UPTET 2017 Paper 1 (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Learning Curve: A learning curve visualizes changes in pupil overall performance over time. The line graph displays opportunities across the x-axis, and a measure of student performance along the y-axis.

Learning Plateau-

• If the learner arrives at a plateau in his learning process, imperfect linguistic items, rules, and subsystems will become relatively permanently incorporated into the learning system of a second language learner, in spite of further experience, explanation, or instruction.
• The period of learning, where no improvement in performance is made,
• A learning plateau occurs when you stop learning quickly. It's easy to make quick progress early on, when you learn more, you naturally slow down. Because of this, learning plateau frequently occurs when learners reach an intermediate level of learning.

Following are the cause of plateau of learning-

• Overgeneralization of the linguistic material of the target
• Strategies of communication
• limit of motivation
• Physiological limit
• Limit of knowledge
• lack of confidence
• doing the same things all the time

The period of learning, where no improvement in performance is made, is called a plateau of learning.

Intelligence refers to a set of different cognitive abilities to think rationally, act purposefully, resolve problems, and deal with the demands of the environment.

Key Points

An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula given below,

${\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100$

Where, Mental Age is based on intellectual development.

Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

The below table shows classification of IQ:

Learning By Trial And Error**:** The connections between stimuli and responses are formed through random trial and error.

Key Points

• The law of trial and error was formulated after Thorndike’s experiment on a hungry cat imprisoned in a cage.
• When the cat could press the lever of the cage through several trials, it would get food as the reward.
• Thorndike also emphasized the significance of other factors like the readiness of learners, and goal-oriented learning endeavors, for learning.
• Thorndike also propounded "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws of learning that leads to development.

These primary laws are:

Hence, Thorndike propounded the law of trial and error of learning.

Additional Information

• The Theory of Classical Conditioning was propounded by ‘Ivan Pavlov’.
• 'Wolfgang Kohler', a German psychologist, has proposed the ‘Theory of Insight’. This theory advocates a sudden solution to the problem as insight doesn't rely on behaviour or observation.

Chromosomes are microscopic filamentous structures that contain an individual’s genetic material. This genetic material serves as the “instruction manual” for the body, containing the “directions” the body needs to form and function properly. Human cells have a total of 46 chromosomes, which are arranged into 23 pairs.

• Due to this, the gamete contains two X chromosomes rather than one. When such an egg containing XX is fertilized by sperm containing Y, an XXY zygote is formed that develops into a Klinefelter male.
• This first cell in which the male genes are joined with the female is called the Zygote. The zygote looks like an unfertilized egg.
• When an egg and sperm are united during fertilization, the resulting in the normal zygote has 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, one pair from the egg and one from the sperm.

Hence, we can conclude that In a normal zygote, the number of chromosomes in pairs is 23.

Educational psychology is the systematic study of the development of the individual within the educational setting. It helps the teacher to foster the harmonious overall development of the student.

Theories of Educational Psychology:

Hence, we can conclude that Operant conditioning theory is Propounded by Skinner.

There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc.

• These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.
• Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, is associated with the 'Theory of Learning', which he called the ‘Theory of Insightful learning’.
• In his theory, he has proposed the term ‘Insight’ that doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.

As per ‘Theory of Insightful learning’:

• The solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling.
• Insight enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
• Insight doesn't rely on behavior or observation, it is the sudden realization of a problem's solution using intuition.

Kohler demonstrated the following experiment based on insight:

• He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
• The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
• They would ‘suddenly’ stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
• It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.

Hence, it could be concluded that Kohler is associated with the 'Theory of learning'.

Intelligence is the ability to undertake activities that are characterized by difficulty, complexity, abstractness, economy, adaptiveness to a goal, social value, and the emergence of originals, and to maintain such activities under conditions that demand a concentration of energy and resistance to emotional forces.

Fluid Mosaic Model of Intelligence: The fluid mosaic model of intelligence was proposed by Raymond B. Cattell.

• Cattell defined fluid intelligence as the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships.
• "Fluid intelligence is the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies.
• Fluid intelligence is the capacity to reason and solve new problems. There is no influence from any knowledge from past experiences, rather the person innovates new logical methods to resolve the problem.
• Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.

Hence it is clear that Fluid mosaic model of intelligence was proposed by Cattel.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently.

Key Points 

The brainstorming method is developed by Alex F. Osborn. It is the oldest and best-known technique for stimulating creative thinking. It is the most fruitful exercise to solve complex and critical problems.

• In Brainstorming, many creative minds work together and apply their diverse thinking patterns to achieve the same learning goals. Ideas are generated spontaneously by the learners.
• It is a teaching-learning process in which the student is the active role player. The teacher gives one problem or topic to the entire class and allots time.
• Within the given time, the student must create ideas. The role of the teacher in this method is just to consider all the ideas and arise conclusions based on the healthy discussion.

Important Points  Characteristics of Brainstorming Process:

• Quantity is more important than quality as in each time span, how many questions are prepared by the child based on the topic is considered.
• Associating different ideas to come up with a new one as in this process thought arising in the mind of the learner is noted down for further discussion and use.
• Generation of unusual ideas as it just demands the active participation of the child in the learning process by making them think and note the ideas in his own style.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Brainstorming model of teaching is used to improve creativity.

Emotional Intelligence refers to our emotions have a mind of their own, one which can hold views quite independently of our rational mind.

Theory of Emotional Intelligence:

• In the early 1990s, Daniel Goleman became aware of Salovey and Mayer’s work and eventually led into the study in his book “Emotional Intelligence”.
• Goleman has tried to make a distinction between emotional intelligence and emotional competencies. It is referred to in relation to emotions. The merging of emotion and intelligence as a cognitive ability under the caption of ‘Emotional intelligence’.
• Emotional intelligence determines our potential for learning practical skills based on the five elements: self-awareness, motivation, self-regulation, empathy, and adeptness in relationships.
• Emotional intelligence involves striking a balance between emotion and reason in which neither is completely in control.
• Emotionally intelligent people know when it is right to control their emotions and when it is right to be controlled by them.
• Emotional intelligence also involves the ability to read other people’s emotions correctly.

Hence Goleman is associated with emotional intelligence theory.

Motivation is defined as an inner state of need or desire. That state of desire creates a movement or activity towards satisfying that desire. It depends to some degree upon whether we look at the internal forces or the resultant external behaviors.

• Drive reduction theory of Motivation that adequately explains how behavior is channelized by primary drives. However, it does not adequately explain behaviors that have goals to maintain or increase arousal. For example, it may not help in explaining the behavior of an adolescent who enjoys a roller coaster ride or rides his/ her bike at full speed.

Learning: Learning is the total of an individual’s life experience acquitted through the socialization process. It exceeds a mere acquisition of factual information or mastering of skills, as it also includes the total of an individual’s life experience which are relatively permanent in nature and have survived values for him.

Theories of learning:

• Theory of generalization: When conditioning has occurred or when the conditioned response to a stimulus has been acquired, then other similar stimuli can also elicit the same response. This is known as stimulus generalization. In Pavlov’s experience, the dog gave CR (salivation) to a slightly different bell also.
• Theory of identical elements: Thorndike by proposing the theory of identical elements took the stand that resemblance and similarity between situations has a considerable effect on the amount and kind of transfer of learning that can be carried over from one situation to the other.

Hence, we can conclude that Drive reduction theory is a theory of Motivation and the rest falls under the learning theories.

Cognitive achievement of children is enhanced through social interaction with other people, particularly those who are more skilled.

Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy is a hierarchical organization of cognitive objectives. Bloom classifies learning objectives into three domains, cognitive, affective, and sensory domain.

1. Cognitive Domain: mental skills
2. Affective Domain: growth in feelings or emotional areas
3. Psychomotor Domain: manual or physical skills

The cognitive domain involves six categories of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills.

• The lowest level of cognitive achievement is knowledge.

Hence, it becomes clear that the lowest level of cognitive achievement is knowledge.

Transfer of learning: It refers to the influence of learning one task on the learning of another. Transfer of learning is considered to be the basis of curriculum development as it provides a foundation for the arrangement of the sequence of skills to be learned. This transfer could either be lateral and vertical, positive and negative, and near transfer and far transfer. 

• Transfer of learning occurs when learning in one context or with one set of materials impacts performance in other contexts or with other related materials'.
• The vertical transfer is the acquisition of new responses contingent on the learning of prerequisite, subordinate capabilities. This transfer generally occurs when learning events occur in a hierarchy and is based on Gagne's Hierarchy of Learning. This means we cannot learn at a particular level on the hierarchy unless we have the prerequisite knowledge or skills, which serve the bases for the future learning task.

Hence it is clear that A boy who can ride a cycle is going to drive a motorbike. This is an example of a vertical transfer of learning.

Learning Plateau-

• If the learner arrives at a plateau in his learning process, imperfect linguistic items, rules, and subsystems will become relatively permanently incorporated into the learning system of a second language learner, in spite of further experience, explanation, or instruction.
• A learning plateau occurs when you stop learning quickly. It's easy to make quick progress early on, when you learn more, you naturally slow down. Because of this, learning plateau frequently occurs when learners reach an intermediate level of learning.

Key Points

Following are the cause of plateau of learning-

• Overgeneralization of the linguistic material of the target
• Strategies of communication
• limit of motivation
• Physiological limit
• Limit of knowledge
• lack of confidence
• doing the same things all the time

Hence it is clear that the non-cooperation of school is not a cause of learning plateau.

Learning: Learning is the total of an individual’s life experience acquitted through the socialization process. It exceeds a mere acquisition of factual information or mastering of skills, as it also includes the total of an individual’s life experience which are relatively permanent in nature and have survived values for him.

• Learning is not acquired by birth, but it is the process of acquiring competence by using hereditary resources.
• Temporary behavior change is not learning.

Important Points

Let us have a look at the definitions of learning given by various psychologists/educationists: 

• Gates and others: "Learning is the modification of behavior through experience and training".
• Crow and Crow defined learning as the process of acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitudes.
• B.F Skinner defined the learning process by which a response is strengthened or extinguished through the reinforcement or punishment of a behavior.

Hence, we can conclude that the statement "Learning is the modification of behavior through experience and training" was given by Gates and others.

Intelligence is the ability to undertake activities that are characterized by difficulty, complexity, abstractness, economy, adaptiveness to a goal, social value, and the emergence of originals, and to maintain such activities under conditions that demand a concentration of energy and resistance to emotional forces.

Stanford-Binet Test

• Need to measure intelligence arise to trap individual differences in the general mental ability for a variety of purposes, such as academic classification, occupational counseling, and personnel selection. Intelligence tests can be defined as a test to evaluate the general level of cognitive functions and intellectual ability.
• In 1911, the Binet-Simon scale was revised for the third time. More items were added to extend the scale up to the age group of 16 years. The American version of the Binet-Simon test was developed by Terman and Merrill at Stanford University in 1916. It is known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale.
• The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Form L-M, was different from its predecessor in that it included a deviation intelligence quotient with a normative mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16. This version also included the 142 most pertinent items from the two previous forms of the test.
• The four main areas assessed were verbal reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and short-term memory.
• The latest version of the test, the Stanford- Binet Intelligence Scales–Fifth Edition (SB5) differs significantly from the SB4 with regard to theoretical structure, as the SB5 adheres rather strictly to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) cognitive theory and the SB4 adheres to a less strict psychometric design.

Hence it is clear that the Stanford-Binet Test’ measures intelligence.

Personality: Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes.

• Personality is psychophysical that includes mental and physical aspects and both explain total personality.
• Personality theories are attempts to understanding both the characteristics and the way of development of personality.

Key Points

JUNG Classification of Personality

• His personality theory is known as an analytic theory or analytical psychology.
• Carl Jung suggested that all human beings share certain unconscious ideas because we are all human and were created from similar evolutionary circumstances and common ancestors.
• The unconscious that we all share is called the collective unconscious.
• Each individual has his own self-actualization. Jung expressed libido in a very comprehensive way, he equated libido as life energy.
• In light of libido, Jung proposed two types of personalities— extroverts and introverts.
• The persons in whom life energy (libido) flows inward are known as introvert while, persons whom the life energy flows outward are termed as an extrovert.
• In other words, the extraversion orients a person toward the external world while the introversion drives a person toward the inner, subjective world.
• According to Jung introvert and extrovert function under four aspects-sensations, feelings, thinking, and intuition.

Additional Information

FREUD:

• The first modern theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud (1923) that is known as the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theory of personality.
• According to Freud, our most behaviour is caused by thoughts, ideas, and wishes that are created in a person‘s brain.
• These are not easily accessible by the conscious part of the mind but the unconscious mind.
• According to him, the mind could be divided into three abstract categories- the id, the ego, and the superego.

ALLPORT:

• Gordon Allport (1897-1967) was the first personality theorist who adapted the trait theory of personality.
• The trait theory is one of the most important and largest fields of personality psychology.
• According to this theory, personality is a composition of broad traits.

MUNN:

• Personality may be defined as the characteristics, and integration of an individual’s, structure, attitudes, capacities, abilities, and aptitudes

From the above, we can conclude that Carl Jung classified introverted and extroverted personalities.

Social development refers to the development of an individual in such a way as s/he becomes a useful member of society. Social development is the process of learning to conform to group standards.

Key Points

Factors Affecting Social development:

Some of the factors which have a bearing on the level of social development are the social-environmental elements:

1. The social development of a child is regulated by the culture and society in which he/she lives. That is why children coming from different cultures, have different styles of social responses.
2. Family: The family is the most important primary agency for the socialization of the child. Consciously or unconsciously, the child imitates the behavior of the parents and other members in the family and thus picks up many good or bad social characteristics.
3. The parent-child relationships, the language used by the parents, the educational level of the parents, and the socio-economic status of the parents, and availability of leisure to spent with the parents, number of members in the family are the other factors influence the social development of the child.
4. Peer Group: The peer group satisfies many needs of child-like acceptance, achievement, affection, approval, belongingness, fame, recognition, etc. A good company of peers especially in the pre-primary classes is of great help in learning good qualities. Through peer group interaction, the child understands how to cooperate, how to lead and follow, to think for a common cause, and adjust to challenging social situations.
5. The school: A lot of school-related factors influence the socialization of the child. The interpersonal relationship in the school, its tradition, values, and ideals maintained by the institution, the curricular and co-curricular activities, the social qualities and behavior of the teachers and school mates, etc. have a great role in the socialization of the child.

Thus it becomes clear that the factors affecting the social development of children are social-environmental elements.

Development refers to the process by which an individual's potentialities unfold and appear as new abilities, qualities, and characteristics. 

Physical development is the process that starts in human infancy and continues into late adolescence concentrating on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty. 

• It means growing control over muscles and physical coordination.

Law of Rapid growth:

• Physical growth includes the attainment of full height and appropriate weight and an increase in the size of all organs (except lymphatic tissue, which decreases in size). Growth from birth to adolescence happens in two definite phases:
• Phase 1 i.e. from birth to 1-2 years: In this phase, rapid growth takes place, even if the rate of growth diminishes over that period.
• Phase 2 i.e. from about 2 years-puberty): In this phase, growth happens in relatively constant annual increments.
• Puberty is the process of attaining physical maturation from child to adult.

Additional Information

1. Law of difference from mental development: Mental development is an important aspect of growth, embracing various mental abilities. It starts from birth, and as the child develops with time his/her mental reactions also change.
2. ​Law of irregular development: When development occurs unexpectedly and exhibits an unusual pattern of behavior, emotion, or thought, it's called irregular development.
3. Law of relation to imagination and emotional development:

• Imagination: Imagination is an essential component of childhood, helping children learn many important lifelong skills. 
• Fine motor skills come into play with pretend money and coins, play food, dressing dolls with clothes, and playing with small cars or figurines
• Emotional- As the child grows, the emotional responses become less diffuse, less random, and more differentiated, and can be aroused by a wide variety of stimuli. 
• The commonly found emotional patterns in babyhood are anger, fear, curiosity, joy, and affection.

Hence, we can conclude that the Law of rapid growth is primary law of Physical development.

Development is a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes.

• These qualitative changes lead to the enhancement of various abilities and enable one to function effectively.
• The changes rely on the quantitative changes brought about by growth.

THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT:

• Theory of continuous growth-
• Development is a continuous process that begins at conception and ends with life.
• The rate of developmental changes and the pace of the process may become slow or might gain momentum at certain times but it never ceases completely provided the environment is conducive for development.
• ​Theory of Interrelation-
• ‘All the domains of development and learning—physical, social and emotional, and cognitive—are important, and they are closely interrelated’.
• Development in one domain is accompanied and greatly influenced by that which occurs in the other domains.
• For example, day-to-day activities of children such as playing, studying, or socializing with peers involve activity in multiple areas or domains.
• Theory of Uniform pattern-
• ​The changes brought about by the process of development follow a sequential order.
• This sequence or order is generally the same for all. In the words of Anita Woolfolk, infants sit before they walk, babble before they talk, and see the world through their own eyes before they can begin to imagine how others see it’.
• A sequence is also observed in the stage-wise progression of development.
• A child undergoing a normal course of growth and development would pass through infancy, middle and late childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and finally to old age.

Additional Information

THEORY OF CONDITIONED REFLEX:

• The term conditioned reflex was coined by, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. It is used to denote the criterion measure of a behavioral element of learning, that is, a new association between the signal and the consequential event referred to as the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, respectively.

From the above, we can conclude that the Theory of conditioned reflex is not a Theory of development.

DEVELOPMENT:

• It can be defined as a progressive series of orderly, coherent changes leading towards the goal of maturity
• According to Hurlock, 1964 “Development is not limited to the growing layer. Instead, it consists of a progressive series of changes towards the goal of maturity. Development results in new characteristics and new abilities on the part of the individual”.
• It means qualitative changes that are directed towards maturation.
• Development is considered as a function of or a product of maturation and learning.
• The development follows an observable pattern that can be predicted.

Additional Information

• Arnold Gesell develops the Gesell developmental Schedules to assesses behavior in the areas of adaptive, gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social development.
• Douglas and Holland stated that the term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences, and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behavior, and the growth, development, and maturity of living organisms.

Hence, we can conclude that "Development results in new characteristics and new abilities.” This statement is given by Hurlock.

Instincts are goal-directed and innate behavior that is not due to learning or experience.

McDougall tried to explain behavior in terms of a few distinct inherited tendencies which he called instincts.

• For him, instinct and emotion are always unified.
• Emotion is the conscious aspect of an instinctive activity.
• An instinct is an innate disposition that makes the organism sensitive to objects and disposes it to appropriate action.
• He states that "An instinct determines it's possessor to perceive and to pay attention to objects of a certain class, to experience emotional excitement of a particular quality upon perceiving such an object and to act in regard to it in a particular manner or at least to experience an impulse to action”.
• Further, he feels that an instinctive action is an outcome of, "A distinctly mental process, one which is incapable of being described in purely mechanical terms because it is a psychophysical process involving psychical as well as physical changes and like every other mental process.
• It stated three aspects, the cognitive, the affective, and the conative aspects; every instance of instinctive behavior involves knowing of something or object, a feeling in regard to it, and a striving toward or away from the object”

Additional Information

• Thorndike divided intelligent activity into three types :
• Social Intelligence or the ability to understand and deal with persons;
• Concrete intelligence or ability to understand and deal with things, as in skilled trades and scientific appliances and
• Abstracts intelligence, or the ability to understand and deal with verbal and mathematical symbols
• According to Woodworth, Both behavior and consciousness were the subject matter of psychology. His 'Dynamic Psychology' (1918) tried to explain behavior by merging theories of motivation, perception, learning, and thinking, also his book 'Psychology' (1921) became a standard textbook.
• Drever emphasized the element of satisfyingness in interest. To him, interest is a feeling of worthwhileness passing into satisfyingness.

Hence, it's clear that McDougall classified instincts into fourteen types

Attention refers to the active processing of specific information present in the environment by an individual.

• ‘Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one subject rather than upon another’ Dumville (1938)
• It allows us to 'tune out' information, sensations, and perceptions that are not relevant at the moment and instead focus energy on the information that is important.
• Attention is the most consequential of all the tasks the human brain performs.
• Perceiving, thinking, learning, deciding, and acting deliberately, all depend on attention.
• Attention is the means by which one actively processes a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through one‟s senses, stored memories, and other cognitive processes.

Additional Information

• Attention refers to the processing or selection of some information at the expense of other information (Pashler, 1998).
• Ross (1951): Attention is the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the mind.
• Morgan & Gilliland (1942): Attention is being keenly alive to some specific factor in our environment.
• McDougall states that emotions are the conscious concomitants of instinctive impulses at work.
• Norman L. Munn (1972) defined personality as the most characteristics, integration of an individual’s, structure, attitudes, capacities, abilities, and aptitudes

From the above, it's clear that the statement “Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one object rather than upon another" is given by Dumville.

The pioneer of educational psychology E. L. Thorndike formulated three laws of learning.

• Thorndike also propounded "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws of learning that leads to development.

Key Points These primary laws are:

Hence, it becomes clear that the Law of multiple responses is not included in the primary law of learning.

Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason. From various meanings of intelligence, it could be concluded that intelligence means the ability of an individual to solve the problems that have been received from general learning, experience, schools, and the environment. 

Verbal Intelligence Test

• Verbal tests use written language for their items and therefore, require the examinees to be literate.
• Most of the widely used mental ability tests, to some degree, depend on language and include tasks presented in verbal terms. S-B test, General Mental Ability Test (GMAT), and Army Alpha Test include the tasks testing the vocabulary by identifying the meaning synonym, antonym, completion of the sentences, etc. The tests in which this type of items is included are called the verbal tests

General Mental Ability Test (GMAT) :

• It is defined as the ability to understand and interpret verbal information, the ability to recognize and process numbers and information stated in tabular/ graphical format, ability to think broadside, and construct logical connections between unassociated concepts.
• Dr. S.S. Jalota propounded this test in Hindi to measure intelligence.
• By this test, we can measure the intelligence of a group and classify intelligent, average, and dull categories.

Additional Information

Army Alpha Test:

• First administered to nearly two million new recruits in World War I, and the Otis Group Intelligence Scale were forerunners of many other group tests that are administered economically and quickly to large numbers and were thus effective for use in schools and industry.
• Standardized group tests are administered for college and graduate school entrance, and for a number of civil service positions.

Non-verbal Intelligence Test:

• Tests, which require no reading and writing activity on the part of the subjects, are described as non-verbal tests such as Progressive Matrices, Pinter General Ability Test, Picture drawing test.
• The children's mental ability can be tested by means of pictures.
• This type of test consists of all the items in pictorial form.
• They are valuable for better diagnosis of cases that scoreless on verbal tests.
• It is better to use terms as 'pictorial' or 'no reading rather than Non-verbal.

Picture drawing test:

• ​Through this, we can analyze different areas of a person's subconscious, for instance, fears, dreams, and main personality traits in general.
• However, Projective personality tests, specifically, evaluate how a person responds to particular situations through a drawing.

Hence, it's clear that GMAT was propounded by Dr. S.S Jalota in Hindi.

Intelligence has been defined as the total of everything you know, as the ability to learn or profit from experience, as the ability to solve problems, or as the ability to cope with the demands of the environment.

Key Points The two-factor theory of intelligence: Charles Spearman proposed his theory in the year 1923.

• According to his theory, intelligence consists of two factors: ‘g’ and ‘s’, where ‘g’ stands for generalized factor and ‘s’ stands for the specific factor.
• As per him, the ‘g’ factor is responsible for different tasks which are common for all people while the ‘s’ factor is for abilities like musical, spatial, mechanical, etc.
• S-factor is applicable in specific fields and changeable in nature while G-factor is a universal innate ability to perform all cognitive tasks effectively.

Hence, we can conclude that Charles Spearman proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence.

Learning is the sum total of an individual’s life experience acquitted through the socialization process. It exceeds a mere acquisition of factual information or mastering of skills, as it also includes the total of an individual’s life experience which are relatively permanent in nature and have survived values for him.

• | Learning Theories | Proponents | | --- | --- | | Holistic Theory of learning | - The holistic approach is the totality of something much greater than the sum of its parts and their functioning.​ - The theory of multiple intelligences builds a strong basis for the concept of a comprehensive learning plan in universities which can improve student’s academic achievement. In this competitive era, a holistic approach towards developing intelligence is much needed to enhance student’s learning. | | Stimulus-response theory of learning | - The famous Psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, (1874-1949) was the initiator of this theory which was based on the findings of his experiments on chickens, rats, and cats. - With the help of these experiments, he tried to evolve certain laws and propagated his theory of connectionism or trial and error learning. - Tries to explain the process of learning carefully based on actual experiments performed. - Connectionism is a learning theory that is based on the concept of bonds shaped between stimulus and response i.e., natural connections between Situations (S) and Responses (R) are formed and strengthened. - S-R bonds are formed which are considered as physical conditions. - This theory of learning is related to conditioning that utilizes the concept of association of connection. | | Classical Conditioning | - Russian Psychologist IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936), who advocated the Theory of Classical Conditioning, considers learning as habit formation and is based on the principle of association and substitution. - It is simply a stimulus-response type of learning, wherein a place of natural stimulus like food water, sex, etc, an artificial stimulus like the sound of the bell, the sight of the light of a definite color, etc can evoke a natural response. - The Conditioning Theory of learning put forward by Watson and Pavlov involves the conditioning of respondent behavior through a process of stimulus association and substation. | | Operant Conditioning | - ​B.F. Skinner (1948) conducted a series of experiments with animals, put forward his theory of Operant Conditioning for learning, which involves not only simple responses but also, for learning, the most difficult and complex series of responses. - The theory of Operant Conditioning advocates the emitting of the desired response and its proper management through suitable reinforcement. - The learner responds in a certain way to produce the reinforcing stimulus. - The subsequent reinforcement gradually conditions the learner to emit the desired response and thus learn the desired act. |

• Clark L. Hull (1884-1952), a teacher in the universities of Wisconsin and Yale, is credited with putting forth a systematic mathematical and scientific theory of human behavior based on conditioning and connectionism of the earlier behaviorists. He built his theory on a logical structure of postulates and theorems.

Hence, we conclude that the Holistic theory of learning is not propounded by Hull.

The term 'Eugenes' in Greek means good in stock; hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. 'Eugenics' is the study of the agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally.

• The word 'eugenics' was initially proposed and defined by a Victorian scientist, Sir Francis Galton (1822—1911). He is the 'Father of the Eugenics'.
• A cousin of Charles Darwin, he was greatly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.
• He defined eugenics to mean 'the science of improving the inherited stock of a population, not only by judicious matings but by all other means' the word eugenics come fi-om the Greek word EU -good, genesis creation or birth.
• It is a polar opposite to the word 'euthanasia' EU - good than those - dead.
• Eugenics might be formulated as 'science applied to the qualitative improvement of the set of human genes to be transmitted to the next generation.
• This definition could be extended to cover methods for regulating population numbers as well as trying to improve the genetic composition of the next generation.

Hence, we can conclude that Francis Galton is the 'father of eugenics'.

Psychologically speaking personality is all that a person is. It includes everything about the person, his physical, emotional, social, mental, and spiritual makeup. The term personality signifies something deeper than more appearance or outward behavior. 

Factors Influencing Personality: The following factors influence the development of the personality of an individual. There are various glands in our body. These glands are cell structures. They are important for the individual’s physical and mental health and development. They secrete different substances which are responsible for this development.

Key Points

Cannon described different types of personality based on glands.

There are two types of glands:

1. The Duct Glands
2. The Ductless Glands.

The Duct Glands :

• The duct glands secrete their fluids through ducts and channels.
• These glands help in the digestive process.
• If the digestion is proper, then the individual becomes healthy.

The Ductless Glands:

• The ductless or endocrine glands exercise a great influence on the development of the various parts of the body and their activities' emotional stability and temperament.
• The hormones secreted by these glands play a vital role in the making of personality.
• The three important ductless glands are:

Hence, from the above, we can conclude that Cannon described different types of personalities based on glands.

Confusion Points 

• Kretschmer described personality on the basis of different body types.
• Kretschmer was a German psychiatrist who on the basis of his observation of patients classified people into four types. He used the physical constitution and temperament for this purpose The four types he talked about included: (i) Pyknik type (ii)Asthenic type (iii)Athletic type (iv) Dysplastic type.

Creativity is the phenomenon whereby imaginative and original ideas are turned into reality. It relates to divergent thinking that refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach.

The above-mentioned statement is given by 'Crow and Crow' as:

• It is the ability possesses by the people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.
• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective.
• It is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach.
• It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful and includes brainstorming and out of the box thinking in it

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned statement is given by 'Crow and Crow'.

Additional Information

Characteristics of Creative Children:

• Perceive relation between impossible things.
• Think quickly and solve problems in a novel way.
• Convert imaginative and original ideas into reality.
• Try new things and risk failure in executing innovative ideas.
• Use divergent and out of the box thinking in different situations.

Important Points

Childhood refers to the period of the human lifespan, ranging from birth to puberty. It consists of many developmental stages and 'adolescence' is one of them.

• 'Adolescence' comes from the Latin word 'Adolescere' which means 'to grow to become mature'. It is a stage which lies between the age of '10 to 19 years'.

It is divided into three parts:

1. Early adolescence: age 10-13 years
2. Middle adolescence: age 14-16 years
3. Late adolescence: age 17-19 years

Key Points

The tendency of Feeling of Revolt is concerned with 'early adolescence' as:

• It is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.
• The time period of transition from childhood and adolescence is of great stress.
• Adolescents fail to think clearly and it creates great frustration and stress in their lives.
• It is a transitional stage when a child develops physically and psychologically into an adult.
• It is a stage of storm and stress in which children are in conflict with their parents, are moody, and tend to spend more time with peers.

 Hence, it could be concluded that the tendency of Feeling of Revolt is concerned with 'early adolescence'.

Additional Information

‘घुमक्कड़’ शब्द में 'अक्कड़' प्रत्यय है।

'अक्कड़' प्रत्यय से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द - भुलक्कड़, पियक्कड़, कुदककड़ आदि हैं।

शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अक्कड़' है।

• महावीर स्वामी का जन्म 'वैशाली' में हुआ था।
• भगवान महावीर स्वामी जैन धर्म के चौंबीसवें तीर्थंकर हैं व इनका जन्म कुंडलग्राम, वैशाली के निकट हुआ था।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वैशाली' है।

‘स्वछन्द’ में व्यंजन संधि है तथा इसका संधि विच्छेद 'स्व + छंद' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। व्यंजन संधि अर्थात एक व्यंजन से दूसरे व्यंजन या स्वर के मेल से विकार उत्पन्न होता है, जैसे - अहम् + कार = अहंकार, उत् + लास = उल्लास। अतः सही विकल्प 'व्यंजन' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

स्वर के बाद यदि छ् वर्ण आ जाए तो छ् से पहले च् वर्ण बढ़ा दिया जाता है । जैसे - (अ + छ = अच्छ) स्व + छंद = स्वच्छंद, (आ + छ = आच्छ) आ + छादन = आच्छादन आदि।

अन्य विकल्प

• महात्मा बुद्ध ने जब बुद्धत्व प्राप्त किया तब उनकी अवस्था '35 वर्ष' थी।
• गद्यांश की पंक्ति '35 वर्ष की आयु में उन्होंने बुद्धत्व प्राप्त किया' से स्पष्ट है।
• अन्य विकल्प गलत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प '35 वर्ष' है।

• गद्यांश के अनुसार ‘श्रुति धर्म’ का अर्थ 'वैदिक धर्म' है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'वैदिक धर्म' है।

विशेष -

• वैदिक संस्कृति में लिखे चार वेद सनातन धर्म की धार्मिक किताबें हैं।
• हिन्दू मान्यता के अनुसार ऋग्वेद और अन्य वेदों के मंत्र ईश्वर द्वारा ऋषियों को दिए गए थे।
• इसलिए वेदों को 'श्रुति' (यानि, 'जो सुना गया है') कहा जाता है।

• ‘निमिष’ शब्द का पर्याय 'क्षण' है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'क्षण' है।
• 'निमिष' शब्द के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द 'पलक, बरौनी' हैं।

Key Points

• प्रकाश के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं ‘ज्योति, चमक, प्रभा, छवि’।
• छिद्र के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं ‘सूराख, रंध्र’।
• पूर्ण के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं ‘सम, सर्व, अखिल, सम्पूर्ण’।

Additional Information

• ‘मुझसे उठा नहीं गया’ वाक्य में 'भाववाच्य' है क्योंकि यहाँ भाव की प्रधानता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'भाववाच्य' है।

जिसकी पूर्व से कोई आशा न हो के लिए एक शब्द 'अप्रत्याशित' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अप्रत्याशित' है।

अन्य विकल्प

‘गोधूम’ शब्द का तद्भव 'गेहूँ' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत है। अतः सही विकल्प 'गेहूँ' है।

Key Points

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘निष्कपट’ शब्द का संधि विच्छेद ‘निः + कपट’ है तथा यहाँ विसर्ग संधि है। अतः सही विकल्प ‘निः + कपट’ है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• विसर्ग संधि में यदि विसर्ग से पहले इ, उ और बाद में क, ख, ट, ठ, प, फ में से कोई वर्ण हो तो विसर्ग का ष हो जाता है। जैसे- निः + कलंक = निष्कलंक, चतुः + पाद = चतुष्पाद।

विशेष

'अनुगृहीत' शब्द की वर्तनी शुद्ध है।

• शेष विकल्प त्रुटिपूर्ण हैं।
• 'अनुगृहीत' का अर्थ 'उपकृत, कृतज्ञ' एहसानमंद' होता है।
• अनुगृहीत का अर्थ - उपकृत, एहसानमंद, कृतज्ञ।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अनुगृहीत' है।

Additional Information

‘अपेक्षा’ का विशेषण रूप 'अपेक्षित' है। 'अपेक्षा' भाववाचक संज्ञा है और स्त्रीलिंग शब्द है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अपेक्षित' है। 

स्पष्टीकरण

• इसमें 'इत' प्रत्यय जोड़कर इसे 'अपेक्षित' बनाया गया है।
• 'उपेक्षा' और 'अपेक्षा' एक दूसरे के विपरीतार्थक शब्द हैं।

• ‘श’ ध्वनि का उच्चारण स्थान 'तालु' है।
• इसके आलावा तालु 'च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य' का भी उच्चारण स्थान है।
• मूर्द्धा से 'ट, ठ, ड, ढ ण, ड़, एवं ढ़' का उच्चारण होता है।
• दंत से 'त, थ,द, ध, न,स' का उच्चारण होता है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'तालु' है।

• ‘अत्यंत’ शब्द में प्रयुक्त उपसर्ग 'अति' है।
• इसमें 'अंत' मूल शब्द है।
• अति उपसर्ग से बनने वाले अन्य शब्द 'अत्यधिक , अतिशय , अतिरिक्त , अत्यल्प , अतिक्रमण , अतिवृष्टि , अतिशीघ्र , अत्याचार , अत्युक्ति , अत्युत्तम , अत्यावश्यक, अतिकाल , अतिरेक' आदि हैं।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अति' है।

‘उपत्यका’ का अर्थ 'पर्वत के पास की भूमि' है। शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'पर्वत के पास की भूमि' है।

Key Points 

अन्य विकल्प

• ‘ड्.’ का उच्चारण स्थान 'नासिक्य' है। अतः सही विकल्प 'नासिक्य' है।

Important Points

• 'नासिक्य' से 'ड, ञं, ण, न, म' का उच्चारण होता है क्योंकि इनके उच्चारण में श्वासवायु नाक से होकर निकलती है।
• यह अंतिम व्यंजन वर्ण होते है।

Additional Information 

‘चार गज मलमल’ में 'परिमाणबोधक' विशेषण है। इसमें गज की निश्चित संख्या 'चार' बताई गयी है इस प्रकार निश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'परिमाणबोधक' है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प

Additional Information

विशेष

‘सीस’ का तत्सम रूप 'शीर्ष' है।

शेष विकल्प अनुपयुक्त हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'शीर्ष' है।

Additional Information

‘चौराहा’ शब्द में 'द्विगु' समास है क्योंकि इसका पहला पद संख्यावाचक है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'द्विगु' है।

स्पष्टीकरण

‘आँख की किरकिरी होना’ का अर्थ 'अप्रिय लगना' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'अप्रिय लगना' है।

अन्य विकल्प

मौखिक कौशल- मनुष्य जब अपने विचारो को दुसरो के समक्ष रखने के लिए भाषा का बोलकर प्रयोग करता है तो उसे मौखिक अभिव्यक्त कहा जाता है

आशु भाषण- इसमें भाषणकर्ता को भाषण के ठीक पहले ही भाषण का विषय दिया जाता है और भाषणकर्ता को तुरंत ही सोच - विचार करके बोलना पड़ता है। इसकी विशेषता निम्न है-

• मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का रूप 'आशु भाषण' है।
• इसके लिए धैर्य, विविध विषयो का ज्ञान, तुरंत सोचने की क्षमता की आवश्यक है।
• यह भाषा में पारंगत होने के किया जाता है।

अतः 'आशु भाषण' मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का रूप है।

हिन्दी भाषा में 18 बोलियाँ है। सही विकल्प '18' है।

 Key Points

Confusion Points

1. संविधान कि आठवीं अनुसूची में कुल 22 भाषाएँ सम्मिलित हैं।
2. हिन्दी साहित्य में जिन 22 बोलियों की आप कर रहे हैं वो 22 बोलियों नही 22 भाषाएँ हैं।
3. उन 22 भाषाओँ में :- हिन्दी, गुजराती जैसी भाषाएँ आती है।
4. परन्तु यहाँ सिर्फ हिन्दी भाषा की बात हो रही है, जिसमे  हिन्दी की पाँच उपभाषाएँ, 18 बोलियाँ हैं।

• भारतेन्दु युग में निकलने वाली पत्रिका-युग्म 'कविवचन सुधा-हिन्दी प्रदीप' है।
• यह 1968 में भारतेन्दु हरिश्चंद्र द्वारा प्रकाशित हुई थी।
• अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'कविवचन सुधा-हिन्दी प्रदीप' है।

• ‘तद्भव’ पत्रिका के संपादक का नाम 'अखिलेश' है।
• यह मासिक पत्रिका थी जो लखनऊ में प्रकाशित हुई थी।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'अखिलेश' है।

‘बारह बरस लौ कुकर जीवे, अरु तेरह लौ जिए सियार।” यह पंक्ति 'जगनिक' की है। यह कि 'परमाल रासो' से ली गयी है। यह आल्हा छंद में रचित वीरों में उत्साह जगाने वाला है। अतः सही विकल्प 'जगनिक' है।

अन्य विकल्प

'मॉरीशस'

में हिन्दी भाषा का प्रयोग लिखने एवं बोलने में किया जाता है।

अतः मॉरीशस  में हिन्दी भाषा का प्रयोग लिखने एवं बोलने में किया जाता है।

Key Points

• ‘सूरसागर’ 'ब्रज' भाषा की रचना है।
• यह 'सूरदास' द्वारा रचित कृष्ण भक्ति से युक्त पदों का संग्रह है।
• शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'ब्रज' है।

विशेष

कृष्णकाव्य की मुख्य भाषा ब्रज है और रामकाव्य की मुख्य भाषा अवधी है।

सही उत्तर है - सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान 

• ‘वीरो का कैसा हो वसंत’ कविता 'सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान' ने लिखी है।
• सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान वीर रस की एकमात्र कवयित्री हैं।

Key Points

• सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान वीर रास कि कवियित्री हैं।
• स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में कई बार वे जेल भी गयी हैं।
• इनकी सबसे प्रसिद्द रचना है झाँसी की रानी।

Additional Information

लेखिका परिचय:

• जन्म: 26  अगस्त 1904
• मृत्यु: 15  फरवरी 1948
• कहानी संग्रह: बिखरे मोती, उन्मादिनी, सीधे सादे चित्र।
• कविता संग्रह: मुकुल, त्रिधारा।
• बाल साहित्य: झाँसी की रानी, कदम्ब का पेड़, सभा का खेल।

उपर्युक्त में से 'मानक भाषा' व्याकरण और वर्तनी से शुद्ध भाषा कहलाती है।

अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

अतः सही विकल्प 'मानक भाषा' है।

• उपर्युक्त में से 'परमाल रासो' ‘आल्हाखण्ड’ के नाम से प्रसिद्द है।
• यह जगनिक द्वारा आल्हा छंद और वीर रस युक्त काव्य है।

अतः सही विकल्प 'परमाल रासो' है।

अन्य विकल्प

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. adjective.

Key Points

• noun- a word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things.(लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों के किसी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाने वाला शब्द)
• adjective- a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.(एक संज्ञा की विशेषता का नाम देने वाला शब्द, जैसे sweet, red, or technical)
• adverb- a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group(एक शब्द या वाक्यांश जो किसी विशेषण, क्रिया, या अन्य क्रिया विशेषण या शब्द समूह को संशोधित या योग्य बनाता है)
• homonym- each of two or more words having the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings(एक ही वर्तनी या उच्चारण वाले दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों में से प्रत्येक लेकिन अलग-अलग अर्थ)
• The word 'icy' qualifies the noun 'continent', hence it is an adjective. (शब्द 'icy' संज्ञा 'continent' को योग्य बनाता है, इसलिए यह एक विशेषण (adjective) है।)

Thus, the correct answer is adjective.

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. noun.

​Let's look at the definitions given below:

• noun- a word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things.(लोगों, स्थानों या चीजों के किसी वर्ग की पहचान करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाने वाला शब्द)
• pronoun- a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself.(एक शब्द जो स्वयं द्वारा प्रयुक्त संज्ञा वाक्यांश के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है)
• verb- a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence(किसी क्रिया, अवस्था या घटना का वर्णन करने और वाक्य के विधेय का मुख्य भाग बनाने के लिए प्रयुक्त शब्द)
• verbal- relating to or derived from a verb.(क्रिया से संबंधित)
• 'Desert' is a name for arid land with sparse vegetation, a very warm climate, and receiving less than 25 cm of rain. ('Desert' विरल वनस्पति, बहुत गर्म जलवायु और 25 सेमी से कम वर्षा प्राप्त करने वाली शुष्क भूमि का नाम है।)
• Hence it is an example of a noun. (संज्ञा)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. superlative form of adjective.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• The adjective 'windy' means characterized by or exposed to strong winds. (विशेषण 'windy' जिसका अर्थ है तेज हवाओं की विशेषता या उजागर)
• The word 'windiest' is the superlative form of the adjective 'windy'. ('windiest' शब्द विशेषण 'windy' का superlative form है)
• Hence the 2nd option(दूसरा विकल्प) is the apt choice here.

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. No.

Key Points

​Let's look at the 3rd last and 4th last lines from the given paragraph:

• "Antarctica hasn't always been located at the South Pole. It has drifted, like the other continents, and has ranged from the Equator during the Cambrian period, about 500 million years ago to the South Pole."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that Antarctica hasn't always been fixed in the South Pole.

Hinglish

आइए दिए गए पैराग्राफ से तीसरी आखिरी और चौथी आखिरी पंक्तियों को देखें:

• "Antarctica hasn't always been located at the South Pole. It has drifted, like the other continents, and has ranged from the Equator during the Cambrian period, about 500 million years ago to the South Pole."
• दिए गए extract के अवलोकन पर, यह स्पष्ट है कि अंटार्कटिका हमेशा दक्षिणी ध्रुव में स्थिर नहीं रहा है।

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Dinosaurs.

Key Points

​Let's look at the last line from the given paragraph:

• "During the time of the dinosaurs, Antarctica was more temperate and hosed dinosaurs and many other life-forms. Now there is very little indigenous life."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that Dinosaurs are the earliest known inhabitants of Antarctica.

Hinglish

आइए दिए गए पैराग्राफ की अंतिम पंक्ति को देखें:

• During the time of the dinosaurs, Antarctica was more temperate and hosed dinosaurs and many other life-forms. Now there is very little indigenous life."
• दिए गए extract के अवलोकन पर, यह स्पष्ट है कि डायनासोर अंटार्कटिका के सबसे पहले ज्ञात निवासी हैं।

The correct answer is Option 4) i.e. appreciate the hidden qualities of admirable literature.

Key Points

​Let's look at the 2nd line from the given paragraph:

• "Half-educated persons read for amusement, and are not to be blamed for it; they are incapable of appreciating the deeper qualities that belong to really great literature."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that half-educated persons are not able to appreciate the hidden qualities of admirable literature.

Hinglishआइए दिए गए पैराग्राफ से दूसरी पंक्ति को देखें:

• "Half-educated persons read for amusement, and are not to be blamed for it; they are incapable of appreciating the deeper qualities that belong to really great literature."
• दिए गए उद्धरण के अवलोकन से स्पष्ट है कि अर्द्धशिक्षित व्यक्ति प्रशंसनीय साहित्य के छिपे हुए गुणों की सराहना नहीं कर पाते हैं।

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. intoxicant.

​Let's look at the definitions given below:

• narcotic- an addictive drug affecting mood or behavior, especially an illegal one. (मनोदशा या व्यवहार को प्रभावित करने वाली एक नशे की लत दवा, विशेष रूप से एक अवैध)
• intoxicant- a substance such as alcohol that produces feelings of pleasure or happiness in a person.(शराब जैसा पदार्थ जो किसी व्यक्ति में खुशी या खुशी की भावना पैदा करता है)
• Hence the given word 'narcotic' denotes an intoxicant in the passage.(इसलिए दिया गया शब्द 'narcotic' एक intoxicant को दर्शाता है।)

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. mental powers of a high order for understanding great literature.

Key Points

​Let's look at the last line from the paragraph given below:

• "It is like a narcotic, something that helps to pass the time, something that keeps up a perpetual condition of dreaming, something that eventually results in destroying all capacity for thought, giving exercise only to the surface parts of the mind and leaving the deeper springs of feelings and the higher faculties of perception unemployed."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that the word faculty here means an inherent mental or physical power.
• Hence the given phrase 'the higher faculties' denotes mental powers of a high order for understanding great literature.
  

Hinglishआइए नीचे दिए गए पैराग्राफ की अंतिम पंक्ति को देखें:

• "It is like a narcotic, something that helps to pass the time, something that keeps up a perpetual condition of dreaming, something that eventually results in destroying all capacity for thought, giving exercise only to the surface parts of the mind and leaving the deeper springs of feelings and the higher faculties of perception unemployed."
• दिए गए उद्धरण के अवलोकन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि यहाँ faculty शब्द का अर्थ एक अंतर्निहित मानसिक या शारीरिक शक्ति है।
• इसलिए दिया गया वाक्यांश 'the higher faculties' महान साहित्य को समझने के लिए एक उच्च क्रम की मानसिक शक्तियों को दर्शाता है।

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. at last.

​Let's look at the definitions given below:

• eventually- in the end, especially after a long delay, dispute, or series of problems.(अंत में, विशेष रूप से एक लंबी देरी, विवाद या समस्याओं की श्रृंखला के बाद)
• Hence the given word 'eventually' means 'at last' in the given passage. (अत: दिए गए गद्यांश में दिए गए शब्द 'eventually' का अर्थ 'at last' है।)

The correct answer is Option 4) i.e. unused.

Key Points

​Let's look at the last line from the paragraph given below:

• "It is like a narcotic, something that helps to pass the time, something that keeps up a perpetual condition of dreaming, something that eventually results in destroying all capacity for thought, giving exercise only to the surface parts of the mind and leaving the deeper springs of feelings and the higher faculties of perception unemployed."
• Upon the perusal of the given extract, it is obvious that the inherent mental or physical power hasn't been utilized to its potential.
• Hence the given phrase the 4th option i.e. unused is the correct choice here.

Hinglish 

आइए नीचे दिए गए पैराग्राफ की अंतिम पंक्ति को देखें:

• "It is like a narcotic, something that helps to pass the time, something that keeps up a perpetual condition of dreaming, something that eventually results in destroying all capacity for thought, giving exercise only to the surface parts of the mind and leaving the deeper springs of feelings and the higher faculties of perception unemployed."
• दिए गए उद्धरण के अवलोकन पर, यह स्पष्ट है कि अंतर्निहित मानसिक या शारीरिक शक्ति का उसकी क्षमता के अनुसार उपयोग नहीं किया गया है।
• इसलिए दिया गया वाक्यांश चौ��ा विकल्प यानी अप्रयुक्त यहां सही विकल्प है।

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. As cheerful as a lark.

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• As cheerful as a lark: Very happy sometimes with the extra connotations of being carefree or unaware of grimmer realities.(कभी-कभी लापरवाह होने या गंभीर वास्तविकताओं से अनजान होने के अतिरिक्त अर्थों से बहुत खुश होते हैं)
• Example: ​
• ​​She's as cheerful as a lark with her ten dollar pay raise.

Let's look at the meanings of the other corrected expressions: 

• As busy as a bee- very busy and active.(बहुत व्यस्त और सक्रिय)
• As cunning as a fox- crafty and shrewd, esp. in deception; sly.(चालाक और चतुर)
• as happy as a bunny- a contented, satisfied person or animal.(संतुष्ट व्यक्ति या जानवर)

The correct answer is a complex sentence.

Key Points​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• A simple sentence contains one independent clause. (एक simple वाक्य में एक independent clause होता है।)
• A complex Sentence has one independent and at least one dependent Clause. (एक complex वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र और कम से कम एक dependent clause होता है।)
• A compound sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and no dependent clauses. (एक compound वाक्य एक वाक्य है जिसमें कम से कम दो independent clause होते हैं और कोई dependent clause नहीं होता है।)
• For example:
• He plays football. (Simple)
• You will lose the game if you don't try harder. (Complex)
• He dances and sings as well. (Compound)
• The sentence given has two clauses(one independent and one dependent Clause) - "This is the house" and "I was born" which are joined by a relative pronoun "which". (दिए गए वाक्य में दो clauses हैं (one independent and one dependent Clause) - "This is the house" और "I was born" जो एक relative pronoun "which" से जुड़ते हैं।)
• Hence it is an example of a complex sentence.

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. Beyond.

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Beyond: at or to the further side of. (पर या उसके आगे की ओर)
• Example: ​
• ​​He pointed to a spot beyond the concealing trees.
• The word 'beyond' acts primarily as a preposition.('beyond' शब्द मुख्य रूप से एक preposition के रूप में कार्य करता है।)

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• and- used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly. (Conjunction)(भाषण, खंड, या वाक्य के एक ही भाग के शब्दों को जोड़ने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, जिन्हें संयुक्त रूप से लिया जाना है)
• yet- but at the same time; but nevertheless. (Conjunction)(लेकिन फिर भी)
• now- at the present time or moment. (Adverb)(वर्तमान समय या क्षण में)

The correct answer is 'Apace'.

Key Points

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Apace: swiftly; quickly.(तेजी से; जल्दी जल्दी)
• Example: ​
• ​The project is coming on apace.
• The word 'apace' acts primarily as an adverb. (वह शब्द 'apace' मुख्य रूप से एक adverb के रूप में कार्य करता है।)

​

Additional Information

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• Face- confront and deal with or accept. (verb)(सामना करना और व्यवहार करना या स्वीकार करना)
• Meek- quiet, gentle, and easily imposed on; submissive. (adjective)(शांत, सौम्य, और आसानी से थोपा गया; विनम्र)
• Fury- extreme strength or violence in an action or a natural phenomenon. (noun)(किसी क्रिया या प्राकृतिक घटना में अत्यधिक शक्ति या हिंसा)

The correct answer is Option 1) i.e. The coffee isn't too strong to keep us awake.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• The 1st sentence tells us about the nature of the coffee. (पहला वाक्य हमें कॉफी की प्रकृति के बारे में बताता है।)
• The 2nd sentence represents a conclusion based on the 1st sentence.(दूसरा वाक्य पहले वाक्य के आधार पर निष्कर्ष का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।)
• In the given scenario, the conjunction 'too...to' is the correct choice.(दिए गए scenario में, conjunction 'to...to' सही विकल्प है)
• Hence the 1st option(पहला विकल्प) is the correct choice here.

Mistake Points

• The 3rd option isn't a correct choice here because of the 'too...to' formation in the 1st option. (पहले विकल्प में 'to...to' बनने के कारण तीसरा विकल्प यहां सही विकल्प नहीं है।)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. each other.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• Since two people are being talked about in the sentence, 1st and the 4th option aren't correct.
• The pronoun 'each other' is used for two people whereas 'themselves' is used for more than two people.
• Hence the 2nd option is the correct choice here.

Correct Sentence: *"*My son and my daughter are very fond of each other."

Hinglish

• चूँकि वाक्य में दो लोगों के बारे में बात की जा रही है, पहला और चौथा विकल्प सही नहीं है।
• Pronoun 'each other' का प्रयोग दो लोगों के लिए किया जाता है जबकि 'themselves' दो से अधिक लोगों के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है।
• अतः यहाँ दूसरा विकल्प सही विकल्प है।

सही वाक्य: *"*My son and my daughter are very fond of each other."

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Misanthrope.

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Misanthrope: a person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society.(एक व्यक्ति जो मानव जाति को नापसंद करता है और मानव समाज से बचता है)
• Example: ​
• ​​Scrooge wasn't the mean-spirited misanthrope most of us believe him to be.

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• nazist- adhering to or resembling Nazism. (नाज़ीवाद का पालन करना या उससे मिलता-जुलता)
• fascist- a tendency toward or actual exercise of strong autocratic or dictatorial control. (मजबूत निरंकुश या तानाशाही नियंत्रण की ओर या वास्तविक अभ्यास की प्रवृत्ति)
• sadist- a person who derives pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliation. (एक व्यक्ति जो दर्द या अपमान करने से खुशी प्राप्त करता है)

The correct answer is 'Give me the book.'

Key Points

Let's look at the steps to change the sentence from passive to active voice:

• We need to follow these instructions while changing the voice of an imperative sentence.
• The word 'Let' needs to be replaced by the 1st form of the verb, i.e., give.
• The objective case of the pronoun needs to be used now. (me)
• At last, line up the remaining part.

Following these steps, we finally get - "Give me the book."

Hinglish

• एक imperative sentence की आवाज बदलते समय हमें इन निर्देशों का पालन करने की आवश्यकता है।
• शब्द 'let' को क्रिया के पहले रूप से प्रतिस्थापित करने की आवश्यकता है, अर्थात देना।
• सर्वनाम के objective case का अब उपयोग करने की आवश्यकता है। (me)
• अंत में, शेष भाग को पंक्तिबद्ध करें।

इन चरणों का पालन करते हुए, हमें अंत में मिलता है - "Give me the book."

The correct answer is I said to Sheela, "May I know your father?"

 Let's look at the steps to change the sentence from indirect to direct speech:

• When the indirect speech is in the interrogative form, we follow the steps given below:
• The reporting verb 'asked' is replaced by 'said to'.
• The connector 'if' is replaced by the comma and inverted commas.
• The modal verb 'might' is replaced by 'may' followed by the 1st form of the verb, i.e., know.
• The pronoun 'her' is replaced by 'your'.
• At last, line up the remaining part.

Following these steps, we finally get - "I said to Sheela, "May I know your father?"

Hinglish

• जब indirect speech, interrogative के रूप में होता है, तो हम नीचे दिए गए चरणों का पालन करते हैं:
• रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया 'asked' को 'said to' से बदल दिया गया है।
• कनेक्टर 'if' को कॉमा और inverted कॉमा से बदल दिया जाता है।
• modal verb 'might' को 'may' से बदल दिया जाता है और उसके बाद क्रिया का पहला रूप होता है, यानी, know
• सर्वनाम 'her' को 'your' से बदल दिया जाता है।
• अंत में, शेष भाग को पंक्तिबद्ध करें।

इन चरणों का पालन करते हुए, हमें अंत में मिलता है - "I said to Sheela, "May I know your father?"

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. to.

The adjective 'responsible' is mainly followed by two prepositions given below:

• responsible for- to have control and authority over something/someone and the duty of taking care of it/him/her. (किसी चीज़ पर नियंत्रण और अधिकार होना और उसकी देखभाल करने का कर्तव्य)
• responsible to- to be controlled or answerable/accountable to someone or something.(किसी को या किसी चीज़ के लिए नियंत्रित या जवाबदेह / जवाबदेह होना)
• The given sentence conveys that the Ministers are answerable to the Chief Minister for their work. (मंत्री अपने काम के लिए मुख्यमंत्री के प्रति जवाबदेह होते हैं)
• Hence the 2nd option i.e. 'to' will be the most appropriate choice here.

Correct sentence: "The Ministers are responsible to the Chief Minister of their State for their work."

The correct answer is option 4) i.e. As.

Key Points

 ​Let's have a look at the meanings of the conjunctions*:*

• but- used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has already been mentioned. (जो पहले ही उल्लेख किया गया है उसके विपरीत एक वाक्यांश या खंड का परिचय देने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है)
• either- used before the first of two given alternatives (the other being introduced by ‘or’).(दिए गए दो विकल्पों में से पहले के पहले प्रयोग किया जाता है)
• unless- except if. (सिवाय अगर)
• as- used to indicate that something happens during the time when something else is taking place.(उस दौरान कुछ होता है जब कुछ और हो रहा होता है)
• As the sentence conveys that the electricity was cut off because of not paying the bill, 'as' is the correct choice here.

Correct Sentence: "As he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off."

 'Unless/until' are never followed by 'not'. ('unless/until' के बाद 'not' का पालन न किया जाए।)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. Personification​.

Key Points

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Personification: the act of giving a human quality or characteristic to something which is not human. (किसी ऐसी चीज को मानवीय गुण या विशेषता देने की क्रिया जो मानव नहीं है)
• Example: ​
• ​​Lightning danced across the sky.
• In the given sentence, death has been treated as an apathetic human being, hence personification​ has been used here. (मृत्यु को एक उदासीन मनुष्य के रूप में माना गया है, इसलिए यहाँ व्यक्तित्व का उपयोग किया गया है)

Additional Information

Let's look at the meanings of the other figures of speech:

• metaphor- an expression that describes a person or object by referring to something that is considered to possess similar characteristics.(एक अभिव्यक्ति जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु का ��र्णन किसी ऐसी चीज के संदर्भ में करती है जिसे समान विशेषताओं वाला माना जाता है)
• E.g: a heart of stone, a shining star, etc.
• apostrophe- when a character in a literary work speaks to an object, an idea, or someone who doesn't exist as if it is a living person.(जब किसी साहित्यिक कृति में कोई पात्र किसी वस्तु, विचार, या किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति से बात करता है जो अस्तित्व में नहीं है जैसे कि वह एक जीवित व्यक्ति है)
• E.g: Feet, don't fail me now.
• simile- an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words "as" or "like".(एक चीज़ की दूसरे के साथ तुलना करने वाली अभिव्यक्ति, जिसमें हमेशा "as" या "like" शब्द शामिल होते हैं)
• E.g: as sly as a fox, as busy as a bee, etc.

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. Demography.

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Demography: the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area.(किसी विशेष क्षेत्र में जन्म, विवाह, मृत्यु आदि की संख्या में परिवर्तन का अध्ययन)
• Example: ​
• ​​The increase in the number of young people leaving to work in the cities has had a dramatic impact on the demography of the villages.

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• ecology- the relationships between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc., usually of a particular area, or the scientific study of this.(आमतौर पर किसी विशेष क्षेत्र की हवा, जमीन, पानी, जानवरों, पौधों आदि के बीच संबंध, या इसका वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन)
• astronomy- the scientific study of the universe and of objects that exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets, and stars.(ब्रह्मांड और अंतरिक्ष में प्राकृतिक रूप से मौजूद वस्तुओं का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन, जैसे कि चंद्रमा, सूर्य, ग्रह और तारे)
• genealogy- the study of the history of the past and present members of a family or families(किसी परिवार या परिवार के अतीत और वर्तमान के सदस्यों के इतिहास का अध्ययन)

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. It is better to be satisfied with what you have than to try to get what is not yours.

Let's look at the meaning of the highlighted word:

• A bird in hand is worth two in a bush: the things we already have are more valuable than the things we only hope to get. (जो चीजें हमारे पास पहले से हैं, वे उन चीजों से अधिक मूल्यवान हैं जिन्हें हम केवल पाने की आशा करते हैं)
• ​Example: ​He may not jump to the temptation of getting two apples from you, as he knows that a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

The correct answer is Option 4) i.e. Dang.

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Dang: used to express anger.(क्रोध व्यक्त करने के लिए)
• Example: ​
• ​​Dang, I broke the glass!
• The word 'dang' rather expresses human emotion than a word for sound.(शब्द 'dang' ध्वनि के लिए एक शब्द के बजाय मान���ीय भावना को व्यक्त करता है)

Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• chime- to make a clear ringing sound.(एक स्पष्ट बजने वाली ध्वनि बनाने के लिए)
• jingle- to make a repeated gentle ringing sound.(बार-बार कोमल बजने वाली ध्वनि बनाने के लिए)
• ring- to (cause to) make the sound of a bell.((कारण) घंटी की आवाज करना)

The correct answer is Option 2) i.e. for.

 There are some verbs/nouns/adjectives which are followed by fixed preposition given below:(कुछ क्रिया / संज्ञा / विशेषण हैं जिनके बाद नीचे दिए गए निश्चित पूर्वसर्ग हैं)

• ​Exonerate from, refrain from, suspicious of, interested in, inured to, accused of, sorry for, respite from, vexed at, etc.
• For example:
• ​After spending some time on the island they became inured to the hardships.
• Hence according to the rule given above, 'for' will be the most appropriate choice.(अतः ऊपर दिए गए नियम के अनुसार 'for (के लिए)' सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त विकल्प होगा)

Correct Sentence: *"*Are you sorry for what you have done?"

The correct answer is Make thin.

Key Points

Let's look at the meaning of the marked option.

• Attenuate: reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness.(बल, प्रभाव, या भौतिक मोटाई में कमी)
• Example: ​​​The doctrines of Christianity became very attenuate and distorted.

Additional Information Let's look at the meanings of the other given options: 

• Repent- feel or express sincere regret or remorse about one's wrongdoing or sin.(किसी के गलत काम या पाप के बारे में गंभीर खेद या पछतावा महसूस करना या व्यक्त करना)
• Force- strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement.(शारीरिक क्रिया या गति के गुण के रूप में शक्ति या ऊर्जा)
• Divide- separate or be separated into parts.(अलग या भागों में विभाजित होना)

The correct answer is Option 4) i.e. The servant ran away and added to their troubles.

​Let's look at the explanation given below:

• A simple sentence contains one independent clause. (एक साधारण वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य होता है।)
• A compound sentence contains more than one independent clause. (संयुक्त वाक्य में एक से अधिक स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य होते हैं)
• A compound sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. (यौगिक वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य और कम से कम एक आश्रित उपवाक्य होता है।)
• For example:
• He plays football. (Simple)
• He dances and sings as well. (Compound)
• You will lose the game if you don't try harder. (Complex)
• The 4th option is a combination of two sentences which are joined by **and (**चौथा विकल्प दो वाक्यों का एक संयोजन है जो 'and' से जुड़ते हैं) i.e. The servant ran away and he added to their troubles.
• Hence it is an example of a compund sentence.

The correct answer is Option 3) i.e. of.

Key Points

• There are some verbs/nouns/adjectives which are followed by fixed preposition given below: (कुछ क्रिया / संज्ञा / विशेषण हैं जिनके बाद नीचे दिए गए निश्चित पूर्वसर्ग हैं)
• ​Exonerate from, refrain from, suspicious of, interested in, inured to, accused of, a predilection for, a respite from, vexed at, etc.
• For example:
• ​After spending some time on the island they became inured to the hardships.
• suspicious: ​having or showing a cautious distrust of someone or something. (किसी को या किसी चीज का सतर्क अविश्वास होना या दिखाना।)
• Hence according to the rule given above, 'of' will be the most appropriate choice.(अतः ऊपर दिए गए नियम के अनुसार 'का'(of) सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त विकल्प होगा।)

Correct Sentence: *"*Why are you always so suspicious of me."

The correct answer is option 1) i.e. wants.

 Key Points

The simple present tense is used when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly or unceasingly.

• The structure is given below:
• Subject + V1 + object.
• The verb will take 's/es' if the given noun/pronoun (3rd person) is singular.
• For example:
• ​He plays badminton daily.
• Certain verbs used only in the simple present tense are given below:
• ​see, think, know, possess, like, want, desire, hate, seem, imagine, etc.
• Example: My brother owns a car.
• Hence according to the rule given above, the 1st option i.e. wants is the most appropriate choice here.

Correct Sentence: "The Headmaster wants to speak to you."

Hinglish

• सरल वर्तमान काल का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया अभी हो रही हो, या जब वह नियमित रूप से या निरंतर होती हो।
• संरचना नीचे दी गई है:
• विषय + V1 + वस्तु।
• यदि दी गई संज्ञा/सर्वनाम (तीसरा व्यक्ति) एकवचन है, तो क्रिया 's/es' लेगी।
• For example:
• ​He plays badminton daily.
• केवल सरल वर्तमान काल में प्रयुक्त होने वाली कुछ क्रियाएं नीचे दी गई हैं
• see, think, know, possess, like, want, desire, hate, seem, imagine, etc.
• Example: My brother owns a car.
• इसलिए ऊपर दिए गए नियम के अनुसार यहां पहला विकल्प यानी wants है सबसे उपयुक्त विकल्प है।

सही वाक्य:"The Headmaster wants to speak to you."

Let the number be N.

(2/3) of (3/4) of N = 24

⇒ (2/3) × (3/4) × N = 24

⇒ N = 48

⇒ 1/4 of N = 1/4 × 48 = 12

∴ The required number is 12

Formula: (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

7 + 2√10 = 2 + 5 + 2√(2 × 5) = (√2)² + (√5)² + 2√(2 × 5) = (√2 + √5)²

Square root of 7 + 2√10 = Square root of (√2 + √5)² = (√2 + √5)

The analysis of variance focuses on variability. It involves the calculation of several measures of variability, all of which comes down to one or another version of the measure of variability such as the sum of squared deviations or mean sum of squared deviations.

 Key Points

• The statistical technique, known as “Analysis of Variance”, commonly referred to by the acronym ANOVA was developed by Professor R. A. Fisher in 1920.
• Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures used to analyze the differences among means in a sample.
• It is the method used to compare the means of more than two populations simultaneously.
• According to Professor R. A. Fisher, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is "Separation of variance ascribable to one group of causes from the variance ascribable to another group".

Thus, it is concluded that The most important person, related to the method of 'Analysis of Variance' in Statistics, was R.A. Fisher.

Calculation:

Let the number be N.

3/5^th part of 60% of N = 36

3/5 × 60/100 × N = 36

3/5 × 3/5 × N = 36

N = 25 × 4 = 100

∴ The number N is 100

π = (3.14159265359...) is an irrational number as it can not be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0

Additional Information

Rational Number: A rational number is a number that can be expressed in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.

Example:

6 = 6/1 =12/2

0.5 = 5/10 = ½

-0.675 = -675/1000 = 27/40

10/3 = 3.333…

Irrational Number: A irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0

Example:

π = (3.14159265359...)

√2, √3

Prime Number∶ A prime number is a positive integer greater than one, that can only be exactly divided by the positive integer 1 and itself without leaving a remainder.

Example: 2, 3, 5, 7

Integer∶ An integer is a number that has no fractional part and it can be positive, negative or zero.

Example: -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Calculation:

Suppose a/3 = b/4 = c/7 = k

⇒ a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k

$\Rightarrow{\rm{;}}\frac{{a; + ;b; + ;c}}{c} = ;\frac{{3k; + ;4k; + ;7k}}{{7k}} = ;\frac{{14k}}{{7k}} = 2$

We can find the digit of unit place in (378 × 236 × 459 × 312) by multiplying the unit digit of 378, 236, 459, and 312.

Unit Digit of 378 is 8.

Unit Digit of 236 is 6.

Unit Digit of 459 is 9.

Unit Digit of 312 is 2.

⇒ (8 × 6 × 9 × 2) = 864

⇒ Digit of unit place in (378 × 236 × 459 × 312) is 4.

Let the two numbers be a and b.

We know that,

Multiplication of two numbers = Multiplication of HCF and LCM of two numbers

a × b = 12 × 72 = 864

a + b = 60

Formula: (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

(60)² = a² + b² + 2 × 864

a² + b² = 1872

Formula: (a - b)² = a² + b² - 2ab

(a - b)² = 1872 – 2 × 864 = 144

a – b = 12

a + b = 60

⇒ a = 36, b = 24

Error:- An error is something that is considered to be incorrect or wrong.

Role of Errors in Mathematics: Error analysis in mathematics teaching strives to identify the nature of errors a learner may commit in dealing with a particular type of assignment. 

Key Points

The following should be noted:

• Errors are necessary for the learning process to give insight into children's thinking.
• It helps the teacher to be aware of their learning styles, to cater for them according to their needs, hence, they are the rich source of information about children's learning.
• In the above situation, the teacher tries to ascertain the reason for wrongly copying the question by the student and give her full 5 marks for the correct process.
• Children’s errors should be accepted as a feature of motivation for teachers because they can guide the teacher in planning her classes.
• It is considered a part of the teaching-learning process as it helps to understand a child.
• They give ideas about how children construct Mathematics concepts.
• Student’s errors help teachers to take various pedagogy methods as the teacher uses different pedagogy according to the need of students.

Thus it is clear that in the above situation the teacher should try to ascertain the reason of wrongly copying the question by the student and give her full 5 marks for the correct process.

Given:

 the cost price of an article is 3/2

Formula used:

Loss percentage = {Loss/ (cost price of the article)} × 100

Calculation:

Let the cost price of the article be x.

The cost price of the article = 3/2 × (selling price of the article)

x = 3/2 × (selling price of the article)

The selling price of the article = 2x/3

Loss = cost price of the article - selling price of the article

= x – 2x/3 = x/3

Loss percentage = {Loss/ (cost price of the article)} × 100

= {(x/3)/x} × 100 = 100/3 

$\therefore Loss = 33\frac{1}{3}\%$

Alternate Method

The cost price of an article is 3/2 of its selling price

Means, If S.P is Rs.2, then C.P = Rs. 3

Loss% = [(C.P - S.P)/C.P] × 100

⇒ Loss% = [(3 - 2)/3] × 100 = 1/3 × 100

$\therefore Loss = 33\frac{1}{3}\%$

Given:

The total area of four walls of a room is 660 m²

Height of the room = 11 m

Formula used:

Area of the four wall = 2 (l + b)h

Area of the Ceiling = l × b

Where, l → length, b → breadth, h → height

Calculation:

Let the width of the room be x.

⇒ Length of the room = 2x

Area of the four wall = 2 (l + b)h

⇒ 660 = 2(2x + x) × 11

⇒ 30 = 3x

⇒ x = 10

⇒ Width of the room = x = 10

⇒ Length of the room = 2x = 2 × 10 = 20

Area of the ceiling = l × b = 20 × 10 = 200 m²

∴ The area of the ceiling is 200 m²

Concept used:

For any number to be divisible by 11. The difference of the sum of alternate digits should be zero or multiple of 11

Calculation:

For 604x6 to be divisible by 11.

(6 + 4 + 6) – (0 + x) = 0, (6 + 4 + 6) – (0 + x) = 11

16 – x = 0, 16 – x = 11

x = 16, x = 5

Blank in the given number only for a digit, we cannot take x = 16.

⇒ Required digit = 5

The development of scientific thought in modern India can be attributed to the scientists of this period. 

Key Points

• Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan better known as Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan, one of India’s greatest mathematical genius, was born at Erode in Tamil Nadu on 22 December 1887.
• As a self-taught mathematician, it is astonishing how much the man achieved, turning into one of the most significant groundbreakers in history, much like Newton and Einstein.
• His love of mathematics was unusual. Numbers seemed to draw him by a strange magnetism.
• He started working and developing his own ideas in mathematics. He used to write his ideas and results and make notes on his findings.
• This mathematical genius is proof that India indeed is the birthplace and source of great mathematical ideas.

Thus, it is concluded that Srinivasa Ramanujan was the self-taught Indian mathematical genius in the 20th century.

Hint

• Aryabhatta was a fifth-century mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and physicist. He was a pioneer in the field of mathematics. At the age of 23, he wrote Aryabhattiya, which is a summary of mathematics of his time.
• Sridharacharya has given the quadratic formula.
• Harish-Chandra made several attempts to get into algebraic geometry or number theory. He has built a fundamental theory of representations of Lie groups and Lie algebras.

Calculation:

Let the larger number be a and the smaller number be b.

2a = 5b + 3

2a – 5b = 3        ----(1)

4a + 3b = 71        ----(2)

Multiply the equation (1) by 2 and then subtract the equation (1) from equation (2),

4a – 10b = 6

4a – 4a + 3b – (-10b) = 71 – 6

3b + 10b = 65

13b = 65

b = 5

Using equation (1),

2a – 5 × 5 = 3

2a = 25 + 3 = 28

a = 14

∴ The numbers are 14 and 5.

Smaller Cubes with 3 face painted (smaller cubes on the corner of the bigger cube) = 4

Smaller Cubes with 2 face painted (smaller cubes on edge of bigger cube) = 12

Smaller Cubes with 1 exactly face painted (smaller cubes on the face of the bigger cube) = 9

Since a cube has 6 faces, the total number of Smaller Cubes with 1 exactly face painted

 = 9 × 6 = 54

Mean = {(Sum of all the observations)/(Number of observations)}

If we remove the extreme values that sum of observations and the total number of observations will change. Hence, the mean will also change.

A mode is that observation of any dataset which occurs the most. So, if the extreme value of those values which occurs mostly than mode can affect it, they are removed.

Median is the mid-value of any dataset of observations. So, if the extreme values are removed then the mid-value remains the same. Hence the median will not change.

Concept used:

Divisibility rule for 3: If the sum of digits of any given number should be divisible by 3 then the given number also be divisible by 3.

Divisibility rule for 4: If the last two digits of any given number are divisible by 4 then the given number also be divisible by 4.

From the given options,

333 → 3 + 3 + 3 = 9, 9 is divisible by 3 so,

333 divisible by 3 but 333 does not divisible by 4 because the last two digits of 333 that is 33 are not divisible by 4.

444 → 4 + 4 + 4 = 12, 12 is divisible by 3 so,

444 divisible by 3 and 444 are also divisible by 4 because the last two digits of 444 that is 44 are divisible by 4.

44 → 4 + 4 = 8, 8 is not divisible by 3 so,

44 is not divisible by 3 but 44 is divisible by 4 because the last two digits of 44 that is 44 are divisible by 4.

4444 → 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16, 16 is not divisible by 3 so,

4444 is not divisible by 3 but 4444 is divisible by 4 because the last two digits of 44 that is 44 are divisible by 4.

∴ The required number is 444.

We know that,

Sum of all the interior angles of a polygon = (n – 2) × 180°, where n is the number of side in the polygon.

In pentagon, n = 5

⇒ Sum of all the interior angles of a pentagon = (5 – 2) × 180°= 3 × 180°

 = 540°

Let the length of the pole be L.

Initially part of the length of the pole in mud = 4/7 × L = 4L/7

When 1/3 of 4L/7 is pulled out of the mud then the length of the pole pulled out of the mud

= {(1/3) × (4L/7)} = 4L/21

Part of the length of the pole remaining in the mud = (4L/7) – (4L/21) = 8L/21

According to the question,

8L/21 = 8

L = 21 m

One day work of A and B = 1/12

One day work of B and C = 1/15

One day work of C and A = 1/20

One day work of (A + B), (B + C) and (C + A) = 1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20

= 12/60 = 1/5

One day work of (A + B + C) = (1/2) × (1/5) = 1/10

One day work of A = One day work of (A + B + C) - One day work of (B + C)

= 1/10 – 1/15 = 2/60 = 1/30

∴ A takes 30 days alone to do the same work.

Alternate Method:

Efficiency of (A + B) = 5

Efficiency of (B + C) = 4

Efficiency of (C + A) = 3

Efficiency of (A + B + C) = {(1/2){Efficiency of (A + B) + Efficiency of (B + C) + Efficiency of (C + A)}]

= {(1/2)(5 + 4 + 3)} = 12/2 = 6

Efficiency of A = Efficiency of (A + B + C) - Efficiency of (B + C) = 6 – 4 = 2

Number of days taken by A alone to complete the work = 60/2 = 30 days.

We know that,

Area of ΔDEF = Area of ΔAFE = Area of ΔBFD = Area of ΔCDE = 1/4 of Area of ΔABC

⇒ Area of ΔDEF = 1/4 of Area of ΔABC

Given:

Difference = 5

Product = 36

Concept used:

The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by the number.

The reciprocal of n = 1/n

Calculation:

Let the two numbers be a and b.

Reciprocal of a and b is 1/a and 1/b respectively

a – b = 5

ab = 36

{(1/b) – (1/a)} = (a – b)/ab = 5/36

It is given after 9 is added to the number, the digits are reversed.

In option 1: 16 + 9 = 25 (Not reversed)

In option 2: 35 + 9 = 44 (Not reversed)

In option 3: 43 + 9 = 52 (Not reversed)

In option 1: 23 + 9 = 32 (Reversed)

∴ The number is 23.

Formula used:

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

Calculation:

Let unit digit and tenth digit of two-digit number be a and b respectively.

⇒ Two-digit number = 10b + a

ab = 6      ----(1)

A/Q,

10b + a + 9 = 10a + b      ----(Digit got reversed)

⇒ 9a – 9b = 9

⇒ a – b = 1      ----(2)

As we know, (a – b)² = a² + b² – 2ab

⇒ (1)² = a² + b² – (2 × 6)

⇒ a² + b² = 1 + 12 = 13      ----(3)

As we know, (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab

⇒ (a + b)² = 13 + (2 × 6) = 25

⇒ a + b = 5

⇒ a – b = 1

⇒ a = (5 + 1)/2 = 3

⇒ b = 5 – 3 = 2

⇒ Two-digit number = 10b + a = (10 × 2 + 3) = 23

A histogram refers to a graphical representation that displays the data by way of bars to show the frequency of numerical data. In this question, the height of a rectangle in a histogram shows the frequency of the class.

Explanation:

The bars in a histogram has two important characteristics. These are height and width. The height of the rectangle represents the number of times the values within an interval occurred. The width represents the length of the interval covered by the bar. It is the same for all bars.

A constructivist classroom is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction rather than passively receiving information. Constructivist teaching fosters critical thinking and creates motivated and independent learners

A constructivist classroom is Learner-centered. Teacher as a facilitator – students construct knowledge through critical thinking, manipulatives, primary resources, and hands-on activities.

Asking students for rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition which was used in the old-school classroom and is not part of a constructive classroom.

∴ A teacher should not ask students to rote memorize

Calculation:

Let the two angles be A and B.

We know that,

Sum of two complementary angle = 90°

∠A + ∠B = 90°

∠A – ∠B = 40°

⇒ ∠A = 65°, ∠B = 25°

Remainder = 4

Assessment is a part of the evaluation process that is done to measure the knowledge, skills, and aptitude in a specified field.

• It is mainly to identify the areas for improvement in the learning process and it can be used to determine how students are learning, what's difficulties they are facing, so that if there a need, the teacher can adjust their teaching methodologies.

Key Points

• Mathematical communication means the ability of students to explain daily life situations in the context of mathematical language i.e., using numbers, mathematical symbols, formulas in their life to solve real-world problems.
• For example, using the statistical data to explain the variation in the population of flora and fauna in various geographical areas.
• Assessment will be more relevant if it includes both formal and informal modes of mathematical communication such as the use of formal mathematical formulas to solve the problems in classroom activities (formal) and using mathematical knowledge while making paintings and sculptures (informal).
• When a teacher includes mathematical communication in assessment then the teacher will get to know the attributes of a child's personality in-depth such as the values of honesty, precision, and accuracy in his life.
• It also helps to know that how able are children to use and tackle real-life problems and also how much they are capable of using formal knowledge of mathematics in informal ways.

Thus, it is clear that while teaching mathematics, it is important to assess mathematical communication in a student.

Hint

• It is not important to assess the capacity to memorize without understanding as while teaching mathematics emphasis should be on developing contextual understanding and not just memorizing the formulas.
• The capacity to listen to the teacher does not need to be assessed as if the teacher is able to present his thoughts in an effective and interesting manner then the students will automatically listen to him.
• The attitude of not asking questions even if the concept is not understood is not needed to be assessed but it is required to be corrected as the teacher should encourage the students to ask questions so that their doubts can be resolved.

In statistics, if we have a set of observations expressed in numbers (for example, lengths of sticks in meters, weights of students in kilograms), then the difference between maximum and minimum is called range.

Prime Number∶ A prime number is a positive integer greater than one, that can only be exactly divided by the positive integer 1 and itself without leaving a remainder.

Integer∶ An integer is a number that has no fractional part and it can be positive, negative or zero.

∴ The smallest prime number is 2.

Whole Number: A whole number is an integer which is zero or greater than zero.

Natural Numbers: Natural numbers are all the whole numbers except the zero.

Concept:

• Every food product in India has numerous logos and symbols on its packaging.
• These logo's and symbols help the user to identify the quality and composition of the product.
• In some cases, certain logos or marks are necessary for selling food products in India.

Explanation:

Agmark:

• It is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India.
• It is the quality mark provided under The Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937.
• The Act stipulates the conditions which govern the use of standards and lays down the procedure for grading, marking and packing of agricultural produce.
• AGMARK is the acronym for Agricultural Marketing.
• An Agmark symbol is usually found on the packets of rice, flour, pulses, biscuits, oil etc.

​

ISI:

• It stands for the Indian Standards Institute.
• Indian Standards Institute, a body set up when India gained Independence.
• It creates standards needed for orderly commercial growth and maintaining quality in industrial production.
• The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which then took over ISI.
• But the term “ISI mark" continues to be used to mean that a certain product conforms to the quality standards set up by the government.
• The ISI mark is found on products like electrical appliances like switches, electric motors, wiring cables, heaters, kitchen appliances, etc.

​

Hallmark:

• BIS Hallmarks are official marks used in many countries.
• It is used as a guarantee of purity or fineness of precious metal articles.
• It provides a certificate of standardization in India for gold jewellery.
• The Indian government-enforced mandatory hallmarking of gold jewellery and artefacts from June 16, 2021.

​

ISO:

• ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization.
• As the name implies it’s an independent international organisation that develops International Standards.
• There are various standards under ISO such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 etc.
• The aim of getting an ISO certification depends on the ISO standard.
• An ISO certification is usually issued to an institution, organisation or any registered body.​

Thus, one must look for the Agmark logo on a biscuit packet.

Key Points

• Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems.
• It occurs when water is contaminated by such substances as human and animal wastes, toxic industrial chemicals, agricultural residues, oil, and heat.
• One of the causes of water pollutions is groundwater contamination which poses a serious risk to human health.

Groundwater Contamination:

• It is caused by the introduction of chemicals to the ground all the way down into groundwater.
• Arsenic is a toxic element that has no apparent beneficial health effects for humans. Most waters in the world have natural arsenic concentrations of less than 0.01 mg/litre. It is introduced into soil and groundwater during weathering of rocks and minerals followed by subsequent leaching and runoff.
• Arsenic groundwater contamination has far-reaching consequences including its ingestion through the food chain. Arsenic poisoning leads to potentially fatal diseases like skin and internal cancers.

Hence, it can be concluded that in large parts of Eastern India, the groundwater is contaminated by Arsenic.

• Arsenic is a toxic chemical that contaminates groundwater.
• Arsenic contamination of groundwater has become a serious problem in 9 out of 20 districts of West Bengal.
• It causes skin cancer and other serious health issues.