UPPSC Staff Nurse Official Paper (Held On: 17 Dec, 2017) (Previous Year Paper)

The correct answer is Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Uttar Pradesh.

Key Points The top five pulse producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.

• Madhya Pradesh the largest producer of pulses at 32.14 percent among other Indian states.
• Rajasthan was the second largest producer of pulses in the country at 13 percent.

Gram is the most dominant pulse having a share of around 40 per cent in the total production followed by Tur/Arhar at 15 to 20 per cent and Urad/Black Matpe and Moong at around 8-10 per cent each. 

Important Points

• The sequence of plus producing states of India in the increasing order of production is Karnataka>UttarPradesh>Maharashtra>Rajasthan >Madhya Pradesh

. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

• India is a leading producer of pulses in the world. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information

The cultivation of pulses in the country is largely concentrated in the drylands of Deccan, central plateaus, and northwestern parts of India. 

• Pulses occupy about 11 % of the total cropped area in the country.
• Gram and tur are the main pulses cultivated in India.
• Pulses are a very important ingredient of vegetarian food as they are rich sources of proteins.
• These are legume crops that increase the natural fertility of soils through nitrogen fixation.
• Gram is cultivated in subtropical areas.
• It is mostly a rainfed crop cultivated during the rabi season in central, western, and northwestern parts of the country.
• Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Rajasthan are the main producers of Gram.
• Tur is the second important pulse crop in India.
• It is also known as red gram or pigeon pea.
• It is cultivated over marginal lands and under rainfed conditions in the dry areas of the central and southern states of India.
• Maharashtra contributes about 1/3^rd of the total production of tur.
• Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh are other leading producer states.
• Climatic conditions required for pulses are:
• Temperature:- Between 20-27°C
• Rainfall:- Around 25-60 cm.
• Soil Type:- Sandy-loamy soil.
• National Food Security Mission for Pulses, Pulses Development Scheme, and Technological Mission on Pulses are some of the plans to support pulses production by the Government of India.

The correct answer is Linseed .

Key PointsLINSEED/Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the oldest crop plants cultivated for the purpose of oil and fibre.

• In India, it is mainly cultivated as an annual rabi oilseeds crop under input starved and moisture stress situation.
• Depending upon use, linseed is classified into three types. Varieties grown only for seed/oil are known as seed type linseed, whereas, varieties yielding only fibre are known as flax.
• Varieties grown for getting both seed and fibre are called dual purpose linseed.

 Additional InformationThe plant architect of all three types of linseed is different from each other.

• The seed type linseed is shorter with average height of 30 to 50 cm, multibranched from the base with more number of capsules.
• The flax plant is taller with average height of 100 to 120 cm with very few branches at the top of the plant.
• But with advent in research on Linseed, such varieties have been developed which can yield good quality fibre as well as seed.
• Such varieties have average height of 75 to 100 cm and technical height (height between ground to the point where first branch starts) of more than 50 cm with more branches on the upper part of plant.
• In our country, linseed occupies 3.84 lakh ha area with a production of 1.54 lakh tonne and contributes about 10.81% and 5.31%, respectively to the global area and production.

The correct answer is A - 4, B - 2, C - 3, D - 1.

 Key Points

• The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI-derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength. The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is defined as one newton per square meter and is equivalent to 10 baryes (Ba) in the CGS system.
• A light-year, alternatively spelled lightyear, is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (9.46×1012 km) or 5.88 trillion miles (5.88×1012 mi).
• degree Fahrenheit -Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32). The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.
• Joule, a unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI); it is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one meter.

The correct answer is Glycogen.

 Key PointsGlycogenesis:

• The Biochemical process in which Glucose converted into Glycogen in the liver is known as Glycogenesis.
• The cell must have an excess of glucose for starting this process. Glucose is the starting molecule and is converted through the process of glycogenesis.
• When the body does not have readily available glucose, the body creates glycogen through the process of glycogenesis.
• This process is activated during rest periods in the liver and also activated by insulin in response to high levels of glucose.
• When the body gets an excess meal and the blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin hormone to store glucose.
• The fat in the human body is stored for long time energy but glycogen is not the same as fat.
• When the blood glucose concentration has dropped, glycogen stores are often taken from meals.

The correct answer is Ethylene.

 Key PointsEthylene gas is a plant hormone that regulates plant growth, development and response to environmental stress.

• It is produced from leaves, roots, stems, flowers and fruits, and it plays a major role in fruit ripening, flowering and abscission (the natural shedding of leaves, flowers and fruits).

The biosynthesis of ethylene in plant cells occurs in a two-step biochemical pathway .

Figure :

• Ethylene biosynthesis starts when S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase (ACS).
• ACC is then converted to ethylene by the enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO). The ACS and ACO genes are expressed in response to internal developmental cues and environmental stresses, such as wounding, flooding, drought, and pathogen attack.
• Atta-Aly, Brecht and Huber (2000) researched ethylene feedback mechanisms in tomato and strawberry fruit tissues.
• Their studies revealed that immature fruit had a reduced concentration of ACC when exposed to ethylene gas, but ethylene application on mature fruit increased ACC oxidase (ACO) activity.

The correct answer is Carbon Monoxide.

 Key PointsCarbon monoxide:

• Carbon monoxide (CO is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, and toxic air pollutant which is produced in the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, oil, coal, and wood.
• The emission of carbon monoxide CO from automobiles has caused a hazard to human health.
• The binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reduces the amount of oxygen available to the heart muscle and other tissues for synthesizing ATP.

​Particulate Matter:

• Particulate matter are small particles which remain suspended in air. The reduce visibility by scattering and carry aeroallergens by providing them surface.

Nitrogen Oxides:

• Photochemical smog is haze in the atmosphere accompanied by high levels of ozone and nitrogen of sunlight on pollutants.

Sulphur dioxide:

• Sulphur dioxide is the basic air pollutant amongst all the oxides of sulphur.
• SO2 is an irritant gas, and when inhaled, affects our mucous membranes.
• Sulphur dioxide causes respiratory disease in living beings.

The correct answer is Meghalaya.

​ Key PointsThe 39^th Edition of the National Games is slated to be held in the year 2022 in the State of Meghalaya.

• It is in the North-Eastern part of India, which comprises eight states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.
• The Indian Olympic Games were held in Feb 1924 in Delhi to select Indian competitors for the 1924 Paris Olympics.
• The games were then held every two years and were renamed as National Games during the 9^th Games in Bombay in 1940.
• The Indian Olympic Association, the sports organizing body of the nation, mooted the concept of the National Games to promote the development of sports and of the Olympic movement in India and was responsible for host city selection.

The correct answer is 0.624.

Key Points

• Human Development Index 2016
• India was ranked 131 in the 2016 Human Development Index (HDI) among the 188 countries.
• India scored 0.624 and was placed in the medium human development category.
• The index was unveiled recently as part of the Human Development Report (HDR) 2016 titled Human Development for Everyone published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Additional Information

• Human Development Index 2020
• Published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), it is a statistical tool used to measure a country’s overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions.
• The social and economic dimensions of a country are based on the health of people, their level of educational attainment, and their standard of living.
• The HDI is a measure for assessing countries' progress in three basic dimensions of human development:
• A long and healthy life (life expectancy).
• Access to knowledge.
• Access to a decent standard of living.
• Countries are ranked based on a scale ranging from 0 (low) to 1 (high).
• For the first time, the United Nations Development Programme introduced a new metric to reflect the impact caused by each country’s per-capita carbon emissions and its material footprint, which measures the number of fossil fuels, metals, and other resources used to make the goods and services it consumes.
• This metric is called- the Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI, or PHDI.
• India dropped two ranks, standing at 131 out of 189 countries.
• If the Index were adjusted to assess the planetary pressures caused by each nation’s development, India would move up eight places in the ranking, according to the report.
• Norway tops the HDI. It, however, falls 15 places if the new metric (The Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI, or PHDI) is used, leaving Ireland at the top of the table.
• In fact, 50 countries would drop entirely out of the “very high human development group” category, using this new metric.
• Australia falls 72 places in the ranking, while the United States and Canada would fall 45 and 40 places respectively, reflecting their disproportionate impact on natural resources.
• China would drop 16 places from its current ranking of 85.
• Although this year’s report covers 2019 only and does not account for the impact of COVID, it projected that in 2020, global HDI would fall below for the first time in the three decades since the Index was introduced.

The correct answer is Bajrang Punia.

Key Points

• Bajrang Punia won a  gold medal at the Asian Wrestling Championships 2019 in Xi'an, China.
• Bajrang was fighting in the 65kg category and beat Sayatbek Okassov of Kazakhstan 12-7 to bag the top honors.
• It was Bajrang's second gold at the championship, having won one in 2017.

Important Points

• The 2021 Asian Wrestling Championship took place from  April 13 to 18, 2021 in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
• The event was the 34^th edition of the Asian Wrestling Championships. India won 14 medals to stand in the third spot on the medal table.
• Gold Medal :
• Anshu Malik – 57 kg Women’s freestyle
• Sarita Mor – 59 kg Women’s freestyle
• Ravi Kumar Dahiya - 57 kg Men’s freestyle
• Vinesh Phogat – 53 kg Women’s freestyle
• Divya Kakran – 72 kg Women’s freestyle
• Silver Medal :
• ​Bajrang Punia – 65 kg Men’s freestyle
• Deepak Punia – 86 kg Men’s freestyle
• Sakshi Malik – 65 kg Women’s freestyle

The correct answer is Emmanuel Macron.

Key PointsThe current president of the French Republic is Emmanuel Macron.

• He succeeded Francois Hollande on 14 May 2017.

 Additional Information

• Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen is a French lawyer and politician who has been President of the National Rally since 2011.
• She has been a member of the National Assembly for the 11^th constituency of Pas-de-Calais since 2017.
• François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande is a French politician who served as president of France from 2012 to 2017.
• He previously was First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 to 2008, and President of the General Council of Corrèze from 2008 to 2012.
• Jean-Luc Antoine Pierre Mélenchon is a French politician who presided over the La France Insoumise group in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2021.
• He has been a member of the National Assembly for the 4^th constituency of Bouches-du-Rhône since 2017.

France Facts

Given:

A sum of money becomes 5 times 

Rate = 10%

Formula used:

SI = (P × R × T)/100

Amount = SI – P

Calculation:

Let the amount be P

⇒ 5P = SI – P

⇒ SI = 4P

SI = (P × R × T)/100

⇒ 4P = (P × 10 × T)/100

⇒ 4P = (P × T)/10

⇒ T = 40

Now,

SI = 7P – P = 6P

⇒ SI = (P × R × T)/100

⇒ 6P = (P × R × 40)/100

⇒ 6P = 2PR/5

⇒ R = (5 × 3)%

⇒ R = 15%

∴ The required rate is 15%

Given:

SP of an article = Rs. 480

Loss = 20%

Formula used:

If an article is sold at Profit of x%, and the cost price is CP

Then, SP becomes

SP = [(100 + x)/100] × CP

Calculation:

Let the cost price of the article be x

According to the question

⇒ 80% of x = 480

⇒ (80/100 × x) = 480

⇒ (4x/5) = 480

⇒ x = Rs. 600

Required profit = (120% of 600)

⇒ (120/100 × 600)

⇒ (120 × 6)

⇒ Rs. 720

∴ The required profit is Rs. 720

Given:

x + y = 12

Formula used:

a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² - ab + b²)

Calculation:

Let we take (x - 5) and (y - 7) be a and b respectively

Now, (x - 5)³ + (y - 7)³ = (a³ + b³)

And,  a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)

So, if we put a = (x - 5) and b = (y - 7)

a3 + b3 = (x - 5 + y - 7) (a2 - ab + b2)

⇒ (x + y - 12) (a² - ab + b²)

⇒ (12 - 12) (a2 - ab + b2)

⇒ 0 × (a2 - ab + b2)

⇒ 0

∴ The required value is 0

Given:

The diagonal of a rectangle = 3 times its shorter side

Formula used:

(Diagonal)² = (Smaller side)² + (Greater side)²

Calculation:

Let the smaller side of rectangle be x

The diagonal of the rectangle is 3x

(Diagonal)2 = (Smaller side)2 + (Greater side)2

⇒ (3x)² = (x)² + (Greater side)²

⇒ (Greater side)² = (9x)² – (x)²

⇒ (Greater side)² = 8x²

⇒ Greater side = 2√2x

Required ratio = (2√2x : x)

⇒ 2√2 : 1

∴ The required ratio is 2√2 : 1

The correct answer is Astronomy.

 Key PointsAryabhatiya or Aryabhatiyam , a Sanskrit astronomical treatise, is the magnum opus and only known surviving work of the 5^th century Indian mathematician Aryabhata.

• Philosopher of astronomy Roger Billard estimated scripture of book around 510 CE based on speculative parameters in text on a book.
• Aryabhata was great mathematician-astronomers who wrote books about mathematics and astronomy.
• Aryabhatiyam is the book written by Aryabhatta, and it is written in Sanskrit.
• His Aryabhatiya is a summary of astronomy and mathematics; applied in modern day Indian mathematical research.

 Additional InformationAryabhatiya is written in Sanskrit and divided into four sections; it covers a total of 121 verses describing different moralitus via a mnemonic writing style typical for such works in India

• 1. Gitikapada (13 verses): large units of time—kalpa, manvantra, and yuga—which present a cosmology different from earlier texts such as Lagadha's Vedanga Jyotisha (ca. 1^st century BCE).
• There is also a table of [sine]s , given in a single verse. The duration of the planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4.32 million years.
• 2. Ganitapada (33 verses): covering mensuration arithmetic and geometric progressions; gnomon/shadows and simple, quadratic, simultaneous, and indeterminate equations
• 3. Kalakriyapada (25 verses): different units of time and a method for determining the positions of planets for a given day, calculations concerning the intercalary month, kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with names for the days of week.
• 4. Golapada (50 verses): Geometric/trigonometric aspects of the celestial sphere, features of the ecliptic, celestial equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night, rising of zodiacal signs on horizon, etc.
• In addition, some versions cite a few colophons added at the end, extolling the virtues of the work, etc.

The correct answer is Vallabhi.

Key Points

• Jainism is one of the ancient Indian religion which traces it's spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or 'Tirthankaras' whose teachings devouts Jains take five main vows which are Ahiṃsā (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (not stealing), Brahmacharya (sexual continence), and Aparigraha (non-possessiveness).
• According to the Jain texts associated with revision and redaction of Jain Agamas (sacred texts), there were several Jain councils held at various times at various places among which only two are most famously noted i.e., 1^st & 2^nd Council.
• At one side, the first council was held at Pataliputra in the present time Bihar whereas, the second council was probably held simultaneously at Mathura(UP) and Vallabhi(Gujarat).
• | Council | Venue | Chaired by | Result | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1^st(300BC) | Patliputra | Sthulabhadra | Compilation of 12 angas | | 2^nd(512AD) | Vallabhi | Devardhi kahmasramana | The final compilation of 12 angas and upanyas |

Various social reformers and organizations are as follows:

• Arya Samaj 
• It was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
• The main aim of Arya Samaj is to make a casteless society, abolish Sati and encouraging widow-remarriages, and provide education for all.
• Dayanand Saraswathi propagated the infallibility of the Vedas.
• He also encouraged inter-caste marriages.
• Ram Krishna Mission: 
• Ramakrishna's Mission was started by Swami Vivekananda and his handful of associates.
• The mission bases its work on the principles of karma yoga, the principle of selfless work done with a dedication to God.
• The Ramakrishna Mission has centered around the world and publishes many important Hindu texts.
• Brahmo Samaj:
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which was later renamed Brahmo Samaj.
• Its chief aim was the worship of the eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals, and sacrifices.
• It focused on prayers, meditation, and reading of the scriptures. It believed in the unity of all religions.
• Scientific Society:
• The Scientific Society of Aligarh or The Scientific Society was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1864.
• In 1862 Syed formed a Translation Society which used to translate the scientific books of English and other European languages into Urdu and Hindi.
• This society later evolved into the Scientific Society of Aligarh.
• The society sought to promote liberal, modern education and Western scientific knowledge in the Muslim community in India.

Thus, we can conclude that Swami Ramakrishna was not the founder of Brahmo Samaj.

The correct answer is D. 

Key Points

• Lady Catherine Mayo:
• Mother India (1927) is a polemical book by American historian Katherine Mayo which attacks Indian society, religion, and culture.
• Written in opposition to the movement for Indian independence, the book criticized India's treatment of women, the untouchables, animals, the countryside, and the character of its nationalistic politicians.
• A large part of the book dealt with the problems resulting from the marriage of young girls.
• This was considered to be one of the main causes that led to an uproar across India after many Indian newspapers declared the book "scurrilous libel" against Hindus and Hinduism.

The correct answer is Planning Commision.

Key Points​

• The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on January 1, 2015.
• NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs.
• While designing strategic and long-term policies and programs for the Government of India, NITI Aayog also provides relevant technical advice to the Centre and States.

Important Points

• The Government of India, in keeping with its reform agenda, constituted the NITI Aayog to replace the Planning Commission instituted in 1950.
• Planning Commission was replaced by a new institution – NITI AAYYOG (National Institution for Transforming India) on January 1, 2015.
• It focuses upon the ‘Bottom-Up’ approach of Planning.
• Administrative Skeltal:
• Chairman - Narendra Modi
• Vice-Chairman - Dr. Suman Bery
• CEO - Shri B.V.R. Subrahmanyam.
• Objectives
• To provide advice and encourage partnerships between key stakeholders and national and international like-minded Think Tanks, as well as educational and policy research institutions.
• To offer a platform for the resolution of inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues to accelerate the implementation of the development agenda.
• To maintain a state-of-the-art Resource Centre, be a repository of research on good governance and best practices in sustainable and equitable development as well as help their dissemination to stakeholders.
• To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.
• To create a knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurial support system through a collaborative community of national and international experts, practitioners, and other partners.
• To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interests of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and policy.

The correct answer is 61^st Amendment Act.

 Key PointsEqual participation rights in political and public affairs play an important role in the promotion of democratic governance, the rule of law, social inclusion and economic development, as well as in the advancement of all human rights.

• In line with the International Conventions that India has signed and ratified so far, the Constitution of India provides its citizens with various provisions which promote equality among citizens.

Important Points

Article 326  of the Constitution initially provides that the elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage, that is to say, a person should not be less than 21 years of age.

• The Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1989, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years.
• The lowering of the voting age provided the unrepresented youth of the country an opportunity to express their feelings and help them to become a part of the political process.
• The present-day youth are very much politically conscious.
• It was, therefore, proposed to reduce the voting age from 21 years to 18 years.
• With the amendment, the percentage of voting has increased tremendously.
• Engaging the youth in the political process vocalized democracy as it includes more people in the electoral process.
• It improved the engagement of our citizens in the political process both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Thus, we can say that 61^st Amendment Act, reduced the age of voting from 21 years to 18 years.

Additional Information 

• 62^nd Amendment Act
• The Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989, extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and representation of the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 26 January 2000.
• In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and State Legislatures of India were abolished by the 104^th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.
• 59^th Amendment:
• 59^nd Amendment Act, 1988 of Indian Constitution empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed necessary.
• Under the amendment, the President's rule can be extended up to three years.
• 60^th Amendment:
• amended article 276 of the Constitution relating to taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments.

The correct answer is 12.

Important Points

• 12 members could be nominated by the President of India in the Rajya Sabha. So, option 1 is correct.
• The Rajya Sabha should consist of not more than 250 members - 238 members representing the States and Union Territories, and 12 members nominated by the President.

Additional Information

• Leader of the House:
• The senior-most minister, who is a member of Rajya Sabha, is appointed by the Prime Minister.
• Piyush Goyal is the current Leader of the house.
• Deputy Chairman:
• Elected by the house from among its members.
• The current Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is Harivansh Narayan Singh.
• The current speaker of the Lok Sabha is Om Birla of the Bhartiya Janata Party.
• The current chairman of the Rajya Sabha is Jagdeep Dhankar. 
• The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

The correct answer is Cauvery.

Key Points

• Its length is 800 km and it drains an area of 81,155 sq. km.
• Since the upper catchment area receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon season and the lower part during the northeast monsoon season.
• The river carries water throughout the year with comparatively less fluctuation than the other Peninsular rivers*.*
• The river breaks into a large number of distributaries forming a wide delta called the “garden of southern India".

Additional Information

The correct answer is Aravalis.

Key Points

• The Aravalli Range is the oldest fold mountain in India.
• It runs across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana & Delhi.
• The highest Peak of the Aravali range is found in Gurushikhar, Mt Abu (Rajasthan).
• Vindhya Range is a discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands & plateaus running through Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
• Satpura Range is a range of hills in central India, passes through Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh.
• Nilgiri Hills is also called Blue Mountain.
• It ranges from mountains in the westernmost part of Tamil Nadu at the junction of Karnataka and Kerala.
• The Himalayan Mountain ranges from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east.
• The highest peak in the Indian subcontinent is K2 (8611 meters).

The correct answer is 3, 2, 1, 4.

Key Points

• List of the seven continents:

The correct answer is 4, 2, 1, 3.

Key Points

• Countries in their arrangement from north to south:
• Greenland
• Philippines
• Ethiopia
• Chile

​

The correct answer is 1000 Male : 943 Female.

Key Points

• Sex Ratio: 
• In the Population Census of 2011, it was revealed that the population ratio in India in 2011 is 943 females per 1000 males.
• The sex ratio is used to describe the number of females per 1000 males.
• Sex ratio is a valuable source for finding the population of women in India and what is the ratio of women to that of men in India.
• The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data.
• Census 2001 revealed that there were 933 females to that of 1000 males.
• For decades India has seen a decrease in the sex ratio, but since the last two decades, there has been a slight increase in the sex ratio.
• Since the last five decades, the sex ratio has been moving from around 930 females to that of 1000 males.

Additional Information 

• Sex Ratio of Different Indian States:
• Kerala - 1084
• Puducherry - 1037
• Tamil Nadu - 996
• Andhra Pradesh - 993
• Chhattisgarh - 991
• Andaman and Nicobar Island - 876
• Delhi - 868
• Chandigarh - 818
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli - 774
• Daman and Diu - 618

The correct answer is from domestic consumer expenditure.

• The level of poverty in India is established by domestic consumer expenditure.

Key Points

• The Household Consumer Expenditure consists of spending incurred by households on the consumption of goods and services.
• The Consumer Expenditure Survey, conducted every 5 years by the National Sample Survey Office, is designed to record information on the spending pattern of a resident in an Indian household.
• The household sector covers not only those living in traditional households but also those people living in communal establishments, such as retirement homes, boarding houses, and prisons.
• It is measured at consumers' prices which is the price the consumer actually pays at the time of the purchase.
• It includes non-deductible value-added tax and other taxes on products, transport, and marketing costs.

Important Points

• Here are a few components used to measure Household Consumer Expenditure:
• Household spending on essential goods and services, such as food, clothing, rent, etc.
• Household spending on products provided by the government, e.g. tickets to public museums, zoos.
• Household spending for licenses and permits, e.g. fees for issuing passports.
• Household's consumption of outputs produced by them, e.g. consumption of milk and vegetables produced on a farm.
• Income in kind earned by employees, e.g. free train tickets for railway employees
• Need for Household Consumer Expenditure
• The estimates of consumption spending show the demand dynamics of the economy, living standards, and growth trends.
• Helps policymakers address possible structural anomalies in a specific socio-economic population.
• It provides a forecasting tool to producers of goods and services.
• Helps the government to establish a new base level for the GDP and other macroeconomic indicators.

Additional Information

• Facts about Poverty in India
• ​In 1947, India gained independence from Great Britain. Its poverty rate at the time of British departure was at 70 percent.
• India is the country with the highest population living below the poverty line. Today, the poverty rate in India is 21.1 percent.

The correct answer is Business.

Key Points

• The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) identifies multiple deprivations at the household and individual level in health, education, and standard of living.
• The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries.
• It complements traditional monetary-based poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations that each person faces at the same time with respect to education, health, and living standards.
• There are 10 and 3 Indicators and Dimensions are used to calculate the Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index respectively.

Additional Information

The correct answer is A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1.

Key Points

Additional Information

• Urea is the most important nitrogenous fertilizer in the country because of its high N content (46%N).
• The chemical formula of urea is NH2– CO- NH2
• The molecular weight of urea = 60 g
• 60 grams of urea contains 28 grams of nitrogen.

Prcentageofnitrogen=2860×100Percentageofnitrogen=2860×100

• Percentage of nitrogen = 46.67 %
• Fertilizer grade DAP Contains 18% Nitrogen and 46% Phosphorus (P2O5).
• DAP is manufactured by reacting Ammonia with Phosphoric acid under controlled conditions in fertilizer plants.
• Ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses.
• The most common use is as a soil fertilizer since the chemical contains 21% (w/w) nitrogen and 24% (w/w) sulfur.
• Fertilizer-grade NH4Cl usually contains 24% N.

The correct answer is D.

Key Points

• Karnal bunt is also called a partial bunt.
• It is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica which infects grains at flowering.
• It reduces grain quality through the production of masses of powdery spores that discolor the grain and grain products.
• The name 'Karnal Bunt' comes from the city of Karnal in Haryana.
• The most susceptible hosts of the disease are-
• wheat
• durum wheat
• triticale
• Karnal bunt spreads mainly through the movement of infected grain. However, teliospores can be carried on machinery, trucks, animals, and anything that disturbs and moves the soil.
• Since only a few grains in each wheat head are infected, it is easiest to detect symptoms after the grain has been harvested.

गोपाल शब्द तत्सम है।

• गोपाल का तद्भव : ग्वाल​

Key Points

• घर का तत्सम : गृह (ग्रह नहीं)
• कपूत का तत्सम : कुपुत्र
• सूत का तत्सम : सूत्र

Additional Information

इसका सही उत्तर विकल्प 4 ‘विद्यार्थी’ होगा। अन्य विकल्प सही उत्तर नहीं हैं।

• वह : सर्वनाम
• अच्चा : विशेषण
• विद्यार्थी : विशेष्य

Key Points

• विशेषण पद जिस संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताता है वे वाक्य विशेष्य अंतर्गत आते हैं।
• विशेषण विशेष्य से पहले भी आ सकता है और बाद में भी।
• कुछ विशेषण विशेष्य निम्न है - 
• काला घोडा
• दो किलो चीनी
• तीन केले
• लंबी मेज

Additional Information

यहाँ विशेषण हजारों है।

• हजारों : अनिश्चित संख्या वाचक विशेषण है।

Key Points 

‘कुछ बच्चे कक्षा में शोर मचा रहे हैं।’ यह वाक्य ‘अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण’ का उदाहरण है।

Additional Information

अन्य विकल्प:

'इतिहास' से विशेषण शब्द बनता है- ऐतिहासिक

Key Points

• ​किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु के नाम का बोध कराने वाले शब्द को संज्ञा कहते हैं।
• जैसे - श्याम, आम, हाथी आदि।
• और जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताएं अर्थात किसी की भी विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द विशेषण है।
• जैसे: मोर काला है, मोर कैसा है, काल अहिया, अत: काला विशेषण है।

Additional Information

“वसुंधरा” का पर्यायवाची शब्द है**-**  क्षिति

• क्षिति : उर्वी, भूमि, धरती, पृथ्वी, भू, धरणी, वसुंधरा
• अचला, धरा, जमीन, रत्नगर्भा, मही, वसुधा, धरित्री

Key Points

• रत्नाकर : समुद्र, सागर, अर्णव, वारिध
• कलाधर : चंद्र, चंद्रमा, इंदु, चंदा, अत्रिज, अमीकर, सुधाकर
• दिनकर : प्रभाकर, दिवाकर, भास्कर, सविता, भानु, दिनेश, मार्तण्ड, अंशुमाली, सूर्य, रवि, सूरज

Important Points

• बादल- पयोधर, मेघ, जलधर, बलाहक, अंबुद, वारिद, पयोद, नीरद, घन, जलद, वारिवाह।
• बंजर– अनुपजाऊ, अनुर्वर, ऊसर।
• बख़ील– कंजूस, मक्खीचूस, कृपण, खसीस, सूम, मत्सर।
• बंदर – कपि, मर्कट ,वानर, कपीस ,शाखामृग।
• बाघ- व्याघ्र ,शार्दुल, चित्रक, व्याल।
• बादल – मेंघ,जलधर, वारिद,नीरद,वारिधर।
• बालिका- गौरी, कन्या ,बेटी ,कुमारी, किशोरी।
• ब्राह्मण –विप्र, द्विज, भूसुर, भूदेव,बाभन।
• ब्रह्मांड -दुनिया ,जगत, विश्व ,संसार ,जगती।
• ब्रह्मा- स्वयंभू, पितामह, विश्व, सृष्टिकर्ता।
• बगीचा -बाग, उपवन, वाटिका ,उद्यान, निकुंज।
• बचपन -बालपन ,लड़कपन ,बाल्यावस्था ,बचपना।
• बसंत -ऋतुराज, ऋतुपति ,मधुमास ,कुसुमाकर।

“बादल” का पर्यायवाची शब्द नहीं है- तोयधि

• तोयधि : समुद्र, सागर, जलधि।
• तोयद, पयोधर, नीरद :- बादल
• तोयद : पयोद, पयोधर, अम्बुद, धराधर, वारिवाह, वारिधर
• बादल, मेघ, घन, जलधर, जलद, वारिद

Key Points

• यमुना – कालिंदी, तरणि-तनुजा, सूर्यजा, अज रवितनया, जमुना, कृष्णा, रविसुता |
• युद्ध – रण, समर, संग्राम, जंग, लड़ाई।
• युवती – तरुणी, श्यामा, रमणी, प्रमदा, सुंदरी, स्त्री, नारी, औरत, वनिता, कांता, वामा, त्रिया ।
• यम – कीनाश, जीवितेश, श्राद्धदेव, दण्डधर, सूर्यपुत्र,
• यमराज- अंतक, धर्मराज, कृतान्त ।
• यात्रा – सफर, गमन, तीर्थाटन, प्रयाण, प्रस्थान।​
• शिकारी – लुब्धक, बहेलिया, आखेटक, अहेरी, व्याध ।
• शेर – हरि, केसरी, केशी, वनराज, मृगेन्द्र, मृगराज, शार्दूल, सिंह, केहरि, नाहर।
• शेषनाग – धरणीधर, फणीश, सहस्रासन, सर्पपति।​
• स्वर – शब्द, ध्वनि, निनाद, रव, मुखर, नाद, घोष।
• सुरभि – सुगंध, इष्टगंध, घ्राण, तर्पण, सौरभ, सुवास ।
• सेना – चमू, दल, कटक ।
• सहेली – सखी, सहचरी, सजनी, आली, सैरंध्री।

'व्योम' शब्द का पर्याय है- अम्बर

• व्योम : आकाश, आसमान, गगन, फलक, नभ

Key Points

• कौए : – काक, वायस, काग, करठ, पिशुन
• आम्र : – सौरभ, मादक, अमृतफल, सहुकार, आम, रसाल
• अग्नि : – आग, ज्वाला, दहन, धनंजय, वैश्वानर, रोहिताश्व, वायुसखा, विभावसु, हुताशन, धूमकेतु, अनल, पावक, वहनि, कृशानु, वह्नि, शिखी।

​

Additional Information

• जातरूप:- चाँदी, रजत, रुपक, रूपा, कलधौत, रूप्य, खर्जूर।
• चूहा- खंजक, इन्दुर, मूषक, आखु, गणेशवाहन, मूसा।
• रजनीचर - चोर, तस्कर, रजनीचर, मोषक, कुंभिल, साहसिक,दस्यु ।
• श्रृंग :चोटी, श्रृंग, कूट, शिखा, शिखर, शीर्ष, चूड़ा।

पानी - पाणि युग्म अशुद्ध है।

• पानी : जल, नीर, पेय, सलिल, अंबु, अंभ, उदक, तोय, जीवन, वारि, पय, अमृत, मेघपुष्प
• पाणि , यहाँ पानी का तत्सम शब्द है।
• अत: यह तत्सम तद्भव युग्म है और अन्य पर्याय युग्म है।

Important Points

• गंगा - जाह्नवी : गंगा, देवनदी, मंदाकिनी, भगीरथी, विश्नुपगा, देवपगा, ध्रुवनंदा,सुरसरिता,देवनदी, सुरसरि, अमरतरंगिनी, विष्णुपदी, नदीश्वरी, त्रिपथगा।
• गृह - सदन : गेह, भवन, धाम, निकेतन, निवास, आलय
• मयूर - केकी - मयूर, शिखी, कलापी, सितापांग, नर्तकप्रिय, मेहप्रिय, केक, नीलकंठ, शिखावल, सारंग, ध्वजी।

Additional Information

• तांबा- रक्तधातु, ताम्र, तामा, ताम्रक।
• तरकस- तूणीर, निषंग, तूणी, उपासंग, इषुधि।
• तारा- तारक, नक्षत्र, तारिका नखत उडुगन सितारा।
• तरुण- युवा,जवान, युवक।
• तोता- शुक, सुआ, सुग्गा, कोर, सुअरा, दाडिमप्रिय, रक्ततुंड।
• पर्वत –पहाड़, गिरि, अद्रि, महीधर, भूधर, अचल, शैल, धरणीधर, नग।
• नदी – सरिता, वाहिनी, अपगा, शैवालिनी, शैलजा, सिंधुगामिनी,तरंगिणी, स्रोतस्विनी, तटिनी।
• नम्र-  सुशील, शिष्ट, विनीत, विनयशील, विनयी।
• नाव- नौका, नौ, जलयान, बेड़ी, डोंगी, नैया, तरिणी,तरी, जल वाहन।

“सन्धि' का विलोम शब्द है- विग्रह

• संधि का अर्थ : जोड़ना
• विग्रह का अर्थ : अलग होना, करना

Key Points

• शत्रुता का विलोम : मित्रता
• वैमनस्य का अर्थ – मनमुटाव, रंजिश, खिन्नता।
• उपसंधि का अर्थ : उप का अर्थ पास, संधि मतलब जोड़ना

Additional Information

'सरल' का विलोम शब्द नहीं है: विरल

• ​विरल – शून्य, रिक्त, थोड़ा, एकांत।

Important Points

“योगी” का विपरीतार्थक शब्द है- भोगी

• योगी का अर्थ**:** योग साधना करनेवाला व्यक्ति।
• भोगी का अर्थ : इंद्रिय सुखभोग की इच्छा करनेवाला, विषयासक्त।

​

Key Points

• रोगी : निरोगी
• जोगी का अर्थ: योगी

Additional Information

• उन्नत – अवनत
• गमन – आगमन
• स्थावर – जंगम
• नीरस – सरस
• मौन – मुखर
• प्रतिपन्न – प्रत्यक्ष
• अभिज्ञ – अनभिज्ञ
• उपेक्षा – अपेक्षा
• ग्राम्य – शिष्ट/शहर
• जोड़ – घटाव
• कुटिल – सरल
• आगम – लोप
• आहवान – विसर्जन
• आकुंचन – प्रशारण
• नैसर्गिक – कृत्रिम
• कृतज्ञ – कृतघ्न

'कृतज्ञ' का विलोम शब्द है- कृतघ्न

• 'कृतज्ञ' :  जो उपकार या नेकी को मानता हो, आभारी
• कृतघ्न : किए हुए उपकार को न माननेवाला।

Key Points

• कृपण : सूम, कंजूस इसका विलोम :- उदार, दानी
• कुतर्क का अर्थ : असंगत बात
• कृतकार्य का अर्थ : जो अपना कार्य कर चुका हो

Important Points

वर्तनी की दृष्टि से 'अनुगृहीत' शब्द शुद्ध है।

• अनुगृहीत : उपकृत, एहसानमंद, कृतज्ञ।
• ​गृह : घर
• ग्रह :  अन्तरिक्ष का ग्रह

Important Points

परमात्मा के अनेक नाम हैं.... शुद्ध वाक्य है।

• अनेक शब्द हमेशा अनेक ही लिखा जाता है, अनेको शब्द अशुद्ध है।

Key Points

• नौकर आटा पिसवाने गया है। **-->**नौकर गेंहूँ पिसवाने गया है।
• एक गुलाब के फूल की माला ले आओ। --> गुलाब के फूलो की  एक माला ले आओ।
• यहां सर्वोत्कृष्ट ज्वर की चिकित्सा होती है।  --> यहाँ ज्वर की सर्वोत्कृष्ट चिकित्सा होती है।

भाष्कर : अशुद्ध शब्द है।

• शुद्ध शब्द: भास्कर
• भास्कर : सविता, भानु, दिनेश, मार्तण्ड, अंशुमाली, सूर्य, रवि, सूरज, दिनकर, प्रभाकर, दिवाकर

Additional Information

'जिसका कोई शत्रु पैदा ही न हुआ हो' वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द है- अजातशत्रु

Key Points

• अजातशत्रु : युधिष्ठिर, कौन्तेय, धर्मपुत्र, धर्मराज।​

Important Points 

• जिस पुस्तक में आठ अध्याय हो — अष्टाध्यायी
• जिसका भाषा द्वारा वर्णन असंभव हो — अनिर्वचनीय
• अत्यधिक बढ़ा–चढ़ा कर कही गई बात — अतिशयोक्ति
• सबसे आगे रहने वाला — अग्रणी
• जो पहले जन्मा हो — अग्रज
• जो बाद मे जन्मा हो — अनुज
• जो इंद्रियों द्वारा न जाना जा सके — अगोचर
• जिसका पता न हो — अज्ञात

'अपना मंतव्य साधने वाला' के लिए एक शब्द है- स्‍वार्थी

• स्वार्थ – मतलब, गरज़, प्रयोजन।

Key Points

• परमार्थी :  वास्तविक तत्व को ढूंढ़नेवाला।
• धर्मार्थी : धार्मिक कार्य हेतु निकला हुआ।
• सत्‍यार्थी : जो सत्य की ओर है।

Important Points

• जो बीत चुका हो – अतीत (IAS)

• जो दिखायी न पड़े – अदृश्य, अप्रत्यक्ष (UPPCS, IAS)

• जो सदा से चला आ रहा है – अनवरत (IAS)

• जो कभी नहीं मरता – अमर्त्य, अमर (APO, RAS, IAS)

• जो आगे (दूर) की न सोचता हो – अदूरदर्शी (Upper Sub.)

• जो आगे (दूर) की सोंचता हो – अग्रसोची, दूरदर्शी (UPPCS)

• धरती (पृथ्वी) और आकाश के बीच का स्थान – अंतरिक्ष (UPPCS)

• जिसका कोई अर्थ न हो – अर्थहीन (UPPCS)

• जिस पर आक्रमण न किया गया हो – अनाक्रांत (UPPCS)

• जिसे जीता न जा सके – अजेय (UPPCS, Upper Sub., RO)

• बिना वेतन काम करने वाला – अवैतनिक (UPPCS, B.Ed., Low Sub.)

• जिसका जन्म पहले हुआ हो (बड़ा भाई) – अग्रज (RAS)

• दोपहर के बाद का समय – अपराह्न (IAS, Upper Sub., UPPCS)

• जो पराजित न किया जा सके – अपराजेय (UKPCS)

• अधिक बढ़ा-चढ़ा कर कहना – अतिशयोक्ति, अतियुक्ति (B.Ed.)

• जिसका परिहार (त्याग) न हो सके/जिसको छोड़ा न जा सके – अपरिहार्य (UPPCS, B.Ed., Low Sub.)

• जो कानून के प्रतिकूल हो/जो विधि के विरुद्ध हो – अवैध, अविधिक (UPPCS, IAS)

• जो समय पर न हो – असामयिक (UPPCS)

• जो अवश्य होने वाला हो – अवश्यम्भावी (APO, UPPCS)

• जिसका विवाह न हुआ हो – अविवाहित (IAS)

• जो सबके अन्तःकारण की बात जानने वाला हो – अन्तर्यामी (MPPCS)

'जिसका उच्चारण न किया गया हो' के लिए एक शब्द है- अनुच्चरित

• अनुच्चरित : अन् + उच्चरित
• ​अन् : उपसर्ग

Key Points

• समुच्चरित : सम् + उच्चरित
• अनुत्तरित : जिसका उत्तर न दिया गया हो।
• मौन : न बोलना, चुप्पी

Important Points

वत्स - परख.... शब्द-युग्म तत्सम की दृष्टि से अशुद्ध है।

• 'वत्स' तत्सम शब्द का जिसका तद्भव है 'बच्चा'।
• परख का तत्सम शब्द : परीक्षा है।

Key Points

• तृण का तद्भव - तिनका
• कपाट का तद्भव - किवाड़
• राजपुत्र का तद्भव - राजपूत

Additional Information

कुक्कुर – कुत्ता

कुंभकार – कुम्हार

कष्ठ – कोढ़

कपाट – किवाड़

• कोष्ठ – कोठा
• कूप – कुआँ
• कर्पट – कपड़ा
• कर्पूर – कपूर
• कपोत – कबूतर
• कास – खाँसी
• क्रूर – कूर
• गोस्वामी – गुसाई
• गोंदुक – गंेद
• ग्राम – गाँव
• गोपालक- ग्वाला
• गृह – घर
• घटिका – घड़ी
• गर्मी – घाम
• चर्वण – चबाना
• चिक्कण – चिकना
• चूर्ण – चूरन
• चक – चाक
• चतुर्विंष – चौबीस
• क्षति – छति
• छाया – छाँह
• क्षीण – छीन
• क्षत्रिय – खत्री
• खटवा – खाट
• यज्ञ – जग/जज्ञ

'शुष्ठि' का तद्भव शब्द है- सोंठ

Key Points

महत्त्वपूर्ण तत्सम तद्भव शब्द :

Explanation:

• "Bronze baby" syndrome is a rare complication of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice occurring due to modified liver function, particularly cholestasis, of various origins.
• We report a case that occurred in a premature infant who developed a grey-brown coloration during phototherapy.
• Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions.

Indications of Phototherapy:

1. Skin Disorders like Psoriasis, Vitiligo or Eczema
2. Mood and sleep disorders
3. Seasonal Affective Disorder e.g. Insomnia, headaches, and fatigue
4. Cancers and pre-cancers e.g. Esophageal cancer, endobronchial cancer, and Barrett's esophagus.
5. Newborns e.g. hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.

Complications of Phototherapy: 

• Retinal damage
• Hypocalcemia
• Rough and dry skin
• Gonadal Damage
• Bronze Baby Syndrome

Explanation:

UNICEF:-

• Full form of UNICEF- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund / United Nations Children's Fund.
• UNICEF was created by United Nations General Assembly on 11 Dec 1946.
• UNICEF is the successor of the International Children's Emergency Fund (ICEF) which was created in 1946 by the U.N. Relief Rehabilitation Administration with the prime objective of providing immediate relief to children and mothers affected by World War II.
• The primary objective of the agency is to provide humanitarian and development aid to children worldwide.
• UNICEF is having more than 150 country offices across the globe & having a presence in 192 countries & Territories.
• Via a specific partnership mechanism established with the host country, UNICEF depends on national offices to help carry out its mission.

The UNICEF Flag

Additional InformationWorld Bank:

• The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
• It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA).
• The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group.
• The World Bank's most recently stated goal is the reduction of poverty.

W H.O.

• WHO was established on 7^th April 1948
• The day on which WHO was established is celebrated as World Health Day.
• It is a part of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG) which is responsible for international public health.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

UNDP

• The United Nations Development Programme is the global development network of the United Nations.
• It promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations and advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience, and resources to help people build a better life for themselves.
• Headquarters: New York
• Founded: 22 November 1965, United States

Explanation:

• Nursing ethics is the applied discipline that addresses the moral features of nursing practice.
• It is a subset of health care ethics or bioethics.
• Three dimensions of nursing ethics interrelate as they prescribe ethical norms, describe ethical aspects of nursing, and generate ethical guidance.

So, Rules for right behavior are means of ethics in nursing.

American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses

Additional Information 

• Florence Nightingale died on13 August 1910.

Explanation:

• The Red Cross came into being at the initiative of a man named Henry Dunant.
• He helped wounded soldiers at the battle of Solferino in 1859.
• Then lobbied political leaders to take more action to protect war victims.
• His two main ideas were for a treaty that would oblige armies to care of all wounded soldiers and for the creation of national societies that would help the military medical services.

Important Points

• The headquarters of the International Red Cross Committee is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The International Committee Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.
• States Parties (signatories) to the 1949 Geneva Convention and its 1977 Additional Protocols (Protocol I, Protocol II) and 2005 gave the ICRC a mandate to protect victims of foreign and internal armed conflict.
• The ICRC, along with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and 192 National Societies, is a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
• It is the oldest and most respected movement organization and one of the world's most known organizations, having received three Nobel Peace Prizes in 1917, 1944, and 1963.

The correct option is 7 April. 

Key Points

• April 7 of each year marks the celebration of World Health Day.
• From its inception at the First Health Assembly in 1948 and since taking effect in 1950, the celebration has aimed to create awareness of a specific health theme to highlight a priority area of concern for the World Health Organization.
• Over the past 50 years, this has brought to light important health issues such as mental health, maternal and child care, and climate change.
• The celebration is marked by activities that extend beyond the day itself and serve as an opportunity to focus worldwide attention on these important aspects of global health.

Additional Information

• 1 April- Odisha Foundation Day
• 7 April- World Health Day
• 10 April- World Homeopathy Day
• 17 April- World Haemophilia Day

Concept-

• ELISA means Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay.
• ELISA techniques serve the purpose of early diagnosis.
• ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction.
• Infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigens (proteins, glycoproteins, etc.) or by detecting the antibodies synthesized against the pathogen.

Explanation-

• ELISA uses an enzyme to detect the binding of antigens and antibodies.
• The enzyme converts a colorless substrate to a colored product, indicating the presence of Ag: Ab binding.
• An ELISA can be used to detect either the presence of Antigens or antibodies in a sample depending on how the test is designed.
• ELISA was developed in 1970 and became rapidly accepted.
• ELISA is used for the diagnosis of AIDS.
• The working principle of ELISA is antigen-antibody interaction.

The correct answer is Active immunity.

Explanation:

Active immunity

• Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease.
• Exposure to the disease organism can occur through infection with the actual disease (resulting in natural immunity), or the introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through vaccination (vaccine-induced immunity).
• Either way, if an immune person comes into contact with that disease in the future, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce the antibodies needed to fight it.
• Active immunity is long-lasting, and sometimes life-long.

Additional InformationPassive Immunity

• Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
• A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta.
• A person can also get passive immunity through antibody-containing blood products such as immune globulin, which may be given when immediate protection from a specific disease is needed.
• This is the major advantage to passive immunity; protection is immediate, whereas active immunity takes time (usually several weeks) to develop.
• However, passive immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months.

Only active immunity is long-lasting.

The correct answer is poliomyelitis.

Key Points

Explanation:

• Polio Myelitis( Polio)
• It is a viral disease caused by Poliovirus.
• It is transmitted through intestinal discharge, contaminated food, drink, etc.
• Symptoms: 
• Effect on Central Nervous System, cell of the backbone and intestine become completely damaged.
• Paralytic type of indication follows and reaches a maximum within 2-3 days.
• Prevention:
• Vaccination- Inoculation of Salk Vaccine.
• Oral Eradication- It was invented by Albert Sabine for polio eradication.

Key Points

Measles-

• Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases; up to 9 out of 10 susceptible persons with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles.
• The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes.
• The measles virus can remain infectious in the air for up to two hours after an infected person leaves an area.

Chickenpox-

• Chickenpox is transmitted from person to person by directly touching the blisters, saliva, or mucus of an infected person.
• The virus can also be transmitted through the air by coughing and sneezing.
• Chickenpox can be spread indirectly by touching contaminated items freshly soiled, such as clothing, from an infected person. Direct contact with the blisters of a person with shingles can cause chickenpox in a person who has never had chickenpox and has not been vaccinated.
• Blisters that are dry and crusted are no longer able to spread chickenpox.

Concept:-

• If the water is unsafe, the water must be boiled to make it safe to drink. Boiling is the safest way to kill disease-causing organisms, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.
• Boiling is not sterilization and is more accurately referred to as pasteurization.
• Boiling water kills all bacteria, except that some bacterial spores not commonly associated with the water-borne disease are able to survive boiling conditions (such as Clostridium and Bacillus spores).
• Clostridium bacteria can survive in boiling water even at 100 °C, that is its boiling point, for a few minutes.
• This is because its spores can survive even in temperatures of 100 °C.

Explanation:

• Nosocomial infections, also called health-care-associated or hospital-acquired infections, are a subset of infectious diseases acquired in a healthcare facility.
• To be considered nosocomial, the infection cannot be present at admission; rather, it must develop at least 48 hours after admission.

Important Points

• Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infection is an infection originating in a patient while in a hospital or other health care facility.
• It denotes a new disorder (unrelated to the patient's primary condition) associated with being in a hospital.
• That is, it was not present or incubating at the time of admission or the residual of an infection acquired during the previous admission.
• It includes infections acquired in the hospital but appearing after discharge, and also such infections among the staff of the facility. Examples include infection of surgical wounds, hepatitis B And urinary tract infections.

CONCEPT: 

• Piaget created and studied an account of how children and youth gradually become able to think logically and scientifically. Because his theory is especially popular among educators.

EXPLANATION:

• Cognition refers to thinking and memory processes, and cognitive development refers to long-term changes in these processes.
• Piaget proposed four major stages of cognitive development and called them

1. Sensorimotor intelligence
2. Preoperational thinking
3. Concrete operational thinking,
4. Formal operational thinking.

• Each stage is correlated with an age period of childhood, but only approximately.

Hence, the correct answer is cognitive development.

Additional Information

CONCEPT: 

• Classical conditioning is a behavioural procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus.
• Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.

EXPLANATION:  

• Classical conditioning was first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov, who conducted experiments with dogs and published his findings in 1897.

Hence, the correct answer is Ivan Pavlov.

Additional Information 

• Watson & Rayner (1920) were the first psychologists to apply the principles of classical conditioning to human behavior by looking at how this learning process may explain the development of phobias.

CONCEPT:

• Personality is the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors.
• Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

EXPLANATION:  

• The major determinants of the personality of an individual can be studied under four broad heads – biological, family, cultural and situational.
• Biological factors: The foremost determinant of personality is the biological factor, which includes heredity, the brain and physical stature.
• Situational Factors: Situational factors also influence the human personality. The effect of environment on personality is quite strong.
• Family factors: Family and social factors are also important in giving shape to an individual’s personality. It initially starts with contact with the mother and later with other members of the family. Later still, contact with a social group influences an individual’s personality.

Hence, the correct answer is through Social activities.

CONCEPT: 

• Defense mechanisms are behavior  people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, behavior thoughts.
• These psychological strategies may help people put distance between themselves and threats or unwanted feelings, such as guilt or shame.

EXPLANATION: 

• Aggression is forceful and hostile behavior toward another person that can result in emotional or physical harm.

Hence, the correct answer is Aggression.

Additional Information

• Repression: A psychotherapeutic method whereby healing is facilitated by inducing the patient to act out behavior typical of an earlier developmental stage.

CONCEPT: 

• To listen is to give attention to sound or action. When listening, one is hearing what others are saying, and trying to understand what it means.
• The act of listening involves complex affective, cognitive, and behavioural processes.
• Listening will help you to improve your understanding of the language and your pronunciation.

EXPLANATION: 

• Look at the speaker.
• Ask questions.
• Don't interrupt.
• Don't change the subject.
• Emotions in control.
• Responsive listening.

Hence, the correct answer is the art of listening.

Additional Information

• Barriers of communication:

CONCEPT: 

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent standard of living.
• The Human Development Index is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

EXPLANATION:  

Categories: HDI is divided into four tiers.

1. Very high human development (0.8-1.0)
2. High human development (0.7-0.79)
3. Medium human development (0.55-. 70)
4. Low human development (below 0.55).

Hence, the correct answer is 0-1.

Concept:-

• The Dowry System Abolition Act, an Indian law, passed on May 1, 1961, aimed to prevent the giving or receiving of dowry.
• Under the Dowry System Abolition Act, dowry includes any transaction of property, goods or money given by either party to the marriage, by the parents of either party or by someone else in connection with the marriage.
• Penalty for giving and taking dowry is punishable with imprisonment which might extend to 6 months or fine up to five thousand rupees or with both

Causes of dowry:- 

• Economic Factors
• Social Factors
• Religious Factors

CONCEPT: 

• When a person deviates from the normal course of his social life his behaviour is termed as ‘delinquent’.
• When a juvenile’s actions prove to be dangerous towards society and for him, he may be called a juvenile delinquent.

EXPLANATION:

• Juvenile Delinquency refers to the participation of minors in illegal crimes.
• The act of delinquency may include running away from home, use of inappropriate or vulgar language, committing sexual offences, etc.

Additional Information 

• Antisocial behaviours are disruptive acts characterized by covert and overt hostility and intentional aggression toward others. Antisocial behaviours include repeated violations of social rules, defiance of authority and of the rights of others, deceitfulness, theft, and reckless disregard for self and others.
• Child abuse is any intentional harm or mistreatment to a child under 18 years old.
• Congregate group: When people congregate, they gather together and form a group. Congregate care is a placement setting that consists of 24-hour supervision for children in highly structured settings such as group homes, residential treatment facilities, or maternity homes.

CONCEPT: 

• Stratification is defined as the act of sorting data, people, and objects into distinct groups or layers.

EXPLANATION:  

• Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power.

Hence, the correct answer is Social Stratification.

Additional Information

• Social control is the study of the mechanisms, in the form of patterns of pressure, through which society maintains social order and cohesion.
• Social class refers to a group of people with similar levels of wealth, influence, and status.
• Social change is the way human interactions and relationships transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact on society.

Concept:-

• Hospitals are required to ensure whether the water supply is sufficient as per the requirement of the hospital.
• Health facilities with less than 100 beds require about 350 liters of water per day and hospitals with more than 100 beds require about 400 liters of water per day.
• Water availability per person is dependent on the population of the country and for India, per capita, water availability in the country is reducing due to an increase in population.
• As per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, 135 litres per capita per day (lpcd) has been suggested as the benchmark for urban water supply.

So, per capita, water requirement for hospitals per day is 100-150 Liters.

Explanation:

• Q fever is a disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii.
• This bacteria naturally infects some animals, such as goats, sheep, and cattle.
• Epidemic typhus, also called louse-borne typhus, is an uncommon disease caused by a bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii.
• Epidemic typhus is spread to people through contact with infected body lice.
• Trench fever is a bacterial disease transmitted by body lice.
• Relapsing fever is an infection caused by several species of bacteria in the borrelia family, which is transmitted through the bites of lice.

• Sewage is what enters the sewerage system from household bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, laundries and drains, or from businesses and industry.
• Untreated sewage may contain water; nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus); solids (including organic matter); pathogens (including bacteria, viruses and protozoa); helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites) ; oils and greases; runoff from streets, parking lots and roofs.
• Sub types of  sewage are greywater [sinks, bathtubs] blackwater [toilet flushes, human waste]
• Sewage is also called as Domestic Sewage, Domestic waste water, Municipal waste water.

CONCEPT: 

• Noise pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well-being of humans and other organisms.
• Noise Pollution occurs when the level of noise increases above the average level of noise in the environment.

EXPLANATION: 

Effects of Noise Pollution:

1. Variation in Health: Respiratory problems, high blood pressure, and headaches.
2. Hearing Loss
3. Sleep Disturbance
4. Lack of Concentration
5. Risk to Pregnant Women
6. Causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.

Hence, the correct answer is Excessive sleep.

Additional Information

​Types of Noise Pollution:

1. Traffic Noise
2. Air traffic Noise
3. Noise from Construction sites
4. Animals Noise
5. Transport Noise
6. Neighbourhood Noise
7. Industrial Noise

The correct answer is Less than 5.6.

• Clean rain has a pH value of between 5.0 and 5.5, which is slightly acidic.
• However, when rain combines with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides—produced from power plants and automobiles—the rain becomes much more acidic.
• Typical acid rain has a pH value of 4.0.

Additional Information

• Water pH is the number of free hydrogen ions in a given sample, and the scale ranges from 0 to 14, with numbers below 7 being acidic.
• Each level down the scale represents a tenfold increase in hydrogen ions, so a pH of 5 has ten times more ions than a pH of 6.
• Normally, lakes will be neutral, pH levels between 6 and 8, but lakes with pH below 5 are considered acidic.
• In addition to acid rain, acidic rainfall leeching through soils that lack acid-buffering capability will eventually wind up in streams and lakes.
• Normally, lake water contains bicarbonates and other compounds that have the ability to buffer their pH levels, but acid rain, in particular, disrupts this ability.

Concept:-

• Aedes, a genus of mosquitoes, some members of which are serious biting nuisances and vectors of disease. They found an unnatural collection of water.
• Some mosquitoes prefer clean water, while others like nutrient-rich waters.

Some mosquitoes lay eggs near the edges of lakes and ponds, or among plants in swamps and marshes, or in containers that hold water.

Additional Information Aedes mosquito is a carrier of Dengue

• Dengue
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.
• Its symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection.
• Its symptoms include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle, and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash.
• It generally takes two to seven days.

Concept:-

Breakpoint chlorination:-

• Breakpoint chlorination is a term that gives us an idea of the extent of chlorine added to water.
• In fact, it represents that much dose of chlorination, beyond which any further additional chlorine will appear as free residual chlorine.
• In general practice, chlorine is added beyond breakpoint to ensure a residual of 0.2 - 0.3 mg/l as free chlorine. This residual chlorine takes care of future recontamination.

Key Points

• When excess chlorine ( 5 to 15 mg/l ) is added during an epidemic such that it gives a residual of 1 to 2 mg/l beyond breakpoint is called super chlorination.

Concept:-

• Humans dispose of the excreta and lack adequate personal and household hygiene participates in the transmission of many infectious diseases including- cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.
• The minimum level of proper excretory disposal and personal and household sanitation is essential to protect public health.

Additional Information

• Handling functions as a primary barrier to safe fecal disposal and prevention of escaping pathogens entering the environment.
• Once pathogens are introduced into the environment, they can be transmitted either through the mouth (eg through drinking).

contaminated water or eating contaminated vegetables/food) or skin (as in the case of hookworms and schistosomes) & Contaminated Soil.

• The first visible symptoms caused by exposure to high Arsenic concentrations in drinking water are abnormal black-brown skin pigmentation known as melanosis and symmetrically- distributed, multiple, small elevated lesions of palms and soles known as keratosis.

Additional Information

• Melanosis:
• Melanosis are melanin-producing cells located in the stratum basale of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye, the inner ear, meninges, bones, and heart.
• Melanin is the pigment primarily responsible for skin colour.
• Through a process, called melanogenesis, these cells produce melanin.
• This melanogenesis leads to a long-lasting pigmentation of the skin.

Concept:-

• Sulabh International non-government organizations have constructed and maintained “pay and use” toilets for temporary populations or places such as bus stands, markets, and parks.
• In Darbhanga, Bihar,​ Sulabh International launched the cheapest drinking water project 'Sulabh Jal'.
• The price of the one-liter bottle will be 50 paise as per the 'Sulabh Jal' project.
• The project converts contaminated pond and river water into safe drinking water.
• Sulabh International introduced the concept of 'Sulabh Sauchalya' in India.

Concept:-

The four major functions of a computer are Input, Process, Output, Storage. A computer consists of the following main components

1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Central Processing Unit
4. Memory Unit

Input Devices:

Input devices are the component of the computer system that accepts incoming data and instructions and converts them into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that is understandable to a digital computer.

Output Devices:

Output devices are the component of a computer system that converts the digitized signals into a form understandable to the user. The output devices are generally known as the reverse of input devices. Output devices also send data from one computer system to another.

The basic difference between Input and Output devices:

Therefore, Monitor is not an input device.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e. Random Access Memory.

• Random-access memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers that are generally located on the motherboard.
• This type of memory is volatile and all information that was stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
• Volatile memory is temporary memory while ROM (read-only memory) is non-volatile and holds data permanently when the power is turned off.
• There are two main types of RAM: dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or Dynamic RAM, and static random access memory (SRAM).
• The RAM in most personal computers (PC’s) is Dynamic RAM

Cerebellum loss of leads to decreased muscle coordination 

• The cerebellum does not controls movements, speech, sight, smell, taste, hearing, intelligence, etc.

Important Points

• Activities like walking in a straight line, riding a bicycle, picking up a pencil are possible due to a part of the hindbrain called the cerebellum.
• It is responsible for the precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of the body.
• It is a part of the hindbrain.

Additional Information

• The brain has three major parts or regions, namely the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
• The forebrain is the main thinking part of the brain. It has regions that receive sensory impulses from various receptors.
• There is another set of muscle movements over which we do not have any thinking control. Many of these involuntary actions are controlled by the midbrain and hindbrain.
• All these involuntary actions including blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting are controlled by the medulla in the hindbrain.

Concept:-

• Forelimb / upper limb bones include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, and metacarpals.
• The radius is small and the ulna is large.
• The styloid process is present in the distal end of both the ulna and radius.
• The Olecranon process is present in cysts. Approximately, which forms the prominence of the elbow.

Key Points

• The upper limb is divided into three parts. These parts consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints, the forearm, which is in between the elbow and wrist joints, and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist.
• There are 30 bones in each upper limb.​

Additional Information 

• The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, and the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm.
• The base of the hand contains eight bones, each called a carpal bone, and the palm of the hand is formed by five bones, each called a metacarpal bone.
• The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 bones, each of which is a phalanx bone of the hand.

Explanation:

​Aneurysm

• Aneurysm, widening of an artery that develops from weakness or destruction of the medial layer of the blood vessel.
• With the constant pressure of the circulating blood within the artery, the weakened part of the arterial wall becomes enlarged.
• Enlargement leads ultimately to serious and even fatal complications from the compression of surrounding structures or from rupture and hemorrhage.
• Aneurysms may occur in any part of the aorta or major arteries.

Key Points

• Atherosclerosis, sometimes called "hardening of the arteries," occurs when fat, cholesterol and other substances build up in the walls of arteries.

Explanation:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), clear, colorless liquid that fills and surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and provides a mechanical barrier against shock.
• Formed primarily in the ventricles of the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid supports the brain and provides lubrication between surrounding bones and the brain and spinal cord.
• The Choroid Plexus of the Brain secretes  Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Additional InformationFormation

• Formed from the choroid plexus situated in the ventricles.
• The choroid plexus is the tuft of capillary projections presents inside the ventricle.
• The choroid plexus is covered by the pia matter and ependymal covering.
• The active transport mechanism is involved in the secretion of CSF.

Properties of CSF

• The volume is around 150 ml.
• Rate of formation around 0.3ml/minute.
• Specific gravity: 1.005
• The reaction is alkaline.

Absorption of CSF

• Mostly absorbed by the arachnoid villi into the dural sinus and spinal veins.
• 500ml of CSF is formed every day and an equal amount is absorbed.

Concept:-

• Globulin, Albumin, and Fibrinogen are plasma proteins found in the blood.

Key Points

• H-zone of striated muscle fiber contains only thick filaments called myosin.
• Myosins are motor proteins that interact with actin filaments and couple hydrolysis of ATP to conformational changes that result in the movement of myosin and an actin filament relative to each other.
• Myosin I and myosin II are the most abundant and thoroughly studied of the myosin proteins and are present in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
• Myosins I and V are associated with cytoskeleton-membrane interactions such as the transport of membrane vesicles.
• Myosin II powers muscle contraction and cytokinesis.​

Concept:-

• The calcaneus is located in the hindfoot with the talus and is the largest bone of the foot.
• It is commonly referred to as the heel.
• It articulates with the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly and shares a joint space with the talonavicular joint, appropriately called the talocalcaneonavicular joint.

Key Points

• The human hand is made up of 27 bones, which fall into specific "categories".
• The human hand usually has five digits: four fingers and a thumb.
• The hand is made up of many different bones, muscles, and ligaments that allow for a large amount of range of motion and dexterity.
• The bones of the hand provide support and flexibility to the soft tissues.
• There are 3 major types of bones in the hand which can be divided into three categories:
• Carpal bones (proximal) - 8 bones that make up the wrist.
• The 2 rows of carpal bones are attached to the 2 bones of the hand - the ulna bone and the radius bone.
• Metacarpals - 5 bones that make up the middle part of the hand.
• Phalanges (distal) - 14 bones found in the fingers of each hand and also in the toes of each toe.
• Each finger has 3 phalanges (distal, middle and proximal); The thumb has only 2.

Additional Information

• Many muscles, ligaments, tendons, and sheaths can be found within the hand.
• Muscles are structures that can contract, allowing movement of the bones in the hand.
• Ligaments are fibrous tissue that helps bind the joints in the hand together.
• Sheaths are tubular structures that surround part of the fingers.
• Tendons connect the muscles of the hand or arm to the bone to allow movement.