UPTET 2014 Paper 1 (Hindi / English / Sanskrit) (Previous Year Paper)

Motivation is a general term applied to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces.

 Key PointsMotives can be considered the state of having encouragement to do something. 

Types of Motivation:

1. Primary motives are the ones that are unlearned/innate/inborn and are physiological. The most common primary motives are hunger, thirst, sleep. This mainly pertains to motives involved with our need for self-preservation. The primary motivation is known as Inborn Motivation as it is unlearned.
2. Secondary motives develop as human society develops economically and becomes more complex. Examples of secondary motives are the need for power, need of affiliation and status, etc. More known in psychology as “learned” motivation, this type of “drive” differs from one person to another. Secondary motivation is known as Acquired as it is learned.

 

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Additional Information

• Natural and Artificial, Less important and More important, Motives and Incentives- These are not the classification of motivation.

So, we can conclude that Motives are classified as inborn and acquired.

The concept of 'Transfer of learning' is introduced by 'E.Thorndike' and 'S.Woodworth'.

• Transfer of learning refers to applying acquired abilities or knowledge in a new situation.
• It occurs when the elements are identical in both situations. There are mainly three types of transfer of learning including positive, negative, and zero.

Key Points

Let's Understand it Briefly: 

Hence, it could be concluded that in a process of learning, 'Transfer of learning' can be positive, negative, and zero.

There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc.

• These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

• German psychologists Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka, and Lewin have studied the nature of perception and are the leaders of gestalt psychology. Wertheimer is considered the father of gestalt psychology.
• "Gestalt" is a German noun for which there is no English word equivalent. The nearest English translation of "Gestalt" is "configuration" or more simply "an organized whole". Gestalt psychologists consider the process of learning as a gestalt - an organized whole.
• The ‘Insight Theory of Learning’ or ‘Learning by insight’ is promoted by Wolfgang Kohler, a Gestalt theorist.
• In his theory, he has proposed the term ‘Insight’ that doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.

Important Points 

As per ‘Theory of Insightful Learning’: 

• The solution to a problem arrives ‘all of a sudden’ flash of insight when a person is struggling.
• Insight enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
• Insight doesn't rely on behavior or observation, it is the sudden realization of a problem's solution using intuition.

Kohler demonstrated the following experiment based on insight:

• He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
• The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
• They would ‘suddenly’ stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
• It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.

Hence, it could be concluded that Gestalt school emphasized learning by insight.

Additional Information 

Hermann Ebbinghaus used non-sense syllables as a material of learning.

Important PointsHermann Ebbinghaus (24 January 1850 – 26 February 1909) was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve. 

His research on Memory:

• Ebbinghaus was determined to show that higher mental processes could actually be studied using experimentation, which was in opposition to the popularly held thought of the time.
• To control for most potentially confounding variables, Ebbinghaus wanted to use simple acoustic encoding and maintenance rehearsal for which a list of words could have been used.
• As learning would be affected by prior knowledge and understanding, he needed something that could be easily memorized but which had no prior cognitive associations.
• Easily formable associations with regular words would interfere with his results, so he used items that would later be called "nonsense syllables" (also known as the CVC trigram).
• A nonsense syllable is a consonant-vowel-consonant combination, where the consonant does not repeat and the syllable does not have prior meaning. BOL (sounds like "Ball") and DOT (already a word) would then not be allowed.
• However, syllables such as DAX, BOK, and YAT would all be acceptable (though Ebbinghaus left no examples). After eliminating the meaning-laden syllables, Ebbinghaus ended up with 2,300 resultant syllables.

Once he had created his collection of syllables, he would pull out a number of random syllables from a box and then write them down in a notebook. Then, to the regular sound of a metronome, and with the same voice inflection, he would read out the syllables, and attempt to recall them at the end of the procedure. 

Hence, we can conclude that Hermann Ebbinghaus used non-sense syllables as a material of learning.

Additional InformationIn 1885, he published his groundbreaking Über das Gedächtnis ("On Memory", later translated to English as Memory. A Contribution to Experimental Psychology) in which he described experiments he conducted on himself to describe the processes of learning and forgetting.

There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.

Key Points

• E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, the propounder of "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws of learning that leads to development.

These primary laws are: 

 

Hence, it could be concluded that the laws of learning are given by Thorndike.

Additional Information 

Thorndike's Supplementary law (also known as minor laws to education):

• Law of Multiple Responding: It refers to different types of responses often occurs initially to a stimulus, then reaching to the correct response.
• Law of Attitude, Disposition or States: It refers to the condition of a learner that influences learning.
• Law of Partial or Piecemeal Activity of a situation: It refers to the tendency to respond to particular elements or features of a stimulus situation rather than on the whole to improve the result.
• Law of Assimilation of response by Analogy: It is the tendency to respond automatically as responded in the past.
• Law of Associative Shifting: Successfully applying the same response until a new situation comes (For example to apply the same formula in similar questions).
• Law of Primacy: It refers to the idea that the first step matters the most.
• The law of recency: It is the tendency that refers to the idea that the most recent task matters the most
• Law of Intensity of Stimulus: The more strong the stimulus, the better the response.

Hint

• 'Operant conditioning' theory was advocated by Skinner.
• Ivan Pavlov has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning'.
• Learning by insight theory was propounded by Wolfgang Kohler.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

• Learning refers to the modification of behavioral patterns as it modifies the behavior and personality of an individual.
• Learning is an internal activity that leads to a change in behavior. It can't be directly observed.

Key Points

Characteristics of learning:​

• Learning is the growth of organisms.
• Learning is purposeful and goal-oriented.
• Learning starts with birth and proceeds up to death.
• Learning is a relatively permanent behavior change.
• Learning is the relationship between stimulus and response.

Hence, from the above-mentioned characteristics of learning it could be concluded that all of the above statements are correct in the context of learning.

Development and growth are a wide, complex, and continuous process of human life.

Key Points

Physical growth and development are called maturation as maturation:

• is a developmental process that refers to the unfolding of an individual's inherent traits or potential.
• is a natural process of becoming emotionally, mentally, and physically mature through an Interplay between heredity and environment.
• is a process of behavioural change that doesn't necessarily happen along with ageing but occurs throughout the lifespan by growing and developing the individuals.

Hence it could be interpreted that physical growth and development is called maturation.

Additional Information

Key PointsThinking, also known as 'cognition', refers to the ability to process information, hold attention, store and retrieve memories and select appropriate responses and actions. Many different aspects of thinking may be involved. 

• Cognitive psychology issues in learning, memory, problem-solving, and categorization. In particular: problem-solving and learning in complex domains, categorization, learning, and use of concepts. Remindings and the use of memory.
• Ross wrote books on The Psychology Of Learning And Motivation.

So, 'Thinking is a mental activity in its cognitive aspect.' -This statement is given by Ross.

Additional Information

• Joy Paul Guilford was an American psychologist best remembered for his psychometric study of human intelligence, including the distinction between convergent and divergent production.
• John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century.

Child psychology is one of the many branches of psychology. This particular branch focuses on the mind and behavior of children from prenatal development through adolescence. Child psychology deals not only with how children grow physically, but with their mental, emotional, and social development as well.

Important Points

• Based on the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, we believe that every child is unique and has his or her temperament and learning style.
• The child brings this uniqueness into each new experience and takes an active role in the process of learning through their engagement in these experiences.
• Children interact with peers, teachers, materials, and the environment and relate each new piece of information to their already existing view of the world.
• Every child has unique character strengths and abilities that allow him or her to express their individuality in a social environment.
• It is what makes them “special”. Children grow at different rates in many different areas.

Based on Child Psychology, Every child is unique.

Additional Information

• Homogeneous most generally means consisting of parts or elements that are all the same. Something homogeneous is uniform in nature or character throughout. Homogeneous can also be used to describe multiple things that are all essentially alike or of the same kind.
• So, children can not be Homogeneous. Because The child brings this uniqueness into each new experience and takes an active role in the process of learning through their engagement in these experiences. Every child born is a unique individual. Every child has unique character strengths and abilities that allow them to express their individuality in a social environment.

Therefore, All the children are not homogeneous, even Some children are not homogeneous. So, based on Child Psychology, Every child is unique.

Child psychology is the study of conscious and subconscious developmental stages related to the psychological process of children.

Key Points

• The central focus of Child Psychology is the child as it focuses on catering to the needs of diverse learners.
• The study of child psychology helps the teacher to teach children in the most appropriate manner as it helps to be familiar with children's progressive developmental stages.
• Child Psychology emphasizes that 'Every child is special'. The study of psychology helps:
• to know the child's views about the world.
• to understand how a child's brain functions.
• to know and meet children's diverse needs.
• to be aware of individual differences of children.
• to be familiar with children's progressive developmental stages, etc.
• to observe how a child interacts with their parents, themselves, and the world.

​Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it can be concluded that the central focus of Child Psychology is the child.

Memory is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time to influence future action.

Key Points

Characteristics of Good Memory:-

1. Rapid learning- The quicker an object is observed, the quicker is its memorisation. Rapidity in learning is influenced by the methods of learning, environment, and ability,

2. Good retention- A person’s memory is considered good if he has good power of retention, and an individual who can retain and experience for a long period is said to possess a good memory. Students possessing little or limited powers of retention face difficulties in passing their examinations.

3. Rapid recall- It is a characteristic of memory that whatever is learned or experienced should be recalled quickly.

4. Rapid recognition- Another important feature of a good memory is that of rapid recognition because in our routine life there are many situations and experiences which should be recognized at once. A person possessing a good memory immediately recognizes related experiences and patterns.

So, option 4, All of these is the correct option. Because, Rapid recall,  Rapid recognition, Good retention are the Characteristics of good memory.

Emotion is a mental state associated with fear, anger, love, etc. Emotional states of an individual are the combination of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal and behavioural changes.

• Emotions are experienced as positive feelings, negative feelings, undesired reactions to any stressful situation, these often impact decision making.
• Emotions activate and direct behaviour in the same way biological and psychological motives do. Human beings are often more aware of our emotions than our underlying motives.

Key Points

The literal meaning of Emotion is excitement or Disturbance in feelings as:

• every emotion is accompanied by a feeling.
• feelings arise from an emotional experience.
• feelings are the subjective experience of emotions.
• feeling of pleasure and displeasure is associated with emotions.

Hence, it could be concluded that the literal meaning of Emotion is excitement or Disturbance in feelings.

The first stage to learn the skill is Imitation, followed by Imagination, Coordination, and Reality.

Important Points

• Imitation may be the sincerest form of flattery for adults, but for babies, it’s their foremost tool for learning.
• As renowned people-watchers, babies often observe others demonstrate how to do things and then copy those body movements.
• The young child's ability to imitate the actions of others is an important mechanism for social learning—that is, for acquiring new knowledge.
• The child's ability to imitate is also important for what it tells us about the knowledge that the child already has.

Key Points

• Imagination is a cognitive process used in mental functioning and sometimes used in conjunction with psychological imagery. It is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities. It is the second step of learning.
• There are three basic stages of coordination development that nature intends children to grow through during the first seven or eight years of life. If these stages have occurred, there will be a base of natural coordination with which to work, and physical skills and techniques can be successfully taught. In our computerized, mechanized world, few children are physically active enough to fully develop their coordination potential. It is the third step.
• Reality is the fourth step.

Additional Information

• The first stage to learn a skill is Imitation, which is associated with the Sensorimotor stage, followed by Imagination, which is associated with the preoperational stage, Coordination, which is associated with the concrete operational stage, and Reality is associated with the formal operational stage.

Hence, we can conclude that the first stage to learn a skill is Imitation.

Mental age refers to the calculation of intelligence that shows how individual child is performing according to their age. It is based on intellectual development.

Key Points

• The concept of  'Mental age' was introduced by Alfred Binet, a French psychologist.
• According to Binet, ‘Intelligence means the capacity to judge well, to reason well, and to comprehend well’.
• He is also known for developing the first intelligence test with Simon in 1905.
• Mental age is used to measure the 'Intelligence Quotient' which is commonly known as IQ.
• IQ refers to the score of a standardized test that assesses and measures human intelligence.
• An individual’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by the formula given below,

\({\bf{Intelligence}};{\bf{Quotient}};\left( {{\bf{IQ}}} \right) = \frac{{{\bf{Mental}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{MA}}} \right);}}{{{\bf{Chronological}};{\bf{Age}};\left( {{\bf{CA}}} \right)}} \times 100\)

• Where, Mental Age is based on intellectual development.
• Chronological Age is the number of years a person has lived.

Hence, it could be concluded that the concept of 'Mental age' is introduced by Binet-Simon.

Additional Information 

• Three-dimensional theory: 
• J. P. Guilford developed the Three-dimensional theory or Structure of Intellect Model as a way of organizing intellectual factors into a system.
• The model is three-dimensional, and dimensions are Operation categories, Content Categories, and Product categories.
• Bi-factor theory:
• Charles Spearman proposed this theory. According to his theory, intelligence consists of two factors: ‘g’ and ‘s’, where ‘g’ stands for generalized factor and ‘s’ stands for the specific factor.
• S-factor is applicable in specific fields and changeable in nature while G-factor is a universal innate ability to perform all cognitive tasks effectively.
• Multi-factor theory of Intelligence:
• In this theory, Thorndike advocated that there is nothing like general innate ability.
• According to this theory, Intelligence is said to be constituted of a multitude of separate factors or elements. Any mental act according to this theory involves a number of these minute elements, operating together.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently. There are different kinds of teaching-learning methods that make learning a fruitful process.

• Infancy refers to the first year or the early period of a child's development in which the child grows rapidly after birth. It is a crucial period of development in which the child learns to sit, crawl, stand, etc.

Key PointsGood teaching methods for the infancy stage include:

 

Hence it could be concluded that all of them are good teaching methods for the infancy stage.

Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood. During this process, a child progresses from dependency on their parents/guardians to increasing independence.

Key Points Aspects of Child Development:

• Emphasis is on process: Child development focuses on understanding the processes involved in growth and change.
• Emphasis is on the role of environmental and experience: Development is influenced by both environmental factors and individual experiences.
• It is the study from conception to adolescence: Child development encompasses the entire period from conception through adolescence.

Thus, all the given statements accurately describe aspects of child development.

Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood. 

Important PointsScope of Child Development:

• The human life span has been divided into the stages of infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood.
• It is also important to remember that behavior varies from one context to another. Therefore, before arriving at any conclusion regarding a child, it is important to understand the entire situation and observe her in different contexts and environments.
• Though all children go through developmental sequences, they do so at different rates. This results in individual differences in the ages at which children acquire a particular ability.
• Therefore, while we say that children begin to walk around twelve months of age, one child may begin to walk at nine months, another at 10 months and yet another at15 months.

So, all of the above is true in the context of the scope of study of Child Development.

Charles Robert Darwin gave the theory of evolution by natural selection. The theory was known as the theory of natural selection. He explained the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in behavioural traits. He proposed this theory in his book “The Origin of Species”.

Important Points

• ‘Survival of the fittest’ is a phrase that comes from the principle of natural selection which was given by Charles Darwin. The phrase was actually used first by Herbert Spencer after reading Darwin’s book ‘On the Origin of Species’.
• According to Darwin, the most suitable and fit individuals are successful in the struggle for existence. The individuals with the most favourable adaptations are able to lead the most successful life and are able to win over their mating partners.
• Darwin called it Sexual Selection. In the struggle for existence, only those members survive which possess useful variations means nature selects fit individuals. This was called Natural Selection. Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature.

Hence, we can conclude that Survival of the fittest is the principle of Darwin.

Additional Information

• Lamarck’s theory of evolution or Lamarckism: According to Lamarck, the evolution of life occurred due to the use and disuse of organs. He explained it in his famous book ‘’Philosophie Zoologique’’ in 1809.
• McDougall has proposed Instinct Theory. Instinct drives all behaviors and instincts are purposive and goal-directed. All organisms are born with natural biological tendencies that assist them to survive.

Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations. It includes the capacity to understand novel stimuli, learn the language, communicate with others, be aware of the environment, and to reason, plan, and solve problems creatively.

Key Points

Binet-Simon Test:

• Binet-Simon intelligence test was the first intelligence test, developed by Binet and Simon (1905). It was one of the popular intelligence tests among psychologists.
• In 1911, the Binet-Simon scale was revised for the third time. More items were added to extend the scale up to the age group of 16 years.
• It is used for assessing general intellectual ability. It measures general mental abilities, not specific ones.
• This scale consisted of 30 problems measuring a variety of functions, such as judgment, comprehension, and reasoning.
• Binet believed that these functions are the essential components of intelligence. The items were arranged in ascending order of difficulty.
• The items were administered to 50 normal children of 3 to 11 years of age, some mentally retarded children, and some adults to determine the difficulty level of the items.

Hence, we can conclude that Binet-Simon tests measure General Intelligence.

Key Points

1. Physical health: Physical development can affect emotional development in several ways: bodily changes can result in self-consciousness; individuals develop at different rates, causing some to perceive their bodies as not meeting the ideal, which can lead to depression, individuals can be sensitive about any traits that they perceive. Different rates of maturity affect personalities such as self-confidence and independence; reactions to physical growth may be the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
2. Mental abilities: Mental ability is manifested through the intelligent behavior of an individual. The power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior is the mental ability.
3. Fatigue: extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness. Fatigue can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include lack of sleep, heavy exertion, jet lag, a large meal, or aging. So, it is a factor influencing emotional development. Due to emotional stress fatigue syndrome can happen.

So, Factors influencing emotional development are All of these( Physical health, Mental abilities, and Fatigue).

'Social development means the acquisition of the ability to have by social exceptions.' This statement is of Hurlock.

Key Points

• Elizabeth Hurlock was one of the first psychologists to carry out experiments with positive psychology techniques to measure the effects of positive schooling in the field of education.
• Hurlock studied the effectiveness of praise and reproach in the classroom, arguing that praise was a more effective long-term incentive.
• Her studies found that praise was more effective for children regardless of age, ability, and gender.
• Social development means the acquisition of the ability to behave by social expectations.

Becoming socialized involves 3 processes: i) learning to behave in socially approved ways, ii) playing approved social roles, and iii) development of social attitudes (Hurlock, 1967). 

So, 'Social development means the acquisition of the ability to have by social exceptions.' This statement is of Hurlock.

Additional Information

• Sir Thomas Percy Nunn:  (28 December 1870 – 12 December 1944) was a British educationalist, Professor of Education, 1913–36 at the Institute of Education, University of London. From 1891 till 1901 he developed methods of teaching which revolutionized the teaching of mathematics in the UK.
• William McDougall:  ( 22 June 1871 – 28 November 1938) was an early 20^th-century psychologist. He wrote several influential textbooks and was important in the development of the theory of instinct and social psychology in the English-speaking world. McDougall was an opponent of behaviorism and stands somewhat outside the mainstream of the development of Anglo-American psychological thought in the first half of the 20^th century, but his work was known and respected among laypeople.
• Lee David Ross (August 25, 1942 – May 14, 2021) was a Canadian-American professor who held the title of the Stanford Federal Credit Union Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University and was an influential social psychologist who studied attributional biases, shortcomings in judgment and decision making, and barriers to conflict resolution, often with longtime collaborator Mark Lepper. Ross was known for his identification and explication of the fundamental attribution error and for the demonstration and analysis of other phenomena and shortcomings that have become standard topics in textbooks and some cases, even popular media.

‘Learning’ is a dynamic process aimed at bringing about changes in children’s behavior and experience, thereby enabling them to acquire new skills and to improve upon them in new situations. It involves a dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner through a process called ‘teaching’.

Meaning of learning

• Generally, learning is defined as a process of behaviour modification through experiences, exercise and efforts.
• Learning is a process by which behavior is either modified or changed through experience or training. Learning is thus a relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs as a function of reinforced practice.
• Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as a result of experience. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It also involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitude. The term learning covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements.
• Learning is a development that comes from exercise and effort. Through learning, children acquire competence in using their hereditary resources.
• The term learning covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements.

Hence, we can conclude that The most appropriate meaning of learning is the Modification of behavior.

A speech disorder is a condition in which a person has problems creating or forming the speech sounds needed to communicate with others. This can make the child's speech difficult to understand.

Talking at slow or fast Speed is not a Speech Disorder.

Key Points Speech disorders affect a person’s ability to form the sounds that allow them to communicate with other people. They are not the same as language disorders.

Types of A speech disorder:

• Stuttering refers to a speech disorder that interrupts the flow of speech.
• There are two main types of stuttering:

1. Developmental stuttering affects young children who are still learning speech and language skills. Genetic factors significantly increase a person’s likelihood of developing this type of stutter.
2. Neurogenic stuttering occurs when damage to the brain prevents proper coordination between the different regions of the brain that play a role in speech.

• Dysarthria occurs when damage to the brain causes muscle weakness in a person’s face, lips, tongue, throat, or chest. Muscle weakness in these parts of the body can make speaking very difficult.
• People who have dysarthria may experience the following symptoms:
• slurred speech
• mumbling
• speaking too slowly or too quickly.

Important PointsPeople with one or more speech disorders may experience the following symptoms:

• repeating or prolonging sounds
• distorting sounds
• adding sounds or syllables to words
• rearranging syllables
• having difficulty pronouncing words correctly
• struggling to say the correct word or sound
• speaking with a hoarse or raspy voice
• speaking very softly

So, from the above-mentioned information, it is very much clear that Lisping and Slurring, Stammering and Stuttering, Sharp unclear speech- all these are the forms of speech disorder, because, Speech disorders affect a person’s ability to form the sounds that allow them to communicate with other people.

Therefore, we can conclude that  Talking at slow or fast Speed is not a Speech Disorder.

In elementary school, teaching morals and values is done through literature. Reading stories, fables, and fairy tales with lessons. All these help to tell the importance of values. So, this is the best method of giving value education at the primary level.

Important Points

• Value Education refers to it as the process that gives young people an initiation into values, giving knowledge of the rules needed to function in this mode of relating to other people and to seek the development in the student a grasp of certain underlying principles, together with the ability to apply these rules intelligently and to have the settled disposition to do so.
• Some researchers use the concept of values education as an umbrella of concepts that includes moral education and citizenship education.
• The themes that values education can address to varying degrees are character, moral development, Religious Education, Spiritual development, citizenship education, personal development, social development, and cultural development.
• In order to in-cooperate values in our teachings, it should be an ongoing activity that is done by the teacher during the teaching and learning process. The effective way that a teacher is able to do it is through his/her activities with the students or through the activities that the teacher carefully organized or design to achieve a particular value (with awareness to promote that particular value beforehand). The teacher should be the most important agent to ensure the success of promoting any values among students.

So, the best method of giving value education at the primary level is to set values in the behavior of teachers.

Additional Information Different methods for teaching value education:

1. Classroom learning activities methods: This method includes direct presentation, discussions, reading, listening, etc., taught by the teachers.
2. Practical activity method: This method includes the practical description of the strategies. This practical knowledge enhances the learning skills and lives life by doing practical by own self.
3. Socialized techniques: This includes the learner involved in the practical activities and experiences which represent the functions and problems of agents in socialization.
4. Incident learning method: This gives the study of an episode or experience in the life of an individual group.

Values provide the basic foundation for understanding a person’s attitudes, perceptions, and personality. Values contain judgmental elements as to what is right, good, or desirable. Values have both content and intensity attributes.

Key PointsEarning money by any means is not included in the classification of values. Because Types of Values are:

1. Theoretical: high importance to the discovery of truth through a critical and rational approach.
2. Economic: Emphasis on useful and practical.
3. Aesthetic: Highest value on form and harmony.
4. Social: Highest value to the love of people.
5. Political: Emphasis on acquisition of power and influence.
6. Religious: Concerned with the unity of experience and understanding of the cosmos as a whole.
7. Spiritual values: The ultimate ethical value is called spiritual value. Spiritual values are piety, meditation, yoga, self-discipline, control, purity, and devotion to God, etc. Spiritual values highlight the principles of self-restraint.
8. Moral or Ethical value: It is also known as logical values. Moral values concern themselves with right and wrong. They also define what is socially acceptable, good or evil. Moral values are ideas that society considers important.
9. Cultural values: Cultural values are the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists. This is made up of several parts: customs, which are traditions and rituals; values, which are beliefs; and culture, which is all of a group's guiding values.

Additional Information

• Earning money by any means is not included in the classification of values. Because money is an economic unit that functions as a generally recognized medium of exchange for transactional purposes in an economy. Money provides the service of reducing transaction costs, namely the double coincidence of wants. So, it can not be considered as a value.

On the other hand, Spiritual value, Moral value, Cultural Value- are under the classification of values. Hence, we can conclude that Earning money by any means is the correct answer.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individuals of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environments”.

Important Points

Features/Nature/Characteristics of Personality Organization:

• Personality is unique in each individual.
• Personality refers particularly to the persistent qualities of an individual.
• Personality represents a dynamic orientation of an organism to the environment.
• Personality is greatly influenced by social interactions.
• Personality represents a unique organization of persistent dynamic and social predisposition.
• Consistency.
• Psychological and physiological.
• It impacts behaviors and actions.
• Multiple expressions.

So, From the above-mentioned points, it is very clear that the Nature of personality organization is Psychological-Physical.

Additional Information Nature of personality organization has no connection with Economical, Political, Spiritual aspects.

Personality refers to the distinctive attributes of a person that characterize him or her. It is to understand what makes people unique and different from each other. According to American Psychological Association, “Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.” 

Important PointsCarl Jung also developed a theory of personality. His theory is one of the type theories of personality, as it involved typology of introversion and extroversion.

Jung (1923) described:

• Extroverts as preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido outward is Extrovert Personality.
• Introverts he described as being more focused on the internal world of reflection, are thoughtful and insightful. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido inward is the Introvert Personality.

​

Key PointsFeatures of Introvert Personality:

• Need quiet to concentrate
• Are reflective
• Are self-aware
• Self-centered
• Take time making decisions
• Feel comfortable being alone
• Don't like group work
• Prefer to write rather than talk
• Feel tired after being in a crowd
• Have few friendships, but are very close with these friends
• Daydream or use their imaginations to work out a problem
• Retreat into their mind to rest

So, a self-aware or Self-centered person is an Introvert.

Additional Information

• Ambivert Personality: a person who has a balance of extrovert and introvert features in their personality.
• Social dependence is defined here as the state in which patients require help or assistance from others in performing activities or roles that under ordinary circumstances adults can perform by themselves.

Hence, we can conclude that a Self-centered person is Introverted.

Personality refers to the distinctive attributes of a person that characterize him or her. It is to understand what makes people unique and different from each other. According to American Psychological Association, “Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.” 

Important PointsCarl Jung also developed a theory of personality. His theory is one of the type theories of personality, as it involved typology of introversion and extroversion.

Jung (1923) described:

• Extroverts as preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido outward is Extrovert Personality.
• Introverts he described as being more focused on the internal world of reflection, are thoughtful and insightful. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido inward is the Introvert Personality.

​ 

Key PointsTheory of the Libido: Jung (1948) disagreed with Freud regarding the role of sexuality. He believed the libido was not just sexual energy, but instead generalized psychic energy. For Jung, the purpose of psychic energy was to motivate the individual in a number of important ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively. It was also an individual's motivational source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict.

Additional Information

• Cognitive theories of personality focus on the processes of information encoding and retrieval, and the role of expectations, motives, goals, and beliefs in the development of stable personality characteristics. This approach differs from personality theories that emphasize either the conditions within which personality develops (e.g., behavioral theories) or the trait structures that are revealed in those various conditions (e.g., evolutionary and trait theories).
• Aesthetic Personality: Psychological aesthetics has primarily focused on one aspect of the aesthetic experience in the form of liking, pleasure, and preference. Aesthetics associations with personality.
• Religious Personality: It is not an independent personality trait.

So, Extroverts as preferring to engage with the outside world of objects, sensory perception, and action. The type of personality of a person expressing his Libido outward is Extrovert Personality.

​All of us, quite often, face environmental or personal obstacles in life which cause anxiety and lead to stress. Psychologists have given different names to stress such as frustration, conflict, pressure, etc.

• Anxiety refers to a chronic condition caused by the feeling of stress, worry, uneasiness, nervousness, etc. It includes some tensed and worried thoughts coming into a person's mind which is visible through his physical behavior.
• Frustration refers to the blocking of behavior directed towards a goal. If motives are frustrated or blocked, emotional feelings and behavior often result. People who cannot achieve their important goals, feel depressed, fearful, anxious, guilty, or angry.
• The teacher is a pillar in the teaching-learning process. In the present context, a teacher is not merely a disseminator of knowledge, rather plays a variety of roles. They have to tackle many problems associated with students as children with numerous problems of behavior are found in every educational program.

Key Points

• Counselling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to society and to solve his own problems through a face-to-face relationship with the counselor.
• In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should do the role of a counselor by providing counselling to the child the teacher can:
• become more vigilant towards the child.
• recognize the root of the child's problem.
• better relate to the child's unacceptable behavior.
• assist the child with proper guidance in the right way.

Hence it could be concluded that in the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should do the role of a counselor. 

Hint

• Remaining options are inappropriate in the context as they could lead to low self-esteem and more anxiety & frustration in learners.

Language development in humans is a process starting early in life. Infants start without knowing a language, yet by 10 months, babies can distinguish speech sounds and engage in babbling.

 Key PointsLanguage development is thought to proceed by ordinary processes of learning in which children acquire the forms, meanings, and uses of words and utterances from the linguistic input.

Theories of language development are:

1. Skinner - Operant Conditioning:  B. F. Skinner believed that children learn language through operant conditioning; in other words, children receive “rewards” for functionally using language.
2. Chomsky - Language Acquisition Device:  Noam Chomsky’s work discusses the biological basis for language and claims that children have innate abilities to learn the language. Chomsky terms this innate ability the “language acquisition device.”
3. Piaget - Assimilation and Accommodation: Jean Piaget’s theory of language development suggests that children use both assimilation and accommodation to learn the language. Assimilation is the process of changing one’s environment to place information into an already-existing schema (or idea). Accommodation is the process of changing one’s schema to adapt to the new environment. Piaget believed children need to first developmentally before language acquisition can occur.
4. Vygotsky - Zone of Proximal Development: Lev Vygotsky’s theory of language development focused on social learning and the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is a level of development obtained when children engage in social interactions with others; it is the distance between a child’s potential to learn and the actual learning that takes place.
5. Theory of Imitation: the idea that children imitated what they heard around them.  This theory is based on the behaviorism of B. F. Skinner and the work of Pavlov.  This can not be all of the stories because there would be no overextensions, no overgeneralizations.  Adults do not say “went” but children frequently do, so they can’t just be imitating what the adults say.
6. Theory of Maturation: Maturationism is associated with the concept of developmental stages. Maturation theorists maintain that the universal and invariant sequence of human development can be described and that the genetic makeup of an individual determines the pace of such development. It is often associated with the work of Arnold Gesell who, along with his colleagues at the Clinic of Child Development at Yale University, charted the development of thousands of children and described developmental milestones that were achieved in a developmental sequence.

So, It is very clear that Surplus Energy Theory is not a theory of Language Development. So, the correct answer is Surplus Energy Theory. Surplus Energy Theory is a theory of play.

दो भाषाओ के योग से बना शब्द है।

• संकर शब्द :- दो भाषाओ के योग से बने शब्द होते है।
• जैसे: टिकट अंग्रेजी शब्द + घर हिंदी शब्द = टिकटघर (संकर शब्द)

Additional Information

'सुत' शब्द को स्त्रीवाचक बनाने के लिए : आ प्रत्यय का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

• क्योंकि सुत का अर्थ है :- पुत्र, बेटा
• अब सुत + आ = सुता, बेटी, पुत्री

Confusion Points

• सुत - बेटा
• सूत - ब्याज

Additional Information

• ईय :- रमणीय, राजकीय
• ई :- विदाई, जुदाई
• इक :- सामाजिक

प्रिय व्यक्ति होना, विकल्प यहाँ उचित है, अन्य विकल्प यहाँ असंगत है। 

Key Points

स्पष्टीकरण: नाक का  बाल होना मुहावरे का अर्थ प्रिय व्यक्ति  होना होता है।

वाक्य प्रयोग- यह आदमी विधायक का नाक का बाल है। 

Additional Information 

विशेष:

‘मुहावरे’ का अर्थ बोलचाल की भाषा में सांकेतिक रूप से किसी भाव को प्रकट करना होता है। जैसे- आँखों से गिरना, आकाश से बातें करना आदि।आँखे बंद हो जाना - मृत्यु हो जाना

अन्य विकल्प

'अश्व' का पर्यायवाची शब्द 'कटक' नही है।

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'अश्व' शब्द का उचित पर्यायवाची शब्द 'कटक' नहीं है।
• अन्य शब्द अश्व के पर्यायवाची हैं।
• कटक के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - चमू, सेना, वाहिनी।
• अश्व के अन्य पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं - तुरंग, घोड़ा, घोटक, हरि, तुरग, हय।

Additional Information

'जो एक स्थान पर टिक कर नहीं रहता' वाक्य के लिए एक शब्द :- यायावर

• यायावर के अन्य समानार्थी अर्थ:- घुमक्कड़, भ्रमणशील, पर्यटक
• किसी लम्बे वाक्य एक अंश के लिए प्रयोग एक शब्द वाक्यांश कहलाता है।

Key Points

• अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण :
• अस्थिर: जो स्थिर न हो, जैसे: टेबल पर रखी गेंद
• गतिशील: जो निरंतर चेतना में हो या चलायमान हो जैसे: सक्रिय पंखा
• अडिग: किसी बात पर डटे रहना, जैसे: मोहन कल शाम तक खाना नहीं खाएगा वो इस बात पर अडिग है। 
• इधर-उधर निरुद्देश्य घुमने वाला - आवारा
• जिसके जीवन का कोई निश्चित उद्देश्य न हो - उद्देश्यहीन
• किसी भी वस्तु को अकस्मात्त प्रस्तुत करने वाला - हाजिरजवाबी

Important Points 

Additional Information

उपर्युक्त प्रश्न का सही उत्तर सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान है ।

Key Points

• झाँसी की रानी हिंदी भाषा की कवयित्री सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान द्वारा लिखी गयी एक कविता है।
• कविता का विषय 1857 के प्रथम भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में लड़ने वाली, झाँसी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई और उनके द्वारा अंग्रेजों के साथ लड़ा गया युद्ध है।
• झाँसी की रानी एक वीर रस की कविता है जो उस दौर में लिखी गयी जब हिंदी भाषा के साहित्य में छायावाद मुखर था।

Additional Information

• कविता -

सिंहासन हिल उठे राजवंशों ने भृकुटी तानी थी,

बूढ़े भारत में भी आई फिर से नयी जवानी थी,

गुमी हुई आज़ादी की कीमत सबने पहचानी थी,

दूर फिरंगी को करने की सबने मन में ठानी थी।

चमक उठी सन सत्तावन में, वह तलवार पुरानी थी,

बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी,

खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी॥

समास का अर्थ 'संक्षेप' होता है। अतः सही विकल्प संक्षेप होगा।अन्य सभी विकल्प असंगत है।  

• समास का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है।छोटा रूप। जब दो या दो से अधिक शब्द मिलकर जो नया और छोटा शब्द बनता है।उस शब्द को समास कहते है।
• जैसे:रसोई के लिए घर = रसोईघर।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प:

• विच्छेद का अर्थ - काटकर अलग करना।
• विस्तार का अर्थ - फैलने का भाव, फैलाव
• नवीन अर्थ - नया अर्थ

Additional Information

                                     समास और संधि में समानता: 

शिक्षा में कमज़ोर शिक्षार्थियों के शिक्षण अधिगम दोष प्रभावों को दूर करने की प्रक्रिया उपचारात्मक शिक्षण कहलाती है। शिक्षण या अधिगम की कठिनाइयों या त्रुटियों के कारण बच्चे कक्षा में पिछड़ जाते हैं, उपचारात्मक शिक्षण द्वारा उपयुक्त शिक्षण विधि का चयन करके उनकी कठिनाईयों को दूर करने का प्रयास किया जाता है।

Important Points

उपचारात्मक शिक्षा के प्रमुख उद्देश्य:-

• कौशलों के अधिगम प्रक्रिया के दौरान त्रुटियों को सुधारना।
• छात्रों का पिछड़ापन दूर करना।
• भाषा प्रयोग संबंधी कठिनाईयों को पहचानकर उनका निदान करना।
• समुचित दिशा में विकास का मार्ग प्रशस्त करना
• समाज से स्वीकृत आदतों का परिमार्जन करना
• विषय विशेष को सीखने में अक्षमताओं को दूर करना

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि भाषा के सम्बन्ध में उपचारात्मक शिक्षण का उद्देश्य भाषा प्रयोग सम्बन्धी कठिनाइयों की पहचान तथा उनका निदान है।

जिस प्रकार की भाषा हम सुनते हैं अनुकरण द्वारा उसी प्रकार की भाषा हम उच्चारित करते हैं। उच्चारित तथा पठित भाषा ही हमारी वर्तनी (लिखने) की ��ुद्धता का आधार बनती है। अतः ये चारों कौशल एक-दूसरे से अंतःसंबंधित होते हैं, इन्हे एकीकृत रूप से पढ़ना चाहिए।

Important Points

भाषा कौशल के चार प्रकार:

• श्रवण कौशल (सुनना) - सुनकर अर्थ ग्रहण करनें का कौशल श्रवण कौशल कहलाता है।
• वाचन कौशल (बोलना) - भावों और विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति वाचन कौशल कहलाती है।
• पठन कौशल (पढ़ना) - पढ़कर अर्थ ग्रहण करने के कौशल को पठन कौशल कहतें हैं।
• लेखन कौशल (लिखना) - विचारों को लिखित रूप देना अथार्त लिखने संबंधी कौशल लेखन कौशल कहलाता है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि हँसना प्रमुख भाषायी कोशल के अन्तर्गत नहीं आता है।

Additional Information

• मानव अपने विचारों का आदान प्रदान सुनकर, बोलकर, पढ़कर और लिखकर करता है, भाषा से संबंधित इन चारो प्रक्रियाओं को प्रयोग करने की क्षमता ही भाषा कौशल कहलाती है।
• यहां सुनना और पढ़ना विचारों को ग्रहण करने से तथा बोलना और लिखना विचारों को अभिव्यक्त करने से संबंधित है।
• ये चारो कौशल एक दूसरे से अंतःसंबंधित होते हैं तथा मानव में भाषाई विकास को विस्तार देते हैं। चारों कौशलों के विकास के लिए इन्हें एकीककृत रूप से पढ़ना अनिवार्य है।

हिंदी दिवस - हर साल हम 14 सितंबर को हिंदी दिवस के रूप में मनाते हैं। क्योंकि इसी दिन भारत की संविधान सभा ने देवनागरी लिपि में लिखी गई हिंदी भाषा को भारतीय गणराज्य की राजभाषा घोषित किया था। हिंदी के प्रचार और प्रसार के लिए तत्कालीन भारतीय सरकार ने 14 सितंबर 1949 से प्रतिवर्ष 14 सितम्बर को हिंदी दिवस के रूप में मनाने अनुरोध किया था। संविधान द्वारा हिंदी को भारत की राजभाषा का दर्जा दिये जाने की खुशी में हम हिंदी दिवस मनाते हैं। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 343 में हिंदी भाषा को राजभाषा के तौर पर अपनाने का उल्लेख मिलता है।

Additional Information

भाषा - भाषा वह साधन है जिसके द्वारा हम अपने विचारों को व्यक्त कर सकते हैं और इसके लिये हम वाचिक ध्वनियों का प्रयोग करते हैं। भाषा, मुख से उच्चारित होने वाले शब्दों और वाक्यों आदि का वह समूह है जिनके द्वारा मन की बात बताई जाती है।

बोली - भाषा की छोटी इकाई को बोली कहा जाता है। इसका क्षेत्र सीमित होता है। इसमें व्यक्तिगत बोलचाल ही माध्यम होता है और देशज तथा घरेलू शब्दावली का प्रयोग होता है। यह बोलचाल की भाषा मानी जाती है।​ उदाहरण : बिहारी, बघेली, छत्तीसगढ़ी, अवधी आदि

कविता शिक्षण के पीछे उसका मुख्य उद्देश्य है:भावबोध, रसानुभूती व सौंदर्यबोध।

कविता- कविता भाषा का एक ऐसा माध्यम है, जिसके द्वारा भावनाएँ व्यक्त की जाती हैं। इसमें रसानुभुति, भावबोध व सौॆन्दर्यबोध होता है।

Key Points 

• कविता में सौंन्दर्य तथा भावना की सहज अभिव्यक्ति होती है।
• कविता पाठक के मन को आसानी से छु जाती है।
• कविता में भाव तत्व की प्रधानता होती है।
• कल्पना के मिश्रण से सौंन्दर्य चित्रण को कविता में सहज और ग्राह्य बनाया जाता है।
• कविता की लयात्मकता शब्दावली को पढ़ने के लिए सस्वर पठनअनिवार्य है।

​अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि रसानुभूति एवं आनन्दानुभूति कराना काव्य शिक्षण का उद्देश्य है।

मेरी गाय काली है - इस वाक्य में काली शब्द गाय का गुण बता रहा है, अतः गुणवाचक विशेषण के तौर पर प्रयुक्त हुआ है।

गुणवाचक विशेषण- विशेष्य के गुण, आकार, रूप, रंग, स्थान, काल, दशा, स्थिति, स्वभाव आदि से सम्बद्ध विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द गुणवाचक विशेषण होते हैं। जैसे - सुंदर, लंबा आदि। 

Key Points 

सीता फल खाती है - यह वाक्य सरल वाक्य का उदाहरण है।

राम जाता है - यह सरल वाक्य का उदाहरण है। 

जल्दी उठना स्वास्थ्यवर्धक होता है। यह विधानवाचक का उदाहरण है।

Important Points

विशेष:

नाटक- जो रचना श्रवण के द्वारा ही नही अपितु दृष्टि के द्वारा भी दर्शकों के हृदय में रसानुभूती कराती है, उसे नाटक कहते हैं। नाटक में संवाद अदायगी सर्वाधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण है।

• कक्षाभिनय प्रणाली- इस विधि में कक्षा में ही छात्रों को विवध पात्रों के रूप में मानकर उचित भाव भंगिमा के साथ अभिनय करने के लिए कहा जाता है। इस विधि में छात्र सक्रिय होकर भाग लेते हैं। इस विधि को नाटक शिक्षण की सर्वश्रेष्ठ विधि माना जाता है।

Important Points

कक्षाभिनय प्रणाली के गुण-  

• यह मित्वययी होने के साथ संचालन में सरल है।
• इसके द्वारा अमूर्त भावों को भी मूर्त बनाकर प्रकट किया जा सकता है।
• पात्रानुसार बच्चों द्वारा अभिनय से सीखने की प्रक्रिया में तेज़ी आती है।
• बालक को उचित गति, यति, हाव-भाव के साथ मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति का ज्ञान होता है।
• छात्रों की कल्पना, तर्क शक्ति तथा अभिव्यक्ति क्षमता का विकास होता है।
• संवाद सुनकर अन्य बच्चों में श्रवण कौशल का विकास होता है।
• बालक को जीवन की विभिन्न परिस्थितियों का ज्ञान होता है।

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि नाटक शिक्षण में 'कक्षाभिनय प्रणाली' के प्रयोग से पात्रानुसार बच्चों द्वारा अभिनय से सीखने की प्रक्रिया में तेज़ी आती है।

वाहनारूढ़ शब्द में 'अधिकरण कारक' का प्रयोग हुआ है। 

Key Points

• वाहनारूढ़ -वाहन पर आरूढ़ - अधिकरण कारक
• हस्तलिखित - हाथ से लिखा हुआ - करण कारक
• गंगाजल - गंगा का जल - सम्बन्ध कारक
• रेखाचित्र - रेखाओं का चित्र - सम्बन्ध कारक

Additional Information 

कारक- क्रिया से सम्बन्ध रखने वाले वे सभी शब्द जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के रूप होते हैं उन्हें कारक कहते हैं। अर्थात कारक संज्ञा या सर्वनाम शब्दो का वह रूप होता है जिसका सीधा सम्बन्ध क्रिया से होता है। जो निम्नलिखित हैं:-

उपरोक्त विकल्पों में से आचार्य भोजराज ने श्रृंगार रस को रसराज कहा गया है। अन्य विकल्प असंगत है। अतः विकल्प 1 श्रृंगार सही उत्तर है।

Key Points

Additional Information

• घनानंद को रीतिकाल का कवि माना जाता है।
• "सुजान" शब्द का प्रयोग घनानन्द की कविता में सर्वाधिक हुआ है,अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• घनानंद ग्रंथावली में उनकी १६ रचनाएँ संकलित हैं।
• घनानंद के नाम से लगभग चार हजार की संख्या में कवित्त और सवैये मिलतें हैं।
• इनकी सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय रचना 'सुजान हित' है, जिसमें ५०७ पद हैं।

Important Points

• आदिकाल : सरहपाद, चंदवरदाई, विद्यापति, अमीर खुसरो
• भक्तिकाल : तुलसीदास, सूरदास, जायसी, नंददास
• रीतिकाल : केशवदास, आलम, भूषण, मतिराम
• भारतेंदु काल : भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र, बदरीनारायण चौधरी 'प्रेमघन', प्रतापनारायण मिश्र, ठाकुर जगमोहन सिंह, अंबिकादत्त व्यास आदि इस युग के प्रमुख कवि थे।

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 'आशीर्वाद' होगा। अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

Key Points

• उपरोक्त विकल्पों में 'आशीर्वाद' शब्द वर्तनीगत शुद्ध है।
• जिसका अर्थ होता है- शुभवचन, आशीष

Additional Information

• लिखने की रीति को वर्तनी कहते हैं।
• ‘वर्तनी’ शब्द का अर्थ ‘पीछे चलना’ है।
• अर्थात उच्चारित होने वाले शब्द के लेख

'को' से कर्म कारक का चिन्ह बोध होता है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 1 -‘कर्म कारक’ है।

Key Points

• 'को' कर्म कारक है।
• वह वस्तु या व्यक्ति जिस पर वाक्य में की गयी क्रिया का प्रभाव पड़ता है वह कर्म कहलाता है।

Additional Information

सच्चिदानन्द हीरानन्द वात्स्यायन का उपनाम है: अज्ञेय

Important Points

• हरिऔध : अय्योध्या सिंह उपाध्याय 'हरिऔध' (15 अप्रैल 1865-16 मार्च 1947)
• निराला : सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला' (21 February 1896)
• गुलेरी : चन्द्र धर शर्मा 'गुलेरी' (25 July 1883)

Additional Information

• "अज्ञेय"(जन्म-1911)

​अज्ञेय के कविता संग्रह:-

• • भग्नदूत (1933), चिन्ता (1942), इत्यलम् (1946), हरी घास पर क्षण भर (1949), बावरा अहेरी (1954), इन्द्रधनुष रौंदे हुये ये (1957), अरी ओ करुणा प्रभामय (1959), आँगन के पार द्वार (1961), कितनी नावों में कितनी बार (1967), क्योंकि मैं उसे जानता हूँ (1970), सागर मुद्रा (1970), पहले मैं सन्नाटा बुनता हूँ (1974), महावृक्ष के नीचे (1977), नदी की बाँक पर छाया (1981), प्रिज़न डेज़ एण्ड अदर पोयम्स (अंग्रेजी में,1946)

Additional Information

'बिहारी' के प्रसिद्ध हैं: दोहा

• 'बिहारी सतसई' में कुल दोहा-संख्या 713 है।

Key Points

• बिहारी ने अपनी बहुज्ञता अर्थात ज्योतिष, विज्ञान ,आयुर्वेद ,राजनीति ,लोक संबंधी आदि विषय के ज्ञान को बिहारी सतसई में प्रस्तुत किया है।
• "पदम सिंह शर्मा" ने बिहारी के काव्य को "शक्क��� की रोटी" कहा है।
• यह एक मुक्तक काव्य है।
• इसमें नीति, भक्ति और श्रृंगार" से संबंधित दोहों का संकलन है।
• बिहारी सतसई पर हिंदी में 50 से अधिक टीका प्राप्त है।
• बिहारी सतसई में 713 दोहे हैं।

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘पुन: + जन्म’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प अनुचित उत्तर हैं। ​

पुनर्जन्म शब्द का संधि विच्छेद करने पर पुनः+जन्म होगा। यहाँ ‘पुनः’ में विसर्ग का प्रयोग है अर्थात यहाँ विसर्ग संधि है।

विसर्ग के बाद स्वर या व्यंजन आने पर विसर्ग में जो विकार होता हैं, उसे विसर्ग सन्धि कहते हैं। 

Key Points

यदि विसर्ग (:) के पहले 'अ' और बाद में 'अ' अथवा प्रत्येक वर्ग का तीसरा, चौथा, पांचवां, वर्ण अथवा 'य', 'र', 'ल', 'व', 'ह' हो तो विसर्ग (:) का 'ओ' हो जाता है।

जैसे -

मन: + अनुकूल = मनोनुकूल 

तप: + बल = तपोबल 

अपवाद : पुनः एवं अंत: में विसर्ग (:) का 'र्' हो जाता हैं।

जैसे -

पुन: + मुद्रण =  पुनर्मुद्रण 

पुन: + जन्म = पुनर्जन्म 

Additional Information

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर विकल्प 2 ‘करुण’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके असंगत उत्तर होंगे।

Key Points

• उपरोक्त विकल्पों में शोक ‘करुण’ रस का स्थायी भाव है।
• किसी अपने के विनाश, दीर्घकालिक वियोग, द्रव्यनाश या प्रेमी से सदैव के लिए बिछुड़ जाने या दूर चले जाने से जो दुःख या वेदना उत्पन्न होती है, उसे करुण रस कहते हैं।
• करुण रस में शोक का वर्णन होता है।
• उदाहरण- हाय राम हम कैसे झेले अपनी लज्जा अपना शोक।

              गया हमारे ही हाथों से अपना राष्ट्र पिता परलोक। 

Additional Information

'सूरदास' ने ब्रज भाषा में 'सूरसागर' की रचना की।

Key Points

• सूरसागर सूरदास जी का प्रधान एवं महत्त्वपूर्ण ग्रन्थ है।
• इसमें प्रथम नौ अध्याय संक्षिप्त है, पर दशम स्कन्ध का बहुत विस्तार हो गया है।
• इसमें भक्ति की प्रधानता है।
• इसके दो प्रसंग 'कृष्ण की बाल-लीला' और 'भ्रमर-गीतसार' अत्यधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं।

Important Points

दिए गए विकल्पों में सही उत्तर ‘दोहा’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके अनुचित उत्तर हैं।

Key Points

• जिस छंद के पहले और तीसरे चरण में 13-13 मात्राएं और दूसरे तथा चौथे चरण में 11-11 मात्राएँ होती हैं, वह छंद ‘दोहा’ कहलाता है।
• दोहा छंद मात्रिक अर्द्धसम छंद है।
• यति चरण के अंत में होती है।
• उदाहरण- बड़ा हुआ तो क्या हुआ, जैसे पेड़ खजूर, पंथी को छाया नहीं, फल लागैं अति दूर।

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 1 ‘कुलीन’ होगा ।

Key Points

• ‘जो अच्छे कुल में उत्पन्न हुआ हो'- वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द ‘कुलीन’ होता है।

अन्य विकल्प:

Additional Information

वाक्यांश- भाषा को सुंदर, आकर्षक और प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर एक शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो वह वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 'दात्री​​’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं।

Key Points 

• दिए गए विकल्पों में 'दात्री' शब्द दाता शब्द का स्त्रीलिंग रूप है।
• दात्री का अर्थ - देनेवाली।
• धात्री शब्द का पुल्लिंग 'धाता' होता है।
• दाता शब्द का मूल शब्द 'दातृ' होता है।

Additional Information

Important Points

• जिसके द्वारा किसी विकरी शब्द की स्त्री जाती का बोध हो , उसे स्त्रीलिंग कहते है।
• लिंग की पहचान शब्दों के व्यवहार से होती है।
• कुछ शब्द सदा स्त्रीलिंग होते है | जेसे - तिथियों केनाम , भाषाओ के नाम , लिपियों केनाम , बोलियों के नाम , नदियों के नाम , नक्षत्रो के नाम . देवियों के नाम , महलाओ के नाम , लताओ के नाम आदि।
• कुछ प्रत्यय ऐसे होते है जिससे निर्मित शब्द स्त्रीलिंग होते  है | जो इस प्रकार है - आ , आई , आइना , आनी , आवट , इया , ई , त , ता , ति आदि।

दिए गए विकल्पों में 'लड़का पेड़ से गिरा' वाक्य में अपादान कारक है l अन्य विकल्प असंगत है l अतः सही विकल्प 1- अपादान कारक है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्प : 

Important Points

कारक का अर्थ होता है किसी कार्य को करने वाला। यानी जो भी क्रिया को करने में भूमिका निभाता है, वह कारक कहलाता है।

कारक के मुख्यतः आठ भेद होते हैं :

1. कर्ता कारक - ने
2. कर्म कारक - को
3. करण कारक - से
4. सम्प्रदान कारक - के लिए
5. अपादान कारक -से
6. संबंध कारक - का, के, की
7. अधिकरण कारक - में, पर
8. संबोधन कारक - हे,हो,अरे,वाह

दिए गए विकल्पों में से ‘पापी’ शब्द गुणवाचक विशेषण है। अन्य सभी विकल्प असंगत है। 

Key Points

• पापी = गुणवाचक विशेषण
• 'पापी' शब्द 'किसी व्यक्ति' का गुण बता रहा है, अतः गुणवाचक विशेषण

Additional Information

'नवल सुन्दर श्याम-शरीर की, सजल नीरद-सी कल-का��्ति थी।' में 'उपमा अलंकार' है।

Key Points इस उदाहरण का विश्लेषण इस प्रकार होगा-

• कान्ति- उपमेय,
• नीरद- उपमान,
• कल- साधारण धर्म
• सी- वाचक शब्द

Additional Information

स्पष्टीकरण:

जहां उपमान न होने पर उपमेय को ही उपमान मान लिया जाए, वहाँ उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार होता है।

Important Pointsविशेष:

दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर विकल्प 3 ‘कबीर’ है। अन्य विकल्प इसके गलत उत्तर हैं। 

Key Points

• दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'बीजक' कबीरदास की रचना है।
• बीजक भगत कबीर की मुख्य प्रामाणिक कृति है, इस कृति को कबीर पंथ की पवित्र पुस्तक मानी जाती है।
• उनके शिष्य धर्मदास ने उनकी वाणियों का संग्रह इसी 'बीजक' नाम के ग्रंथ में किया, जिसके तीन मुख्य भाग हैं : साखी , सबद (पद ), रमैनी।

Additional Information

• सूरदास - सूरसागर, सूरसरवाली, साहित्य-लहरी, गोवर्धनलीला, नागलीला, भ्रमरगीत, पद-संग्रह,
• तुलसीदास - रामललानहछू,  वैराग्यसंदीपनी, रामाज्ञाप्रश्न, जानकी-मंगल, रामचरितमानस, सतसई, पार्वती-मंगल, गीतावली,  विनय-पत्रिका,  कृष्ण-गीतावली, बरवै रामायण,  दोहावली और कवितावली
• जायसी  - पद्मावत, अखरावट, आख़िरी कलाम, कहरनामा, चित्ररेखा, कान्हावत आदि

The correct answer is 'the, the'.

Key Points

• Article 'the' is used before the superlative degree.
• Adjectives and adverbs  in the superlative degree are similar to the comparative degree, but use the -est ending and the word 'most' instead.
• Thus, the article 'the' must be placed before the adjectives in the sentence.
• For example:
• Mr. Copeland spoke the most highly of Juan than the other interview candidate.
• 'The' is called the definite article, because it normally points out some particular person or thing.
• For example:
• Are you going to the party this weekend?
• Thus, article 'the' will be used before family as we are talking about the particular thing.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: Ritu is the most active girl in the family.

Additional Information

• The words 'a/an', 'the' are called articles. They come before nouns.
• 'A/an' is called the indefinite article, because it usually leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of.
• 'The' is called the definite article, because it normally points out some particular person or thing.

The correct answer is "Cosmopolitan".

Key Points

• Let's explore the options:
• Cosmopolitan- a person familiar with and at ease in many different countries & regards the whole world as his country.
• Patriot- a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.
• Nationalist- a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interest of other nation.
• Metropolitan- relating to or denoting a metropolis or large city.
• Hence, the correct answer is 'option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Extract'.

Key Points

• 'Quarried' is the past simple and past participle of 'quarry' and it means to dig stone, etc. from a quarry, to dig stone, sand, etc. out of the ground.
• For example:
• Granite and limestone are quarried in the vicinity.
• 'Extract' means to remove or take out something, a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc.
• For example:
• They used to extract iron ore from this site.
• According to the above explanation 'Quarried and Extract' are same in their meanings, thus, make a synonym pair.
• Thus, option 1 will be the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Had been playing'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the present continuous tense.
• The past perfect continuous tense also known as the past perfect progressive tense shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the past.
• The past perfect continuous tense constructed using had been+the verb's present participle(root+ ing).
• For example:
• I had been working in at the company for five years when I got the promotion.
• Thus, option 4 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: The boys had been playing cricket.

Additional Information

• The present continuous indicates verb tense indicates that an action or condition is happening now, frequently, and may continue into the future.
• The structure of the present continuous tense is: subject+is/are/am+1^st+ing+object.
• For example:
• He is talking to his friend.

The correct answer is 'W. M. Ryburn'.

Key Points

• 'W.M. Ryburn' is a famous English writer who wrote on sport, political and social subjects.
• The lesson 'Torch Bearers' was written by 'W.M. Ryburn'.
• In this lesson the writer conveys that age does not make one great. It is wisdom that makes one good and great man. So one should think for same time before every action. It is our responsibility to make ourselves a good citizen.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Personification'.

Key Points

• A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its literal definition.
• 'Personification' has been used in line 'The wind lies asleep in the arms of dawn'.
• 'Personification' gives human qualities to non living things or ideas. 'Personification' is used to endow human qualities into inanimate objects.
• For example:
• The thunder grumbled.
• According to the above explanation 'Personification' is a figure of speech that has been used in lines 'The wind lies asleep in the arms of dawn'.
• The quality 'asleep' has been used for wind.
• Thus, option 3 will be the correct answer.

Additional Information Let's look at the meanings and examples of other given options:

• Metaphor: it makes a comparison between two unlike things or ideas.
• For example:
• Heart of stone.
• Hyperbole: it uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
• For example:
• I could do this forever.
• Oxymoron: an oxymoron is two contradictory terms used together.
• For example:
• Peace force.

The correct answer is 'to pay'.

Key Points

• 'Foot the bill' means to pay for something, especially something expensive.
• For example:
• His parents can't afford to foot the bill for his college education.
• According to the above explanation option 3 is the most appropriate choice.

Additional Information

• An idiom has been used in the sentence.
• An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non literal meaning to the phrase.
• Let's take a look at some common idioms:

 

The correct answer is 'Present Perfect Tense'.

Key Points

• The given sentence is in the present perfect tense.
• The present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past or began in the past and continued to the present time.
• The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject+has/have+v3rd+object.
• For example:
• We have eaten the lasagna here.
• Thus, option 3 will be the correct answer.

The correct answer is Option (1) i.e. Sounds.

Key Points

• Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech.
• It involves the analysis of the articulation, transmission, and perception of sounds.
• Phonetics helps in understanding the physical production and acoustic properties of speech sounds.

Therefore, the correct answer is- "Phonetics is the Science of Sounds."

Additional Information

• Option 2: Reading — Phonetics deals with sounds rather than the ability to read texts.
• Option 3: Pronunciation — While pronunciation is related to phonetics, phonetics encompasses a broader study of all speech sounds, not just pronunciation.
• Option 4: Writing — Phonetics is not concerned with writing systems or the representation of sounds through writing.

The correct answer is 'Listening'.

Key Points

• Language learning is the process of learning to speak and understand a foreign language. It helps children to acquire practical commands of language.
• Language learning is a result of deliberate and conscious effort for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning.
• It starts with listening as listening is one of the most important skills to promote active communication.
• 'Listening' is the ability to accurately identify the sounds of speech to interpret messages.
• First, we listen in order to access messages through the spoken word.
• Hence, it could be concluded that language learning starts from 'listening'.
• Thus, option 1 will be the correct answer.

The word "prose'' is taken from the Latin 'prose' which means 'direct' or 'straight'. Broadly speaking, the prose is direct or straightforward writing. The prose is a powerful medium of expressing ideas, facts, laws, and principles. 

• Prose writing is considered to be less interesting than poems or stories. So teachers are faced with the task of motivating the children to read prose, which usually has some information or facts in it.
• Teaching prose should be intensive as well as extensive depending upon the need, the class, and age of the students. It includes the teaching of structures, vocabulary, grammar, language in general, and the ability to achieve mastery on all the four skills of language learning.

Key Points The aim of teaching English prose is for both language development and literary development. General aims of teaching prose:

• To enable the students to read with comprehension.
• To develop their interest in reading and enrich their active and passive vocabulary.
• To enable the students to express the ideas contained in the passage orally and in writing.
• To help the students think imaginatively and develop creative writing and critical thinking.
• To understand how different kinds of sentences are constructed, and how they are organized to convey ideas.

Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the general aim of prose teaching is to help the students to develop critical thinking, interest in reading, and comprehension ability.

Education is a continuous and never-ending process, yet it changed its aims and objectives with the change of time. These changes were not only educational but were influenced by ever-changing socio-political, economic, and religious factors.

• The aim of education varying from ‘emancipation’ to economic freedom, from the development of the society to individual, from religion to structures and procedures resulted in varied and contrasting forms of education. The advent of English education changed the education system.

Key Points

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first Indian who founded a reformist movement in India. He wanted to modernize India as early as possible; therefore, he was called the 'representative of the modern age'.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a great scholar and independent thinker and multilingual person. He believed that education was a prime necessity for up-liftmen of Indian society.
• He advocated the induction of Western learning into the Indian education system. So he promoted the study of English, Science, Western Medicine, and Technology in India.
• He used his own money for the welfare of the education system in India. Roy believed that modern education was an important vehicle to carry social reforms and enlighten people about their rights.

Thus, it is concluded that Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian reformist who supported English education.

The correct answer is 'To reveal'.

Key Points

• 'To bring to light' means to cause something to be known, to reveal something.
• For example:
• The Her research has brought to light new information about Jefferson's early life.
• According to the above explanation option 1 is the most appropriate choice.

Additional Information

• An idiom has been used in the sentence.
• An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non literal meaning to the phrase.
• Let's take a look at some common idioms:

 

The correct answer is 'Result'.

Key Points

• 'Consequence' means a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient, the condition of having a lasting effect; importance.
• For example:
• Not making a will can have serious consequences for your children and other family members.
• 'Result' means something that happens or exists because of something else, a good or pleasing effect, the information you get from something such as a scientific experiment or medical test.
• For example:
• His broken leg is the direct result of his own carelessness.
• According to the above explanation 'consequence and result' are same in their meanings, thus, make a synonym pair.
• Thus, option 4 will be the correct answer.

Additional InformationLet's look at the meanings of the other given options:

• Proof: it means a fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or is true.
• Conclusion: it means the final part of something.
• End: it means the part of a place or thing that is furthest away from the center.

The correct answer is 'Success'.

Key Points

• A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea.
• In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.
• For example:
• I heard the doorbell.
• 'Success' is an uncountable noun which means the fact that you have achieved something that you want and have been trying to do or get, the fact of becoming rich or famous or of getting a high social position.
• For example:
• Confidence is the key to success.
• Thus, option 3 will be the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Verbs are words that describe actions, whether physical or mental. Verbs also describe a “state of being,” like the verbs be, become, or exist.
• For example:
• We all want to make the peace process succeed.

Language is that system by which sounds and meanings are related. Language-communication and human needs are unquestionably linked.

Key Points

• Language is a term, which due to its range of applications, has prompted innumerable definitions.
• Some of these focus on the general concept of ‘language’, others on more specific aspects of ‘a language’, and yet others on its more formal features like phonology, grammar, and semantics.
• Gleason said that "Language is one of the most important and characteristics forms of human behavior."
• Beginning to talk, acquiring language, is one of the most ordinary and remarkable things human beings do. He emphasizes that language shows human behavior.

Thus, it is concluded that "Language is one of the most important and characteristics forms of human behavior." It is the statement of Gleason.

The correct answer is 'to'.

Key Points

• 'Prepositions' indicate relationships between other words in a sentence.
• Prepositions indicate direction, time, location, and spatial relationships, as well as other abstract types of relationships.
• Here in the given sentence preposition 'to' will be used.
• 'Blind to' means to completely fail to notice or realise something or ignore something maybe intentionally.
• Thus, preposition 'to' will be used in the given blank as this sentence brings out the meaning that he completely fails to notice or understand his own faults.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: He is blind to his own fault.

Additional Information Let's look at the usage and examples of other given options:

• With: it is used to say what fills, covers, etc.
• For example:
• The bag was stuffed with dirty clothes.
• Of: it is used to say what somebody/something is consists of or contains.
• For example:
• The city of Dublin.
• For: it is used to show who is intended to have or use something or where something is intended to be put.
• For example:
• There is letter for you.

The correct answer is 'Ralph Waldo Emerson'.

Key Points

• The poem 'The Nation Builders' is written by 'Ralph Waldo Emerson'.
• He was a great lover of honest, desire and justice.
• The poem 'The Nation Builders' tells us that material wealth does not make a nation strong or great. The people of strong character build a nation.
• People who are ready to stand firm and suffer, lay solid foundation of a nation.
• Thus, option 3 will be the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'marched'.

Key Points

• Let's explore the options:
• Walked: it means to move along by putting one foot in front of the other, allowing each foot to touch the ground before lifting the next.
• Marched: it means a walk, especially by a group of soldiers all walking with the same movement and speed.
• Ran: it means to move along, faster than walking, by taking quick steps in which each foot is lifted before the next foot touches the ground.
• Jogged: it means to run slowly, especially as a form of exercise.
• According to the above explanation 'marched' will be used in the given blank.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: The soldiers marched through the town.

The correct answer is 'Mine'.

Key Points

• The possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone.
• There are two types of possessive pronouns.
• The first type is used with nouns and these are my, your, his, her, their, our, etc.
• The other type of pronouns are sometimes called independent possessive pronouns, because they can stand alone and these are mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs, etc.
• According to the above explanation 'mine' is in possessive case.
• Thus, option 4 will be the correct answer.

Money is only a means and not an end in itself. It is demanded not for its own sake but because it helps us in buying goods and services to satisfy our needs. Money cannot directly satisfy human wants, but assists in the production and exchange of goods and services. "Money is a matter of functions four: A medium, a measurer, a standard & a store." 

Key Points Here, in the above question to board a flight is very difficult to do without paying a large amount of money as:

• boarding a flight is very expensive, it needs a lot of money.
• without having a huge amount, one cannot board a flight.

Thus, it is concluded that boarding a flight is difficult to do without paying a large amount of money.

Hint

• To lodge a police complaint doesn't require money.
• To hire an auto for a short distance requires a small amount of money.
• To reach a side street doesn't require money.

The correct answer is 'Milton'.

Key Points

• 'They also serve who only stand and wait' is the last line of the poem 'On His Blindness'.
• The poem 'They also serve who only stand and wait' was written by John Milton.
• The poet reflects that he has a place in God's world despite his disability.
• Thus, option 3 will be the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'you should fall down'.

Key Points

• 'Lest' in the given sentence is a conjunction.
• Some conjunctions come in pair.
• 'Should' is always followed by conjunction 'lest'.
• If you do something lest something unpleasant should happen, you do it to try to prevent the unpleasant thing from happening.
• for example:
• I was afraid to open the door lest he should follow me.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: Walk carefully lest you should fall down.

The correct answer is 'You, he and I am good friends'.

Key Points

• The pronoun referring to the other person should always come first.
• The given sentence 'You, he and I am good friends' is grammatically incorrect.
• Here 'are' should be used instead of 'am.
• As the subject of the sentence is plural, thus, plural verb 'are' will be used.
• For example:
• You and he have done a great job.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: You, he and I are good friends.

The correct answer is 'Let your elders not be insulted by you'.

Key Points

• The sentence is in the active voice and is an imperative sentence.
• It needs to be changed into passive voice.
• When converting the statement into passive voice:
• a) The subject must be written after the object.
• b) An imperative sentence in the passive voice has the following form: let+object+be+past participle.
• c) The given sentence in the active voice is in the negative, the passive voice takes the form: let+object+not+be+past participle.
• For example: Let the dog not be beaten.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: Let your elders not be insulted by you.

The correct answer is 'It is you who are responsible for the downfall'.

Key Points

• A relative pronoun used as a subject of an adjective clause takes either a singular or plural verb in order to agree with its antecedent.
• Those pronouns that connect a clause or phrase to noun or a pronoun are called relative pronoun.
• The verb that follows the relative pronoun must agree in number with the word that comes immediately before the relative pronoun.
• If the antecedent before the relative pronoun is plural plural verb is used and if the antecedent before the relative pronoun is singular, singular verb is used.
• For example:
• I met Veena, who was returning from school.
• According to the above explanation 'It is you who are responsible for the downfall' is grammatically correct, as helping verb 'are' is followed by 'you'.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: It is you who are responsible for the downfall.

The correct answer is 'Adverb'.

Key Points

• 'Above' in the given sentence is an 'adverb'.
• 'An adverb' is a word that qualifies a verb, an adjective, and an adverb itself.
• We use 'adverbs' to give additional information about other words.
• For example:
• Seen from above the cars looked tiny.
• According to the above explanation 'above' is an adverb as it describes the verb 'looked'.
• Thus, option 4 will be the correct answer.

Additional Information Let's looked at the uses and examples of other given options:

• Adjective: an adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
• For example:
• It's an old table.
• Noun: a noun is a word that names something such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object.
• For example:
• My keyboard is sticky.
• Verb: a verb is a word that in syntax conveys an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.
• For example:
• Mark eats his dinner quickly.

The correct answer is 'from'.

Key Points

• Prepositions indicate relationships between other words in a sentence.
• 'Alighted' is a verb which means to get off a bus, train, etc.
• Preposition 'from' is used after 'alight'.
• Preposition 'from' is used for someone's/something's origin.
• For example:
• The suspect alighted from the train at Euston and proceeded to Heathrow.
• Thus, option 3 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: The passengers alighted from the bus.

Additional Information Let's look at the uses and examples of other given options:

• For: it usually tells us about the use of something, a reason or purpose.
• For example:
• We use it for cutting grass.
• To: it usually shows the direction of something, moving towards.
• For example:
• We are going to Malta next week.
• At: it is used with specific times of the day.
• For example:
• Let's meet at 7 o'clock.

The correct answer '1'.

Key Points

• The error is in the first part of the sentence.
• Here 'the simple present tense' will be used.
• 'The simple present tense' is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly, Depending on the person, the simple present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding ‑s or ‑es to the end.
• The simple present tense is used for regular action, habits, universal truths.
• The structure of the simple present tense is: subject+v1st+object.
• For example:
• I come here daily.
• Thus, option 1 will be the correct answer.

 

Hence, the correct sentence is: I reach school in time everyday.

The correct answer is 'Oxymoron'.

Key Points

• A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its literal definition.
• 'Oxymorons' are oppositional words joined to create unique word or phrase.
• An oxymoron is two contradictory terms used together.
• For example:
• Peace force.
• According to the above explanation 'Oxymoron' is a figure of speech that has been used in lines 'And having nothing, he hath all'.
• As two contradictory words have been used.
• Thus, option 2 will be the correct answer.

Additional Information Let's look at the uses and examples of other given options:

• Onomatopoeia: it is a figure of speech in which words evoke the actual sound of the thing they refer to or describe.
• For example:
• The boom of a firework exploding
• Simile: it is a comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as".
• For example:
• As slippery as an eel.
• Apostrophe: It occurs when a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience e.g. in a play and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes absent from the scene.
• For example:
• Oh, rose, how sweet you smell and how bright you look!

Shortcut Trick

By the Density Property of numbers, there is no 'next' rational number.

Between any two distinct rational numbers, we can always find another by taking their average (mean).

Since this averaging process can be repeated forever, the count is unlimited.

∴ The correct answer is infinitely many rational numbers.

Alternate Method

Given: Two distinct rational numbers, let them be x and y (where x < y).

Formula Used: Arithmetic Mean = (x + y) ÷ 2

⇒ Let x = 1 and y = 2.

⇒ First rational number = (1 + 2) ÷ 2 = 1.5

⇒ Second rational number (between 1 and 1.5) = (1 + 1.5) ÷ 2 = 1.25

⇒ Third rational number (between 1.5 and 2) = (1.5 + 2) ÷ 2 = 1.75

⇒ This operation can be performed infinitely many times to generate new rational numbers.

∴ The correct answer is infinitely many rational numbers.

Additional Information

Density Property

Between any two real numbers, there are infinitely many rational and infinitely many irrational numbers.

Irrational Numbers between Rationals

If a and b are rational, an irrational number between them can be found using √(a × b), provided a × b is not a perfect square.

Countability

While there are infinitely many rational numbers, they are countably infinite, whereas irrational numbers are uncountably infinite.