UPTET 2017 Paper 2 (Maths & Science) (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Perception is the process through which we interpret and organize the received information so as to produce our conscious experience of objects and their relationship.

• We feel something in sensation when the stimulus is present and when the meaning is added to them it becomes perception.
• In this process, physical energy; such as light, sound waves, heat; emanating from objects is transformed by the concerned sense organs into a code and transferred to and interpreted by the brain.
• The line between the two terms sensation and perception, therefore, is somewhat arbitrary.
• The sensation typically refers to the direct reception and transmission of messages, whereas perception refers to the active process of integrating and organizing these sensations.

Hence, we conclude that giving the meaning to sensation on the basis of past experience is called Perception.

Intelligence Quotient is abbreviated as IQ. IQ is a measurement of a person’s intelligence and it is measured in number. The average IQ of a person is 100.

An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula:

\({\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100\)

where Mental Age is based on your intellectual development.

Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

Given: CA = 5 years∴80=MA10×100∴80=MA10×100

MA = 8 years

\(\therefore IQ = \frac{{{\bf{8}}}}{{5}} \times 100\)

IQ = 160

Hence, the IQ of a child will be 160 and the child IQ will lie in above 130 IQ Range and having the Very Superior Intelligence (Gifted).

Mental retardation, as a developmental disability, has attracted considerable public attention. Its general debilitating character has made it a distinct category of disability. Individuals with mental retardation, face considerable difficulty in their lives in adapting to the demands of day-to-day life.

Classification of Mental Retardation:

Based On IQ: There are mainly three methods of classification of mental retardation. They are medical, psychological, and educational. The psychological and educational classifications are more commonly and widely used than medical classifications. 

• Educational Classification: This system uses the term educable, trainable, and custodial depending on the educational needs of retarded children.
• The IQ ranges of educable mentally retarded (EMR), trainable mentally retarded (TMR), and the custodial mentally retarded (CMR) are given below:
• | Levels of MR | IQ Range of MR | Educators | | --- | --- | --- | | Mild Retardation | 50-70 | Educable Mentally Retarded | | Moderate Retardation | 35-50 | Trainable Mentally Retarded | | Severe Retardation | 20-35 | Custodial Mentally Retarded | | Profound Retardation | Below 20 | Custodial Mentally Retarded) |

Important Points

• Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR): The educable mentally retarded children are those who can be taught the basic academic subjects.
• Trainable Mentally Retarded (TMR): The trainable mentally retarded are those children who can be taught functional academics with an emphasis on self-help and vocational skills.
• Custodial Mentally Retarded (CMR): The custodial mentally retarded are those children who require constant and special care especially in a residential institution.

Hence, we conclude that the 35 – 50 IQ range is called a trainable IQ level of mentally retarded children. So the answer is 36-49.

Rorschach inkblot Test: Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychiatrist, devised the Rorschach Inkblot Personality test in 1921. This test is most frequently used for the projective test

• The test consists of a standard set of 10 cards with inkblots printed on them.
• The Rorschach test is a measure of both intellectual and non-intellectual personality traits.
• In the series of 10 cards five are achromatic, two cards are black and red, and the remaining three cards are polychromatic in combination of green, blue, orange and pink blots.
• Conducted by the examiner to determine important aspects of each response into a coding system under four categories; Location, Determinant, Content, and Popularity.
• It consists of the following categories of scoring the protocol:-
• Total number of responses (R)
• Human responses (H)
• Animal responses (A)
• Anatomical responses (At)
• Sex responses (Sex)
• Movement responses (M)
• Rejection of images (Rej.)
• Most typical responses (MT)
• Typical responses (T)
• Atypical responses (AT).
• In the test, the subjects are asked to simply state whatever each inkblot looks like to them.
• Responses are scored by the psychologists using predetermined categories, on key factors such as color and shape, movement.
• These blots are frequently used for personality description, diagnosis of mental disorders, and for behaviour predictions.
• The whole procedure of The Rorschach Test is a combined set of three components, viz., performance proper, inquiry, and scoring.

Hence, we conclude that Rorschach inkblot test is used to measured Personality traits.

Forgetting: Forgetting is a failure to retrieve information from long-term memory stores. Much of the information is lost but enough remains so that we have a sketchy record of our lives. Sometimes what we think is forgotten in real sense is not forgotten because it was never encoded and stored in the first place. 

Causes of Forgetting:  Many students complain that they do not remember the contents after attending the class or forget after reading .the text. This happens due to :

• Mental Conflict: Many times we forget as memory does not match events that had occurred. This happens due to the constructive processes i.e. during encoding, the to-be-remembered information, interference due to similar material.
• Under-learning, some information does not reach short term memory from the sensory register.
• Defective methods of remembering: Inadequate encoding and rehearsal, the information may not have been transferred from short term to long term memory.

NOTE: Desire to learn is helpful in remembering the information for the long term.

Hence, we conclude that the desire to remember is not the cause of forgetting.

Statistics: In the singular sense, Statistics refers to what is called statistical methods which means the science which deals with the techniques for collection, classifying, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of statistical/numerical data information. In simple language, it means the subject of Statistics like any other subject such as Mathematics or Economics. 

• This definition lays emphasis on five important aspects, which in fact, constitute the very scope of the subject called Statistics or Statistical Methods. These are:
• Collection of Data: In any statistical inquiry, the collection of data is the first basic step. They form the foundation of statistical analysis, and therefore utmost care should be taken in collecting data in Primary and Secondary form.
• Classification of Data: It follows editing. It involves arranging data according to some common characteristics.
• Presentation of Data: Presented the data in the form of diagrams and graphs to facilitate the understanding of various trends as well as the process of comparison of various situations.
• Analysis of Data: It is the most important step in any statistical inquiry. A major portion of this course in Statistics is devoted to the methods used for analyzing the collected data to derive some policy conclusions.
• Interpretation of Data: It is the last but very crucial stage of a statistical inquiry or investigation. It is a job in itself that requires a high degree of aptitude, skill, and experience.

Additional Information

Hence, we conclude that the science which deals with the methods of collecting, classifying, presenting, comparing, and interpreting numerical data is called Statistics.

Sir Cyril Burt, the distinguished psychologist, and educationist can be regarded as the pioneer investigator of the 'Educational quotient of the Backward Child'. His work on the Backward Child' is of prime importance.

• In- his book 'The Backward Child,' Burt reported his study. In the beginning, before reporting his work, he thought it useful to clarify and distinguish the term 'backward' from some other related terms like 'dull' and 'retarded'.
• Burt was the first who given the term 'Educationally quotient for backward children'.
• Burt's view regarding the term 'backward' refers to the Educational Age in relation to the Chronological Age.
• Children having an Educational Quotient of 85 or less could be regarded as Educationally Backward, according to his criterion.
• He states: "Educationally backward in the technical sense all those who in the middle of their school career would be unable to do the work of the class next below that which is normal for their age".

Hence, we conclude that Cyril Burt has given the concept of educational quotient for backward children.

Tests are devices to gather information through some specified tasks presented to individuals. We come across various types of tests in education e.g. oral, written and practical; group or individual; performance, etc. Sometimes 'examination' is also used to mean a device or a test. 

Key Points

Characteristics of Good Test: A good test should enable us to the achievement or ability accurately and economically. Here we take a good test - validity, reliability, and usability.

• Validity: A test is said to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Cronbach defines validity as "the extent to which a test measures what it to measure".
• Reliability: A test is reliable if it gives consistent results of measurement on its administration on different occasions. Pupils should score similar scores if the test is repeated. Its administration maybe after some gap of time and the condition is that pupils do not receive any further training of related test content.
• Usability: Usability refers to practicability - ease, and economy in terms of energy, time, and money. Usability means a test should be: easy to construct; easy in administrating; easy in scoring; easy in interpreting; and economic in terms of money and time.
• Objectivity: When a student's score on a test is based only on the student's answers and not on the personal biases of the scorer (or teacher), then the scoring is considered to be objective. This depends on the procedure of the scoring (and the type of item to be scored).

Hence, we conclude that aptitude is not a characteristic of a good test, it is a part of the personality.

Theory of Regression: It is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent.

Key Points

Intelligence Theories: 

Hence, we conclude that the Theory of regression is not the theory of intelligence. It is a part of statistical analysis.

The correct answer is Salivary gland.

Explanation:

Gland: A gland is an organ which produces and releases substances that perform a specific function in the body. Glands are two types:

• Exocrine glands are the glands that secrete their product into a duct. 
• For example, the salivary gland secretes the saliva into the salivary duct.
• Endocrine glands are the glands that secrete their product directly into the blood. There are no ducts in endocrine glands. 
• For example Hypothalamus gland, Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland etc.

So, Salivary gland is not a ductless gland.

"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Key Points

• According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is the 'pre-operations stage' which lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
• In this stage, the child faces problems with the concept of conservation and struggles with the idea of centration and irreversibility.

Characteristics of the Preoperational Period:

• Egocentrism takes place.
• Begin to think symbolically.
• Develops the skills of language acquisition.
• Begin to use words and pictures to represent objects.
• Learns to compare objects through external characteristics.

Hence, it could be concluded that according to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is the pre-operational stage.

 Additional Information

Refer to the image for conceptual understanding of the characteristics of other stages of Piaget's theory:

Physical development is regulated by a complex balance between the heredity/genetic constitution and the environmental factors, all interdependent. 

Key Points

Factors Influencing Physical Development

• Heredity Factors: Heredity refers to the genetic constitution of an individual which is established during conception. It is the property of organic beings by which offsprings have the nature and characteristics of parents or ancestors. The height of a child depends more on heredity, while the weight, though also influenced Physical and Motor Development by heredity.
• Environmental Factors: Though heredity and environment are closely inter-related and each human being at birth has a gene determined physical, mental, and biochemical potential. Environmental factors like nutrition, living standard, family surroundings, etc. This potential may not be reached because of environmental influences. Environment influences this potential only to a limited extent favorably or unfavorably.
• Health Factors: The children are highly vulnerable to the negative health consequences associated with many environmental exposures. Health factors like, physical exercise, sports, games, etc. These factors influencing the physical development of a child. These factors also influence the growth of an individual. So school should provide physical exercises and games for child physical development.

Hence, we conclude that all are the factors influencing Physical Development.

Intelligence Quotient is commonly known as IQ refers to the score of a standardized test that assesses and measures human intelligence.

• The first test to measure intelligence was developed by Binet and Simon in 1905.
• Terman in 1916 revised the test and devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient.
• An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula given below,

\({\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100\)

• Where, Mental Age is based on intellectual development.
• Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

Hence, it could be concluded that MA/CA × 100 is the correct formula to calculate IQ.

Additional Information

John Dewey: The work of Dewey (1933) is considered as the beginning of the study and application of reflection.

• For him, reflection is a kind of thinking, in the process of which one brings the subject to the forefront of the mind and gives serious thought to this.
• It is a process of manipulation of knowledge and its reprocessing towards the set goal, and so, it is goal-directed.
• One ‘thinks’ when in uncertainty or difficulty so as to solve the ‘perplexity’, and the process leads to testing through some action.
• Dewey believed that effective education through reflection should aim at ‘making sense of the world’, and therefore, this is related to experience.
• Learners are aware of and control their learning by active participation in reflective thinking.
• In the reflective experience in which the environment is used as the object of reflection.

Key Points

Dewey’s concept of reflective thought and action, depicted comprises five phases: 

• Disturbance and uncertainty
• Intellectualization
• Formation of Hypothesis
• Reasoning
• Hypothesis Testing.

Hence we conclude that John Dewey described 'reflective thinking'.

Inductive Reasoning is a way of proving a statement or generalizing a rule or principle by proving or showing that if a statement or a rule is true in one particular case, it will be true in cases, which appear in some serial order, and thus it may be applied generally to all such type of cases.

Important Points

The levels of inductive reasoning are below:

• Generalization: Inductive reasoning starts from particular facts or special examples and instances one can formulate generalized principles and conclusions in this type of reasoning.
• Observation: Inductive reasoning is called the 'Bottom-up' approach, moving from specific observations and measures to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that can explore and end up developing general conclusions or theories.
• Experimentation: Experimentation is an essential feature of inductive reasoning. Experiments are artificially created or contrived situations designed to make certain observations under strictly controlled conditions. The objective sometimes is to mimic nature. This allows the complexity of natural phenomena to be simplified for step by step study.

Hence, we conclude that 'Imagination' is not included in the level of Inductive reasoning.

Forgetting: Forgetting is a failure to retrieve and retain information from long-term memory stores. Much of the information is lost but enough remains so that we have a sketchy record of our lives. Sometimes what we think is forgotten in real sense is not forgotten because it was never encoded and stored in the first place. 

Key Points

Causes of Forgetting:  Many students complain that they do not remember the contents after attending the class or forget after reading .the text. This happens due to :

• Many times we forget as memory does not match events that had occurred. This happens due to the constructive processes i.e. during encoding, the to-be-remembered information, interference due to similar material.
• Under-learning, some information does not reach short term memory from the sensory register.
• Defective methods of remembering: Inadequate encoding and rehearsal, the information may not have been transferred from short term to long term memory.

Additional Information

• Memory is the knowledge of a former state of mind after it has already once dropped from consciousness, or rather it is the knowledge of an event, or fact of which meantime we are not been thinking with the additional consciousness that we have thought or experienced before.
• Retention is part of memory to retain the information for a longer period of life.
• Thinking is the process of cognition that is related to memory.

Hence, we conclude that failure in retention and recall of learned content is forgetting.

Basic Instinct is an inherited or innate psychological disposition which determines its possessor to perceive or pays attention to, objects of a certain class, to experience an emotional excitement of a particular quantity upon perceiving such objects, and to act in regard to it in a particular manner, or at least, to experience an impulsive to such an action.

Characteristics of Basic Instinct

• The main characteristic of basic instinct is inborn and natural that is found in all living organisms.
• No one can develop in their later stages, it is an inborn talent or ability to feel the things that may be going to happen or not in near future.
• Instinct is a vibe, that can be negative and positive.
• The instincts are dominated by the pleasure principle (the chief characteristic of psychic energy) and are inherited.
• Basic instinct may undergo more or less serious failures to pass through certain stages of development called the fixation of the instinct.
• These instincts drive the satisfaction of which is the prime intention of mental activity are essentially somatic needs.
• These are basically connected with the preservation of self and of species, which may be considered as needs.
• The aim of basic instinct is the preservation of the individual and the species.
• The basic instinct cannot be localized to any region of the mind.

Hence, we can conclude that The main characteristic of basic instinct is that which is found in all organisms and it is inborn and natural.

Fundamental Rights and Education: Fundamental Rights of citizens given in our Constitution have established the spirit of equality and have helped to preserve individual liberty. The following articles in the category of Fundamental Rights have a special bearing on education in India.

• ARTICLE 21A - It grants the Right to Free and Compulsory Education to all the children the aged six to fourteen years in a manner as the State may, by law determine. Inserted by the 86^th Amendment in December 2002, this Article has accorded education the status of right for ensuring quality in educational expansion at the elementary level.

Key Points

• Insertion of Article 21A, making elementary education a fundamental right of all children between the age group of 6-14 years, Article 45 has been amended so as to restrict its scope to pre-primary education up to 6 years of age.

Additional Information

Other Articles:

• ARTICLE 45: Directive Principles of the State Policy in Article 45 under Part IV of the Constitution states that “the State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”.
• ARTICLE l5 - This Article guarantees prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth by the State. It also ensures equality in educational opportunities in India.

 Hence, we conclude that Article 21 A  states that "the right to free and compulsory education for children between age group of 6 - 14.

Kretschmer was a German psychiatrist who on the basis of his observation of patients classified people into four types. He used the physical constitution and temperament for this purpose The four types he talked about included:

• Pyknic type
• Asthenic type
• Athletic type
• Dysplastic type

Let us briefly study each of these types:

Hence, we conclude that all are the main types through which Kretschmer has classified the persons.

Teacher Eligibility Test (TET): Teacher Eligibility Test known as TET is an Indian entrance examination for teachers. The test is mandatory for getting teaching jobs in government schools from Class I to Class VIII.

• The examination is divided into Paper-I (Primary) and Paper-II (Elementary).
• TET was introduced by the Govt of India to improve standards in teaching. It is conducted by the Central and State governments in India.
• The essential qualifications for a person to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in any of the schools referred to in clause (n) of section 2 of the RTE Act are that he/she should pass the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) which will be conducted by the appropriate government by the guidelines framed by the NCTE.
• A candidate has to score over 60% to clear the eligibility test.

Key Points

Purpose of TET

• The main purpose of the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) is to assess the candidate's aptitude for the profession.
• Recruiting teachers by evaluating the aspiring candidates’ academic brilliance.
• The main motto is to impart quality teaching.
• Assess the teachers who have adequate teaching competency and a positive attitude towards teaching or not.

Hence, we conclude that the purpose of TET is to measure the aptitude for the profession.

Consolidation Theory of Memory: Memories are solidified in long-term stores over days, weeks, months, and years. This process is referred to as consolidation.

• In this theory, an old concept that refers to how long term memory develops over time after initial acquisition.
• From a cognitive neuroscience perspective, consolidation is conceived of as biological changes that underlie the long-term retention of learned information, and we can ask what brain structures and systems support this process.
• One idea is that consolidation strengthens the associations between multiple stimulus inputs and activations of previously stored information.

Hence we conclude that the Consolidation theory explains the solidified long-term memory.

Educational psychology extremely influences the principles of education. It applies to the psychological principles and techniques for human behavior in educational situations.

Main methods of Educational Psychology

• Introspection
• Observation
• Experimental Method
• Clinical Method
• Developmental Method
• Rating Scale and Questionnaire
• Testing Method.

Important Points

Introspection Method: Introspection means observing one‘s own behavior through self-analysis. This method is the most subjective in nature. The data of the introspection method may not be reliable and valid since the investigator may become subjective and biased when s/he looks into his/her own feelings.There are always undergoing many activities in the mind of a person. 

Merits of Introspection: 

• The introspection method is a very easy method. It requires no laboratory and no apparatus.
• It is the oldest method of Psychology. The study of the behavior of a person is incomplete without the use of this method.
• It can help him to improve his thinking and performance.

Limitations of Introspection:

• It is very difficult to observe a mental activity within a short period of time. If one starts observing the mental activity, it disappears or changes its pattern.
• Mental activities are constantly undergoing changes. Hence it is very difficult to observe and analyze one‘s mental activities through the method of Introspection.
• This method lacks objectivity and is subjective in nature.
• Introspection can be used only up to the conscious level. It has no approach to the subconscious mind, which is as important as the conscious mind.

• Observation Method: It is very useful for the study of the behavior of a person it is used in education for the study of the behavior of students in particular situations inside and outside the classroom.  The results of the observation can be affected by the subjective factors of the investigator.
• Experimental Method: In Psychology, the method of observing mental behavior in laboratory according to scientific rules is called the experimental method.  It is free from subjectivity.
• Extrospection Method: It is a method of observation of things external to one’s own mind, as opposed to introspection.

Hence, we conclude that the Introspection method is the most subjective in nature because here the person observe his/her own feelings.

'Albert Bandura', an American psychologist has propounded "Social Learning Theory". This theory is also called 'learning through imitation' as his theory emphasizes that:

• learning takes place through indirect sources, like watching or hearing others.
• cognitive and problem-solving skills can be learned by imitating and watching others.
• new behaviors and experiences are acquired by observing others in the immediate environment.

The social learning theory of 'Albert Bandura' emphasizes that the principles of social learning consist of four steps (respectively) including:

Hence, it could be concluded that Albert Bandura is associated with 'Social Learning Theory.

Additional Information

Learning Curve: The learning curve is a graphical representation that indicates the progress or lack of improvement in a given activity. There are several characteristics of the learning curve. Some of them are as follows: The learning progress at any stage is not always uniform. The last stage of the learning curve is called a plateau. The scope for learning is very low in the final stages of the curve. 

Important Points

The three stages of the learning curve are:

• Slow beginning
• Steep progress
• Plateau.

1. Slow beginning: In this phase, the learner gradually pacing to learn the concept. He/she has to start the learning of a given activity from scratch, his early progress will be slow. This is the beginning stage of learning, in which the learner is motivated to gain new information.
2. Steep progress: In this phase, the learner successfully learned the concept.  In this stage, the learner steps accelerating in learning the concepts. After some time the learner gains a total understanding of the concept and reaches the boom stage of learning. and his/her learning improves swiftly.
3. Plateau: The plateau effect is often seen in the pattern of development, indicating periods of no apparent improvement.

• In this stage, learning plateau occurs, after gaining the mastery on the concept, the learner feels bore and want to learn new thing.
• Once the curve hit a plateau when they are not willing to add new to their learning and the performance gets deteriorated. So the teacher should always introduce the same concept with innovative methods, this will overcome the boredom.
• An example of the plateau effect is when someone's exercise fails to be as effective as in the past, or due to feeling fatigued because of a repetitive or similar concept.

Hence, we conclude that Plateau in the learning curve is caused due to fatigue.

Bilateral transfer of learning occurs when there is the transfer of performance to one side of the body following training of the opposite side, eg. improved left-handed performance following right-handed training. You will verify the phenomenon by conducting a simple experiment as explained below.

Key Points

• Problem: To demonstrate the phenomenon of bilateral transfer of learning.
• Material Required: Mirror-drawing apparatus, stylus, stop watch, paper and pencil.

Procedure:

• The following instructions are to be given to the participant, “Look at this mirror, you will see a star image.
• The star image is a reflection of a pattern grooved on the wooden board and hidden by the screen. Take the stylus in your left hand (the experimenter will give the stylus to the participant and helps him/her to position it at the end of the nearest projection).
• Now you will have to look into the mirror image and trace the star pattern with the stylus. Be careful about the stylus not touching the edges of the groove.
• If you touch, it will be counted as an error. Try to do as speedily as possible.” After the participant traces the path once with the left hand, she/he is asked to trace the path again. Time taken and the number of errors committed are noted down.
• In the same way, now the participant is asked to trace the star pattern with the right hand for 10 trials. In each of these trials, the number of errors committed and the amount of time taken in seconds to complete the pattern are noted down. A
• gain the participant is asked to perform the same task in the same manner with the left hand, and the errors committed and time taken in seconds are noted down.
• Compare the time taken in seconds and errors committed in the first trial with left hand with that of the second trial with left hand (after training with right hand for ten trials). Find out whether there is any transfer of training in the second trial with left hand and also if it is positive, negative or zero transfer.

Hence, it is clear that Mirror drawing test is used to measure transfer of learning.

Cloud Picture Test is a psychometric test is used to measure the personality of an individual. This test is made by Williams Stern. It is design fantasy-stimuli which would avoid the disadvantages of the Rorschach Series. 

• It consists series of three pictures that resemble clouds rather than ink-blots. 
• Picture A offers the most distinct shades and forms.
• Picture C is the vaguest,
• Picture B occupies an intermediate position. There is no symmetry or other regularity in these pictures.
• In this test, the respondents are shown pictures of the cloud and asked what cloud resembles.
• The respondents observe the pictures of the cloud and respond to what kind of pictures he is seeing. This how the personality of an individual assesses.
• Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach replace these cloud with ten inkblot test.

​Hence, we conclude that the Cloud Picture Test is used to measure personality.

Psychology Tests are used to measure the unique traits of an individual to know his ability, aptitude, attitude contrast with their personality, intelligence, emotions, etc. These different psychology tests are:

Hence, we can conclude 3 out of 4 test are made to measure the personality of an individual, Raven's Progressive Matrices test is made to measure the fluid intelligence of an individual.

Concept:

Median

Case 1: If the number of observation (n) is even

\({\rm{Median;}} = {\rm{;}}\frac{{{\rm{value;of;}}{{\left( {\frac{{\rm{n}}}{2}} \right)}^{{\rm{th}}}}{\rm{;observation;}} + {\rm{;;value;of;}}{{\left( {\frac{{\rm{n}}}{2}{\rm{;}} + 1} \right)}^{{\rm{th}}}}{\rm{;observation}}}}{2}\)

Case 2: If the number of observation (n) is odd

\({\rm{Median;}} = {\rm{value;of;}}{\left( {\frac{{{\rm{n}} + 1}}{2}} \right)^{{\rm{th}}}}{\rm{;observation}}\)

Calculation:

Arrange the observations in the ascending order are

7,8,9,10,11,12

Here, n = 6 = even.

So, 3^rd and 4^th observation are 9 and 10

∴\({\rm{Median}} = {\rm{;}}\frac{{9 + 10}}{2} = 9.5\)

The Gestalt theory of learning also named Learning by Insight is the contribution of German psychologists who were studying the nature of perception.

Key Points

• Gestalt Theory of Learning (Learning by Wholes) or Learning by Insight states that perceptual phenomena are only experienced as wholes or Gestalts.
• Translation of Gestalt is „configuration‟ or more simply „an organized whole in contrast to a collection of parts‟.
• Gestalt psychologists consider the process of learning as a Gestalt – an organized whole.
• A thing cannot be understood by the study of its constituent parts but only by the study of it as a totality, is a basic idea behind this theory.
• Learning, according to Gestalt Theory, is not by random steps, not by trial and error, not by conditioning but by insight, introspection, and understanding.
• The Gestaltians tend to place far more emphasis on the intrinsic organizing capacity in the brain of the individual and emphasis the dynamic interaction of the elements in the entire perceptual field.
• Gestalt theory of learning essentially consists of problem-solving by understanding the relative position of the elements in the entire perspective or situation.

Additional Information

Hence, we conclude that the theory of insight is propounded by Gestalt Psychologist.

Emotions expressed by humans can be divided into two broad categories and are called positive and negative emotions. Examples of emotions include the following: Interest, enthusiasm, boredom, laughter, empathy, action, curiosity, anger, rebellion, irritation, etc.

According to William McDougall’s concept of emotions instincts and emotions were both innate patterns.

• As per McDougall, the primary emotions were fear, disgust, wonder, anger, subjection, elation, tenderness. According to him, each instinctual tendency has a corresponding emotion.
• William McDougall(2003) analyses an instinctive behavior, in three aspects:
• Cognitive or (knowing or perceptive) aspect.
• Affective or (feeling or emotional) aspect.
• Conative or (doing or behavior) aspect.
• The occurrence of some form of arousal in the emotion gives rise to a cognitive search for an explanation of arousal.
• In the opinion of McDougall, feelings arise and are conditioned by the degrees of success and failure of one's own efforts, whereas emotions are aroused by some object or person deemed responsible for one’s success or failure in some particular situation.
• Emotion is not just a feeling gone violent but itself a singular experience.

Hence, we conclude that According to McDougall, every instinct is associated with emotion.

• ‘परिसीमन’ का विलोम 'निरसीमन' है।
• 'परिसीमन' का अर्थ 'सीमा निश्चित करना' है।
• शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'निरसीमन' है।

‘धूसर’ शब्द का पर्याय 'गर्दभ' है। 'घूसर' के अन्य पर्यायवाची 'खर, धूसर, शीतलावाहन, चक्रीवान, गधा' आदि हैं। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'गर्दभ' है।

अन्य विकल्प

विशेष

‘धूर्तो अर्थात् जीवों द्वारा होने वाला (दुख)’ – वाक्य के लिए एक शब्द 'आधिभौतिक' है। 

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘ऊँट की चोरी निहुरे निहुरे’ का अर्थ 'बड़े काम छिपकर नहीं किए जा सकते' हैं।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'बड़े काम छिपकर नहीं किए जा सकते' है।

अन्य विकल्प

‘पंकज’ में 'बहुव्रीहि समास' है क्योंकि इसका पहला और उत्तर पद प्रधान नहीं है जबकि इसका संयुक्त रूप या अन्य पद प्रधान है। शेष विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'बहुव्रीहि' है।

अन्य विकल्प

‘अयोगवाह’ 'अनुस्वार एवं विसर्ग को' कहा जाता है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अनुस्वार एवं विसर्ग को' है। 

स्पष्टीकरण - 

 अन्य विकल्प

उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों में 'भयानक रस' है क्योंकि इसमें 'भय' का भाव युक्त है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'भयानक रस' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• उपर्युक्त दोहे में 'एक ओर अजगर और दूसरी ओर सिंह का देखकर व्याकुल होकर यात्री बीच में मूर्च्छित होकर गिर पड़ा।
• यहाँ यात्री आश्रय है। अजगर और सिंह आलंबन है। अजगर की फुँकार और सिंह की गर्जना तथा उनकी भयंकर चेष्टाएँ उद्दीपन हैं।
• यात्री का कांपना व मूर्छा अनुभाव हैं, व्याकुलता चिंता, डर आदि संचारी भाव हैं, इन सबसे पुष्ट होकर भय स्थायी भाव भयानक रस में परिणीत हुआ है।

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘से’ विभक्ति उपर्युक्त में से 'करण' कारक के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'करण' है।

विशेष

• ‘उसने नहाकर भोजन किया’ इस वाक्य में ‘नहाकर’ शब्द 'पूर्वकालिक क्रिया’ का उदाहरण है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'पूर्वकालिक क्रिया' है।

अन्य विकल्प

• उपर्युक्त में से 'व्याख्या विधि' वाचन शिक्षण की विधि नहीं है बल्कि यह उच्च कक्षाओं के लिए शिक्षण की विधि है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'व्याख्या विधि' है। 

अन्य विकल्प

'ध्वनि साम्य विधि', 'अनुध्वनि विधि' और 'समवेत पाठ विधि' ध्वनि वाचन (जोर से बोलकर पढ़ने) की विधियां हैं।

• उपर्युक्त में से 'स्वानुभूत विचारो व भावों को अभिव्यक्त करना' अभिवृत्यात्मक उद्देश्य है।
• इसमें छात्रों को कहानी सुनाना, यात्रा का वर्णन करना, निबंध लिखना, संवाद लिखने आदि की क्रियाएं करवाई जाती हैं जिससे छात्रों के अभिवृत्तियों का पता चलता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'स्वानुभूत विचारो व भावों को अभिव्यक्त करना' है।

• 'मॉडर्न वरनाक्यूलर लिटरेचर ऑफ हिन्दोस्तान’ 'जॉर्ज अब्राहम ग्रियर्सन' ने लिखा है।
• यह किताब 1989 में लिखी गयी थी जिसमें पहली बार हिंदी साहित्य के काल विभाजन का प्रयास किया गया था।
• इसमें हिंदी साहित्य के काल को दस अध्यायों में बाँटा गया था।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'जॉर्ज अब्राहम ग्रियर्सन' हैं।

• उपर्युक्त पंक्तियाँ 'मीराबाई' द्वारा रचित हैं।
• इस पद में उन्होंने कृष्ण के प्रति अपनी विरह भावना को दर्शाया है।
• मीराबाई कृष्णभक्त कवयित्री थी।
• इनकी प्रसिद्ध रचनायें - 'गीतगोविन्द टीका, नरसी जी का मायरा, रागगोविन्द आदि हैं।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'मीराबाई' है।

• हिन्दी का पहला पत्र 'उदंत मार्तण्ड' है।
• इस पत्र का संपादन पंडित जुगल किशोर शुक्ल द्वारा 30 मई 1826 को कलकत्ता में हुआ था।
• इसे हिंदी का पहला समाचार पत्र माना जाता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'उदंत मार्तण्ड' है।

अन्य विकल्प

- इतिहास तिमिरनाशक के संपादक राजा शिवप्रसाद सितारेहिंद थे।

- बनारस अखबार के संपादक - सन 1845 में राजा शिव प्रसाद ने ‘बनारस अख़बार’ निकाला था।

- हरिश्चन्द्र मैगजीन - यह एक मासिक पत्रिका थी। यह पत्रिका 15 अक्टूबर, 1873 को काशी से भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र ने प्रारम्भ की थी।

सूफी संतों की शैली 'मसनवी' है। जिस रचना के प्रारंभ में ईश वंदना, पैगंबर की स्तुति एवं शाहेवक्त की प्रशंसा की जाती है वह मसनवी शैली कहलाती है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'मसनवी' है।

• ‘गुड़िया भीतर गुड़िया’ के रचनाकार 'मैत्रेयी पुष्पा' हैं।
• यह उनकी आत्मकथा का दूसरा भाग है, इसका पहला भाग 'कस्तूरी कुण्डल बसै' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'मैत्रेयी पुष्पा' है।

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘सौ अजान एक सुजान’ के रचानाकार 'बालकृष्ण भट्ट' हैं।
• पं. बालकृष्ण भट्ट हिंदी साहित्य के सफल पत्रकार, उपन्यासकार, नाटककार और निबंधकार थे।
• इन्हे आज की गद्य प्रधान कविताओं का जनक माना जा सकता है।
• वे ‘सौ अजान एक सुजान’ को एक प्रबंध - कल्पना मानते थे।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'बालकृष्ण भट्ट' है।

अन्य विकल्प

• गोस्वामी तुलसीदास का निधन वाराणसी के 'अस्सी घाट' पर हुआ।
• संवत 1680 ( सन् 1623 ई) में असी घाट पर वे परमधाम को सिधारे।
• उनकी मृत्यु के सम्बन्ध में एक दोहा प्रचलित है -

"संवत सोलह सौ असी, असी गंग के तीर।

श्रावण शुक्ला सप्तमी, तुलसी तज्यो शरीर।।"

इस प्रकार सही विकल्प 'अस्सी घाट' है।

"भक्तमाल" के रचनाकार "नाभादास" है। उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प (4) नाभादास सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points 

• भक्तमाल का रचना वर्ष 1585 ईस्वी है।
• 'भक्तमाल' की रचना व्रजभाषा में हुई है। इसकी भाषा शैली प्रौढ़ एवं परिमार्जित है
• भक्तमाल' में नाभादास ने छप्पय छंद में अपने पूर्ववर्ती अथवा समसामयिक लगभग दो सौ भक्तों का चरितगान किया है।

Additional Informationअन्य विकल्प:-

Important Points  नाभादास (1570-1650) स्वामी अग्रदास जी के शिष्य हैं। इनके प्रसिद्ध ग्रंथ 'भक्तमाल' की टीका प्रियादास जी ने संवत्‌ 1769 में, सौ वर्ष बाद, लिखी थी। नाभादास की तीन कृतियाँ उपलब्ध हैं - 

• भक्तमाल (1585)
• अष्टयाम (1585)
• रामभक्ति संबंधी स्फुट पद

'भक्तमाल' में लगभग दो सौ भक्तों का चरित्रगान है।  'अष्टयाम' ब्रजभाषा गद्य और पद्य दोनों में पृथक्‌-पृथक्‌ उपलब्ध है।

धर्म पालन करने में बाधा डालने वाली प्रवृत्तियाँ 'कमजोर मन, उद्देश्य का निश्चित न होना तथा चंचल मनोवृत्ति का होना' है। यह गद्यांश की पंक्ति 'धर्म पालन करने के मार्ग में सबसे अधिक बाधा चित्त की चंचलता, उद्देश्य की अस्थिरता और मन की निर्बलता से पड़ती है।' से स्पष्ट होता है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'कमजोर मन, उद्देश्य का निश्चित न होना तथा चंचल मनोवृत्ति का होना' है।

• संसार के बड़े-बड़े लोगों ने सबसे श्रेष्ठ 'अपने कर्तव्य को' माना है।
• गद्यांश की पंक्ति 'इस संसार में जितने बड़े-बड़े लोग हुए हैं सभी ने अपने कर्तव्य को सबसे श्रेष्ठ माना है' से स्पष्ट होता है।
• अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अपने कर्तव्य को' है।

• ‘निर्बलता’ शब्द में उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय का सही विकल्प 'निर् + बल + ता' है।
• इसमें 'निर्' उपसर्ग है, 'बल' मूल शब्द है, 'ता' प्रत्यय है।
• शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'निर् + बल + ता' है।

विशेष

• ‘कायर’ की भाववाचक संज्ञा 'कायरता' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'कायरता' है।

 विशेष

• ‘अपना मतलब निकालने वाला’ के लिए उचित शब्द 'स्वार्थी' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'स्वार्थी' है।

अन्य विकल्प - 

'कुटिल' का अर्थ 'टेढ़ा या चालबाज' होता है।

'स्वार्थपरता' का अर्थ 'खुदगर्जी' होता है।

'स्वार्थपरक' का अर्थ 'स्वार्थपरायण' होता है।

शुद्ध वाक्य है - 'गलियों को चौड़ा करना आवश्यक है'।

Key Points

• वाक्य में लिंग, वचन, पुरुष, काल, कारक आदि का क्रिया के साथ ठीक-ठीक मेल हो उसे शुद्ध वाक्य कहते है।
• किसी वाक्यांश या वाक्य में शब्दों का सही क्रम वाक्य विन्यास कहलाता है।

अन्य वाक्य

Additional Informationवचन, कारक, क्रिया विशेषण व विशेषण संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ - 

'विद्यार्थी' में 'दीर्घ संधि' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'दीर्घ संधि' है।

दीर्घ स्वर संधि के नियमानुसार इसका विच्छेद 'विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी' है, नियम 'आ + अ = आ' है। 

विशेष

अन्य विकल्प

सही उत्तर 'वन' है।

Key Points

• कानन का पर्यायवाची 'वन' है।
• 'कानन' के अन्य पर्यायवाची 'अरण्य, जंगल, कान्तार, विपिन' हैं।

अन्य विकल्प

• पुष्प के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं 'फूल, सुमन, कुसुम, मंजरी'।
• विहिप का कोई पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है (यह विश्व हिन्दू परिषद का संक्षेपण है)।

• ‘वाक्य विग्रह’ का अर्थ 'वाक्य खंडों को अलग-अलग करके उनका संबंध बताना' है।
• शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वाक्य खंडों को अलग-अलग करके उनका संबंध बताना' है।

विशेष - 

जहाँ कारण के न होते हुए भी कार्य सिद्ध हो वहां विभावना अलंकार होता है। यहाँ भगवान के बारे में कहा जा रहा है कि वह बिना पैर के चलता है और बिना कानों के सुनता है। यहाँ कारण के आभाव में कार्य हो रहा है अर्थात यहाँ विभावना अलंकार है। अर्थात सही विकल्प 'विभावना' है।

​अन्य विकल्प

‘सुई’ का तत्सम रूप 'सूची' है। अन्य विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

• अतः सही विकल्प 'सूची' है।

 Key Points

• सज्जा तत्सम शब्द है तथा इसका तद्भव है 'साज'।
• सलाई का तत्सम 'शलाका' है।
• सरसों का तत्सम 'ससर्प' है।

Additional Information

The correct answer is "an apiary".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'A pantry' is a small room or cupboard in which food, crockery, and cutlery are kept.
• 'A nursery' is a place where young plants and trees are grown for sale or for planting elsewhere.
• 'An apiary' is a place where bees are kept; a collection of beehives.
• 'An aquarium' is a transparent tank of water in which live fish and other water creatures and plants are kept.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'A pantry' एक छोटा कमरा या अलमारी है जिसमें भोजन, क्रॉकरी और कटलरी रखी जाती है।
• 'A nursery' एक ऐसा स्थान है जहां युवा पौधे और पेड़ बिक्री के लिए या कहीं और लगाने के लिए उगाए जाते हैं।
• 'An apiary' वह स्थान है जहाँ मधुमक्खियाँ रखी जाती हैं; मधुमक्खियों का एक संग्रह।
• 'An aquarium' पानी का एक पारदर्शी टैंक है जिसमें जीवित मछलियां और अन्य जल जीव और पौधे रखे जाते हैं।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

The correct answer is "to be jealous".

Key Points  

• Given Idiom: Green-eyed monster means jealousy personified.
• Example: But let's push aside the green-eyed monster for a second, and take a pause.
• From the given options, the first option is the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Mistake Points

• We may think from the phrase "green-eyed monster" that it is all about to be blind, to be sick or to be jealous but the correct answer is option 1. So be careful while dealing with such questions. (हम "ग्रीन-आइड मॉन्स्टर" वाक्यांश से सोच सकते हैं कि यह सब अंधा होने, बीमार होने या ईर्ष्या करने वाला है लेकिन सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है। इसलिए ऐसे प्रश्नों से निपटने में सावधानी बरतें।)

Hinglish

• दिया हुआ मुहावरा: Green-eyed monster का अर्थ है ईर्ष्या का अवतार।
• Example: But let's push aside the green-eyed monster for a second, and take a pause.
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से पहला विकल्प दिए गए मुहावरे का सबसे उपयुक्त अर्थ है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "He is a MA".

Key Points

• The definite article 'the' is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular.
• 'A' and 'an' are indefinite articles, which means that they refer to, or introduce, an unspecified noun. In other words, we use an indefinite article in front of a noun when we're not referring to a particular person, place, thing or idea, but we want to convey that we're talking about any person, place, thing or idea.
• We use 'a' before a consonant sound, and we use 'an' before a vowel sound (here MA).
• From the given options, in the first option, the article 'a' should be replaced by 'an' as we use 'an' before a vowel sound.
• Hence, the sentence in which the article has been wrongly used is option 1.

Additional Information

• There are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective.

Correct Sentence: He is an MA*.* 

Hinglish

• Definite article 'the'  का प्रयोग एकवचन और बहुवचन संज्ञाओं से पहले किया जाता है जब संज्ञा विशिष्ट या विशेष होती है।
• 'A' और 'An' indefinite articles हैं, जिसका अर्थ है कि वे एक अनिर्दिष्ट संज्ञा को संदर्भित करते हैं, या पेश करते हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में, जब हम किसी विशेष व्यक्ति, स्थान, चीज़ या विचार का उल्लेख नहीं कर रहे होते हैं, तो हम संज्ञा के सामने एक अनिश्चित लेख का उपयोग करते हैं, लेकिन हम यह बताना चाहते हैं कि हम किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, चीज़ या विचार के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं।
• हम consonant sound से पहले 'A' का उपयोग करते हैं, और हम vowel sound से पहले 'An' का उपयोग करते हैं (यहां MA)।
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से, पहले विकल्प में, article 'a' को 'an' से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए क्योंकि हम vowel sound से पहले 'an' का उपयोग करते हैं।
• अतः जिस वाक्य में article का गलत प्रयोग किया गया है वह विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "​should they?"

Key Points

• The given sentence is a negative sentence (shouldn't).
• In negative sentences, a positive question tag is needed and in positive ones a negative.
• The tense in the question tag cannot differ from the tense in the statement.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Complete Sentence: People shouldn't drink and drive, should they?

Additional Information

• When it comes to the form of question tags, you need to pay attention that a personal pronoun (‘he, she, it, we’, etc.) instead of a noun is used in almost every case. It has to refer to the subject of the sentence which is often a noun or the same personal pronoun. (जब प्रश्न टैग के रूप की बात आती है, तो आपको ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है कि लगभग हर मामले में एक संज्ञा के बजाय एक व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम ('वह, वह, यह, हम', आदि) का उपयोग किया जाता है। इसे वाक्य के विषय को संदर्भित करना होता है जो अक्सर एक संज्ञा या एक ही व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम होता है।)
• Question tags always appear at the end of the sentence and refer to the verb used in the clause before as well as the subject (which is a noun or a personal pronoun in most cases) of the corresponding statement. (प्रश्न टैग हमेशा वाक्य के अंत में दिखाई देते हैं और संबंधित कथन के पहले खंड में प्रयुक्त क्रिया के साथ-साथ विषय (जो ज्यादातर मामलों में एक संज्ञा या व्यक्तिगत सर्वनाम है) को संदर्भित करता है।)

Hinglish

• दिया गया वाक्य एक नकारात्मक वाक्य है (shouldn't)।
• नकारात्मक वाक्यों में, एक सकारात्मक question tag की आवश्यकता होती है और सकारात्मक में नकारात्मक।
• Question tag में काल कथन के काल से भिन्न नहीं हो सकता है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "A".

Key Points

• The first option is in the present continuous tense (are + ing form of the verb) which is incorrect.
• The present continuous tense should be replaced by the present perfect continuous tense as it shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time.
• The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing).
• Hence, the option which contains an error is option 1.

Correct Sentence: You have been learning English for the last one year but you show no improvement at all.

Additional Information

• The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. (present perfect continuous का उपयोग 'before now' और 'now' के बीच एक अनिर्दिष्ट समय को संदर्भित करने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. (वक्ता किसी ऐसी चीज़ के बारे में सोच रहा है जो उस अवधि में शुरू हुई लेकिन शायद समाप्त नहीं हुई।)
• He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished. (वह प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ परिणाम में भी रुचि रखता है, और यह प्रक्रिया अभी भी चल रही है, या अभी समाप्त हो सकती है।)

Hinglish

• पहला विकल्प present continuous tense में है (are + ing form of the verb) जो गलत है।
• Present continuous tense को present perfect continuous tense से प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए क्योंकि यह दर्शाता है कि कुछ अतीत में शुरू हुआ और वर्तमान समय में जारी है।
• Present perfect continuous का गठन has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing) कंस्ट्रक्शन का उपयोग करके किया गया है।
• अतः जिस विकल्प में त्रुटि है वह विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "Entomology".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Criminology' is the scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal treatment.
• 'Entomology' is a branch of zoology dealing with the scientific study of insects.
• 'Mycology' is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties.
• 'Meteorology' is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information

• The Greek word 'entomon', meaning “notched,” refers to the segmented body plan of the insect. The zoological categories of genetics, taxonomy, morphology, physiology, behaviour, and ecology are included in this field of study.

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• 'Criminology' एक सामाजिक घटना के रूप में अपराध का, अपराधियों का, और दंडात्मक उपचार का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन है।
• 'Entomology' जंतु विज्ञान की एक शाखा है जो कीड़ों के वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन से संबंधित है।
• 'Mycology' जीव विज्ञान की वह शाखा है जो कवक के अध्ययन से संबंधित है, जिसमें उनके आनुवंशिक और जैव रासायनिक गुण शामिल हैं।
• 'Meteorology' वातावरण का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन है जो मौसम प्रक्रियाओं और पूर्वानुमान पर केंद्रित है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "Why are you looking through the keyhole?" I said.

Key Points

• The given sentence is an indirect speech.
• The basic rules for changing or converting indirect speech into direct speech:
• ​Include comma and inverted commas; question mark.
• The verb 'asked' should be changed into 'said'.
• The past continuous tense "Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object" of indirect speech should be converted into the present continuous tense "Subject + are + V1 + ing  Object" in direct speech.
• From the following rules, we get the correct sentence as option 3*.*

Additional Information

• The following table will enable us to know how tense changes into Indirect speech:

Hinglish

• दिया गया वाक्य एक indirect speech है।
• Indirect speech को direct speech में बदलने के लिए बुनियादी नियम:
• Comma और  inverted commas शामिल करें; प्रश्न चिह्न।
• क्रिया 'asked' को 'said' में बदल दिया जाना चाहिए।
• Indirect speech के past continuous tense "Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object" को direct speech में present continuous tense  "Subject + are + V1 + ing  Object" में परिवर्तित किया जाना चाहिए।
• निम्नलिखित नियमों से, हमें विकल्प 3 के रूप में सही वाक्य मिलता है।

The correct answer is "My daughter never writes to me so I never know what she is doing".

Key Points

• In all the given options, the subject 'daughter' is singular so it will take only a singular verb.
• Let us explore the given options:
• In the first sentence, the past form of the verb 'wrote' and 'knew' are incorrectly used.
• In the second sentence, the plural verb 'write' is incorrectly used and the past tense verb 'knew' is incorrect.
• In the third sentence, the verb 'writes' is singular, the simple present verb 'know' and the present participle form of the verb  (doing) in the sentence are correct as it is in the present continuous tense.
• In the fourth sentence, the verb tense (does) and the past tense form of the verb 'knew' in the sentence are incorrect.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

Correct Sentence: My daughter never writes to me so I never know what she is doing.

Additional Information

• Present tense talks about something that is going on now (currently) or that is true now and at any time. In other words, we use present tense to describe an event in real-time, i.e. happening at that very moment. (वर्तमान काल किसी ऐसी चीज़ के बारे में बात करता है जो अभी (वर्तमान में) चल रही है या जो अभी और किसी भी समय सत्य है। दूसरे शब्दों में, हम वास्तविक समय में किसी घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए वर्तमान काल का उपयोग करते हैं, अर्थात उसी क्षण में हो रहा है।)
• The present tense is of four types:
• Simple present tense
• Present continuous tense
• Present perfect tense
• Present perfect continuous tense

Hinglish

• दिए गए सभी विकल्पों में, विषय 'daughter'  एकवचन है इसलिए यह केवल एकवचन क्रिया लेगा।
• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• पहले वाक्य में, 'wrote' और 'knew'  क्रिया के past form का इस्तेमाल किया गया है जो गलत है।
• दूसरे वाक्य में, बहुवचन क्रिया 'write' का गलत उपयोग किया गया है और भूत काल की क्रिया 'knew' गलत है।
• तीसरे वाक्य में, क्रिया 'writes' एकवचन है, सरल वर्तमान क्रिया 'know' और वाक्य में क्रिया (doing) का present participle रूप सही है क्योंकि यह present continuous tense में है।
• चौथे वाक्य में, क्रिया काल (does) और वाक्य में क्रिया 'knew' का past tense form गलत है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

The correct answer is "Quarrelsome".

Key Points   

• The word 'Cantankerous​​' means bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative.
• The synonyms of the given word 'Cantankerous​​' are "quarrelsome, bad-tempered, irascible, irritable, grumpy".
• The synonym of the given word 'Cantankerous​​' is 'Quarrelsome' since both have a similar meaning.
• The word 'Quarrelsome' means given to or characterized by quarrelling.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'Quarrelsome'.
• ​​​Let's look at the meaning of the other given options-

Additional Information

• The antonyms of the given word 'Cantankerous​​​' are "amiable, good-humoured, good-natured, good-tempered".
• Example of 'Cantankerous​​​' in a sentence:
• He had abruptly dropped his leading man for cantankerous behaviour.

Hinglish

• 'Cantankerous​​' ​​शब्द का अर्थ है बुरे स्वभाव वाला, तर्क करने वाला और असहयोगी।
• दिए गए शब्द 'Cantankerous' के पर्यायवाची शब्द "quarrelsome, bad-tempered, irascible, irritable, grumpy" हैं।
• दिए गए शब्द 'Cantankerous​​' का पर्यायवाची  'Quarrelsome'  है क्योंकि दोनों का अर्थ समान है।
• 'Quarrelsome' शब्द का अर्थ है झगड़ा करने वाला।
• इसलिए, सही उत्तर 'Quarrelsome' है।
• दिए गए शब्द 'Cantankerous​​​' ​​के विलोम शब्द "amiable, good-humoured, good-natured, good-tempered" हैं।

The correct answer is "​This kind of question is often asked in examinations".

Key Points

• Demonstrative adjectives are special adjectives or determiners used to identify or express the relative position of a noun in time or space.
• The demonstrative adjective in a sentence will come just before a noun or pronoun and tell you which one it is specifically modifying.
• Some common demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those.
• From the given options, "This" in the second sentence is a demonstrative adjective.
• Hence, from the given options, the correct answer is option 2.

Hinglish

• Demonstrative adjectives विशेष विशेषण या निर्धारक होते हैं जिनका उपयोग समय या स्थान में किसी संज्ञा की सापेक्ष स्थिति को पहचानने या व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
• Demonstrative adjective एक वाक्य में संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के ठीक पहले आएगा और आपको बताएगा कि यह किसमें विशेष रूप से संशोधन कर रहा है।
• कुछ सामान्य demonstrative adjectives हैं this, that, these, and those.
• दिए गए विकल्पों में से दूसरे वाक्य में "This" एक demonstrative adjective है।
• अत: दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "A full day".

Key Points

• The third sentence of the passage says "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece".
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the total time spent by the elderly lady in writing a postcard is a full day.
• Hence, the correct answer is **option 2.**​

Hinglish

• Passage का तीसरा वाक्य कहता है, "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece".
• Passage के इस वाक्य से, हम कह सकते हैं कि वृद्ध महिला द्वारा पोस्टकार्ड लिखने में बिताया गया कुल समय एक पूरा दिन है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

Important Points

• ​Given below are the points, we should keep in mind while solving questions of reading comprehension(नीचे दिए गए बिंदु हैं, हमें रीडिंग कॉम्प्रिहेंशन के प्रश्नों को हल करते समय ध्यान में रखना चाहिए-)-
• Identify the purpose of reading. Try to go through the question first then the passage so that you can just focus on the things you need to look in the passage.(पढ़ने के उद्देश्य को पहचानें। पहले प्र���्न को फिर गद्यांश को पढ़ने का प्रयास करें ताकि आप केवल उन चीजों पर ध्यान केंद्रित कर सकें जिनकी आपको गद्यांश में देखने की आवश्यकता है।)
• Anticipate what may lie ahead. Look out for specific information in the passage.(अनुमान लगाएं कि आगे क्या हो सकता है। पैसेज में विशिष्ट जानकारी के लिए देखें।)
• Read the passage quickly to get a general idea of meaning or to find specific information, e.g. figures or names.(अर्थ का सामान्य विचार प्राप्त करने या विशिष्ट जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए गद्यांश को शीघ्रता से पढ़ें, उदा। आंकड़े या नाम।)

The correct answer is "The work consumes all the time".

Key Points

• The first sentence of the passage says "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion".
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that when the time to be spent on some work increases, the work consumes all the time.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3​.

Hinglish

• गद्यांश का पहला वाक्य कहता है, "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion".
• गद्यांश के इस वाक्य से हम कह सकते हैं कि जब किसी काम में लगने वाला समय बढ़ता है तो काम में सारा समय लग जाता है।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।

The correct answer is "A pillar-type postbox".

Key Points

• The fourth sentence of the passage says "An hour will be spent in finding the postcard, another hunting for spectacles, half an hour to search for the address, an hour and a quarter in composition and twenty minutes in deciding whether or not to take an umbrella when going to the pillar-box in the street". (Passage का चौथा वाक्य कहता है  "An hour will be spent in finding the postcard, another hunting for spectacles, half an hour to search for the address, an hour and a quarter in composition and twenty minutes in deciding whether or not to take an umbrella when going to the pillar-box in the street"
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the expression 'pillar-box' stands for a pillar-type postbox.(परिच्छेद के इस वाक्य से, हम कह सकते हैं कि अभिव्यक्ति 'पिलर-बॉक्स' एक स्तंभ-प्रकार के पोस्टबॉक्स के लिए है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 4​.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 है।)

The correct answer is "A man of leisure".

Key Points

• The last sentence of the passage says "The total effort that would occupy a busy man for three minutes, all told, may in this fashion leave another person completely exhausted after a day of doubt, anxiety and toil". Passage का अंतिम वाक्य कहता है, "The total effort that would occupy a busy man for three minutes, all told, may in this fashion leave another person completely exhausted after a day of doubt, anxiety and toil"
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the person likely to take more time to do work is a man of leisure.(passage के इस वाक्य से, हम कह सकते हैं कि जिस व्यक्ति को काम करने में अधिक समय लगने की संभावना है, वह फुरसत का आदमी है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3​.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

The correct answer is "Whatever time is available for a given amount of work, all of it will be used".

Key Points

• The second sentence of the passage says The general recognition of this fact is shown in the proverbial phrase, "It is the busiest man who has time to spare" and the third sentence of the passage says "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece". (Passage का दूसरा वाक्य कहता है कि*"It is the busiest man who has time to spare"* and the third sentence of the passage says "Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece".)
• From these sentences of the passage, we can say that the most appropriate explanation of the sentence, "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion" is whatever time is available for a given amount of work, all of it will be used.(Passage के इन वाक्यों से, हम कह सकते हैं कि वाक्य की सबसे उपयुक्त व्याख्या, "कार्य का विस्तार होता है ताकि उसके पूरा होने के लिए उपलब्ध समय को पूरा किया जा सके" किसी दिए गए कार्य के लिए जो भी समय उपलब्ध है, वह सब होगा उपयोग किया गया।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2​. (अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।)

The correct answer is "the place has no space".

Key Points

• The eighth sentence of the passage says "They are used in congested areas where there is no room for airplanes or in isolated areas, which do not have airports".(गद्यांश का आठवां वाक्य कहता है, "They are used in congested areas where there is no room for airplanes or in isolated areas, which do not have airports"।)
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that the word 'congested' in the passage means the place has no space.(गद्यांश के इस वाक्य से हम कह सकते हैं कि गद्यांश में 'भीड़' शब्द का अर्थ है कि स्थान में कोई स्थान नहीं है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।)​

The correct answer is "stay at one place in the air".

Key Points

• The fifth sentence of the passage says "Third, helicopters can use their rotors to hover in the air, which is impossible for airplanes".(Passage का पाँचवाँ वाक्य कहता है, "तीसरा, हेलीकॉप्टर हवा में मंडराने के लिए अपने रोटार का उपयोग कर सकते हैं, जो हवाई जहाज के लिए असंभव है"।
• The word hover means to remain in one place in the air.(होवर शब्द का अर्थ है हवा में एक ही स्थान पर रहना।)
• Therefore, 'Hover' in the passage means to stay at one place in the air.(अतः गद्यांश में 'होवर' का अर्थ है हवा में एक स्थान पर रहना।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1​.(अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।)

The correct answer is "Verb".

Key Points

• The sixth sentence of the passage says "Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes cannot, they are used for different tasks".
• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Noun' is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things ( common noun ), or to name a particular one of these ( proper noun ).
• 'Verb' is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
• 'Adverb' is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
• "Helping verb" are verbs that help the main verb in a sentence by extending its meaning.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Hinglish

• Passage का छठा वाक्य कहता है "Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes cannot, they are used for different tasks".
• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• ​'Noun' एक शब्द (सर्वनाम के अलावा) है जो लोगों, स्थानों, या चीजों (सामान्य संज्ञा) के किसी भी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, या इनमें से किसी एक विशेष (उचित संज्ञा) का नाम देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• 'Verb' एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय के मुख्य भाग को बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• 'Adverb' एक शब्द या वाक्यांश है जो स्थान, समय, परिस्थिति, तरीके, कारण, डिग्री आदि के संबंध को व्यक्त करते हुए किसी विशेषण, क्रिया या अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या शब्द समूह को संशोधित या योग्य बनाता है।
• "Helping verb" वे क्रियाएं हैं जो मुख्य क्रिया को उसके अर्थ का विस्तार करके एक वाक्य में मदद करती हैं।
• अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "It reaches the inaccessible places easily".

Key Points

• The third-last sentence of the passage says "Helicopters are used as air ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are difficult to reach by conventional ambulances". (Passage का तीसरा-अंतिम वाक्य कहता है, "Helicopters are used as air ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are difficult to reach by conventional ambulances")
• From this sentence of the passage, we can say that a helicopter is used as an ambulance because it reaches the inaccessible places easily.(​गद्यांश के इस वाक्य से हम कह सकते हैं कि हेलीकॉप्टर का उपयोग एम्बुलेंस के रूप में किया जाता है क्योंकि यह दुर्गम स्थानों तक आसानी से पहुँच जाता है।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3​. (अत: सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

The correct answer is "adverb".

Key Points

• The first sentence of the passage says "Helicopters are very different from airplanes".
• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Adverb' is a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
• 'Adjective' a word naming an attribute of a noun.
• 'Noun' is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things ( common noun ), or to name a particular one of these ( proper noun ).
• 'Verb' is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
• In the given sentence, the adverb 'very' is describing or modifying the adjective 'different'.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Hinglish

• Passage का पहला वाक्य कहता है "Helicopters are very different from airplanes".
• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं:
• ​'Adverb' एक शब्द या वाक्यांश है जो स्थान, समय, परिस्थिति, तरीके, कारण, डिग्री आदि के संबंध को व्यक्त करते हुए किसी विशेषण, क्रिया या अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या शब्द समूह को संशोधित या योग्य बनाता है।
• 'Adjective' किसी संज्ञा के गुण का बोध कराने वाला शब्द है।
• 'Noun' एक शब्द (सर्वनाम के अलावा) है जो लोगों, स्थानों, या चीजों (सामान्य संज्ञा) के किसी भी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, या इनमें से किसी एक विशेष (उचित संज्ञा) का नाम देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• 'Verb' एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका उपयोग किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय के मुख्य भाग को बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।
• दिए गए वाक्य में, क्रिया विशेषण(adverb) 'very' विशेषण 'different' का वर्णन या संशोधन कर रहा है।
• अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 है।

The correct answer is "to meditate".

Key Points

• The phrase "to chew the cud" means to ponder over; meditate.(मुहावरा "to chew the cud" का अर्थ है विचार करना; ध्यान)
• Example(उदाहरण): It is a place where shooting parties come for lunch, where farmers meet to chew the cud.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.(अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

Additional Information

• The first term, first recorded in 1382, transfers the appearance of a patiently ruminating cow to a person deep in thought. The variant was first recorded in 1696. (पहला कार्यकाल, पहली बार 1382 में दर्ज किया गया था, एक गहरी सोच वाले व्यक्ति को एक धैर्यपूर्वक जुगाली करने वाली गाय की उपस्थिति को स्थानांतरित करता है। संस्करण पहली बार 1696 में दर्ज किया गया था।)

The correct answer is "of".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• The preposition 'for' is used to specify the use of something.
• The preposition 'of' is used to indicate relating to, belonging to.
• The preposition 'with' means accompanied by (another person or thing).
• The preposition 'over' means at a higher level or layer than.
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Complete Sentence: He was very much ashamed of his mischief.

Additional Information

• A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence.(Preposition एक शब्द है जिसका उपयोग संज्ञा, सर्वनाम या वाक्यांशों को एक वाक्य के भीतर दूसरे शब्दों से जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।)
• They act to connect the people, objects, time, and locations of a sentence.(वे एक वाक्य के लोगों, वस्तुओं, समय और स्थानों को जोड़ने का कार्य करते हैं।)
• Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns.(Prepositions आमतौर पर छोटे शब्द होते हैं, और उन्हें आम तौर पर सीधे संज्ञा के सामने रखा जाता है।)

Hinglish

• आइए दिए गए विकल्पों का पता लगाएं :
• कुछ के उपयोग को निर्दिष्ट करने के लिए 'for' का उपयोग किया जाता है।
• से संबंधित, इंगित करने के लिए ' of ' प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• पूर्वसर्ग 'with' का अर्थ है (किसी अन्य व्यक्ति या चीज) के साथ।
• ' over ' का अर्थ उच्च स्तर या परत से अधिक होता है।
• इसलिए , सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 है।

The correct answer is "Had".

Key Points

• The given sentence is a type 3 conditional sentence.(दिया गया वाक्य type 3 conditional वाक्य है।)
• In type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the "if" clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.(type 3 conditional वाक्य में, "if" clause past perfect है, और main clause में टेंस perfect conditional या perfect continuous conditional है।)
• To make the 'if' clause in the past perfect tense we have to use the verb 'had'. The structure for the past perfect tense is had + [past participle]. (past perfect tense में 'if' क्लॉज बनाने के लिए हमें 'had' क्रिया का प्रयोग करना होगा। past perfect tense की संरचना में + [past participle] है।)

Hence, the complete sentence is: Had he stood first, he would have gone to America.

Additional Information​

The correct answer is "latter".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• 'Last one' means a person or thing that is last, in a group or set which consists more than two entities.('Last one' का अर्थ है एक व्यक्ति या चीज जो अंतिम है, एक समूह या सेट में जिसमें दो से अधिक इकाइयां होती हैं)
• 'Later' means at a time in the near future; soon or afterward.('Later' में' का अर्थ निकट भविष्य में एक समय पर है; जल्दी या बाद में।)
• 'Latter' means denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things.('Latter' का अर्थ है दो लोगों या चीजों का दूसरा या दूसरा उल्लेख करना।)
• 'Last' means coming after all others in time or order; final.('Last' का अर्थ है समय या क्रम में अन्य सभी के बाद आना; अंतिम।)
• We know the proverb "The Pen is Mightier than the Sword" and in the given sentence the latter noun is 'pen'.(हम कहावत जानते हैं "कलम तलवार से ताकतवर है" और दिए गए वाक्य में latter noun 'कलम' है।)

Hence the correct sentence is: Of the sword and pen, the latter is more powerful.

The correct answer is "mis".

Key Points

• Let us explore the given options:
• When we use the prefix 'in' with the word 'behave it becomes inbehave which doesn't have any existence or meaning.(जब हम 'behave' शब्द के साथ 'in' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग करते हैं तो यह inbehave हो जाता है जिसका कोई अस्तित्व या अर्थ नहीं होता है।)
• When we use the prefix 'dis' with the word 'behave it becomes disbehave which doesn't have any existence or meaning.(जब हम 'dis' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग 'behave' शब्द के साथ करते हैं तो यह disbehave हो जाता है जिसका कोई अस्तित्व या अर्थ नहीं होता है।)
• When we use the prefix 'mis' with the word 'behave it becomes misbehave which means behave badly.(जब हम 'behave' शब्द के साथ उपसर्ग 'mis' का प्रयोग करते हैं तो यह गलत व्यवहार हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है बुरा व्यवहार करना।)
• When we use the prefix 're' with the word 'behave it becomes rebehave which doesn't have any existence or meaning.(जब हम 're' उपसर्ग का प्रयोग 'behave' शब्द के साथ करते हैं तो यह rebehave हो जाता है जिसका कोई अस्तित्व या अर्थ नहीं होता है।)
• The other words when used with prefix 'mis', the word 'guide' becomes misguide means mislead and 'use' becomes misuse means use (something) in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose.(दूसरे शब्द जब उपसर्ग 'mis' के साथ प्रयोग किए जाते हैं, तो 'guide' शब्द गुमराह हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है गुमराह करना और 'उपयोग' का दुरुपयोग हो जाता है जिसका अर्थ है गलत तरीके से या गलत उद्देश्य के लिए उपयोग (कुछ)।)
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3.(अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 है।)

Additional Information

• 'in' means “in, on, or not".
• 'dis' means “not, opposite of".
• 'mis' means “wrong, wrongly".
• 're' means “again".