant sound and 'an' is used before words which make a vowel-like 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u', sound.
• For e.g.- I would like to go see a movie.

                                  We are looking for an apartment.

• Here in the sentence, it's 'a European' because European makes a 'yu' sound not a 'u' or an 'e'.
• 'An elephant' is correct as it makes 'a' sound.

​

The correct solution- Yesterday I saw a European riding on an elephant.

Hinglish

• 'A' और 'an' दोनों indefinite articles हैं जिनका उपयोग किसी एक व्यक्ति/वस्तु के लिए किया जाता है जबकि 'The' एक definite article है।
• व्यंजन ध्वनि बनाने वाले शब्दों से पहले 'a' का प्रयोग किया जाता है और 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u', ध्वनि जैसे स्वर बनाने वाले शब्दों से पहले 'an' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• उदाहरण के लिए - I would like to go see a movie.

                            We are looking for an apartment.

• यहां वाक्य में, यह 'a European' है क्योंकि यूरोपीय 'yu' ध्वनि बनाता है न कि 'u' या 'e'।
• 'An elephant' सही है क्योंकि यह 'a' ध्वनि करता है।

The correct answer is option is 2

 

• Here, 'describe' means give an account in words of or to elaborate something.
• 'About' is inappropriate in the above sentence, 'about the story' is not grammatically correct since it will talk about a singular aspect, but here we are talking about the story as a whole.
• Hence, option 2 is correct and therefore the answer.

The correct solution: Please describe the story.

Hinglish

• यहाँ, 'describe' का अर्थ है किसी बात को शब्दों में बयां करना या विस्तृत करना।
• उपरोक्त वाक्य में 'about' अनुचित है, 'about the story' व्याकरणिक रूप से सही नहीं है क्योंकि यह एकवचन पहलू के बारे में बात करेगा, लेकिन यहां हम पूरी कहानी के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं।
• इसलिए, विकल्प 2 सही है और इसलिए उत्तर है।

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. of 

Key Points

• 'of' is the correct preposition for the blank because it expresses the relationship between a part and a whole, here it forms a relationship between the prisoner and murder.
• Look at the following points-
• 'for' is wrong because it means in support of or in favour of. 
• For eg: I've waited at that station for five hours.
• 'to' means expressing motion in the direction of.
• For eg:  She told him to stop.
• 'off' means away from the place in question. 
• For eg: Thank you for getting me off the hook.

The correct sentence-  A prisoner was accused of murder.

Hinglish

• 'of' रिक्त स्थान के लिए सही पूर्वसर्ग है क्योंकि यह एक हिस्से और एक पूरे के बीच के संबंध को व्यक्त करता है, यहां यह कैदी और हत्या के बीच संबंध बनाता है।
• निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं को देखें-
• 'for' गलत है क्योंकि इसका अर्थ समर्थन या पक्ष में है।
• For eg: I've waited at that station for five hours.
• 'to'  दिशा की गति को व्यक्त करता है।
• For eg:  She told him to stop.
• ''off'  का अर्थ है विचाराधीन स्थान से दूर।
• For eg: Thank you for getting me off the hook.

The correct answer is guilty.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct option.
• Innocent- not guilty of a crime or offence
• Guilty- means responsible for a specified wrongdoing
• Hence from the given meanings, we find that both the words i.e. Innocent and Guilty express the opposite meanings

Additional Information 

• Let's look at the meanings of the other given words.
• Clever- Quick to understand, learn and devise or apply ideas.
• Ignorant- Lacking knowledge or awareness.
• Active- Engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits.

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए शब्द का अर्थ और सही विकल्प देखें।
• Innocent- अपराध या अपराध का दोषी नहीं।
• Guilty- एक निर्दिष्ट गलत काम के लिए जिम्मेदार।
• Clever- विचारों को समझने, सीखने और तैयार करने या लागू करने के लिए त्वरित।
• Ignorant- ज्ञान या जागरूकता की कमी।
• Active- शारीरिक रूप से ऊर्जावान गतिविधियों में संलग्न या संलग्न होने के लिए तैयार।

The correct answer is important.

Key Points

• Let's look at the meaning of the given word and the correct answer. 

• Significant- means of great significance or value.(बहुत महत्व या मूल्य का साधन)

• Important- having great value or influence; very necessary.(महान मूल्य या प्रभाव होना; अति आवश्यक)

• Hence, from the given meanings, we find that both the words Significant and Important have similar meanings.

• Let's look at the meaning of the other given options.

• Prominent- Projecting from something; famous.(किसी चीज से प्रोजेक्ट करना; प्रसिद्ध)

• Magnificent- Impressively beautiful, elaborate, or extravagant; striking.(प्रभावशाली रूप से सुंदर, विस्तृत, या असाधारण)

• Efficient- Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.(न्यूनतम व्यर्थ प्रयास या व्यय के साथ अधिकतम उत्पादकता प्राप्त करना)

The correct answer is option 4, i.e., Important

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Ox 

Key Points

• Some words are made plural by adding a suffix 'en', 'er', 'es', 'ren', etc.
• For e.g.- Children, Biases, Quizzes, Women, etc
• The word that can be made plural by adding a suffix ‘en’ is 'Ox' which becomes 'Oxen'.
• The plural of the following words are:
• Box- 'boxes'
• Tax-'Taxes'
• Max -'Maxes'

Hinglish

• कुछ शब्द प्रत्यय 'en', 'er', 'es', 'ren', आदि जोड़कर बहुवचन बनते हैं।
• उदाहरण के लिए- Children, Biases, Quizzes, Women,आदि
• जिस शब्द में प्रत्यय 'en' जोड़कर बहुवचन बनाया जा सकता है, वह 'Ox' है जो 'Oxen' बन जाता है।
• निम्नलिखित शब्दों का बहुवचन है:
• Box- 'boxes'
• Tax-'Taxes'
• Max -'Maxes'

The correct solution is option 2 i.e yours

Key Points

• Reading the sentence we find that the blank requires a possessive pronoun. 
• Out of the given options only yours is an absolute possessive pronoun.
• The possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs.
• In the sentence, it shows the possession of the dress.
• Thus the correct answer is option 2 yours.

Hence, the correct answer is, This dress is yours ​and that one is mine.

Hinglish

• वाक्य को पढ़कर हम पाते हैं कि रिक्त स्थान के लिए एक possessive pronoun की आवश्यकता होती है।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से केवल yours एक पूर्ण possessive pronoun है।
• Possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs.
• वाक्य में, यह dress के possession को दर्शाता है।
• इस प्रकार सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 'yours' है।

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Has this question been asked by the girls?

Key Points

• Whenever we change from active to the passive form we use the general order as 'Object+ Auxiliary verb + Past participle + by + Subject'.
• Here, the verb used is 'have' which is used for 'girls', in passive voice it is changed to 'has' for the singular object 'question'.
• In an interrogative sentence, the verbs like Has, Have, Had, Will, Shall, Can, May etc. do not change their position at the beginning of the sentence while changing the sentence from Active to Passive voice.
• For e.g.- Had she finished the assignment? [Active voice]

​                         Had the work been finished by him? [Passive voice]

The correct solution- Has this question been asked by the girls?

Hinglish

• जब भी हम active से passive voice में बदलते हैं तो हम सामान्य क्रम का उपयोग 'Object+ Auxiliary verb + Past participle + by + Subject' के रूप में करते हैं।
• यहाँ प्रयुक्त क्रिया 'have' है जिसका प्रयोग 'girls' के लिए किया जाता है, निष्क्रिय स्वर में इसे एकवचन वस्तु 'question' के लिए 'has' में बदल दिया जाता है।
• एक interrogative sentence में, क्रियाएँ जैसे है, Has, Have, Had, Will, Shall, Can, May आदि, वाक्य की शुरुआत में सक्रिय से निष्क्रिय आवाज में बदलते समय अपनी स्थिति नहीं बदलती हैं।
• For e.g.- Had she finished the assignment? [Active voice]

               ​Had the work been finished by him? [Passive voice]

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e Proper noun. 

Key Points

• Reading the above passage we find that Gangapur is the name of a place. 
• A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing. (proper noun किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को कहते हैं।)
• So, 'Gangapur' is the name of a place, therefore, it is a proper noun.
• Thus the correct answer is option 4 i.e Gangapur.

Additional Information

• A common noun is a word used for a class of person, place or thing.(common noun वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के वर्ग के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: My favourite newspaper (common noun) is the Washington Post.
• A collective noun is words to describe groups.(collective noun समूह का वर्णन करने वाले शब्द हैं।) 
• Example: Our class(collective noun)  took a field trip to the natural history museum.
• Material nouns are materials or substances out of which things are made.(material noun वे पदार्थ या पदार्थ होते हैं जिनसे वस्तुओं का निर्माण होता है।)
• Example: The bat is made of wood from a tree. (wood- material noun).

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e Adjective

Key Points

• Reading the passage we find that the word brave is something that defines the children.(brave, children को परिभाषित करता है।) 
• An adjective is a word defining a noun or giving more attributes to it. (विशेषण वह शब्द है जो किसी संज्ञा को परिभाषित करता है या उसे अधिक विशेषता देता है।)
• Example: On her birthday, Brenda received an antique(adjective) vase filled with fragrant
• Brave is an adjective as it is describing the noun children. (brave एक विशेषण है क्योंकि यह संज्ञा 'children' का वर्णन कर रहा है।)
• Thus the correct answer is option 3 i.e adjective.

Additional Information 

• A noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things. (एक noun एक शब्द है (सर्वनाम के अलावा) किसी भी वर्ग के लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों की पहचान करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• Example: My favourite newspaper (common noun) is the Washington Post (proper noun).
• A preposition is a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause. (एक preposition एक शब्द है जो शासन करता है, और आमतौर पर पूर्ववर्ती, एक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम और खंड में किसी अन्य शब्द या तत्व के संबंध को व्यक्त करता है)
• Example: He sat on the chair.
• A pronoun makes up a small subcategory of nouns. The distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that they can be substituted for other nouns. (एक pronoun संज्ञाओं की एक छोटी उपश्रेणी बनाता है। सर्वनामों की विशिष्ट विशेषता यह है कि उन्हें अन्य संज्ञाओं के लिए substitute किया जा सकता है।)
• Example: Sarah has always loved fashion. She announced that she wants to go to fashion school.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e Gold

Key Points

• Gold is a material noun because gold is a material.(सोना एक material noun है क्योंकि सोना एक पदार्थ है।)
• Material nouns are materials or substances out of which things are made.(द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा वे पदार्थ या पदार्थ होते हैं जिनसे वस्तुओं का निर्माण होता है।)
• Cows and air are not materials and class is not something you can make something of. (Cows और air कोई सामग्री नहीं हैं और class कोई ऐसी चीज नहीं है जिससे आप कुछ बना सकते हैं।)
• Thus, the correct answer is Gold.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e Connection

Key Points

• An abstract noun is a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.(एक abstract noun एक ठोस वस्तु के बजाय एक विचार, गुणवत्ता या स्थिति को दर्शाती है।)
• Here the word 'connection' is not a concrete object that one can touch or see.('connection' कोई ठोस वस्तु नहीं है जिसे कोई छू या देख सकता है।)
• Therefore, it is an abstract noun.
• Whereas the other options boy, woman, plough are things that you can actually see and touch. (जबकि अन्य विकल्प boy, woman, plough ऐसी चीजें हैं जिन्हें आप वास्तव में देख और छू सकते हैं।)
• Thus, the correct answer is option 1 i.e Connection.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e Abstract noun. 

Key Points

• An abstract noun is a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object which you cannot touch, see or feel. (एक abstract noun एक ऐसी संज्ञा है जो एक ठोस वस्तु के बजाय एक विचार, गुणवत्ता या स्थिति को दर्शाती है जिसे आप छू, देख या महसूस नहीं कर सकते।)
• The given word adversity is a state in which someone is, a situation which can only be experienced. (दिया गया शब्द adversity वह अवस्था है जिसमें कोई व्यक्ति होता है, एक ऐसी स्थिति जिसे केवल अनुभव किया जा सकता है।)
• Therefore the word adversity is an abstract noun.

Additional Information

• A common noun is a word used for a class of person, place or thing. (common noun वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के वर्ग के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
• A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing.(proper noun किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को कहते हैं।)
• Example: My favourite newspaper (common noun) is the Washington Post (proper noun).
• A collective noun is words to describe groups.(collective noun समूह का वर्णन करने वाले शब्द हैं।) 
• Example: Our class(collective noun)  took a field trip to the natural history museum.

The correct solution is option 1.

Key Points

• An adverb is a word group expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
• In the sentence, it is expressing his degree of work. Working is a verb which is modified by the word 'hard'. Thus, it is an adverb.
• A conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or coordinate words in the same clause.
• A preposition is a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause.
• A noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any class of people, places, or things.

Hinglish

• Adverb एक शब्द समूह है जो स्थान, समय, परिस्थिति, ढंग, कारण, डिग्री आदि के संबंध को व्यक्त करता है।
• वाक्य में, यह अपने काम की डिग्री व्यक्त कर रहा है। Working एक क्रिया है जिसे 'hard' शब्द modify करता है। इस प्रकार, यह एक क्रिया विशेषण(adverb) है।
• Conjunction एक शब्द है जिसका उपयोग खंड या वाक्यों को जोड़ने या एक ही खंड में शब्दों को समन्वयित करने के लिए किया जाता है।
• Preposition एक शब्द है जो शासन करता है, और आमतौर पर पूर्ववर्ती, एक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम और खंड में किसी अन्य शब्द या तत्व के संबंध को व्यक्त करता है।
• Noun (सर्वनाम के अलावा) किसी भी वर्ग के लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों की पहचान करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।

The correct answer is option 3 i.e She is poor but she is by nature hospitable. 

Key Points

• A conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. (एक conjunction एक शब्द है जिसका उपयोग खंड या वाक्यों को जोड़ने या एक ही खंड में शब्दों को समन्वयित करने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• The word but is a conjunction that is used to join two different sentences. (but शब्द एक conjunction है जिसका प्रयोग दो अलग-अलग वाक्यों को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• Thus the sentence is option 3 has the word but and therefore is the sentence with a conjunction. (इस प्रकार वाक्य विकल्प 3 में शब्द है 'but' और इसलिए एक conjunction के साथ वाक्य है।)
• Therefore the correct answer is option 3 i.e She is poor but she is by nature hospitable.