UPPSC Staff Nurse Previous Year Paper [Held on 10th April 2022]

The correct answer is Alauddin Khilji.

Key Points

• Alauddin Khilji
• Alauddin Khilji reversed Jalaluddin Khilji’s policy of tolerance towards the nobles.
• He awarded drastic punishment to all those who dared to oppose him.
• He decided to revive Balban’s policy of ruthless governance.
• He decided to curb the power of the nobles and the interference of the Ulama in matters of the state.
• He also realized the importance of maintaining the high image of a king in the state and in the eyes of the people.
• The theory of kingship propounded by Balban led to the adoption of the policy of blood and iron.
• Alauddin Khilji was the second sultan to adopt this policy.

Important Points

• Theories of Kingship
• The Theories of Kingship in the Delhi Sultanate were derived from and inspired by the theories of kingship in the Islamic world.
• In theory, the Muslim state was a theocracy which means the head of the state was also the religious head and derived his position and authority from God.
• The political need and the ignorance of the Sultans about the Shariyat or the Islamic laws resulted in the division of the functions of the head of the state.
• The religious side was looked after by the Ulama or the logicians and the administrative functions were maintained, organized, and supervised by the Sultan.
• The theory of kingship propounded by Balban led to the adoption of the policy of blood and iron.
• Balban was convinced that the only way to face internal and external dangers was to increase the power and prestige of the Sultan.
• The theory of kingship propounded by Balban led to the adoption of the policy of blood and iron.

Additional Information

• Mohammad bin Tughlaq
• Mohammad bin Tughlaq was a rationalist in religious and philosophical matters.
• He offended the orthodox Muslim Ulama by curbing their political influence and tried to resolve secular problems by secular methods.
• He held religious discussions with Hindu Yogis and Jain Saints.
• He believed in geopolitical unity of India and wanted to break all political and cultural barriers.
• Sikandar Lodhi
• Sikandar Lodhi who succeeded Bahlol Lodhi as the Sultan of Delhi believed in superior position of the Sultan in relation to the nobles.
• He compelled nobles and amir to show formal respect to the Sultan in darbar and outside and treated them harshly.
• The office of the Sultan was the most important in the Sultanate and he was the ultimate authority for the military, legal and political matters.
• The dispensation of justice was another important function performed by the Sultan he acted as a court of appeal.
• Balban dispensed justice with extreme impartiality, not sparing even the high officers of the state.

The correct answer is 7.0.

Key Points

• pH: Definition and measurement units
• pH is a measure of how acidic/basic the solution is.
• The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
• As water is neutral in nature, hence its pH is 7.
• pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.
• pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the solution.
• The solution that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas the solution that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic.
• Since pH can be affected by chemicals in the solution, pH is an important indicator of the solution that is changing chemically.
• pH is reported in "logarithmic units".
• Each number represents a 10-fold change in the acidity/basicness of the solution.
• The solution with a pH of five is ten times more acidic than water having a pH of six.

Additional Information

• Some solutions and their pH values

The correct answer is Tharu.

Key Points

• Scheduled Tribes in Uttar Pradesh
• The scheduled tribe's population of Uttar Pardesh is 11,34,273 as per the 2011 census.
• It constitutes 0.57% of the total population of the state.
• The scheduled tribe's population of Uttar Pradesh is a mere 0.6% of the total tribal population of India.
• The State has a total of five Scheduled Tribes and all of them have been enumerated in the 2011 census.
• The Schedules Tribes in Uttar Pradesh, i.e. Tharu, Buksa, Bhotia, Jaunsari, and Raji.
• Out of these five tribes, Tharu is the most populous tribe, with a population of 83,544.
• They constitute 77.4% of the total tribal population of the state.
• Buksa is the second major tribe, having a population of 4,367 followed by Bhatia, Jaunsari, and Raji.
• These four tribes along with generic tribes constitute the balance 22.6% of the total STs population.

Additional Information

• Uttar Pradesh (As of June 2022)
• Capital: Lucknow
• Chief Minister: Yogi Adityanath
• Governor: Anandiben Patel
• Loksabha Seats: 80
• Rajya Sabha Seats: 31

The correct answer is The Parliament.

Key Points

• The Parliament of India
• The Parliament of India has the power to make laws, organise jurisdiction, and modify the power of the Supreme Court.
• The number of judges can be increased or decreased by the parliament by legislation.
• There was a Provision in our constitution originally that there will be a Chief Justice and 7 other judges.
• This number was raised to 10 in 1956, 13 in 1960, 17 in 1977, and 25 in 1985.
• The later number of judges in the supreme court was raised from 26 (25+1) to 31 (30+1).
• In August 2019, the Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the strength (an increase of 10%) from 31 to 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
• The current sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court is thus 34.
• As per Article 124(1) of the Constitution of India, the strength of the Supreme Court is fixed by the law made by the Parliament.

Additional Information

• Supreme Court
• The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial court and the final court of appeal under the Constitution of India.
• India is a federal state and has a single and unified judicial system with a three-tier structure, i.e. Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts.
• The Indian constitution provides for a provision of the Supreme Court under Part V (The Union)
• Articles 124 to 147 - Deal with the organization, independence, jurisdiction, powers, procedures, and so on of the Supreme Court.

The correct answer is Kanpur.

Key Points

• Indian Institute of Pulses Research 
• It was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to carry out basic strategic and applied research on major pulse crops.
• It was established in the year 1983.
• It is a government institute located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
• The current Director of the Indian Institute of Pulses Research is N. P. Singh (As of June 2022).

Additional Information

• National Research Centre for Agro-Forestry was established in Janshi on 8^th May 1988.
• It works under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
• The Centre is located at Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh, about 10 km from Jhansi, and is popularly known as “KRISHIVANIKI”.
• Now it is renamed as ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute (ICAR-CAFRI).
• The headquarters of the Small Industries Development Bank of India is located in Lucknow.
• It was set up on 2^nd April 1990 under an Act of the Indian Parliament.
• The mission of SIDBI is to facilitate and strengthen credit flow to Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises and address both financial and developmental gaps in the ecosystem of MSME.
• The initiatives of SIDBI have always remained aligned to the national goals of poverty alleviation, employment generation, kindling entrepreneurship, and fostering competitiveness in the MSME sector.
• SIDBI Chairman and Managing Director- Shri Sivasubramanian Ramanan. (As of June 2022)

Given:

Total runs scored in the tenth inning = 100

Increase of average runs after the tenth inning from ninth innings = 8

Concept used:

Average = Sum of the terms/Number of the terms

Calculation:

Let. the average runs of nine innings = x

The average of ten innings = x + 8

So, (9x + 100)/10 = (x + 8)

⇒ 10x + 80 = 9x + 100

⇒ 10x - 9x = 100 - 80

⇒ x = 20

The average of ten innings = 20 + 8 = 28

∴ Raju's average will be 28

The correct answer is (b).

Key Points

• Amrita Bazar Patrika was started in 1868 by two brothers, Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh, sons of a wealthy merchant in the Bengal province.
• Their family had built a Bazar and had named it after Amritamoyee, the mother of Sisir and Moti Lal Ghosh.
• Amrita Bazaar Patrika first started out as a weekly newspaper.​​
• Voice of India:
• It was started by Dadabhai Naoroji in the year 1883.
• The publishing of the newspaper started in Bombay.
• Tribune​
• The Tribune is an Indian English-language daily newspaper published in Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Bathinda, Chandigarh, and New Delhi.
• It was founded on 2 February 1881, in Lahore, Punjab (now in Pakistan), by Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, a philanthropist, and is run by a trust comprising five persons as trustees.
• ​Hindu​
• The Hindu was the first Tamil newspaper.
• It was founded by G. Subramaniyam Iyer in the year 1878.
• Four years later in 1882, Subramania Aiyer founded his own Tamil weekly called the Swadesamitran.
• Both the newspaper used to criticize British imperialism.

The correct answer is Interference.

Key Points

• The Colour of the soap bubble is due to the interference of reflected light from the film-air interface.

• In the case of soap bubble made of a transparent soap film with plane parallel faces separated by a distance t as shown in the figure below.

• Suppose a parallel beam of light is incident on the film at an angle i. The wave is divided into two parts at the upper surface, one is reflected and the other is refracted.

• The refracted part enters into two parts; one is transmitted out of the film and the other is reflected back.

• Multiple reflections and refraction take place and a number of reflected waves, as well as transmitted waves, are sent by the film.

• The interference of reflected light waves in the thin film results in the formation of either Constructive or Destructive.

Additional Information 

• Scattering: The intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength; provided the scatter is smaller in size than the wavelength of light
• Dispersion: The white light gets split into constituent "VIBGYOR".
• Diffraction: It is spreading out of any wave due to an encounter with any obstacle.

The correct answer is  Futuhat-i-Firozshahi.

Key Points

• In Futuhat-i-Firozshahi the ordinance of Firozshah Tughlaq has been collected.
• Futuhat-e-firozshahi is a 32-page life story composed by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a sultan of the Tughlaq empire, the one who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388.
• Tughlaq was an enthusiastic Muslim and selected Sharia procedures.

Additional Information

• The Tughlaq regime further refer to as Tughluq or Tughluk regime was a Muslim empire of Turkic inception that governed the Delhi sultanate in old India.
• Its reign began in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik pretended royalty under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.
• The dynasty ended in 1413.

The correct answer is Anand.

Key Points

• The headquarter of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)  is established in Anand, Gujarat.
• The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded in 1965.
• It was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with modernity, stagnation with growth, transforming dairying into an instrument for the development of India's rural people.
• NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle for a better future for millions of grassroots milk producers.
• The mission achieved thrust and direction with the launching of "Operation Flood", a programme extending over 26 years and which used a World Bank loan to finance India's emergence as the world's largest milk-producing nation.
• Operation Flood's third phase was completed in 1996 and has to its credit a number of significant achievements.

The correct answer is Only 1.

Key Points

• The Saryu National Project in Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh has been built with a total cost of more than Rs. 9,800 crores, out of which more than Rs. 4,600 crores have been provisioned in the last 4 years.
• The work on Saryu Nahar National Project started in 1978. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• however, because of a lack of continuity of budgetary support, adequate monitoring, and interdepartmental coordination, the ambitious project got delayed and was not completed even after nearly 4 decades.
• PM Narendra Modi inaugurated Saryu Nahar National Project in Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh on December 11, 2021. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• ​The project inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi will provide assured water for irrigation of over 14 lakh hectares of land and will benefit about 29 lakh farmers of over 6200 villages.

Important Points

• The ambitious Saryu Nahar National Project involves the interlinking of 5 rivers- Saryu, Ghaghara, Banganga, Rapti, and Rohini in order to ensure the optimum usage of water resources in the region.
• It will benefit 9 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh namely- Shravasti, Bahraich, Balrampur, Siddharthnagar, Gonda, Sant Kabir Nagar, Basti, Maharajganj, and Gorakhpur.
• The farmers of the mentioned region who were also the worst sufferers of the inordinate delay in the project will now immensely benefit from the upgraded irrigation potential.
• With the help of the project, the farmers will now be able to grow crops on a larger scale and maximize the agri-potential of the region.

The correct answer is Only 2.

Key Points

• Victoria Waterfalls is a fall located on the borders of Zambia and Zimbabwe. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Victoria Waterfalls are located in Africa.
• It is located on the Zambezi river. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• It was named after Queen Victoria.
• It is the only waterfall in the world with more than a kilometre and a height of more than a hundred meters.
• It was designated as a World Heritage site in 1989.
• It is a Cataract type waterfall.

Additional Information

Key Points

• The normal blood pressure range is 120/80 mm. The top number (120) is known as the systolic number while the bottom number (80) is known as the diastolic number.

Important Points

• The rhythmic cycle of the heart includes the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles to produce the cardiac cycle.
• During this process contraction of the heart muscle is known as systole and relaxation of the heart muscle is known as diastole.
• The mammalian heart has 4 chambers:

1. The left atrium
2. The left ventricle
3. The right atrium
4. The right ventricle.

• The cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute.
• The ejection fraction (EF) is the volume of blood pumped divided by the total volume of blood in the left ventricle.

Additional Information 

• The blood pressure is measured by an instrument known as a sphygmomanometer.
• The study of blood is known as Haematology.
• The normal volume of blood in an adult human being is 4.7 to 5 liters.
• William Harvey was the first scientist to describe accurately how blood is pumped around the body by the heart.
• Karl Landsteiner classified the blood of human beings into A, B, AB, and O.
• Blood is purified mainly by lungs which remove gaseous impurities like CO2 and kidneys which remove other impurities.

The correct answer is Param Vishisht Seva Medal.

Key Points

• Olympic gold medalist Neeraj Chopra was awarded Param Vishisht Seva Medal in January 2022.
• Neeraj Chopra brought glory to the nation by becoming the first-ever track and field athlete to win the gold medal at the Olympics.
• Honoured with the Param Vashistha Seva Medal on the eve of Republic Day 2022. Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) is a military award of India.

Additional Information

• Neeraj Chopra has won GOLD in the men's javelin throw at Olympic Games.
• Neeraj Chopra was appointed a Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) in the Indian Army.
• This came after Chopra had set a new junior record at the 2016 IAAF World U-20 Championship in Bydgoszcz, Poland.
• He was inducted into the Indian Army in the sports quota at the rank of Naib Subedar. His parent unit was 4 Rajputana Rifles.
• From a Naik Subedar, Neeraj Chopra was promoted to the rank of Subedar and received accolades for his contribution to sports.
• After joining the Army, he was selected for training at the 'Mission Olympics Wing as well as at the Army Sports Institute, Pune.

The correct answer is Apiculture.

Key Points

• Scientific management of honey bees for commercial production of honey is known as Apiculture.
• It is the practice of caring for and managing honey bees in order to produce honey and wax.
• Bees are commercially raised in apiaries, which are areas where a large number of beehives can be put.
• Apiaries are typically established in areas with ample bee pastures, such as areas with flowering plants.

Additional Information

• Sericulture:
• ​​Commercial rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.
• Mariculture:
• Mariculture is the farming of marine organisms for food and other products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, jewellery (e.g., cultured pearls), nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.

The correct answer is Shankrida type.

Key Points

• The shrines of the temples during early India were the Shankrida type is not a type of shrine.
• Sharikrida is author Krishna Trilok's debut novel.

Additional Information

• With the construction of the Stupas, the construction of the Hindu temples also started as free-standing structures.
• The subject matter of the deities in the Hindu temples were the mythical stories narrated in the Puranas.
• There were three kinds of temples on the basis of access and the circumambulatory path built in it.
• Sandhara
• These types of temples have a square sanctum enclosed by a gallery of pillars meant for Pradakshina.
• Thus, the Sandhara temples did not have a Pradakshinapatha.
• Nirandhara
• These types of temples have Pradakshinapathas.
• Sarvatobhadra
• These types of temples have four functional doors in a cardinal direction and also a Pradakshinapatha with a row of 12 pillars around the sanctum sanctorum.
• These types of temples could be accessed from all sides.

The correct answer is 2, 4, 3, 1.

Key Points

• Namami Gange Mission​
• It is an Integrated Conservation Mission for the river Ganga, approved as a ‘Flagship Programme’ by the Union Government in 2014.
• It is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), and its state counterparts-State Programme Management Groups.
• The aims and objectives of NMCG is to accomplish the mandate of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)-
• To ensure effective abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga.
• To maintain minimum ecological flows in the river Ganga.
• Skill India
• It is an initiative launched by the government on 15 July 2015 to train over 40 crore Indians in different industry-related jobs.
• The vision is to create an empowered workforce by 2022 with the help of various schemes and training courses.
• The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana is deemed Skill India's flagship skill development scheme. Its objective is to enable youth to take up training to secure a better livelihood.
• Assessment and training fees under this scheme are covered by the Government, and individuals with prior experience can get certified.
• Startup India 
• It is a flagship initiative of the Government of India.​
• The Government through this initiative aims to empower Startups to grow through innovation and design.
• Launched on: January 16, 2016.
• Startups in the country that will drive sustainable economic growth and generate large-scale employment opportunities.
• ​Intended to build a strong ecosystem for nurturing innovation.
• National Digital Health Mission(NDHM)
• PM Narendra Modi announced the launch of the National Digital Health Mission(NDHM) on 15^th  August 2020.
• It is implemented by the National Health Authority.
• National Health Authority(NHA) is an attached office of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with full functional autonomy.
• NDHM aims to develop an integrated digital health infrastructure in India.
• NDHM will bridge the existing gap amongst different stakeholders of the Healthcare ecosystem through digital highways.
• NDHM  has provisions for health ID, personal health records, Digi Doctor, and health facility registry.

Shortcut Trick

Ratio of P : Q = 7 : 8

Difference of squares of ratio units = 8² − 7² = 64 − 49 = 15

Given difference of squares = 60

Ratio unit square = 60 ÷ 15 = 4

Ratio unit = √4 = 2

P = 7 × 2 = 14

∴ The correct answer is 14.

Alternate Method

Given: Ratio P : Q = 7 : 8, Q² − P² = 60

P (7 units)

Q (8 units)

Difference of squares: Q² − P² = 60

Formula: If P : Q = a : b, let P = ax and Q = bx.

⇒ Let P = 7x and Q = 8x
⇒ (8x)² − (7x)² = 60
⇒ 64x² − 49x² = 60
⇒ 15x² = 60
⇒ x² = 60 ÷ 15
⇒ x² = 4
⇒ x = 2
⇒ P = 7 × 2 = 14

∴ The correct answer is 14.

Additional Information

Duplicate Ratio

The duplicate ratio of two numbers a : b is the ratio of their squares, expressed as a² : b².

Compound Ratio

When two or more ratios are multiplied together, the resulting ratio (ac : bd) is called the compound ratio of (a : b) and (c : d).

Invertendo Property

If a : b = c : d, then by invertendo property, the reciprocal ratio is also equal, i.e., b : a = d : c.

The correct answer is Article 343.

Key Points

• Article 343
• Article 343 of the Indian Constitution recognizes Hindi in Devanagari script as the Official Language of the Union
• Article 343 or 343 (1) refers to Hindi as the official language of the Government of India and the script used for it is the Devanagari script.
• Devanagari script is based on the ancient Brahmi script.
• It uses 47 characters of which 14 are vowels and 33 are consonants.
• Apart from Hindi, there are other languages like Marathi, Nepali, Bhojpuri, Rajasthani, Brajbasha etc which use the Devanagari script.
• It is mainly found in the Indian Subcontinent.

Important Points

• Article 344
• Article 344 States about the Commission and committee of the parliament in the official language.
• ​​Article 344(1)
• It provides for the constitution of a Commission by the President, consisting of a Chairperson and other members representing the different languages specified in the Eighth Schedule, to make recommendations to the President for the progressive use of Hindi for the official purposes of the Union.
• According to Article 344 of the Constitution, the first Official Language Commission was constituted in 1955.
• by Dr Rajendra Prasad (President of India)
• B. G. Kher became the chairperson of the Official language commission.

Additional Information

• Article 341 of the Indian Constitution talks about 'Scheduled Castes'.
• Article 341 defines who would be Scheduled Castes with respect to any State or Union Territory.
• Article 342 of the Indian Constitution talks about 'Scheduled Tribes'. 
• Article 342 defines who would be Scheduled Tribes with respect to any State or Union Territory.

The correct answer is Bharat Biotech.

Key Points

• Bharat Biotech received approval by DCGI to conduct a phase III clinical trial of an intranasal booster dose of Covid-19.
• An intranasal vaccine reduces the use of needles and syringes, among others, and is easy to administer.
• Bharat Biotech will conduct a phase-3 randomized multi-focused clinical study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of its intranasal vaccine as a booster dose on participants who were previously vaccinated with an approved COVID-19 vaccine.

Important Points

• DCGI: Drugs Controller General of India
• It is the head of the department of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization of the Government of India.
• it is responsible for the approval of licenses of specified categories of drugs such as blood and blood products, IV fluids, vaccines, and sera in India.
• Headquarters: New Delhi.​

Given:

The LCM of two numbers = 3 × HCF of the two numbers

The sum of HCF and LCM = 120

One number = 90

Formula used:

Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

Calculation:

Let, HCF of two numbers = x

Then, LCM of two numbers = 3x

So, x + 3x = 120

⇒ 4x = 120

⇒ x = 120/4 = 30

∴ HCF = 30 and LCM = 3 × 30 = 90

Let, other number = a

Therefore, a × 90 = 30 × 90

⇒ a = 30

∴ The other number is 30

The correct answer is Siachen.

Key Points

• Siachen Glacier is located in the Nubra valley.
• The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas.
• It is the Second-Longest glacier in the World's Non-Polar areas.
• Fedchenko Glacier, located in Yazgulem Range, Tajikistan is the Longest glacier in the World's Non-Polar areas.
• Its northeast of the point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.
• At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.
• It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on the India–China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus.
• The entire Siachen Glacier, with all major passes, has been under the administration of India (currently as part of the union territory of Ladakh, located in the Ladakh region) since 1984.

Important Points

• ​Nubra valley
• It is a high-altitude cold desert that lies on the Silk Route, in the Union territory of Ladakh at a distance of around 140 Km from Leh,
• Shyok and Nubra river flows through it.
• It is located in the Karakoram range which is a part of the Trans Himalayas.

Additional Information

• Biafo Glacier
• It is located in Hispar valley in the Karakoram range.
• The Biafo Glacier is in the Karakoram Mountains of Gilgit Baltistan, which is in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
• Baltoro Glacier
• It is one of the longest glaciers outside the polar regions and is 63 km in length.
• It is located in the Shigar district of Gilgit-Baltistan which is in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
• It runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range.
• Hispar Glacier
• It is a 49 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan.
• It meets the 67 km long Biafo Glacier at the Hispar La at an altitude of 5,128 m to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions.

The correct answer is Gwalior.

Key Points

• 'Simon Commission' not visited Gwalior.
• Sir John Simon and other members visited India twice from February to March 31, 1928, and from October 11, 1928, to April 13, 1929.
• The Simon Commission, during the first visit, engaged itself in examining the relevant data that the government was able to provide to them.
• On its second visit, the Simon Commission visited different parts of the country and held its sessions at Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Poona, Patna, Calcutta, Shillong, and Rangoon, Nagpur and Madras.
• Finally, they came to Delhi.

Important Points

• The Simon Commission was a group of 7 MPs from Britain who were sent to India in 1928 to study constitutional reforms and make recommendations to the government.
• The Commission was originally named the Indian Statutory Commission.
• When the Commission landed in February 1928, there were mass protests, hartals, and black flag demonstrations all over the country. And thus came the slogan ‘Simon Go Back.’

The correct answer is Mathura.

Key Points

• Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) is situated at Mathura.
• It is the first of its kind in the State and fourth in the Country.
• It was established by the Government of Uttar Pradesh on 25 October 2001.

Additional Information

• Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay (25 September 1916 - 11 February 1968):
• Born: Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
• Deendayal Upadhyay was an Indian politician.
• He was a key figure in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
• He qualified for the civil services examination but did not join the service.
• In 1942, became a lifetime volunteer of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).
• Philosophy: Integral humanism (a classless, casteless and conflict-free social order).

The correct answer is Option 1 i.e Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• Urbanization and economic development are complementary to each other.
• There is a close relationship between the level of urbanization and the GDP per capita.
• When GDP per capita increases people spend more money on lifestyles and the betterment of their lives. Then demand the lifestyle products increases. which pushes the urbanization of areas. Hence statement 1 i.e Assertion is correct.
• Industrialization, Urbanization, and Globalization, these three dimensions are closely related to each other.
• Industrialization directly produces economic growth, which further accelerates a vigorous process of urbanization. Hence statement 2 i.e Reason is correct.

​And Reason​ (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Important Points

• Urbanization level is the ratio of urban to the total population.
• The urban population refers to people living in urban areas.

The correct answer is with the speed greater than the speed of sound

Key Points

• Mach 
• Mach is the unit used to measure supersonic speed.
• Mach Number = Speed of object / Speed of sound
• Mach < 1 = Subsonic , Mach = 1 = Transonic, Mach > 1 = Supersonic and Mach > 5 = Hypersonic
• Supersonic jets causes pollution by thinning the O₃ layer.
• A supersonic aircraft generates shock waves called Sonic boom

Additional Information

• Speed of sound in different media at 25 ºC

The correct answer is Peshawar.

Key Points

• It is a mountain pass connecting Kabul in Afghanistan and Peshawar in Pakistan
• Some important passes which connect India to another country

Additional Information

• Some important Passes of India:-

The correct answer is V. S. Naipaul.

Key Points

• V. S. Naipaul 
• Vidyadhar Suraj Prasad Naipaul was a famous English litterateur of the modern era.
• He was considered the master of the new English verses.
• In 2001, he was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
• In 1971 he became the first person of Indian origin to win a Booker Prize.
• VS Naipaul was born on 17 August 1932 in Trinidad.
• His name means Naipaul meaning "who hails from Nepal"

Additional Information

• Some important books of V.S. Naipaul
• An Area of Darkness (1964)
• In a Free State (1971) - Booker Prize
• India a Wounded Civilization (1977)
• India: A Million Mutinies Now (1990)

The correct answer is Eleven.

Key Points

• Fundamental Duties​
• Article 51A of the Indian constitution deals with the fundamental duties.
• The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution were added by the 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act 1976.
• It was added upon the directions of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government previously that year.
• Fundamental Duties act as a warning against anti-national and anti-social activities such as burning the national flag and destroying public property.
• The 11^th fundamental duty was added in 2002 by the 86^th  amendment act.

Additional Information

• There are 11 fundamental duties, they are:-
• Abide by the Constitution and respect the national flag & National Anthem.
• Follow ideals of the freedom struggle.
• Protect sovereignty & integrity of India.
• Defend the country and render national services when called upon.
• Spirit of a common brotherhood.
• Preserve composite culture.
• Preserve the natural environment.
• Develop a scientific temper.
• Safeguard public property.
• Strive for excellence.
• Duty of all parents/guardians to send their children in the age group of 6-14 years to school.

The correct answer is Meerut.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of Major Dhyan Chand Sports University at Meerut in Uttar Pradesh on 2 Jan 2022.
• This university will be established at an estimated cost of ₹700 crores at Salawa and Kaili villages of Sardhana town in Meerut.
• The varsity will have the capacity of training 1,080 sports persons including 540 female and 540 male ones.
• The Dhyan Chand Sports University will be equipped with modern and state-of-the-art sports infrastructure including synthetic Hockey ground, Football, etc.

Additional Information

• The present Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh is Yogi Adityanath.
• The present Governor of Uttar Pradesh is Anadiben Patel.
• Lok Sabha seats in Uttar Pradesh 80
• Rajya Sabha seats in Uttar Pradesh 31.

All information as of June 2022.

अतिश्योक्ति शब्द अशुद्ध शब्द है।

शुद्ध शब्द :- अतिशयोक्ति

Key Points

अतिशयोक्ति

• अतिशय + उक्ति
• अ + उ :- ओ
• गुण संधि

Additional Information

अतिशयोक्त, अतिशयोक्ति

• स्त्रीलिंग
• किसी बात को बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर कहना।

अतिशय

• विशेषण
• अत्यधिक।
• पुल्लिंग
• अधिकता।
• श्रेष्ठता।

अध्यवसाय का विलोम अनध्यवसाय है।

अनध्यवसाय का अर्थ अध्यवसाय का अभाव है।

इस वजह से अनध्यवसाय विकल्प सही है।

Key Points

अध्यवसाय

• पुल्लिंग
• उद्यम।
• परिश्रम।

अध्यवसाय

• अधि + अवसाय
• यण संधि

Important Points

प्रमुख विलोम शब्द-

• आसक्त - अनाशक्त
• साक्षर - निरक्षर
• सपूत - कपूत
• नित्य - अनित्य
• इति - अथ
• अग्रिम - अन्तिम
• अनाहूत - आहुत
• निर्जल - अजल
• ग्रहण - अर्पण
• उपेक्षा - अपेक्षा
• प्राचीन - अर्वाचीन
• सनाथ - अनाथ
• निरालम्ब - अवलम्ब
• उन्नत - अवनत
• उपकार - अपकार
• आदर - अनादर
• भिज्ञ - अनभिज्ञ

आँच का तत्सम शब्द अर्चि होता है।

अर्चि

• स्त्रीलिंग
• लौ।
• किरण।

Key Points

आँच का पर्यायवाची शब्द-

• आग, ज्वाला, फ़ायर, आंच, प्रकाश, उत्साह
• बुराई, क्षति, हानि, चोट, अहित, आंच।

Additional Information

तत्सम-तद्भव शब्द-

• चन्द्र = चाँद
• चक = चाक
• चर्म = चमडा
• चूर्ण = चूरन
• छत्र = छाता
• जिह्वा = जीभ
• ज्येष्ठ = जेठ
• जमाता = जवाई
• ज्योति = जोत
• जन्म = जनम

चंद्रहास शब्द तलवार का पर्यायवाची है।

चंद्रहास

• पुल्लिंग
• खड्ग, चमकीली तलवार।
• रावण की तलवार का नाम।

Key Points

तलवार के पर्यायवाची-

• असि, करवाल, कृपाण, खडग
• शम्शीर, शायक, चंद्रहास, खंजर।

तीर का पर्यायवाची शब्द-

• बाण, शर, विशिख, शिलीमुख
• अनी, सायक, शिखंडी।

Important Points

प्रमुख पर्यायवाची शब्द-

• अरण्य - जंगल, वन, कानन, अटवी, कान्तार, विपिन।
• अंकुश - नियंत्रण, पाबंदी, रोक, अंकुसी, दबाव, गजांकुश।
• अंतरिक्ष - खगोल, नभमंडल, गगनमंडल, आकाशमंडल।
• अंतर्धान - गायब, लुप्त, ओझल, अदृश्य।
• कमल - जलज, पंकज, अम्बुज, सरोज, शतदल, नीरज, इन्दीवर।
• कली - कलिका, मुकुल, कुडमल, डोंडी, गुंचा, कोरक।
• कपूर - घनसार, हिमवालुका।
• कर - हाथ, हस्त, बाहु, पाणि, भुज।

उपर्युक्त वाक्य में आर्थिक शब्द विशेषण है।

• आर्थिक शब्द स्थिती की विशेषता बता रहा है।
• आर्थिक विशेषण है तथा स्थिति शब्द विशेष्य है।
• यह गुण वाचक विशेषण का उदाहरण है।

Key Points

विशेषण

• संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के रूप गुण, संख्या, मात्रा, परिमाण, आदि के विशेषता बताते हैं।
• वे संज्ञा अथवा सर्वनाम शब्द की विशेषता बताई जाती है, वे विशेष्य कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे-
• अच्छा लड़का, तीन पुस्तकें, नई कलम।
• अच्छा, तीन और नई शब्द विशेषण है जो विशेष्य की विशेषता बतलाते हैं।

Important Points

गुणवाचक विशेषण

• जो शब्द, किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के गुण, दोष, रंग, आकार, अवस्था, स्थिति, स्वभाव, दशा, दिशा, स्पर्श, गंध, स्वाद आदि का बोध कराए, ‘गुणवाचक विशेषण‘ कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे-
• गुणबोधक :- अच्छा, भला, सुन्दर, श्रेष्ठ, शिष्ट।
• दोषबोधक :- बुरा, खराब, उदंड, जहरीला।
• रंगबोधक :- काला, गोरा, पीला, नीला, हरा।
• कालबोधक :- पुराना, प्राचीन, नवीन, क्षणिक, क्षणभंगुर।
• स्थानबोधक :- चीनी, मद्रासी, बिहारी, पंजाबी।

"यह काम आप पर निर्भर है।" वाक्य शुद्ध वाक्य है।

यह काम आप पर निर्भर करता है वाक्य हम अक्सर प्रयोग करते हैं जो कि ग़लत है।

Key Points

थाती

• स्त्रीलिंग
• धरोहर, अमानत।
• संचित धन, पूँजी।

धरोहर का पर्यायवाची शब्द-

• अमानत, जमा, प्रतिभूति, निक्षेप, गिरवी, न्यास।

Additional Information

अशुद्ध वाक्य :- सारा राज्य उसके लिए धाती थी।

• शुद्ध वाक्य :- सारा राज्य उसके लिए थाती थी।

अशुद्ध वाक्य :- ऐसी एकाध बातें और देखने में आती है।

• शुद्ध वाक्य :- ऐसी एकाध बात और देखने में आती है।

अशुद्ध वाक्य :- मैं अपनी बात का स्पष्टीकरण करने को तैयार हूँ।

• शुद्ध वाक्य :- मैं अपनी बात को स्पष्ट करने के लिए तैयार हूँ।

पीयूष शब्द दूध का पर्यायवाची है।

Key Points

पीयूष

• पुल्लिंग
• अमृत, सुधा।

दूध का पर्यायवाची शब्द-

• दुग्ध, गोरस, क्षीर, दोहज, पय, पीयूष, स्तन्य।

Additional Information

पीयूष के पर्यायवाची-

• अमिय, अमी, अमृत, सुधा, सोम
• आबेहयात, देवान्न, देवाहार, जीवनोदक।

जल के पर्यायवाची-

• वारि, पानी, नीर, सलिल, तोय, उदक
• अंबु, जीवन, पय, अमृत, मेघपुष्प।

घृत का पर्यायवाची-

• घी, अमृत, नवनीत।

हलाहल का पर्यायवाची 

• गरल, कालकूट, माहुर, विष, जहर

कपाट-कपड़ा युग्म ग़लत है।

कपाट का तद्भव किवाड़ होगा।

जबकि कपड़ा का तत्सम कर्पट है।

Key Points

कपाट

• पुल्लिंग
• दरवाज़ा, किवाड़।
• वाल्व।

कर्पट

• पुल्लिंग
• मैला कपड़ा, चीथड़ा।

Important Points

प्रमुख तत्सम- तद्भव शब्द-

• अष्टादश :- अठारह
• अर्द्ध :- आधा
• आत्मन :- अपना
• अलग्न :- अलग
• अंगुष्ठिका :- अँगूठी
• अट्टालिका :- अटारी
• अग्रहायण :- अगहन
• आशीष :- असीस
• अंध :- अंधा
• आषाढ़ :- असाढ़
• अपठ :- अपढ़
• अंगिका :- अँगिया
• अलक्षण :- अलच्छन
• अंश :- अंस

विलय शब्द घर का पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है।

Key Points

घर के पर्यायवाची-

• निकेतन, भवन, आलय,निवास, गेह, सदन
• आगार, आयतन, आवास, निलय, धाम, गृह।

Additional Information

विलय

• पुल्लिंग
• घुलना।
• विलीन होना, समा जाना।

विलय का विलोम-

• उद्गम

Important Points

प्रमुख पर्यायवाची शब्द-

कान्ति - प्रकाश, आलोक, उजाला, दीप्ति, छवि, सुषमा,आभा, प्रभा, छटा, द्युति।

कामदेव - मदन, काम, कंदर्प, मनोज, स्मर, रतिपति, मन्मथ, अनंग, शंबरारि,कसुमेष, पुष्पधन्वा।

किरण - अंशु, रश्मि, कला, कर, गो, प्रभा, दीधिति, मयूख, मरीचि।

किनारा - तट, कूल, तीर, कगार, पुलिन।

गरुड़ - खगेश, खगपति, नागांतक, सुपर्ण, वैनतेय।

गाय - भद्रा, गौरी, सुरभी, धेनु, गऊ, गौ,गैया, पयसि्वनी,दोग्धी।

गंगा - देवनदी, भागीरथी, सुरसरिता, जाह्नवी, मन्दाकिनी विष्णुपदी, सुरसरि, देवपगा, त्रिपथगा, सुरधुनी।

गन्ना - ईक्षु, ऊख, ईख, पौंड़ा।

विवाद शब्द का विलोम निर्विवाद है।

निर्विवाद शब्द का अर्थ बिना विवाद का है।

Key Points

विवाद

• पुल्लिंग
• कहासुनी, तक़रार।
• मतभेद।

निर्विवाद

• विशेषण
• बिना विवाद का।
• क्रिया विशेषण
• बिना विवाद किए।

Important Points

प्रमुख विलोम शब्द-

• उपकार - अपकार
• शीत - उष्ण
• स्वस्थ - रुग्ण
• क्रय - विक्रय
• शाश्वत - क्षणिक
• देशी - विदेशी
• अकाल - सुकाल
• वरदान - अभिशाप
• सक्रिय - निष्क्रय
• शोक - हर्ष
• आसक्त - अनाशक्त
• साक्षर - निरक्षर

जो शोक करने योग्य ना हो वाक्य के लिए एक शब्द अशोच्य है।

Key Points

अशोच्य

• विशेषण
• जिसके विषय में शोक करना उचित न हो।

Important Points

वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द-

• जो नियम के अनुसार नहीं हो - अनियमित
• जिसका विरोध नहीं हुआ हो - अनिरुद्ध
• जिसके विषय में कोई ज्ञान नहीं हो - अज्ञात
• वह भाई जो अन्य माता से उत्पन्न हुआ हो - अन्योदर
• जो नियंत्रण में नहीं हो - अनियंत्रित
• पलक को झपकाए बिना - अनिमेष
• जो दोहराया गया नहीं हो - अनावृत्त
• जिसका किसी में लगाओ या प्रेम हो - अनुरक्त
• जो बात पहले सुनी ही नहीं गई हो - अनसुनी
• जिस महिला का विवाह नहीं हुआ हो - अनूढ़ा

प्यासा शब्द गुणवाचक विशेषण शब्द है।

क्योंकि प्यासा शब्द गुण अथवा अवस्था को बतलाता हुआ शब्द है।

जैसे :- प्यासा व्यक्ति।

Key Points

गुणवाचक विशेषण

• जो शब्द, किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के गुण, दोष, रंग, आकार, अवस्था, स्थिति, स्वभाव, दशा, दिशा, स्पर्श, गंध, स्वाद आदि का बोध कराए, 'गुणवाचक विशेषण' कहलाते हैं।
• जैसे-
• गुणबोधक :- अच्छा, भला, सुन्दर, श्रेष्ठ, शिष्ट।
• दोषबोधक :- बुरा, खराब, उदंड, जहरीला।
• रंगबोधक :- काला, गोरा, पीला, नीला, हरा।

Additional Information

सार्वनामिक विशेषण

• ऐसे सर्वनाम शब्द जो संज्ञा से पहले लगकर उस संज्ञा शब्द की विशेषण की तरह विशेषता बताते हैं, वे शब्द सार्वनामिक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
• यह शब्द सर्वनाम के लिए विशेषण का काम करते हैं। जैसे:-  मेरी पुस्तक , कोई बालक , किसी का महल , वह लड़का , वह बालक , वह पुस्तक , वह आदमी , वह लडकी आदि।

संख्यावाचक विशेषण

• वह विशेषण, जो अपने विशेष्यों की निश्चित या अनिश्चित संख्याओं का बोध कराए, 'संख्यावाचक विशेषण' कहलाता है।”
• उस मैदान में पाँच लड़के खेल रहे हैं। इस कक्षा के कुछ छात्र पिकनिक पर गए हैं।

परिमाणवाचक विशेषण

• वह विशेषण जो अपने विशेष्यों की निश्चित अथवा अनिश्चित मात्रा (परिमाण) का बोध कराए, 'परिमाणवाचक विशेषण' कहलाता है।”
• इस विशेषण का एकमात्र विशेष्य द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा है। मुझे थोड़ा दूध चाहिए, बच्चे भूखे हैं।

देवता का पर्यायवाची शब्द गीर्वाण है।

गीर्वाण का अर्थ देवता होता है।

यह संज्ञा पुल्लिंग शब्द है।

Key Points

देवता का पर्यायवाची शब्द-

• सुर, देव, अमर, आदितेय, वसु, निर्जर, त्रिदश, गीर्वाण
• अदितिनंदन, अमर्त्य, अस्वप्न, दैवत, आदित्य, लेख, अजर, विबुध।

Additional Information

विभूति के पर्यायवाची-

• धन, दौलत, संपदा, संपत्ति, वित्त, द्रव्य
• पैसा,माया, माल, अर्थ, ज़र, रूपया।

प्रकंपन के पर्यायवाची-

• हवा, अनिल, समीर, वायु
• पवन, पवमान, प्रभंजन, मातरिश्वा।

प्रकम्पन का अर्थ-

• रह-रहकर धीरे-धीरे हिलने या काँपने की क्रिया।

नाराच

• पुल्लिंग
• लोहे का बाण।

नाराच के पर्यायवाची-

• तीर, बाण, इषु, आशुग
• विशिख, शर, शायक, शिलीमुख।

व्यंग शब्द की वर्तनी अशुद्ध है।

व्यंग्य शब्द शुद्ध शब्द है।

Key Points

व्यंग्य

• पुल्लिंग
• शब्द की व्यंजना शक्ति द्वारा निकला अर्थ, गूढ़ार्थ।
• ताना।

Additional Information

अनंग

• विशेषण
• देहरहित।
• आकृतिहीन।
• पुल्लिंग
• कामदेव।
• आकाश।

हँसी के पर्यायवाची-

• स्मिति, मुस्कान, हास्य, दिल्लगी।

वत्स का तद्भव बच्चा होगा।

यह प्रायः मुनियों द्वारा प्रयुक्त किया जाता है।

Key Points

वत्स

• पुल्लिंग
• बच्चा, शिशु।

वत्स के पर्यायवाची-

• तनुज, तनय, नंदन
• सुत, पुत्र, बेटा, आत्मज।

Important Points

प्रमुख तत्सम - तद्भव शब्द-

• अंगुष्ठ - अंगूठा
• आश्चर्य - अचरज
• अंधकार - अंधेरा
• अमूल्य - अनमोल
• एकत्र - इकट्ठा
• कर्म - काम
• क्लेश - कलेश
• ग्रीष्म - गर्मी
• घृत - घी
• चूर्ण -चूरन

सदावर्त का अर्थ नित्य भूखों और दीनों को भोजन बाँटना है।

Key Points

सदावर्त

• पुल्लिंग
• नित्य भोजन बाँटना।

Additional Information

• अनावर्त :- विज्ञापन मुक्त अनुभव।
• अनावृत्त :- जो दोहराया न गया हो।

Important Points

वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द-

• जिस पर आक्रमण नहीं किया गया हो -अनाक्रान्त
• जिसका उत्तर नहीं दिया गया हो - अनुत्तरित
• पहले लिखे गए पत्र का स्मरण करते हुए लिखा गया पत्र - अनुस्मारक
• पीछे-पीछे चलने वाला - अनुगामी
• अनुकरण करने योग्य - अनुकरणीय
• अनुसरण करने योग्य - अनुसरणीय
• वह सिद्धांत जो हर वस्तु को नश्वर मानता हो - अनित्यवादी
• जो कभी नहीं आया हो - अनागत
• जो श्रेष्ठ गुणों से युक्त नहीं हो - अनार्य
• जो सबके मन की बात जानता हो - अन्तर्यामी
• जिसे किसी बात का पता नहीं हो - अनभिज��ञ

संपन्न व्यक्ति विपन्न की व्यथा नहीं जान पाता।

Key Points

विपन्न का अर्थ दरिद्र होता है।

संपन्न का विलोम-

• विपन्न, दरिद्र।

Additional Information

आसन्न

• विशे���ण
• पास आया हुआ।
• सटा हुआ, संलग्न।

विषण्ण

• विशेषण
• उदास, दुःखी।

निष्पक्ष

• विशेषण
• बिना पक्ष का।
• तटस्थ।

Important Points

प्रमुख विलोम शब्द-

• उत्साह - निरुत्साह
• उच्च - नीच
• उपयुक्त - अनुपयुक्त
• एक - अनेक
• अनुपमा - उपमेय
• उपसर्ग - प्रत्यय
• उत्कर्ष - विकर्ष
• उग्र - सौम्य
• उपयोग - दुरुपयोग
• उद्यम - विनय

कुलीन शब्द विशेषण शब्द है।

• कुलीन शब्द किसी विशेष्य की विशेषता बता सकता है।
• जैसे :- कुलीन व्यक्ति।

Key Points

कुलीन

• विशेषण
• उच्च कुल का, अभिजात।
• अच्छी नस्ल का।

Additional Information

कृषि

• स्त्रीलिंग
• खेती-बाड़ी।
• ज़मीन की बोआई।

उन्नति

• स्त्रीलिंग
• ऊँचाई।
• बढ़ती।

उद्योग

• पुल्लिंग
• यत्न, श्रम।
• उद्यम।

गोधूम शब्द का तद्भव गेहूँ होगा।

Key Points

• गोधूम का अर्थ गेहूँ है।
• यह संज्ञा पुल्लिंग शब्द है।

Additional Information

संध्या का तद्भव :- साँझ

धुँआ शब्द का तत्सम :- धूम्र

गोधूलि

• स्त्रीलिंग
• साँझ, शाम।

Important Points

तत्सम-तद्भव शब्द-

• ग्रीष्म = गर्मी
• ग्राहक = गाहक
• गौ = गाय
• गर्जर = गाजर
• ग्रन्थि = गाँठ
• गोधूम = गेंहूँ
• गौरा = गोरा
• गृध = गीध

हींग का तत्सम शब्द हिंगु होता है।

• हिंगु का अर्थ हींग होता है।
• यह भोज्य पदार्थ में प्रयोग होने वाला एक मसाला है।

Important Points

तत्सम-तद्भव शब्द-

• जिह्वा = जीभ
• ज्येष्ठ = जेठ
• जमाता = जवाई
• ज्योति = जोत
• जन्म = जनम
• जंधा = जाँध
• जीर्ण = झीना
• तैल = तेल
• तृण = तिनका
• ताम्र = ताँबा

CONCEPT: 

• The placenta is a temporary organ that connects a growing baby to your uterus during pregnancy.
• It attaches to the wall of your uterus, usually on the top or side, and acts as a lifeline that gives nutrients and oxygen to your baby through the umbilical cord.
• The placenta also removes waste from your baby's blood.

 

EXPLANATION: 

• Term placenta is about 23 cm in diameter and 2.0 to 2.6 cm thick.
• It generally weighs approximately 470 g, with an average volume of 500 mL.
• The ratio between placental weight and newborn weight has been reported as 1: 6.

Hence, the correct answer is 500g.

Additional Information 

• The placental birth weight ranged from 300 to 890 g with a mean of 590±82 g.

The correct answer is Sugarcane bagasse.

Electronic waste (e-waste):

• It refers to the disposal of broken or obsolete electronic components and materials or waste.
• Technology is developing so fast that electronic equipment soon becomes obsolete, creating e-waste
• E-waste materials may be valuable and recyclable, such as random-access memory and reusable laptops
• However, hazardous materials, such as cathode ray tube monitors, require special handling in the disposal
• The products whose life is close to ending are mainly considered E-waste.
• Common discarded electronic products include Televisions, Stereos, Copiers, Fax machines, Mobile phones, Electronic Iron, and Computers.

Additional InformationThe Sugarcane bagasse is a waste left behind after extracting the Sugarcane juice from the Sugarcane. It can not be considered E-waste as it is a natural product that can be decomposed easily and does not need to be recycled.

The correct answer is A - 1, B - 3, C - 4, D - 2.

Key Points

• Relapsing fever
• Relapsing fever typically refers to malaria-like illnesses, characterized by recurrent fevers, chills, and malaise.
• It is caused by various spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia species.
• The causative organism and associated vector vary based on the geographic area of exposure.
• The relapsing fever tick is known to transmit relapsing fever.
• These ticks prefer to feed on small rodents, but will choose human hosts if the opportunity presents itself.
• Relapsing fever ticks remain infected for life, and they pass the bacteria to their offspring.
• Soft ticks are known to be vectors of various diseases like Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tick-borne relapsing fever.
• Oriental sore
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) is characterized by slowly evolving inflammatory lesion(s) that are nodular, noduloulcerative, or ulcerative and that heal spontaneously with the scar in 3 to 12 months
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans.
• It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly.
• There are about thirty species of Leishmania that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis.
• Tularaemia
• Tularemia is a bacterial disease in humans, wild, and domestic animals.
• Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia, is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates in over 190 different mammalian species, including humans
• Francisella tularensis, which is a Gram-negative coccobacillus-shaped bacterium, is the causative agent of tularemia.
• People can become infected with Tularemia in several ways, including Tick and deer fly bites, skin contact with infected animals, Drinking contaminated water, Inhaling contaminated aerosols or agricultural and landscaping dust
• Epidemic typhus
• Louse-borne typhus (epidemic typhus or exanthematic typhus) is a vector-borne disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted through infected feces of the body louse Pediculus humanus humans.
• Louse-borne typhus is responsible for large epidemics in populations with poor sanitary and overcrowded conditions.

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

• COPD is defined as the process which includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema which results in the development of airway obstruction
• it is a lung disease in which the individual will have difficulty in breathing

Important Points

it mainly includes 

1. Emphysema
2. Chronic Bronchitis

in this disease, the lungs get worsen over time 

Emphysema

• it results in damage to air sacs
• it includes the loss of elasticity of the lung
• it causes impairment in gas exchange and respiratory acidosis

Chronic Bronchitis 

• it includes inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles

Additional Information

• Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs
• it includes the inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs
• its complication includes :
• lung abscess
• sepsis
• emphyema

The correct answer is Patna.

Key Points

• Water seal type of latrine
• It consists of a specially designed pan and a water seal trap.
• It is connected to a pit 3 feet square and as deep.
• Basically, it is an improved version of the standard hand flash latrine.
• The system is to charge Rs. 5 per user.

Additional Information

• Dr Bindeshwar Pathak
• He founded Sulabh International in 1970.
• It is an NGO that works to promote human rights, and environmental sanitation among other social services.
• It has built two-pit pour-flush ecological compost toilets (Sulabh toilets) which are low-cost environment-friendly toilets throughout India, contributing to better sanitation, safety for rural women, and freedom from the manual labour of removing human waste.
• He also invented technology for producing biogas from human waste to be used for cooking or lamp fuel in 1977.

The correct answer is 2021.

Key Points

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) on September 27, 2021, via video conferencing.
• The nationwide rollout of the ABDM coincides with the third anniversary of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY).
• Currently, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission is being implemented in the pilot phase in six Union Territories.

Additional Information

• The pilot project of the National Digital Health Mission/ Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission was announced by the prime minister from the ramparts of the Red Fort on August 15, 2020.
• Three key components of the project will be a health ID for citizens, a healthcare professionals registry, and healthcare facilities registries.
• Under this, a unique digital health ID will be provided to the people, which will contain all the health records of the person.
• A Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR) and Healthcare Facilities Registries (HFR) will act as a repository of all healthcare providers across both modern and traditional systems of medicine.

Concept:

• Phimosis is described as a condition in which that foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head or glans of the penis.
• Congenital Phimosis- It is a tight foreskin present since birth and separation occurs naturally over time.
• It is normal in uncircumcised children and resolves around 5-7 years of age.
• Congenital phimosis may be treated by gentle repeated stretching of the foreskin over the head of the penis.

Important Points

There are two types of phimosis

1. Congenital Phimosis
2. Acquired Phimosis due to infection or scarring

Etiology:

• Congenital defect
• Poor hygiene
• Genetic
• Due to loss of skin elasticity and infrequent urination

Clinical Manifestation:

• Inability to fully retract the foreskin over the glans penis
• Skin irritation
• Scarring of the foreskin and bleeding
• Pain during urination
• Hematuria
• Painful erection

Concept:-

Mental illness:

• Mental illness is a result of abnormal brain functioning.
• It is a brain disorder.
• Mental illness is rarely if ever caused by stress alone.

Treatment for mental illness:

• Antipsychotic medications, also known as neuroleptics, are the cornerstone of treatment. Until the 1990s, antipsychotics generally were much more effective in controlling positive symptoms than negative symptoms.
• A new generation of antipsychotics provides more effective management of both positive and negative symptoms.
• These antipsychotics include clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine. Etc.

Concept:-

• The brain gets affected by Meningitis.
• Meningitis affects the membranes of the brain and the spinal cord, called the meninges.
• Meningitis is an infection that is caused by various species of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
• It is mostly caused by viruses.
• Cases of bacterial meningitis are comparatively less but more severe.
• Fungal meningitis cases are rare.
• The inflammation is caused by the infection of the cerebrospinal fluid.
• Since the brain and the spinal cord are the vital organs of the body, any disorder in these affects the other organs as well.
• Lungs get affected by Emphysema, Pneumonia, and TB.
• The Liver gets affected by Liver cirrhosis, Jaundice.
• Intestines get affected by Typhoid.

​Key Points

• The umbilical cord:
• During pregnancy, it is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the fetus to the mother.
• The cord transports nutrients to the baby and also carries away the waste products of the baby.
• The cord is made up of two arteries and one vein.
• Arteries carry pure blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
• Veins carry impure blood to the heart.
• The average length of the umbilical cord in a normal full-term newborn is 50-60 cm.
• The umbilical cord contains Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous substance composed largely of mucopolysaccharides that protect the blood vessels inside.

Additional Information

• Blood:
• The quantity of blood in the human body is 7% of the total weight.
• Blood is connective tissue and is composed of blood corpuscles, plasma, and platelets.
• It is slightly alkaline in nature.
• Its pH is 7.4.
• Its volume in an adult human is 5.8 L.
• Plasma:
• This is the liquid part of blood.
• 60% of the blood is plasma.
• 90% part of the blood is water, 7% protein, 0.9% salt, and 0.1% is glucose.
• Blood corpuscles:
• The remaining 40% part of the blood is made of corpuscles

Concept:-

• Bandaging: it is the process of covering a wound or an injured part.

Uses:

• To prevent contamination of the wound by holding dressings in position.
• To provide support to the part that is injured, sprained, or dislocated joints.
• To provide rest to the part that is injured.
• To prevent and control hemorrhage.

Sizes of bandage:

Concept:

• Personal hygiene is the practice of taking care of your body and health.
• Good hygiene is important for cleanliness.
• Good hygiene prevents illness.

Explanation:

Activities which makes good personal hygiene:

• Cleaning your body
• Brushing your teeth every day
• Wearing neat and clean clothes
• Covering your mouth while sneezing
• Use natural deodorants
• Washing your hands

putting on clean clothes after running hard at your soccer game is good personal hygiene.

The correct answer is 10 feet.

Key Points

• The minimum height of the roof prescribed is 10 feet.
• This standard is calculated considering the average height of a person, height of flooring and height of the ceiling fan from the roof.
• As per the National Building Code of India 2016, the height of the ceiling for human habitation should not be less than 2.75 meters(approximately 9 feet).
• 10 feet is considered to be standard height after taking into account other factors(like the false ceiling).
• The height of the roof affects the ventilation, and temperature and influences the atmosphere of the room.
• Buildings with higher roofs are relatively cooler.

Concept:-

• Cardiac output: the amount of blood pumped from the left and right ventricle per minute.
• For an average adult at rest, cardiac output is approx. 3.0 L PER sq. m of body surface area or a total of 5 liters each minute.
• Cardiac out is determined by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
• Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
• Cardiac output = 70 × 72 = 5 liter

Additional Information

• Stroke volume: The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during each heartbeat.
• Stroke volume = EDV - ESV 
• EDV (End diastolic volume) = 120 ml
• ESV (End systolic volume) = 50 ml
• Stroke volume = 120 - 50 = 70
• Ejection fraction: It is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving each time it squeezes.
• The fraction of the end-diastolic volume which is ejected out is called the ejection fraction.
• It is mostly 7/12.
• EF = SV/EDV
• End diastolic volume: Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole.

Concept:-

• Vomiting, also known as emesis and throwing up, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth and the nose.
• Projectile vomiting is an acute form of vomiting, sometimes seen in infants, which may include vomiting from the nose.

Pyloric stenosis: 

• It is defined as narrowing the outlet of the stomach so that food cannot pass easily from it into the duodenum, resulting in feeding problems and projectile vomiting.

Causes:

• The main cause is unknown
• Abnormal muscle innervation, breastfeeding and maternal stress in 3^rd trimester
• Type B or O blood group
• May be genetic
• Less common in African Americans

Symptoms of pyloric stenosis:

• Vomiting after feeding
• Persistent hunger
• Stomach contractions
• Dehydration
• Weight problems

Risk factors for pyloric stenosis:

• Sex. Pyloric stenosis is seen more often in boys than in girls, mostly in firstborn children.
• Race. It is most common in whites of northern European ancestry and less common in Black people and rare in Asians.
• Premature birth. Pyloric stenosis is more common in babies born prematurely than in full-term babies.
• Family history.
• Smoking during pregnancy. This behavior can nearly double the risk of pyloric stenosis.
• Early antibiotic use.
• Bottle-feeding

Concept:-

• Podiatric medicine: medical and surgical care and treatment of the foot and ankle.

Podiatrists can diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions, including:

• Foot injuries, such as fractured or broken bones
• Foot pain and inflammation due to arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout.
• Diabetic foot disorders, such as infections, chronic ulcers, and nerve damage or neuropathy.
• Structural foot abnormalities, including hammertoe, flat feet, and high arches.
• Skin conditions, such as warts, corns, plantar dermatosis, and athlete’s foot.
• Nail conditions, including ingrown nails and nail infections.
• Causes of heel pain, such as plantar fasciitis.
• Podiatrists can perform surgery, reset broken bones, prescribe medications, and order lab tests or X-rays. They often work closely with other specialists when a problem affects your feet or lower legs.

Concept:-

• Ortho-toluidine test: The first option for testing uses a liquid chemical OTO (Orth toluidine) that causes a color change to yellow in the presence of total chlorine. You simply fill a tube with water, add 1-5 drops of the solution, and look for the color change.

The presence of free chlorine (also known as chlorine residual, free chlorine residual, residual chlorine) in drinking water indicates that:

• A sufficient amount of chlorine was added initially to the water to inactivate the bacteria and some viruses that cause diarrheal disease.
• The water is protected from recontamination during storage. The presence of free chlorine in drinking water is correlated with the absence of most disease-causing organisms, and thus is a measure of the potability of water.

Key Points

• Immunoglobulins are a specialized group of proteins produced by the plasma cells in response to an antigen and which function as antibodies.

Types of Immunoglobulins:

The correct answer is option 4.

Concept:

Microsoft Access:

Microsoft Access is a relational database management application that allows you to save information for reference, reporting, and analysis. Access can also help you get beyond the constraints that come with using Excel or other spreadsheet programs to manage huge volumes of data.

• MS Access supports both flat-file databases and relational databases.
• The database management system (DBMS) Microsoft Access is used to store and manage data. Access is a commercial and enterprise application that is part of the Microsoft 365 package.
• A flat-file database is used to store data in a single table structure. A relational database is used to store data in a multiple-table structure. A flat-file database can be accessed by a variety of software applications like MS access.

 

What is DBMS?

• Database Management System (DBMS) is software for storing and retrieving users' data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs that manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data.
• DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirements. The term “DBMS” includes the use of the database and other application programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software application.
• Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro. Since there are so many database management systems available, it is important for there to be a way for them to communicate with each other. For this reason, most database software comes with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver that allows the database to integrate with other databases. For example, common SQL statements such as SELECT and INSERT are translated from a program's proprietary syntax into a syntax other databases can understand.

Concept:-

• General Adaptation Syndrome: the sum of all non-specific systemic reactions of the body to long-continued exposure to stress.
• stress stimulates the hypothalamus to initiate a chain of reactions that results in general adaption syndrome.

Stages of general adaptation syndrome:

1. Alarm: in response to a stressor, the body prepares for immediate physical action.

• The sympathetic nervous system is activated and stress hormones.

2. Resistance: if the stressor continues, the body maintains a moderate level of physiological arousal.

• The organism has increased its ability to withstand the original stressor, which brought about the alarm reaction.

3. Exhaustion: with added stressors or depletion of the ability to continue resisting, the body enters a stage in which a variety of illnesses or even death may occur.

Biomedical Waste:

• ​It means any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities.
• Management of biomedical waste is an integral part of infection control and hygiene programs.
• Without proper treatment, these medical wastes can create an adverse impact on the environment and public health.
• Only about 10% – 25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is non-hazardous. So, the segregation of biomedical waste is the key to its management.

Biomedical waste management rules, 2016:

• ​In July 1998 the government of India notified the biomedical waste management rules.
• The rules were modified in 2000, 2003, and 2011. But the 2011 medical waste management rules remained as a draft due to a lack of consensus on categorization and standards.
• After the consensus and standardization, the Indian government released the Biomedical Waste Management rules in 2016.
• The scope of the rules has been expanded to include various health camps such as vaccination camps, blood donation camps, and surgical camps.
• The State Government has to provide land for setting up a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF). Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Biomedical waste has been classified into 4 categories instead of the earlier 10 categories. This is to improve the segregation of waste at the source.
• Yellow – This includes post-operated body parts, caps, masks, pathological wastes, bedding, placenta, plaster of Paris, etc
• Red – This includes syringe, IV Sets, catheters, gloves, urine bags, blood bags, dialysis kits, etc
• White – This category contains waste sharps including needles, syringes, etc.
• Blue – This category contains glassware and metallic body implants.

Concept:-

• Disease: it is a condition in which body health is impaired, a departure from the state of health, and alteration of human body function and interrupting the performance of the vital function.
• McFarland of the Harvard School of Public Health argues that “current approaches to the control of accidents may possibly be reaching the limits of their effectiveness.” Accidents must be studied as “a noncontagious mass disease of epidemic proportions,” he concludes.

Additional Information

• Impairment: it is a loss or abnormality in body structure or physiological function.
• Disability: it is a physical or mental impairment that has a real and long-term adverse effect on the person’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.
• Handicap: the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness.

Concept:-

• Medical sociology: it is the sociological analysis of medical organizations and institutions; the production of knowledge and selection of methods, the actions and interactions of healthcare professionals, and the social or cultural effects of medical practice.

The term Medical Sociology was coined by Charles McIntire.

Uses of medical sociology:

• Social epidemiology to practice social medicine.
• To study cultural factors and social relations.
• To study social factors of family, society, and government about health or disease.
• To study social principles in medical organization and treatment.
• To study the social problem
• To study social security

Concept:-

Introductory phase:

• Also known as the orientation phase.
• Begins when the nurse and the patient interact for the first time.
• The nurse begins to know about the patient.
• Tasks include establishing rapport, developing trust, (and formulation of a nursing diagnosis).
• The major task is to develop a mutually acceptable contract.

Nurse’s tasks in the Introductory phase:

• Establish rapport, trust, and acceptance
• Establish communication
• Gather data, including the client’s feelings, strengths, and weakness
• Define client’s problems; set priorities for nursing intervention.
• Mutually set goals.

Additional Information

• Pre-interaction phase: it begins when the nurse is assigned to initiate a therapeutic relationship and included all that the nurse thinks, feels, or does immediately prior to the first interaction with the patient.
• Working phase: most of the therapeutic work is carried out during the working phase.
• Termination phase: it is a time to exchange feelings and memories and to evaluate mutually the patient’s progress and goal attainment.

Concept:-

• Contraceptive: one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth.

Contraceptive methods:

1. Spacing methods:

• Barrier: e.g.- condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, sponges.
• IUDs: e.g.- copper-T
• Hormonal: e.g.- injection, pills, vaginal rings.
• Emergency contraception: e.g.- contraceptive pills use within 72 hours.

2. Terminal methods:

• Male fertilization: e.g.- vasectomy
• Female fertilization: e.g.- tubectomy

Explanation:-

• Mala D: it is a tablet used to prevent pregnancy and in the treatment of irregular periods.
• Contains levonorgestrel .15 mg and Ethinyl estradiol .003mg

Side effects of Mala D:

• Causes thickening of the cervical mucus
• Prevents the release of the ovum from the ovary
• Irregular vaginal bleeding
• Headache
• Nausea
• Breast pain

Concept:-

Iceberg phenomenon: it describes a situation in which a large percentage of a problem is subclinical, unreported, or otherwise hidden from view. Thus, only the “tip of the iceberg” is apparent to the epidemiologist.

Uses of iceberg phenomenon:

• For detection of sub-clinical and apparent cases.
• Treatment of in-apparent cases
• Control of disease with more sub-clinical cases.
• To have a detailed knowledge of the natural history of the disease.

Some diseases exhibiting iceberg phenomenon:

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Malnutrition
• Polio
• leprosy

Important PointsAssertion-

• Serious and killing disorders such as diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension are other good examples of this iceberg phenomenon.

Reason 

• Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) include cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, stroke), diabetes mellitus, lung/chronic respiratory diseases, and a range of cancers that are the top causes of death globally and locally.

Concept:-

• Macrominerals: Required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day.
• They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride.

Explanation:

Calcium: is the most abundant among the minerals in the body. The total content of calcium in an adult man is about 1 to 1.5 kg.

Sources: mild and milk products, beans, leafy vegetables, and egg yolk.

Requirements:

1. Adult men and women: 800 mg/day
2. Children, pregnant and lactating women: 800-1200 mg/day

The function of calcium:

• Building strong bones and teeth
• Clotting blood
• Sending and receiving nerve signals
• Squeezing and relaxing muscles
• Keeping a normal heartbeat

Concept:-

• The average length of the umbilical cord in a normal full-term newborn is 50-60 cm.

Key Points

• The umbilical cord:
• During pregnancy, it is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the fetus to the mother.
• The cord transports nutrients to the baby and also carries away the waste products of the baby.
• The cord is made up of two arteries and one vein.
• Arteries carry pure blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
• Veins carry impure blood to the heart.
• It’s either tied or clamped in two places, then cut between the two. Tying or clamping is done to prevent bleeding.
• The first tie is about 3 cm from the baby's abdomen and the second is about 5 cm. Cut with a sterile razor blade or sterile scissors after the 5 cm tie.

Additional Information

• Blood:
• The quantity of blood in the human body is 7% of the total weight.
• Blood is connective tissue and is composed of blood corpuscles, plasma, and platelets.
• It is slightly alkaline in nature.
• Its pH is 7.4.
• Its volume in an adult human is 5.8 L.
• Plasma:
• This is the liquid part of blood.
• 60% of the blood is plasma.
• 90% part of the blood is water, 7% protein, 0.9% salt, and 0.1% is glucose.
• Blood corpuscles:
• The remaining 40% part of the blood is made of corpuscles

The correct answer is Optical Mark Reader (OMR).

• Optical Mark Reader (OMR) can be considered as a Scanning device.
• Optical mark recognition is the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests.
• They are used to read questionnaires, and multiple-choice examination papers in the form of shaded areas.
• An OMR scanner can maintain a throughput of 2000 to 10,000 forms per hour.

Additional Information

Input Devices:

• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Joystick
• Scanner
• OMR

Output Devices:

• Monitor
• Plotter
• Printer
• Projector
• VDU
• Speaker

Key Points

• Indian Red Cross Society
• It was established in 1920 and works in close cooperation with national and international agencies.
• At present, it has 700 branches which are functioning all over the country.
• The headquarters of the Indian Red Cross Society is in New Delhi.
• It trains members of the community in health care procedures as well as focuses attention on certain health problems.
• The main functions of the Indian Red Cross Society are as follows:
• It provides relief works at the time of disasters like earthquakes, floods or famine, or war, e.g. collecting clothing and food and distributing it to the sufferers.
• It supplies milk and medical supplies like milk powder, medicines, vitamins, and others to hospitals, dispensaries, meeting centers and renders family planning services.
• It assists in the related research activities and offers scholarships to nurses to upgrade themselves.
• It offers first aid training with its branch, St. John Ambulance Association for men, and home nursing courses to women.
• It provides blood bank facilities to people.
• It publishes and distributes materials on child care and mothercraft.

Concept:-

Polyandrous:

• Poly means ‘many’ and ‘andry’ means husbands. Polyandry type of marriage is one where a woman marries more than one man at a time.
• In the broadest sense, polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple men within or without marriage.
• The classic example is found in our epic Mahabharata in which DRAUPADI – daughter of king Panchal is married to five brothers.

Causes of polyandry society:

• It is more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources.
• It is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival.
• It is a rare form of marriage that exist more in peasant families of India.
• The eldest brother is superior to other husbands and has the right of children to take.

Concept:-

1. Thyrotropes: thyrotropes are cells that are responsible for the production, and secretion of TSH.
2. Gonadotrophs: gonadotrophs, cells that constitute about 10 percent of the pituitary gland, secrete two primary gonadotropins: luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
3. Corticotropes: corticotropes are the cells in the anterior pituitary that release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
4. Lactotrophs: lactotrophs is a cell in the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin in response to hormonal signals including dopamine.

Explanation:-

• TSH: stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4, which in turn stimulates oxidative respiration.
• LH and FSH: Luteinizing hormone (LH) play a key role in gonadal function. LH in synergy with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicular growth and ovulation. Thus, normal follicular growth is the result of the complementary action of FSH and LH.
• ACTH: it controls the production of another hormone called cortisol.
• Prolactin: Prolactin contributes to hundreds of physiologic functions, but the two primary responsibilities are milk production and the development of mammary glands within breast tissues.

The correct answer is Carbon dioxide.

Key Points

• Carbon Dioxide is the gas, which is more responsible for global warming.
• Various factors like Concentration in atmosphere, Heat absorption and Lifetime of the gas decide the contribution of a gas to global warming.
• Of all the Greenhouse gases, CO₂ has the highest concentration and also has a high heat absorption capacity.
• So all climate change policies and discussions are around reduction of CO₂ and reducing carbon footprint.
• The other gases like CO(Carbon monoxide) indirectly contribute to global warming by altering the amount of other Greenhouse gases.

Additional Information

• Global warming refers to the heating of earth’s atmosphere beyond desirable levels.
• The imbalance in the composition of gases in the atmosphere, which has relatively more capacity to absorb heat radiation, is the main cause for global warming.
• The gases contributing to global warming are called Greenhouse gases.
• The major Greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide(CO₂), Methane(CH₄), Nitrous Oxide(N₂O) and Water vapour.
• Other gases like Fluorinated gases (like HFC, CFC, ) also contribute to global warming.

Explanation

• IMCI stands for Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses.
• The IMNCI case management process involves a phased approach consisting of the following elements: assessment, classification, treatment, counselling, and follow-up.

Additional Information

• IMCI is adopted in 1990 by WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies.
• India adopted IMNCI.
• IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months
• 2 months to 5 years.

Principles of Integrated care

• Pink
• Need urgent hospital referral or admission
• Yellow
• Need specific medical treatment or advice.
• Green
• Can be managed at home